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Phase Evolution of Ancient and Historical Ceramics
EMU Notes in Mineralogy, Vol. 20 (2019), Chapter 6, 233–281 The struggle between thermodynamics and kinetics: Phase evolution of ancient and historical ceramics 1 2 ROBERT B. HEIMANN and MARINO MAGGETTI 1Am Stadtpark 2A, D-02826 Go¨rlitz, Germany [email protected] 2University of Fribourg, Dept. of Geosciences, Earth Sciences, Chemin du Muse´e6, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland [email protected] This contribution is dedicated to the memory of Professor Ursula Martius Franklin, a true pioneer of archaeometric research, who passed away at her home in Toronto on July 22, 2016, at the age of 94. Making ceramics by firing of clay is essentially a reversal of the natural weathering process of rocks. Millennia ago, potters invented simple pyrotechnologies to recombine the chemical compounds once separated by weathering in order to obtain what is more or less a rock-like product shaped and decorated according to need and preference. Whereas Nature reconsolidates clays by long-term diagenetic or metamorphic transformation processes, potters exploit a ‘short-cut’ of these processes that affects the state of equilibrium of the system being transformed thermally. This ‘short-cut’ is thought to be akin to the development of mineral-reaction textures resulting from disequilibria established during rapidly heated pyrometamorphic events (Grapes, 2006) involving contact aureoles or reactions with xenoliths. In contrast to most naturally consolidated clays, the solidified rock-like ceramic material inherits non-equilibrium and statistical states best described as ‘frozen-in’. The more or less high temperatures applied to clays during ceramic firing result in a distinct state of sintering that is dependent on the firing temperature, the duration of firing, the firing atmosphere, and the composition and grain-size distribution of the clay. -
Ackland Ceramics Guide
! ! CERAMICS!GUIDE! Ceramics:"objects"formed"from"moistened"clay"and"hardened"by"firing;"distinguished"by" permeability"and"firing"temperatures" • Earthenware:"Porous,"low<firing" • Stoneware:"Non<porous,"high<firing" • Hard<Paste"Porcelain:"Non<porous,"high<firing" Single!firing:"clay"mixture"and"glaze"reach"maximum"density"and"hardness"in"a"single"firing,"with" the"glaze"being"applied"directly"to"the"unfired"clay"beforehand" Biscuit!firing:"glazed"objects"can"also"undergo"multiple"firings,"the"first"being"the"firing"of"the" unglazed"(biscuit)"object;"helps"stabilize"a"work"before"a"glaze"or"painted"decoration"is"applied" Glost!firing:"fuses"glaze"to"an"object"that"has"already"been"biscuit<fired" Glaze:!natural"materials"applied"to"a"clay"object"(either"as"a"powder"or"mixed"with"water)," fusing"with"the"clay"when"fired;"makes"porous"ceramics"impervious"to"liquid;"also"used"on"non< porous"ceramics"for"purely"decorative"effects,"either"as"transparent"coating"or"colored"by"the" addition"of"various"metal"oxides;"comprised"of"ground"silica,"which"melts"to"create"a"glassy" surface,"as"well"as"(1)"an"alumina"stabilizer"to"increase"viscosity"and"(2)"a"mineral"flux"to"lower" the"silica’s"melting"point." Common!glaze!types:"distinguished"by"flux"material" th • Lead:"low<firing,"used"on"earthenware;"largely"discontinued"by"the"late"19 "century"due" to"dangers"of"prolonged"lead"exposure" • Tin:"lead"glaze"with"the"addition"of"tin"oxide,"resulting"in"an"opaque"white"surface;" originates"in"Middle"East,"9th"century;"European"tin<glazed"earthenware"classified"by" -
Colonial Archaeology: 070 333 Spring 2006 Prof C. Schrire Room 201
