Resilience of Alternative States in Spatially Extended Ecosystems
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Introduction to Theoretical Ecology
Introduction to Theoretical Ecology Natal, 2011 Objectives After this week: The student understands the concept of a biological system in equilibrium and knows that equilibria can be stable or unstable. The student understands the basics of how coupled differential equations can be analyzed graphically, including phase plane analysis and nullclines. The student can analyze the stability of the equilibria of a one-dimensional differential equation model graphically. The student has a basic understanding of what a bifurcation point is. The student can relate alternative stable states to a 1D bifurcation plot (e.g. catastrophe fold). Study material / for further study: This text Scheffer, M. 2009. Critical Transitions in Nature and Society, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford. Scheffer, M. 1998. Ecology of Shallow Lakes. 1 edition. Chapman and Hall, London. Edelstein-Keshet, L. 1988. Mathematical models in biology. 1 edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. Tentative programme (maybe too tight for the exercises) Monday 9:00-10:30 Introduction Modelling + introduction Forrester diagram + 1D models (stability graphs) 10:30-13:00 GRIND Practical CO2 chamber - Ethiopian Wolf Tuesday 9:00-10:00 Introduction bifurcation (Allee effect) and Phase plane analysis (Lotka-Volterra competition) 10:00-13:00 GRIND Practical Lotka-Volterra competition + Sahara Wednesday 9:00-13:00 GRIND Practical – Sahara (continued) and Algae-zooplankton Thursday 9:00-13:00 GRIND practical – Algae zooplankton spatial heterogeneity Friday 9:00-12:00 GRIND practical- Algae zooplankton fish 12:00-13:00 Practical summary/explanation of results - Wrap up 1 An introduction to models What is a model? The word 'model' is used widely in every-day language. -
Multiple Stable States and Regime Shifts - Environmental Science - Oxford Bibliographies 3/30/18, 10:15 AM
Multiple Stable States and Regime Shifts - Environmental Science - Oxford Bibliographies 3/30/18, 10:15 AM Multiple Stable States and Regime Shifts James Heffernan, Xiaoli Dong, Anna Braswell LAST MODIFIED: 28 MARCH 2018 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199363445-0095 Introduction Why do ecological systems (populations, communities, and ecosystems) change suddenly in response to seemingly gradual environmental change, or fail to recover from large disturbances? Why do ecological systems in seemingly similar settings exhibit markedly different ecological structure and patterns of change over time? The theory of multiple stable states in ecological systems provides one potential explanation for such observations. In ecological systems with multiple stable states (or equilibria), two or more configurations of an ecosystem are self-maintaining under a given set of conditions because of feedbacks among biota or between biota and the physical and chemical environment. The resulting multiple different states may occur as different types or compositions of vegetation or animal communities; as different densities, biomass, and spatial arrangement; and as distinct abiotic environments created by the distinct ecological communities. Alternative states are maintained by the combined effects of positive (or amplifying) feedbacks and negative (or stabilizing feedbacks). While stabilizing feedbacks reinforce each state, positive feedbacks are what allow two or more states to be stable. Thresholds between states arise from the interaction of these positive and negative feedbacks, and define the basins of attraction of the alternative states. These feedbacks and thresholds may operate over whole ecosystems or give rise to self-organized spatial structure. The combined effect of these feedbacks is also what gives rise to ecological resilience, which is the capacity of ecological systems to absorb environmental perturbations while maintaining their basic structure and function. -
Community Stability and Turnover in Changing Environments Kevin Liautaud
Community stability and turnover in changing environments Kevin Liautaud To cite this version: Kevin Liautaud. Community stability and turnover in changing environments. Biodiversity and Ecology. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2020. English. NNT : 2020TOU30264. tel- 03236079 HAL Id: tel-03236079 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03236079 Submitted on 26 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THTHESEESE`` En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE´ DE TOULOUSE D´elivr´epar : l’Universit´eToulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Pr´esent´eeet soutenue le 13 Mars 2020 par : Kevin LIAUTAUD Community stability and turnover in changing environments JURY THEBAUD Christophe Professeur d’Universit´e Pr´esident du Jury BARABAS Gyorgy¨ Professeur Assistant Membre du Jury POGGIALE Jean-Christophe Professeur d’Universit´e Membre du Jury THEBAULT Elisa Charg´eede Recherche Membre du Jury SCHEFFER Marten Directeur de Recherche Membre du Jury LOREAU Michel Directeur de Recherche Membre du Jury Ecole´ doctorale et sp´ecialit´e: -
Is Ecological Succession Predictable?
