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Introduction to the Fiscal Framework of the EU
Introduction to the fiscal framework of the EU The Maastricht Treaty, the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance, and the Stability and Growth Pact STUDY EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Angelos Delivorias Members' Research Service PE 679.085 – February 2021 EN Introduction to the fiscal framework of the EU The Maastricht Treaty, the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union, and the Stability and Growth Pact Almost 30 years ago, the Maastricht Treaty laid the basis for economic and monetary union (EMU). Its fiscal provisions have been further developed by subsequent primary and secondary legislation – in particular, the Stability and Growth Pact with its preventive and corrective arms, and the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in EMU. These instruments together constitute the fiscal framework of the European Union. In early 2020, the European Commission launched a review of the EU's economic governance, seeking in particular to establish how effective the surveillance provisions have been in achieving their objectives. This paper aims to provide an introduction to the Union's economic governance, starting from a brief overview of the economic literature, and concluding with a look at possible developments that might follow from the review, not least examining the various calls for its amendment that have been put on the table. While the Commission's review has been put to one side while the immediate issues of the coronavirus pandemic are addressed, the economic consequences of the pandemic are themselves changing the context for the review. EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service AUTHOR Angelos Delivorias, Members' Research Service This paper has been drawn up by the Members' Research Service within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. -
Council and Commission Decision of 26 February 2009 on The
L 107/164 EN Official Journal of the European Union 28.4.2009 COUNCIL AND COMMISSION COUNCIL AND COMMISSION DECISION of 26 February 2009 on the conclusion of the Protocol to the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Albania, of the other part, to take account of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union (2009/331/EC, Euratom) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2) The Protocol should be concluded, AND THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European HAVE DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: Community, and in particular Article 310 in conjunction with the second sentence of Article 300(2), first subparagraph, and the second subparagraph of Article 300(3) thereof, Article 1 The Protocol to the Stabilisation and Association Agreement Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Atomic between the European Communities and their Member States, Energy Community, and in particular the second paragraph of of the one part, and the Republic of Albania, of the other part, Article 101 thereof, to take account of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union is hereby approved on behalf Having regard to the Act of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania of the European Community, the European Atomic Energy and in particular Article 6(2) thereof, Community and the Member States. Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, Article 2 Having regard to the assent of the European Parliament, The President of the Council shall, on behalf of the European Community and its Member States, deposit the instruments of Having regard to the Council’s approval pursuant to Article 101 approval provided for in Article 11 of the Protocol. -
The Development of International Police Cooperation Within the EU
American University International Law Review Volume 14 | Issue 3 Article 1 1999 The evelopmeD nt of International Police Cooperation within the EU and Between the EU and Third Party States: A Discussion of the Legal Bases of Such Cooperation and the Problems and Promises Resulting Thereof Jacqueline Klosek Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Klosek, Jacqueline. "The eD velopment of International Police Cooperation within the EU and Between the EU and Third Party States: A Discussion of the Legal Bases of Such Cooperation and the Problems and Promises Resulting Thereof." American University International Law Review 14, no. 3 (1999): 599-656. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION WITHIN THE EU AND BETWEEN THE EU AND THIRD PARTY STATES: A DISCUSSION OF THE LEGAL BASES OF SUCH COOPERATION AND THE PROBLEMS AND PROMISES RESULTING THEREOF JACQUELINE KLOSEK* INTRODUCTION .............................................. 600 I. TRADITIONAL BILATERAL, REGIONAL, AND MULTILATERAL BASES OF TRANSNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION ................................... 603 A. THE UNITED STATES ....................................... 603 B. THE M IDDLE EAST ........................................ 606 C. CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ........................... 609 D. INTERNATIONAL AND MULTILATERAL EFFORTS ............ 610 II. EUROPEAN EFFORTS AT TRANSNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION ............................................ 611 A . T REvI .................................................... -
