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En Bahrein En Bahrein

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En Bahrein En Bahrein DerechosDerechos deldel niñoniño enen BahreinBahrein 1 Derechos del niño en Bahrein La meta de los informes alternativos de la Organización Mundial Contra la Tortura (OMCT) es prevenir la tortura En sus informes relativos a los derechos del niño, la OMCT pretende analizar la legislación nacional en relación con los compromisos internacionales contraídos por los estados partes de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño. Las misiones en las medidas de protección o fallos en las garantías jurídicas favorecen las violaciones, incluyendo las más graves tales como la tortura, la desaparición forzosa o la ejecución sumaria. En otras palabras, el objetivo perseguido por estos informes es poner de relieve las lagunas de una legislación que a menudo, sin pretenderlo, contribuye a que se cometan los abusos más graves en contra de los niños. Siempre y cuando se puede, el análisis jurídico queda corroborado por los Ilamados urgentes de la OMCT relativos a la tortura de niños. Estas intervenciones urgentes (la OMCT recibe a diario so- licitudes de acciones para casos graves de violencia perpetrada contra menores) sirven de base a nuestra labor. Los informes de la OMCT no se limitan a un análisis jurídico sino que exponen, además de los Ilamados urgentes, otro aspecto de nuestra estrategia para acabar con la tortura. Estos informes concluyen con unas recomendaciones que apuntan a cuantas reformas jurídicas resulten susceptibles de reducir la frecuencia de la tortura de niños. Los informes son sometidos al Comité de los Derechos del Niño de las Naciones Unidas que los utiliza para analizar de que manera un país cumple con sus compromisos internacionales con respecto a los niños. Sus recomendaciones sobre la tortura, extraídas de los informes de la OMCT, expiden un mensaje claro de la comunidad internacional sobre la necesidad de una acción para acabar con los graves abusos cuyas victimas son los niños. Índice 1. Observaciones preliminares ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1. Los Derechos Humanos en Bahrein antes de 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Evolución de la situación política desde 1999 .................................................................................................................................. 10 2. Observaciones generales sobre la situación de los niños en Bahrein .................................................................... 12 2.1. No discriminación ............................................................................................................................................................................. 12 2.1.1. Discriminación hacia la niña ............................................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.2. Discriminación hacia los niños de comunidades Shía y Bidoon .......................................................................... 14 2.1.3. Discriminación hacia los niños extranjeros ................................................................................................................. 16 2.2. Mutilación genital femenina ......................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.3. Explotación sexual ............................................................................................................................................................................. 17 3. Definición del niño ................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 4. Protección contra la tortura y otros tratos y penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes ......................... 19 4.1. Prohibición de la tortura ................................................................................................................................................................. 19 4.2. Métodos y prácticas de tortura ..................................................................................................................................................... 20 4.3. Sanciones de la tortura .................................................................................................................................................................... 26 5. Niños en conflicto con la ley ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 5.1. Edad de responsabilidad penal ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 5.2. Privación de la libertad .................................................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2.1. Custodia policial ................................................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2.2. Detención previa al juicio y durante el curso del juicio .......................................................................................... 32 5.2.3. Detención con adultos ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 5.2.4. Arrestos arbitrarios y detenciones administrativas .................................................................................................... 33 5.2.5. Alternativas a la detención ................................................................................................................................................ 36 5.3. Procedimientos ................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 5.3.1. Tribunales para niños .......................................................................................................................................................... 37 5.3.2. Sanciones ................................................................................................................................................................................. 38 5.3.3. Derecho a petición y acceso a asistencia legal ........................................................................................................... 39 5.3.4. Exámenes médicos ............................................................................................................................................................... 41 6. Conclusiones y recomendaciones ............................................................................................................................................... 42 Anexo .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47 4 COMITÉ DE LOS DERECHOS DEL NIÑO 29° período de sesiones - Ginebra, 14 de enero - 1 de Febrero 2002 Informe sobre la aplicación de la Convención relativa a los derechos del niño en Bahrein Investigación y redacción de Mireille Affa'a Mindzié Coordinación y edición de Sylvain Vité y de Roberta Cecchetti Director of the Publicación: Eric Sottas 6 I - Observaciones preliminares Bahrein fue gobernado desde las postrime- Bahrein accedió a la Convención sobre los rías del siglo 18 por la extensa familia Sunni Derechos del Niño (en adelante la Al Khalifa. Accedió a la independencia en Convención) en virtud del Decreto del agosto de 1971 e ingresó a la Organización Emirato Nº 16 de 1991 y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas el 21 de septiembre entró en vigencia el 14 de marzo de 1992. de 1971. Después de la promulgación de su Bahrein ratificó también la Convención de Constitución, el 6 de diciembre de 1973, en las Naciones Unidas contra la Tortura y otros la que se confirmaba al Emirato como forma Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degra- de gobierno hereditaria, Bahrein tuvo un dantes, inicialmente con una reserva al breve período parlamentario de dos años. En Artículo 20. Sin embargo, esta reserva fue efecto, el 26 de agosto de 1975, luego de que removida, tal como lo anunciara la la Asamblea Nacional rehusara aprobar una Delegación de Bahrein ante la Subcomisión ley que hubiera permitido arrestos arbitra- para la Promoción y Protección de los rios y prisión por “actos” o “declaraciones” Derechos Humanos en Ginebra en agosto indefinidos que podrían interpretarse como de 1999. Bahrein es también miembro de amenazas para la seguridad del Estado, la la Convención Internacional sobre la Ley Nº 14 del Emirato disolvió la Asamblea Eliminación de todas las Formas de Nacional. Luego, la Ley del Emirato Nº Discriminación Racial desde el 27 de marzo 4/1975 suspendió el Artículo 65 de la de 1990. Constitución, así como otros artículos refe- rentes a la organización de la vida parla- El Artículo 37 de la Constitución de Bahrein mentaria. Ambas leyes constituyen una estipula que “Un tratado debe tener fuerza violación a la Constitución y condujeron a de ley luego de su firma, ratificación
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