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ISSN 1830-7906 Statistical books Regions of the European Union A statistical portrait — 2009 edition Statistical books Regions of the European Union A statistical portrait — 2009 edition Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008 ISBN 978-92-79-09804-8 ISSN 1830-7906 DOI 10.2785/19208 Cat. No. KS-EP-08-001-EN-C Theme: General and regional statistics Collection: Statistical books © European Communities, 2008 © Copyrights of photos: cover and pages 13, 45: © European Communities (the Digital Photo Library of the Regional Policy DG of the European Commission); page 1 © Destatis; pages 23, 31, 39: © Phovoir FOREWORD Th is Eurostat publication provides an overview of the most recent developments in the regions of the current 27 Member States of the European Union. In most of the analysis data are also presented for regions of the EFTA countries, and in some cases also for the regions of the three candidate countries. Th e themes selected for the fi ve chapters represent interesting aspects of the demographic, social and economic situation across Europe’s regions. Th e information is mainly provided through maps, presenting statistical data on a wide range of regional indicators. It is intended to give an idea of the range of European statistics available in this area, but in no way is it an exhaustive presentation. Should you wish to look in more detail at the regional situation in the European Union, the annual Eurostat regional yearbook (*) provides a more complete presentation. Further information is also available on the Eurostat website at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Walter Radermacher Director-General, Eurostat (*) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-HA-08-001/EN/KS-HA-08-001-EN.PDF. REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION A statistical portrait – 2009 edition Editor-in-chief: Gunter Schäfer Editorial team: Virginie Dohn, Diana Ivan, Jukka Piirto, Ulrich Wieland Th is publication has been produced thanks to the assistance and support of many Eurostat staff members, including: Anna Bialas-Motyl, Catherine Coyette, Arturo de la Fuente Nuño, Berthold Feldmann, Georgeta Istrate, Gregor Kyi, Garry Mahon, Pedro-Jorge Martins-Ferreira, Lene Mejer, Tomas Meri, Åsa Önnerfors, Veijo Ritola, Johan Selenius, Aleksandra Stawińska Production of maps: Baudouin Quennery Production and desktop publishing: INFORMA sàrl ([email protected]): Giovanni Albertone, Simon Allen, Edward Cook, Andrew Redpath For more information: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat Eurostat, Statistical Offi ce of the European Communities, Bâtiment Joseph Bech, 5, rue Alphonse Weicker L-2721 Luxembourg E-mail: [email protected] Data extracted on 28-31 July 2008 All statements on policies within this publication are given for information purposes only. Th ey do not constitute an offi cial policy position of the European Commission and are not legally binding. To know more about such policies, please consult the European Commission’s website at http://ec.europa.eu/. Table of contents Introduction to regional statistics and regional policy 5 Defi nitions of regions 5 Regional policies 7 Regional database and GISCO 10 Urban Audit 11 1. Population and social conditions 13 2. Education, science and technology 23 3. Labour market and income 31 4. Agriculture 39 5. Economy 45 Signs and abbreviations 52 Introduction to regional statistics and regional policy European regional and urban statistics are used for a wide range of purposes, for example for allocating regional funds in a rational and coherent way and for ex-post assessment of the results of regional and cohesion policy. Regional and urban statistics provide the possibility to analyse patterns and trends within countries, complementing the more traditional analysis at country level. Comparable regional statistics form an important part of the European statistical system, and have been collected for several decades. Eurostat’s regional statistics cover the principal features of economic and social life within the European Union (EU). Th e concepts and defi nitions used for regional statistics are as close as possible to those used for the production of statistics at a national level. Defi nitions of regions Th e functions of government require power to be exercised by administrative units at a lower level than the nation state, either through ’top-down’ devolution of responsibilities or through a federal structure. Th e limits of regions are usually based on natural boundaries (such as rivers, mountains and coastlines), historical boundaries and/or administrative boundaries (that may be more or less arbitrary), some of which may coincide. Regional statistics in the EU are based on a common classifi cation of territorial units for statistics (NUTS), with a similar classifi cation of statistical regions for candidate countries and EFTA countries. At the beginning of the 1970s, Eurostat set up