Perspectives for Reform in the European Union Nicolai Von Ondarza
Introduction Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Comments Blocked for Good by the Threat of Treaty Change? WP S Perspectives for Reform in the European Union Nicolai von Ondarza The European Union faces a fundamental dilemma. On the one hand, pressure to reform its structures is growing. The hard negotiations with Greece in summer 2015 have revived the debate on deepening the Eurozone, while at the same time London is pushing to roll back integration, at least for itself. On the other hand, national governments reject any moves that would require a treaty change (such as transfer of powers) as politically impossible. Legal options for evading the dilemma and developing the Union by “covert integration” do exist, but these require unanimous political agreement among all the national governments – and would in the medium term require treaty changes to restore transparency and democratic legitimacy. The traumatic process of negotiating and bought itself some time for reform, the vola- ratifying the EU Constitutional Treaty and tile negotiations with Greece in summer the Treaty of Lisbon has left deep marks. 2015 again spotlighted the persistence of Ever since, national governments have con- grave deficits in its economic and political sistently avoided initiating significant treaty structures. In response, France in summer amendments, including at the height of 2015 proposed strengthening the Eurozone the euro crisis. Even in projects such as the with a finance minister with a budget and banking union, they have instead turned a parliament of its own. Concurrently, in to treaties outside the EU framework. June 2015 the presidents of five European Despite this reservation – or perhaps institutions (Commission, Council, ECB, precisely because of it – pressure to tackle Eurogroup and European Parliament) pub- reform of primary law is growing. -
Implementing the Protocol 36 Opt
September 2012 Opting out of EU Criminal law: What is actually involved? Alicia Hinarejos, J.R. Spencer and Steve Peers CELS Working Paper, New Series, No.1 http://www.cels.law.cam.ac.uk http://www.cels.law.cam.ac.uk/publications/working_papers.php Centre for European Legal Studies • 10 West Road • Cambridge CB3 9DZ Telephone: 01223 330093 • Fax: 01223 330055 • http://www.cels.law.cam.ac.uk EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Protocol 36 to the Lisbon Treaty gives the UK the right to opt out en bloc of all the police and criminal justice measures adopted under the Treaty of Maastricht ahead of the date when the Court of Justice of the EU at Luxembourg will acquire jurisdiction in relation to them. The government is under pressure to use this opt-out in order to “repatriate criminal justice”. It is rumoured that this opt-out might be offered as a less troublesome alternative to those are calling for a referendum on “pulling out of Europe”. Those who advocate the Protocol 36 opt-out appear to assume that it would completely remove the UK from the sphere of EU influence in matters of criminal justice and that the opt-out could be exercised cost-free. In this Report, both of these assumptions are challenged. It concludes that if the opt-out were exercised the UK would still be bound by a range of new police and criminal justice measures which the UK has opted into after Lisbon. And it also concludes that the measures opted out of would include some – notably the European Arrest Warrant – the loss of which could pose a risk to law and order. -
Transnational Lists for the European Parliament Elections
REFLECTION PAPER 2018 | JAN TRANSNATIONAL LISTS FOR THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ELECTIONS BY SIETSE WIJNSMA INTRODUCTION The European Parliament is currently discussing in its the European political parties or affiliations will compete committee on constitutional affairs the report on the through transnational lists for a certain number of seats in Composition of the Parliament, concerning the distribu- the European Parliament. The European constituency will tion of parliamentary seats. As part of this EP report, it encompass the entire European Union and will exist in is proposed to introduce transnational lists whereby all parallel to the existing national constituencies. European citizens can vote on the same candidates in a joint European constituency. This legislative initiative by When European political parties (EUPPs) will compete the Parliament will need to be adopted soon as the 2019 throughout Europe with one election-manifesto, their elections preparations are imminent, and preferably be- campaign will necessarily be about European issues. Eu- fore the European Council of 23 February. As there seem ropean citizens will then be better able to make up their to be many questions and misconceptions going around, mind who to vote for in accordance with their ideas on this paper seeks to clarify the intention and modalities of the right direction for Europe. Nowadays many citizens transnational lists. feel their vote in the European elections is wasted as they do not see any result of their vote in policy making. They EUROPEANISATION OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ELECTIONS mainly vote on national issues that are often national com- petences, where the EU has no or little impact. -
The European Parliament and Environmental Legislation: the Case of Chemicals
European Journal of Political Research 36: 119–154, 1999. 119 © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. The European Parliament and environmental legislation: The case of chemicals GEORGE TSEBELIS & ANASTASSIOS KALANDRAKIS University of California, Los Angeles, USA Abstract. The paper studies the impact of the EP on legislation on chemical pollutants in- troduced under the Cooperation procedure. A series of formal and informal analyses have predicted from significant impact of the EP, to limited impact (only in the second round) to no impact at all. Through the analysis of Parliamentary debates as well as Commission and Parliamentary committee documents, we are able to assess the significance of different amendments, as well as the degree to which they were introduced in the final decision of the Council. Our analysis indicates first that less than 30% of EP amendments are insignificant, while 15% are important or very important; second, that the probability of acceptance of an amendment is the same regardless of its significance. Further analysis indicates two sources of bias of aggregate EP statistics: several amendments are complementary (deal with the same issue in different places of the legal document), and a series of amendments that are rejected as inadmissible (because they violate the legal basis of the document or the germainess require- ment) are included in subsequent pieces of legislation. We calculate the effect of these biases in our sample, and find that official statistics underestimate Parliamentary influence by more than 6 percentage points (49% instead of 56% in our sample). Finally, we compare a series of observed strategic behaviors of different actors (rapporteurs, committees, floor, Commission) to different expectations generated by the literature. -
José Manuel Barroso's Leadership of the European Commission
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Kassim, Hussein Working Paper A new model presidency: José Manuel Barroso's leadership of the European Commission WZB Discussion Paper, No. SP IV 2013-502 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Kassim, Hussein (2013) : A new model presidency: José Manuel Barroso's leadership of the European Commission, WZB Discussion Paper, No. SP IV 2013-502, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/103427 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence -
The Legal and Constitutional Nature of the New International Treaties on Economic and Monetary Union from the Perspective of Eu Law
P-с \<L Ka ¿^ ļ/s ^ ^—T> . _ _Λί_- ΛνΛ.1^-^<Λ-\,?_--^/V" p/ Jk*, Focus THE LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL NATURE OF THE NEW INTERNATIONAL TREATIES ON ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EU LAW Rose M. D'Sa LL.B. (Hons), Ph.D (University of Birmingham, UK) Barrister at Law (MiddleTemple, non-practising) Consultant in European Union Law Member, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC, Brussels) Introduction This article1 discusses, in particular, two proposed Treaties of an "inter-goverrimental" nature (i.e. Treaties governed by International Law rather than European Union Law). The first is the Treaty on Stability, Co-ordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union (hereinafter referred to as the "TSCG") and the second, theTreaty on the European Stability Mechanism ("TESM"or ESM Treaty). The analysis focuses inter alia on the issue of whether the creation of these instruments is, of itself, legal and constitutional within the framework of the EU Treaties, their future relationship with the existing EU legal framework and whether their objectives could or should, as a matter of law, have been achieved within the framework of the latter. It takes account of the texts of relevant legal instruments as they stood on February 2, 2012, though some limited reference to later events has been possible. In particular, the TSCG was formally signed on March 2, 2012. The most recent alterations to its text include a new focus on growth, but otherwise appear minor. European politics in recent years and months has become increasingly focused on the economic, financial and sovereign debt crisis, created in part by the situation in Greece. -
European Commission (EC)
No. 17-2 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States __________ IN THE MATTER OF A WARRANT TO SEARCH A CERTAIN E-MAIL ACCOUNT CONTROLLED AND MAINTAINED BY MICROSOFT CORPORATION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Petitioner, v. MICROSOFT CORPORATION, Respondent. __________ On Writ of Certiorari To the United States Court of Appeals For the Second Circuit __________ BRIEF OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON BEHALF OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF NEITHER PARTY __________ PATRICK W. PEARSALL ADAM G. UNIKOWSKY Counsel of Record ZACHARY C. SCHAUF JENNER & BLOCK LLP 1099 New York Ave., NW Suite 900 Washington, DC 20001 (202) 639-6000 [email protected] i QUESTION PRESENTED Whether 18 U.S.C. § 2703 authorizes a court in the United States to issue a warrant that compels a U.S.- based provider of email services to disclose data stored outside of the United States. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS QUESTION PRESENTED .............................................. i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ......................................... iii INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ............................. 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ........................................ 5 ARGUMENT ...................................................................... 6 I. It Is Appropriate For The Court To Consider EU Domestic Law As It Pertains To Searches Of Data Stored In The European Union .............................................. 6 II. Production Of Data Stored In The European Union Is Addressed By EU Privacy Law. ........................................................... 8 A. The GDPR’s General Rules For Processing Of Personal Data. ................... 8 B. The GDPR’s Specific Rules For Transfer Of Personal Data To Non- EU States. ................................................. 12 CONCLUSION ................................................................ 16 iii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES Case C-366/10, Air Transport Ass’n of America v. Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, ECLI:EU:C:2011:864 .............................................. -
Unlocking the Potential of the EU Treaties: an Article
Unlocking the potential of the EU Treaties An article-by-article analysis of the scope for action STUDY EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Étienne Bassot Members’ Research Service PE 630.353 – January 2019 EN Unlocking the potential of the EU Treaties An article-by-article analysis of the scope for action Public opinion often expresses the view that the European Union should do more to improve the lives of citizens in various policy areas, but a lack of convergence among Member States on the desired changes, not to mention likely hurdles in the ratification process, as well as other factors make any significant reform of the EU Treaties unlikely in the near term. This study identifies and analyses 34 policy areas where there may be the potential to do more under the existing legal bases provided by the Treaties without recourse to any amendment or updating of those texts. It looks at currently unused or under-used legal bases in the Treaties with a view to their contributing more effectively to the EU policy process. EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service AUTHOR(S) This paper has been drawn up by the Members’ Research Service of the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. Its preparation has been coordinated by Rafał Mańko. A number of policy analysts within the Members' Research Service have each drafted sections of this paper. They are: Nikolai Atanassov, Denise Chircop, Carmen-Cristina Cîrlig, Alessandro D’Alfonso, María Diaz Crego, Roderick Harte, Beatrix Immenkamp, Cemal Karakas, Ivana Katsarova, Silvia Kotanidis, Tania Laţici, Elena Lazarou, Tambiama Madiega, Rafał Mańko, Nóra Milotay, Shara Monteleone, Laura Puccio, Anja Radjenović, Gianluca Sgueo, François Théron, Sofija Voronova, Agnieszka Widuto, and Alex Benjamin Wilson. -
The European Elections
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS THE EUROPEAN ELECTIONS: EU LEGISLATION, NATIONAL PROVISIONS AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION STUDY Abstract This study describes both the European framework and national provisions on electoral procedures in the Member States of the European Union, including recent developments such as the creation of European Political Parties and the reform of the Electoral Act of 1976. For each country the most important legal provisions, the electoral system and some outcomes of past elections - such as participation of citizens from other Member States - are presented. The document also provides information sources for further study of national regulations. March 2009 PE 410.672 EN 2 This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional Affairs AUTHOR and RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Mr Wilhelm Lehmann Policy Department C - Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: poldep-1 [email protected] Manuscript completed in February 2009. Brussels, © European Parliament, 2009. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies2 DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. 3 CONTENTS I.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................