Is ecological succession predictable? Commissioned by Prof. dr. P. Opdam; Kennisbasis Thema 1. Project Ecosystem Predictability, Projectnr. 232317. 2 Alterra-Report 1277 Is ecological succession predictable? Theory and applications Koen Kramer Bert Brinkman Loek Kuiters Piet Verdonschot Alterra-Report 1277 Alterra, Wageningen, 2005 ABSTRACT Koen Kramer, Bert Brinkman, Loek Kuiters, Piet Verdonschot, 2005. Is ecological succession predictable? Theory and applications. Wageningen, Alterra, Alterra-Report 1277. 80 blz.; 6 figs.; 0 tables.; 197 refs. A literature study is presented on the predictability of ecological succession. Both equilibrium and nonequilibrium theories are discussed in relation to competition between, and co-existence of species. The consequences for conservation management are outlined and a research agenda is proposed focusing on a nonequilibrium view of ecosystem functioning. Applications are presented for freshwater-; marine-; dune- and forest ecosystems. Keywords: conservation management; competition; species co-existence; disturbance; ecological succession; equilibrium; nonequilibrium ISSN 1566-7197 This report can be ordered by paying € 15,- to bank account number 36 70 54 612 by name of Alterra Wageningen, IBAN number NL 83 RABO 036 70 54 612, Swift number RABO2u nl. Please refer to Alterra-Report 1277. This amount is including tax (where applicable) and handling costs. © 2005 Alterra P.O. Box 47; 6700 AA Wageningen; The Netherlands Phone: + 31 317 474700; fax: +31 317 419000; e-mail: [email protected] No part of this publication may be reproduced or published in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system without the written permission of Alterra. Alterra assumes no liability for any losses resulting from the use of the research results or recommendations in this report. -
Anticipating Interactions of Landscape Disturbance and Climate Change
Are Madrean Ecosystems Approaching Tipping Points? Anticipating Interactions of Landscape Disturbance and Climate Change Donald A. Falk School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Abstract—Contemporary climate change is driving transitions in many Madrean ecosystems, but the time scale of these changes is accelerated greatly by severe landscape disturbances such as wildfires and insect outbreaks. Landscape-scale disturbance events such as wildfires interact with prior disturbance patterns and landscape structure to catalyze abrupt transitions to novel ecosystem configurations. These reorganized landscapes are characterized by new disturbance regimes and potentially dramatic departures in species diversity and distributions, community composition, carbon storage, landscape mesoclimate, and soil and hydrologic processes. Post-transition ecosystems can be highly resilient in their altered state, and resistant to return to pre-disturbance conditions in the current and near-term climate regime, possibly representing alternative metastable states. Severe landscape disturbance interacts with, and may be driven by, climate variation to govern ecosystem dynamics and large-scale ecosystem change. We present a conceptual model organized around six key attributes that may drive ecosystems to rapid change and novel trajectories. Background Post-fire ecological transitions have been observed in multiple sites in Southwestern North America. Iniguez (2009) observed evidence th Many studies predict changes in species distributions in response of a 19 century type conversion near Rincon Peak in the Rincon to changing climate. At local scales, community composition reflects Mountains (fig. 2) from ponderosa pine to an evergreen oak commu- changes in the suitability of existing habitat for species persistence. nity, which appears to have occurred following a high-severity fire in Both modeling and empirical studies suggest that such changes due 1867. -
Regime Shifts in Marine Ecosystems
DRAFTPRE-RELEASE! ! DRAFT ! DRAFT PRE-RELEASE! ! DRAFT ! DRAFT Directorate-GeneralPRE-RELEASE! !Fo r DRAFTinternal Policies POLICY DEPARTMENT Directorate-General For internal Policies STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES B POLICY DEPARTMENT AgricultureAgriculture and Rural and Development Rural Development STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES B CultureCulture and Education and Education Role The Policy Departments are research units that provide specialised advice Fisheries to committees, inter-parliamentary delegations and other parliamentary bodies. Fisheries RegionalRegional Development Development Policy Areas TransportTransport and andTourism Tourism Agriculture and Rural Development Culture and Education Fisheries Regional Development Transport and Tourism Documents Visit the European Parliament website: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies PHOTO CREDIT: iStock International Inc., Photodisk, Phovoir DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES FISHERIES REGIME SHIFTS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: HOW OVERFISHING CAN PROVOKE SUDDEN ECOSYSTEM CHANGES WORKSHOP This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries. AUTHORS Christian MÖLLMANN Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, University of Hamburg, Germany Michele CASINI Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Sweden Georgi M. DASKALOV Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IBER- BAS), Bulgaria Brad DE YOUNG Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, Canada RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Irina POPESCU Policy Department Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Virginija KELMELYTE LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN Translation: DE, ES, FR, IT, PT ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in November 2011. -