the fi rst version of NUTS, but it was not until 2003 that NUTS acquired a legal basis through a Regulation of the European Parliament and Council (1). Th e fi rst review of the classifi cation under this legal basis took place in 2006 and the data presented in this publication are based on the version of the classifi cation adopted in February 2007 and extended in 2008 to accommodate the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. NUTS has three regional levels: each with minimum and maximum thresholds for the average population size of the regions. (1) No 1059/2003. Regions of the European Union 5 Average population size for regions NUTS level Minimum Maximum 1 3 million 7 million 2 800 000 3 million 3 150 000 800 000 NUTS is based largely on the institutional divisions in each Member State. Although clearly defi ned, usually universally recognised and relatively stable, the administrative and historical grounds on which they are defi ned diff er widely from country to country and as such international comparability is diffi cult to achieve. When the administrative structure of a Member State does not correspond to all three main regional levels it is oft en necessary to identify an additional level which may have no administrative function and exist solely for statistical purposes. Th e table below provides information on the number of regions in each country. Number of regions NUTS (2006) level NUTS (2006) level 123 123 EU-27 97 271 1 303 Netherlands 41240 Belgium 31144Austria 3935 Bulgaria 2628Poland 61666 Czech Republic 1814Portugal 3730 Denmark 1511Romania 4842 Germany 16 39 429 Slovenia 1212 Estonia 115Slovakia 148 Ireland 128Finland 2520 Greece 41351Sweden 3821 Spain 71959United Kingdom 12 37 133 France 9 26 100 Croatia 1321 Italy 5 21 107 Former Yugoslav 118 Cyprus 111Republic of Macedonia Latvia 116Turkey 12 26 81 Lithuania 1110Iceland 112 Luxembourg 111Liechtenstein 111 Hungary 3720Norway 1719 Malta 112Switzerland 1726 6 Regions of the European Union Lists and maps of regions A full list of EU-27 regions can be found at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts. Maps of the regions are available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/nuts/overview_maps_en.cfm?list=nuts. Regional policies Objectives Th e EU’s regional policy aims to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion by reducing diff erences in the level of development among regions and Member States. For the period 2007-2013 a budget of EUR 347.41 billion is foreseen (2), equivalent to more than one third of the whole EU budget. Th e main concerns of the policy for 2007 to 2013 are: • convergence – 81.5 % of the funds available; • (regional) competitiveness and employment – 16 % of the funds available; • territorial cooperation – 2.5 % of the funds available. Convergence regions are NUTS level 2 regions whose gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant (measured in purchasing power parities) is less than 75 % of the EU-25 average, in other words the poorest regions and Member States. Th ese 84 regions from 18 of the Member States (marked in the deep rusty red colour in the map overleaf – based on NUTS 2003 regions) have a total population of 154 million inhabitants. Because GDP per inhabitant was notably lower for the EU-25 than for the EU-15 a number of regions in the EU-15 which formerly had the equivalent status of convergence regions were no longer eligible because of the sharp change in the threshold: these 16 ‘phasing-out’ regions (marked in the light rusty red colour in the map overleaf) were allocated transitional funding. All other NUTS level 2 regions, of which there are 168 (based on NUTS (2003)), are eligible under the regional competitiveness and employment objective, which aims to strengthen competitiveness, attractiveness and employment. Of these, special transitional assistance will be provided to 13 ‘phasing-in’ regions (marked in dark blue in the map overleaf), which formerly had the equivalent status of convergence regions and where GDP exceeds 75 % of the EU-15 average. Territorial cooperation aims to strengthen i) cross-border cooperation ii) transnational cooperation aiming at integrated territorial development iii) and inter-regional cooperation and exchanges of experience. Some 181.7 million people live in cross-border areas. All EU regions are covered by at least one of the 13 transnational cooperation areas (as adopted by the European Commission in its decision of 31 October 2006) and are therefore eligible for both transnational and inter-regional cooperation. (2) http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/policy/fonds/index_en.htm. Regions of the European Union 7 Source: Directorate-General for Regional Policy 8 Regions of the European Union Instruments Th e three main objectives of regional policy are supported by three diff erent funds, namely: the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Cohesion Fund.
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