Colonial Archaeology: 070 333 Spring 2006 Prof C. Schrire [email protected] Room 201/202 RAB Phone: 932 9006 Course Outline: This course will teach the rudiments of identification and analysis of colonial artifacts dating from about 1600-1900 AD. Our teaching collection includes a variety of ceramics, pipes, glass and small finds. The course if taught largely by supervision and not lectures. Students will sort collections, draw objects, measure objects and identify them according to numerous criteria. Course Requirements: A prerequisite for this course is 070: 208, Survey of Historical Archaeology, normally taught in the Fall term. Students for whom this requirement was waived are expected to study a suitable textbook on the subject, such as Orser, C. 1995 Historical Archaeology and Deetz, J In small things forgotten. Students will attend one three hour class, once a week. During this time they will handle material, analyze it, and draw objects. Each student will need a clean writing pad or notebook, a pad of graph paper, pencils, colored pencils, eraser, a ruler, and a divider. There will be two exams, a midterm and final. Useful Texts: 1. Noel-Hume, I. 2001. The Artifacts of Colonial America 2. Fournier, Robert. Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery. Paperback, 4th ed. 2000 Radnor Pa. Available at Amazon.com ($31.96) 3. Numerous additional sources will be present at class for used during the practicals. Colonial Archaeology: 070 330 Significant technical terms: (see Fournier 2000) Absorption: The taking up of liquid into the pores of a pot. The water absorption of a ceramic is an indicator of its degree of vitrification. -
10, 1969 at Weatflem, K.J
25 EiCRQAD ST» mi JJRSBK .*•• School's Out- Drive Carefully **1*<S THE WESTFIELD LEADER THf HADING AND MOST WIDELY ClRCUIATtD WilKlY NEWSPAPER IN UNION COUNTY Second Cliiss Postage Fai4 SEVENTY-NINTH YEAR—No. 49 WESTFIELD, NEW JERSEY, THURSDAY, JULY 10, 1969 _ at WeatfleM, K.J. SOPages—W Cents Local Sex Education Add Twenty Seven Board Okays Not Seen Stalled New Teachers; Name Albert Bobal By State Legislation Fifteen Resign The passage by the New Jersey Senate of two sex ethication-retated Twenty seven new teachers were New WHS Principal WE A Pact Assembly resolutions iast week lias but little impact on- the beat existing appointed to the WestHeld public A 16'pag'e agreement between the We&fcfieM Education Association, family living—sex education curriculum in elementary schools. school; stafi at a meetireg of tiie AJfoert R. Bobai was appointed Tuesday night by the Board of Educa- : bargaining agent for local scferal personnel, and the Boartt of Education But tfhe resolutions do eliminate the expansion of sex education Board of Education Tuesday night. tion as the new principal of Westfield Senior High School. Succeeding Dt". was rallied unanimwisly by the sctiool board! at its meeting Tuesday courses to the secondary tevel. Fifteen resignations also were ap- 37 Area Scouts Robert L. Foose, Mr. Bobai will assume his new duties on Tuesday. Bighl, The <tocamerit is <ahe first of its kind here in accordance with recent The legislation, ACR 69 and AOB proved. .state legislates covering public employes. 84, directs the Senate and General Westfield Band •Theitiew teachers are Mrs. -
Corpos De Milhares E Milhares De Soldados Cobrindo Os Campos ANO — XIII Quinto Fciic, 6 De Novembro De 1941 — N
Front de 9 lados contra o Eixo ^^^1 ^^^Bm%^ê m ^^^y B Pm\ ^^^1 ^^H^^HI PH P^^b ^Am mmL^^mmã ^^b¦ m ¦¦^^ai a DEMOSCOU imenso monstruoso Corpos de milhares e milhares de soldados cobrindo os campos ANO — XIII Quinto fciic, 6 de Novembro de 1941 — N. 3.408 tid ¦ V 沦¦ Proporções tgfc.TfrS'" ¦ „^^**^^mmmrmw^L%WJm-^.'.^mtmmm^mm^m^m*m^mtjBUGmm^mta&tffi Divisão da África Fantástica!! Toda ela para o Reich ; KUIBYSHEV, 6 (U. P.i j — Segundo despachos dc Itália, França e Espanha Moscou, os compôs dc bo- talho da frente central as- E se a Inglaterra não concordar, o ataque alemão às Ilhas Britâni- semelham-se móis a um cas — Lutando na Rússia. íi cariam italianos e franceses matadouro. — A matança dc homens LONDRES. 6 (U. P.) Noticias fidedignas recebidas nesta capi- e a destruição do maloriais tal revelam que a Alemanha e a Itália elaboraram um plano desti- em toda a frente são cnor- nado a dividir a África em esferas de influencia com a total ex- mei tanto de um lado co- clusão da Inglaterra e da Bélgica. A África seria dividida entre a mo de outro. Alemanha, Itália, França e Espanha. Os cadáveres de milha- res o milhares de soldados AS ILHAS CANÁRIAS¦—— cobram os campos de luta I.OMUtKS, (I (U. P.) — I»- fiirmii-»,* .|ii>- ns (.i.iiiii» ila Ali'- juntamente com uma in- iiiiiiiIim •* H.iiiii nn Africa, pri- crivei quantidade de car- ilVni n ...ii..-»«i"iii «li- illn.» In- X-^l**Ar,{*t~X WtmmT*im*^^^mmm'I^^^HmWÍ' n.ii i.i» A r-pniilm. -
MW-Catalogue-2017.Pdf
Maxwell & Williams Spot Colours Red PMS 186 Black c86 m85 y79 k100 CONTENTS DARK OPULENCE COLLECTION CASHMERE NOCTURNE 05 SWANK 11 SYMPHONY 15 TALISMAN 19 MUGS & COASTERS 22 FOCUS COLLECTION ELEMENTAL 29 MEZZE 33 ICHACHA 35 MUGS 37 RECONNECT COLLECTION ARTISAN 41 MUGS 47 NEW CLASSICS COLLECTION CASHMERE BLOEMS 51 EUPHEMIA HENDERSON 55 LILLE 59 COTTAGE KITCHEN 63 VITROMAX 67 WHITE BASICS 69 GALLEY 71 MUGS & COASTERS 73 “DARK OPULENCE EXPLORES THE ALLURE OF RICH DARK JEWEL COLOURS AND CONTRASTS THEM WITH CALMING WHITES. PRECIOUS METALLIC DARK EMBELLISHMENTS GIVE THE PIECES A MAGICAL GLAMOUR; THE NIGHT AND DAY CONTRAST MAKES FOR A STRIKING OPULENCE LAYERED TABLE SETTING.” CLAIRE CHILCOTT, CREATIVE DIRECTOR 2 DARK OPULENCE 3 YOUR STYLE. YOUR WAY. CASHMERE NOCTURNE Cashmere Nocturne is inspired by the harmony of opposites with a range of beautiful dinnerware in exquisite fine bone china. Each piece features a delicate gold pattern on black or white, giving the collection an elegantly opulent feel. EF0055 Nocturne Demi Cup & Saucer Black, 90ML EF0056 Nocturne Demi Cup & Saucer White, 90ML EF0044 Nocturne Cup & Saucer Black, 220ML EF0045 Nocturne Cup & Saucer White, 220ML EF0028 Nocturne Mug Black, 350ML EF0038 Nocturne Mug White, 350ML EF0048 Nocturne Bowl Black, 17cm EF0049 Nocturne Bowl White, 17cm EF0026 Nocturne Side Plate Black, 20cm EF0036 Nocturne Side Plate White, 20cm EF0025 Nocturne Dinner Plate Black, 27.5cm EF0035 Nocturne Dinner Plate White, 27.5cm EF0027 Nocturne Rim Bowl Black, 23.5cm EF0037 Nocturne Rim Bowl White, 23.5cm EF0046 Nocturne Dinner Set 12pc Black GB EF0047 Nocturne Dinner Set 12pc White GB ED0010 Nocturne Coaster Black Set of 6 GB ED0009 Nocturne Placemat Black Set of 6 GB 5 YOUR STYLE. -
Marguerite Wildenhain: Bauhaus to Pond Farm January 20 – April 15, 2007
MUSEUM & SCHOOLS PROGRAM EDUCATOR GUIDE Kindergarten-Grade 12 Marguerite Wildenhain: Bauhaus to Pond Farm January 20 – April 15, 2007 Museum & Schools program sponsored in part by: Daphne Smith Community Foundation of Sonoma County and FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE EXHIBITION OR EDUCATION PROGRAMS PLEASE CONTACT: Maureen Cecil, Education & Visitor Services Coordinator: 707-579-1500 x 8 or [email protected] Hours: Open Wednesday through Sunday 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Admission: $5 General Admission $2 Students, Seniors, Disabled Free for children 12 & under Free for Museum members The Museum offers free tours to school groups. Please call for more information. SONOMA COUNTY MUSEUM 425 Seventh Street, Santa Rosa CA 95401 T. 707-579-1500 F. 707-579-4849 www.sonomacountymuseum.org INTRODUCTION Marguerite Wildenhain (1896-1985) was a Bauhaus trained Master Potter. Born in Lyon, France her family moved first to Germany then to England and later at the “onset of WWI” back to Germany. There Wildenhain first encountered the Bauhaus – a school of art and design that strove to bring the elevated title of artist back to its origin in craft – holding to the idea that a good artist was also a good craftsperson and vice versa. Most modern and contemporary design can be traced back to the Bauhaus, which exalted sleekness and functionality along with the ability to mass produce objects. Edith Heath was a potter and gifted form giver who started Heath Ceramics in 1946 where it continues today in its original factory in Sausalito, California. She is considered an influential mid-century American potter whose pottery is one of the few remaining. -
Bisque Or Biscuit: the First Firing a Pot Undergoes to Prepare It for Glazing
Glossary of Ceramic Terms: Introduction to Ceramic Terms and Definitions Bisque or Biscuit: The first firing a pot undergoes to prepare it for glazing. In industry this is done at a higher temperature than the subsequent glaze firing, the reverse is usually true of the studio potter. Burnishing: A technique where the Leather hard clay is polished with a hard instrument to force the smallest clay particles to the surface creating a soft sheen. This surface remains after the pot is fired so long as the firing temperature is kept below 1100oC. Clay: AL2O3 2SiO2 2H2O. The decomposition of Granite through the process of Kaolinization creates clay (see Kaolinization). Clay is a mineral with a plate (platelet) like structure; it is these plates, (about 0.5 microns across) when lubricated with water, slide against each other to form the plastic mass we know as clay (see Water). 'Primary ' clays are those found close to the area of Kaolinization and hence the purest (Kaolin or China Clays). Secondary clays are those moved by water away form the site of Kaolinization and get progressively more plastic and less pure (Ball Clays, Fire clays, Earthenwares). Clay Body: A clay designed for a special purpose. It is created by blending different clays of by adding to clays other materials, such as feldspar and flint in order to produce a desired workability, maturing temperature, or finished result. A clay body is the result of mans technology. Cobalt: One of the strongest coloring oxides used by the potter. Cobalt creates a dark dense royal blue in most cases. -
Ceramics: the History, Materials, and Manipulative Techniques of the Craft
Eastern Illinois University The Keep Plan B Papers Student Theses & Publications 1-1-1965 Ceramics: The History, Materials, and Manipulative Techniques of the Craft James W. Mizener Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b Recommended Citation Mizener, James W., "Ceramics: The History, Materials, and Manipulative Techniques of the Craft" (1965). Plan B Papers. 447. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b/447 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Plan B Papers by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CERAMICS: THE HISTORY, MATERIALS, AND MANIPULATIVE TECHNIQUES OF THE CRAFT (TITLE) BY James W. Mizener PLAN B PAPER SUBMIITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION AND PREPARED IN COURSE Industrial Arts 452, Recreational Crafts IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS 1965 YEAR I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS PLAN B PAPER BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE DEGREE, M.S. IN ED. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION . 1 I. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT • 3 Ancient People 3 Chinese Contributions . 8 Contemporary Application 10 Industry •••••• 10 Therapy •• 10 School 11 Recreation 11 II. CERAMIC CONSTRUCTION 13 Clay . 13 Classification of Clay 16 Earthenware • 16 Stoneware • 16 Porcelain •• 17 Tools and Equipment . 17 Methods and Techniques of Ceramic Construction 20 Wedging Clay • • • • • ••• 20 Hand-Built Modeling ••••••••••• 21 Free Form Modeling • • • • 21 Slab Building ••••••••• 23 Coil Building •••••••• 24 Casting Pottery From Molds •••• 25 Single and Multi-Piece Molds •• 26 Preparing the Slip • • • • • • • • • • 28 Casting . -
Pipenightdreams Osgcal-Doc Mumudvb Mpg123-Alsa Tbb
pipenightdreams osgcal-doc mumudvb mpg123-alsa tbb-examples libgammu4-dbg gcc-4.1-doc snort-rules-default davical cutmp3 libevolution5.0-cil aspell-am python-gobject-doc openoffice.org-l10n-mn libc6-xen xserver-xorg trophy-data t38modem pioneers-console libnb-platform10-java libgtkglext1-ruby libboost-wave1.39-dev drgenius bfbtester libchromexvmcpro1 isdnutils-xtools ubuntuone-client openoffice.org2-math openoffice.org-l10n-lt lsb-cxx-ia32 kdeartwork-emoticons-kde4 wmpuzzle trafshow python-plplot lx-gdb link-monitor-applet libscm-dev liblog-agent-logger-perl libccrtp-doc libclass-throwable-perl kde-i18n-csb jack-jconv hamradio-menus coinor-libvol-doc msx-emulator bitbake nabi language-pack-gnome-zh libpaperg popularity-contest xracer-tools xfont-nexus opendrim-lmp-baseserver libvorbisfile-ruby liblinebreak-doc libgfcui-2.0-0c2a-dbg libblacs-mpi-dev dict-freedict-spa-eng blender-ogrexml aspell-da x11-apps openoffice.org-l10n-lv openoffice.org-l10n-nl pnmtopng libodbcinstq1 libhsqldb-java-doc libmono-addins-gui0.2-cil sg3-utils linux-backports-modules-alsa-2.6.31-19-generic yorick-yeti-gsl python-pymssql plasma-widget-cpuload mcpp gpsim-lcd cl-csv libhtml-clean-perl asterisk-dbg apt-dater-dbg libgnome-mag1-dev language-pack-gnome-yo python-crypto svn-autoreleasedeb sugar-terminal-activity mii-diag maria-doc libplexus-component-api-java-doc libhugs-hgl-bundled libchipcard-libgwenhywfar47-plugins libghc6-random-dev freefem3d ezmlm cakephp-scripts aspell-ar ara-byte not+sparc openoffice.org-l10n-nn linux-backports-modules-karmic-generic-pae -
How to Identify Old Chinese Porcelain
mmmKimmmmmmKmi^:^ lOW-TO-IDENTIFY OLD -CHINESE - PORCELAIN - j?s> -ii-?.aaig3)g'ggg5y.jgafE>j*iAjeE5egasgsKgy3Si CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE WASON CHINESE COLLECTION DATE DUE 1*-^'" """"^*^ NK 4565!h69" "-ibrary 3 1924 023 569 514 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023569514 'a4^(A<-^^ %//3 HOW TO IDENTIFY OLD CHINESE PORCELAIN PLATE r WHITE PORCELAIN "BLANC-DE-CHINE" PAIR OF BOWLS of pierced fret-work divided by five circular panels or medallions of raised figures in relief, supposed 10 represent the Pa-Sien or eight Immortals and the God of Longevity. Height, if in. Diameter, sfin. SEAL in the form of a cube surmounted by the figure of a lion Height, i^in. INCENSE BURNER, eight sided and ornamented by moulding in relief with eight feet and four handles. The sides have three bands enclosing scrolls in ancient bronze designs. At each angle of the cover is a knob; it is ornamented with iris and prunus, and by pierced spaces. The stand has eight feet and a knob at each angle ; in the centre is a flower surrounded by detached impressed scrolls, round the outside are similar panels to those on the bowl. Height, 4|in. Diameter of stand, 6f in. THE FIGURE OF A CRAB on a lotus leaf, the stem of which terminales in a flower. Length, 6| in. From Sir PV. fraiik^s Collection at the BritisJi Museum. S3 HOW TO IDENTIFY OLD CHINESE PORCELAIN BY MRS. -
Sevres Porcelain MAKERS and MARKS of the EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Sevres Porcelain MAKERS AND MARKS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Carl Christian Dauterman THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART New York 1986 Sevres Porcelain MAKERS AND MARKS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 45-t TABLEAU OES ~IAf\Qt:ES ET )IO~OGnA)lliES COXi\1iS, DES PEI~Tf\ES, DECORATEURS ET DOREURS DE LA MANUFACTURE ROYALE n~; POHCELAINE DE S~VRES, ch1>uis l':um(oc I 7:i3, ju•qu'itl't1>oque aclueUe (i), 1•• Jli::RIODE DE i7t33 A iSOO. Oi~r·:w,, DoutLLAT. Fleurs, pa)S(lgea. ~ :\ nni~D- Jknt·~, I'IC. -y. J'orh·ait•, minia- Bouquets deta- ,_/!),. ou.- A ASSBLCi. turc,;, Nc:. Ob .. BoutANGIDl· ches. DouquNs Mta· Bouquets deta· BAn. DULlDON. 05 cite~. OS-n~. ch.<$. BU:XBL PI·••), Gnirln ndt-s, Bouqnet6 dcta· , lJAnnAT. 'l11/. Docc,M.B nee !Jonquets. ches. ~ 1\I.uo" Bun.DJC . Orn i' menr~ , Fleur~, auri- DUT£UX p~re . BAt'DOUI~. frL•c~, etc. 612: y nul$ 1 CIC. Bouqou·t!l tl~Ut· Bonqoclll cleta- BenTnA.-;n. Bun;ux .GJ.s :Unc.! 6: cht~ _9. ch•~. elc. Sujets pnstoraux, Dt:T£UX lils BrE~F..uT. Ounm•. cofanta, etc. • 8 jcuoe. Friscs diverscs. Br,ST. fiOili[IICI• fllota• C.u>nL£. T. d>t.... A. Dt\ET (Mm•), Guitl;uul••, Bouquets cleta- C. \liDIN. cites. rJC; Jt{"t' hUilCJl.ld,, cp SoPuLB CUANou. Pn~·~.1gc, ligure Pnr~~agr, cha~. Bot·cU£'1'. CASTEL- 9 l'l fJrUt'IIICUll!. o. oiscaux. \ II) C!' tahll'an 'I"~ nou~ nwn• poi• •(lin •lr rrmlrr lo plu• comrlH pM~ihlc, poor co qui cooccrnc lr.! pit'rca falrrirJII<',.•• Nitre 11o1 l'l I Kiln.