The Impact of Mutualisms on Species Richness
TREE 2520 No. of Pages 14 Review The Impact of Mutualisms on Species Richness 1,2, 3 4,5,6 7 Guillaume Chomicki, * Marjorie Weber, Alexandre Antonelli, Jordi Bascompte, and 8 E. Toby Kiers Mutualisms – cooperative interactions among different species – are known to Highlights influence global biodiversity. Nevertheless, theoretical and empirical work has There are contrasting hypotheses about the influence of mutualisms on led to divergent hypotheses about how mutualisms modulate diversity. We ask species richness. here when and how mutualisms influence species richness. Our synthesis We provide a synthetic framework for suggests that mutualisms can promote or restrict species richness depending how mutualisms influence species on mutualist function, the level of partner dependence, and the specificity of the richness at the ecological and evolu- fl partnership. These characteristics, which themselves are in uenced by envi- tionary scales. ronmental and geographic variables, regulate species richness at different Mutualisms can promote or restrict scales by modulating speciation, extinction, and community coexistence. species richness depending on their Understanding the relative impact of these mechanisms on species richness function, level of dependence, and specificity. will require the integration of new phylogenetic comparative models as well as the manipulation and monitoring of experimental communities and their result- Because the outcomes of mutualisms ing interaction networks. are highly dependent on environmental variables, we forecast that the effects of mutualisms on species richness Mutualisms and Species Richness: An Ecological and Evolutionary are also strongly influenced by biotic, Conundrum abiotic, and geographic variables across ecological and evolutionary Mutualisms – cooperative interactions among different species – are ubiquitous, have shaped timescales. -
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MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 177: 197-212, 1999 Published February 11 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Correspondence between environmental gradients and summer littoral fish assemblages in low salinity reaches of the Chesapeake Bay, USA C. Michael Wagner*, Herbert M. Austin Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science. College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point. Virginia 23062. USA ABSTRACT- Patterns in the assemblage structure of littoral fishes occupying the gradient between riverine and estuarine ecosystems were revealed through multivariate analysis of 5 annual summer seine surveys in 4 tributary systems of the lower Chesapeake Bay. Catch per unit effort of f~sheswas quantified and environmental variables measured to characterize assemblage structure and population responses along large-scale (km)environmental gradients. Results of two-way indicator specles analy- sis (TWINSPAN),detrended correspondence analys~s(DCA) and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) suggested the presence of 4 lntergrading assemblages of littoral beach fishes. perma- nent tidal freshwater, lower tidal freshwater, oligohal~neestuary and mesohaline estuary. Llttoral fish assemblages were ordered along a large-scale spatial gradient between tidal freshwater and mesoha- llne rlver reaches during summer, when relatively stable hydrological conditions create a well-defined salinity gradient. Large-scale distribution of these fishes along the river axis corresponded with salin- ity (and its correlates) up to the interface, and with structural attributes of the habitat (nearshore sedi- ment grain size, presence of submerged aquatic vegetation, woody debris) in the permanent tidal freshwater river reaches. The permanent tidal freshwater reaches were more riverine in character, and were typified by speciose and relatively stable assemblages dominated by resident secondary division freshwater fishes and the juveniles of several diadromous species. -
Ecotone Response to Climatic Variability Depends on Stress Gradient Interactions George P
Malanson et al. Climate Change Responses (2017) 4:1 DOI 10.1186/s40665-017-0029-4 RESEARCH Open Access Ecotone response to climatic variability depends on stress gradient interactions George P. Malanson1, Lynn M. Resler2 and Diana F. Tomback3* Abstract Background: Variability added to directional climate change could have consequences for ecotone community responses, or positive and negative variations could balance. The response will depend on interactions among individuals along environmental gradients, further affected by stress gradient effects. Methods: Two instantiations of the stress gradient hypothesis, simple stress and a size-mediated model, are represented in a spatially explicit agent based simulation of an ecotone derived from observations of Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, and Pinus albicaulis in the northern Rocky Mountains. The simple model has two hierarchically competitive species on a single environmental gradient. The environment undergoes progressive climate change and increases in variability. Because the size model includes system memory, it is expected to buffer the effects of extreme events. Results: The interactions included in both models of the stress gradient hypothesis similarly reduce the effects of increasing climatic variability. With climate amelioration, the spatial pattern at the ecotone shows an advance of both species into what had been a higher stress area, but with less density when variation increases. In the size-mediated model the competitive species advances farther along the stress gradient at the expense of the second species. The memory embedded in the size-mediated model does not appear to buffer extreme events because the interactions between the two species within their shifting ecotone determine the outcomes. -
A Call for Applying Trophic Structure in Ecological Restoration Lauchlan H
OPINION ARTICLE A call for applying trophic structure in ecological restoration Lauchlan H. Fraser1,2, William L. Harrower3, Heath W. Garris1, Scott Davidson4,PaulD.N. Hebert5, Rick Howie6, Anne Moody7, David Polster8,OswaldJ.Schmitz9,AnthonyR.E.Sinclair10, Brian M. Starzomski11, Thomas P. Sullivan12, Roy Turkington3, Dennis Wilson13 Ecological restoration projects have traditionally focused on vegetation as both a means (seeding, planting, and substrate amendments) and ends (success based upon primary productivity and vegetation diversity). This vegetation-centric approach to ecological restoration stems from an historic emphasis on esthetics and cost but provides a limited measure of total ecosystem functioning and overlooks alternative ways to achieve current and future restoration targets. We advocate a shift to planning beyond the plant community and toward the physical and biological components necessary to initiate autogenic recovery, then guiding this process through the timely introduction of top predators and environmental modifications such as soil amendments and physical structures for animal nesting and refugia. Key words: ecological restoration, ecosystem reclamation, food web theory, industrial disturbance, trophic cascade Bradshaw (1987) stated that our ability to restore a system Implication for Practice is a litmus test of our core understanding of that system’s ecol- • Ecosystem restoration projects are goal-oriented, but these ogy; if we are unable to restore an ecosystem with certainty, it goals are too often focused on plant productivity and plant is unlikely that we understand it sufficiently. Historically, land species diversity. restoration efforts had the primary goal of re-establishing veg- • Functioning food webs are a productive goal for restora- etation, but this narrow view can limit ecosystem development, tion projects, yielding recovery of ecosystem functions in and can result in restoration failure (Fagan et al. -
IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0 Descriptive Profiles for Biomes and Ecosystem Functional Groups
IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0 Descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups David A. Keith, Jose R. Ferrer-Paris, Emily Nicholson and Richard T. Kingsford (editors) INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE About IUCN IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together. Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,400 Member organisations and some 15,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards. IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development. www.iucn.org https://twitter.com/IUCN/ About the Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM) The Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM) promotes ecosystem-based approaches for the management of landscapes and seascapes, provides guidance and support for ecosystem-based management and promotes resilient socio-ecological systems -
Energy Landscape Analysis Elucidates the Multistability of Ecological Communities Across Environmental Gradient
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/709956; this version posted November 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Running head: ELA of ecological communities Energy landscape analysis elucidates the multistability of ecological communities across environmental gradient Kenta Suzuki1*, Shinji Nakaoka2,3, Shinji Fukuda3-6 and Hiroshi Masuya1 * Corresponding author: [email protected], +81-0298369137 1. Integrated Bioresource Information Division, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan. 2. Laboratory of Mathematical Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan. 3. PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. 4. Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan. 5. Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Kanagawa, Japan. 6. Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/709956; this version posted November 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Compositional multistability is widely observed in multispecies ecological communities. Since differences in community composition often lead to differences in community function, understanding compositional multistability is essential to comprehend the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystems.