N O T I C E

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM MICROFICHE. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE

A

I "Made available under NASA so W, in the interest of ear'^r anr) ti r d semination of Earth it.ou,rc-s Program intorration ar,d wit: ,04to l:,^ I `,^ for &W use made therecf," SPATIAL THERMAL RADIOMETRY COINTRIBUT.ON TO THE MASSIF ARMORICAIN AND THE MASSIF CENTRAL (France) LITHO-STRUCTURAL STUDY

Jean-Yves SCANVIC Bureau de recherches geologiques et mini6res B.P. 6009 ' 45 060 - Orleans c6dex - Frarce

March.1980 Type II for period Aucust 1979 - February 1980 0 S': 0L GF0

National Sponsoring Agency CENTRE NATIONAL DES ETUDES SPATIALES 129, rue de 1'Universite 75 007 - Paris - France -

(1380 -101 43) SPA=TIAL %HE-g MAL RADIGMETRY N8J- 26730 CONTRIBU110N iG 1HE MASSIF AI MOLILAIV AND P^O`^ THE BASS.IF CENTRAL {FRAVC :) L11110-STRUCTUVAZ ^,p'Y\^` ►^^' STUDY Progreis -keport, Aug. 1 `79 - Feb. p Unc,la:s 1960 (Bureau de hechit, rc.hes Geologiclues et) G.1/43 C014J

, 1V i IS 0- X2. "

l cj o ^^ ^',$v I a ^`" mss'° i e

Report n°2 Spatial thermal infrared radiometry contri- Report date bution to the :Massif armoricain and the March 1980 Massif central (France), litho-structural study.

Jean-Yves SCANVIC

B.R.G.M. Avenue de Concyi - B.P. 6009 Contract or Grant N° 45 060 - Orleans cddex - France HCMM .18 ' Type II Report Centre national des Etudes spatiales 129, rue de 1`Lniversite 15 007 - Paris - France

This report concerns an investigation started in April 1979 with N.A.S.A., the aim is to experiment the ability of infrared images obtained day and night over the Massif armoricain and the Massif central, France, with the HCMM satellite.

During the reporting period about 300 HCMM images has been received from N.A.S.A. and Lanion but only twenty are usable. For two scenes we have a same day and night infrared acquisition but in both cases quality of one of them (day) does not allow the realization of a thermal inertia map.

Even with this restricted number of usable images significant geological details can be mapped in the two concerned domains, litholo- gy and tectonic. In the Causse plateau, in melting day, night and seaso- nal image interpretationsit becomes possible to diffe.renciate broad calcareous and dolomitic units. In the Massif armoricain some granite massifs, some of them being not observed on Landsat, have been delinea- ted and neotectonic faults could have a certain thermal expression which is to be investigated. _ • SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

I - PROBLEMS P. 1 Cloud uuv!_°r condition . Some day night and day IR . Day visible quality image . Geometric condition

II - PRODUCTS REQUIEREMENT p. 6 III - REFERENCES DATA p. 6 IV - IMAGE ANALYSIS p. 6 4.1. - Comments on image quality p. 6 4.2. - Comments on some details perception p. 7 4.3. - Image analysis comment on signifi- cant geological data p. 7 Tectonic p.16

CONCLUSIONS

I I

ILLUSTRATIONS TABLE

Fig. 1 HC1101 data products received August 1979-January 1980 (from U.S.) p. 2 -3 -4 Fig. 2 ' - U.S. and Lanion acceptable quality image p. 5 Fig. 3 - Weather conditions P. 9 Fig. 3 b - Time table August 1979 p. 9 bis Fig. 4 - HCMM Structural interpretation of the Massif armoricain ( France) P. 10 Fig. 4 b - PIassif granitique de Quintin Carte des lineaments de satelli^,e P. 11 Fig. 5 - Night infrared image interpretation p. 13 Fig. 6 - Thermal rocks unit signature p. 14 ,Fig. 7 Some linear thermal signatures p e 17 ;ti on

This report concerns an investigation started in April 1979 mith the aim is to experiment the ability of infrared images obtained night over the Massif armoricain and the Massif central, France, with the HCMM satellite to delineate significant geological details.

This is a progress report, the second one.

Some images are visually interpreted and the,geological mapping ability of thermal infrared is demonstrated.

I - Probl ems

The realization of the proposed investigation is favourably develop- ping ,even if some p roblems occur. These problems concern

- Cloud cover condition

The heat capacity mapping mission test-site cloud cover study based on Nimbus data allows investigator to determine the number of clear or less than 30 percent cloud cover cy cles to be expected. Avalaible tables give 20 possibilities for the Massif armoricain per year and 33 for the Massif central. From U.S. we already have received 106 scenes (see fig. 1) over the two test sites : 65-visible day, 61 IR day, 40 IR night. But only 10 scenes are usable - From Lanion (France) we have receeved about 195 scenes - only 10 are acceptable, and five really usable (four night IR, two day IR, 1 visible).

This correspond to a period starting in may 1978, ending in september, 1979 i.e. 16 months (see fig. 2).

It-is apparent1v more difficult than expected to obtain images with an acceptable clnud covet.

Some day night and day infrared

In september 1979, HCMM acquired over the Massif central a day and night infrared, and day visible. Infortunatly the day image quality is poor, this scene being one of the two which could make possible the realization of a thermal inertia map. The second being acquiered in may 11, 1979.

- This secondscene covers the southern part of France - but here also the day infrared image, on the overtlanping area, is not really usable. Nevertheless w e plane to ask NASA for a thermal inertia map on a very small uncloudy area.

- Day visible quality image

In general day visible quality image are poorly contrasted even if uncloudy Only two of them -are usable but lineaments and geological boundaries interpretation, compared to the Landsat and Tiros one is very limited.

Geometric correction

Comp ared to the Landsat standart scale occuracy easily making possible surimposition with topographical map, the HCMM products are not so good : defor- mations occur and scale r:hanges between,scenes are frequent.

I

Figure 1 liC: l DATA PRODUCTS RECEIVED - AUGUST 79 - JANUARY 80 (Froth CS)

Scenes

l - A 0072 - 02230 - 3 A 0093 - 130070 - 1 - - 130070 - 2 A 0094 - 13250 - l - 13250 2 A 0118 01350 - 3 A 0153 - 13240 - 1 13240 2 A 0115 - 13140 - 1 - - 13140 - 2 E A 0142 - 13190 - 1 - 13190 - 2 A 0200 - 02000 - 3 A 0227 - 13010 - 1 - - 13010 - 2 A 0073 13350 - 1 - - 13350 - 2 A 0205 - 01540 - 3 A 0035 - 02320 - 3 A 0243 - 02040 - 3 A 0141 - 02050 - 3

2 A 0038 - 12460 - 1 - 12460 - 2 A 0038 - 12440 - 1 - 12440 - 2 A 0033 - 01540 - 3 A 0033 - 01550 3 A 0097 - 01470 - 3 A 0091 - 01370 - 3 A 0113 - 12380 - 1 - - 12380 - 2 A 013v - 12550 - 1 A•0075 - 01390 - 3 A 0150 - 01350 - 3 A 0034 - 13090 - 1 - 13090 - 2 t A 0072 - 13170 - I - 13170 - 2 A 0018 - 12310 - 1 - - 1,2310 - 2 A 0054 - 12430 I - - 12430 - 2 A 0198 - 01230 - 3 A 0070 - 12410 - 1 - - 12410 - 2 A 0033 12520 - l - 12520 - 2 A 0086 - 12380 - 1 - - 12380 - 2 A 0102 - 01390 -'3 A 0081 - 01500 - 3 A 0145 - 12360 - I - 12360 -.2 A 0182 - 12231 - l - - 12231-2 _ 3 _ n . A 0076 - 12520 - I - - 12520 - 2 A 0055 - 13020 - 1 - 13020 - 2 A 0232 - 12540 - 1 - 12540 - 2 3- A 0124 12430 - 1 - - 12430 - 2 A 0209 - 01310 - 3 A 0199 - 12370 - 1 - - 12370 - 2 A 0193 - 12270 1 - - 12,1 70 2 A 0193 - 12260 1 12260 - 2 A 0091 - 01350 - 3 A 0172 - 12400 - 1 - - 12400 - 2 A 0172 - 12380 - l - 12380 - 2 A 0143 - 02400 - 3 A 0141 - 13000 - 1 A 0118 -12320 - 2 12320 - I A 0099 - 02240 - 3 A 0350 - 12460 - 1 - - 12460 - 2 A 0142 - 13180 - 1 - 13180 - 2 A 0114 - 12570 - 1 - - 12570 - 2 A 0167 - 06190 - 3 A 0182 - 12250 - l A 0082 - 13040 - l - - 13040 - 2 A 0198 - 12210 - 1 - - 12210 - 2 A 0145 - 01390 - 3 A 0145 - 12370 - 1 - - 12370 - 2 A 0071 - 12590 - 1 - 12590 - 2

4 - A 0195 - 02050 - 3 A 0072 - 02210 - 3 A 0034 - 13110 - 1 - - '13110 - 2 A 0131 - 13140 - l 13140 - 2 A 0093 - 13090 - 1 - - 13090 - 2 A 0130 - 12570 - I A 0200 - 12570 - 1 - - 12570 - 2 A 0131 - 02150 - 3 A 0034 - 13100 - 1 - - 13100 - 2 A 0034 - 02120 - 3 A 0141 - 13020 - 1 - 13020 - 2 A 0045 - 13160 - 1 - 13160 - 2 - 4 - A 0115 13160 - - 13160 - 2 ' A 0055 - 13040 - 1 - 13040 - 2 A00'93 - 02100 - 3 A 0024 - 13230 - 1 - - 13230 - 2 A 0024 - 13230 - 1 - - 13230 - 2 A 0035 - 02300 - 3 A 0195 - 02050 - 3 A 0141 - 13020 - 1 - - 13020 - 2 A 0025 - 13410 - 1 - - 13410 - 2

AA-0151 - 12400 - 2 - - 12400 - 1 AA 0062 - 13300 - 2 - - 13300 - 1 AA 0108 - 12450 - 1 - - 12450 - 2 AA 0142 - 02120 - 3 Bretagne AA 0030 - 02370 - 3 Espagne AA 0062 - 13300 - 2 Espagne - - 13300 - 1 Corse - Sardaigne AA 0108- 12450 - 1 Corse - Sardaigne - - 12450 - 2 Gascogne AA 0184 - 13010 - 2 ,Gascogne - - 13010 - 1 Espagne. AA 0184 - 12590 - 1 Espagne - - 12590 - 2 Bretagne A 0046 - 13340 - 2 Bretagne - - 13340 - l Loire AA 039 - 02050 - 3 England AA 053 - 03050 - 3 England AA 0026 - 03000 - 3 AA 0026 - 03020 - 3 Pyrenees AA 0046 - 13320 - 1 Pyrenees - - 13320 - 2 Alpes AA 0166 - 12290 - 2 Alpes - - 12290 - 1 Italy AA 0166 - 12270 - 1 Italy - - 12270 - 2 Massif central - Alpes AA 0300 - 01100 - 3 Massif central - Alpes AA 0300 - 12150 - 1 Massif central .- Alpes - - 12150 - 2 Alpes AA0379 °- 01000 -3 Mediterranee France S AA 0130 - 01590 - 3 Mediterranee AA 0055 - 02050 - 3 Mediterranee AA 0055 - 02070 - 3 - 5 -

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Products requierement

During the reporting period we have ordered, and received two C.C.T, over the Massif central, the second over the Massif armoricain. They corres- to the following scenes

AA 0093 - 02120 - 3 AA 0142 - 02220 - 3.

Processing are to be done by the "groupement pour le ddveloppement de la T616d6tection a6rospatiale" and concerns ;

the optimisation of the photographic product - enlargment possibilities As.an experiment temperature difference map and thermal 'inertia map have been requiered to NASAover a scene where day and night infrared exist but have not been acquiered during the same day. There is a 6 weeks interval but weather conditions are similar (summer season).

To ESA we have requiered, and received, radiometrically corrected images for five scenes. We also have requiered, and received one geometrically corrected images for two scenes.

We have at last experimented photographic enlargement on scene AA 0093 - 02120 - 3 (28 july 78), covering the whole Massif central. A four time enlargement (exactly to 1 million scale) is considered as a satisfactory one.

III - References data

The following documents have been used as a reference during the HCMM data interpretation

Tectonic map of France, 1 million scale (1980), -Lineaments map of France, J million scale (1976), established from Landsat images, - Hydrogeological map - Languedoc-Roussillon 1/200 000 "Les Grandes Causses", Sismotectonic map of France, 1 million scale (1979), -Geophysical map , 1 million scale Thermal map of France (8 million scale, 1977), Bulletin de la Direction de la Meteorologie-rationale, - Some Tiros N and Landsat images, - Carte des formations superficielles, C.N.R.S. 1 million scale.

IV - Image analysis `

4.1. - Comments on image quality

In general on images where clouds cover conditions make it possible interpretation the following remarks have been done

A - Day visible images contain a very small amount of signifi- cants geological data, compared with

. infrared images, same scale . or to Landsat visible images - 7 - , 6tudu. H=11 visible data a, Lr. not "dapted to eattth %csouue " B - Day infrared images countain significan.- geological detail s both aments and some rack units have 6 distinct thrrM-1 6ignature,

C - ;.ight infrared images also contain sign"icant geological data.

For bothsday and night infrared images seasonal conditions have an important affect, o^,i thermal signatures one. can 4ay ulxtWtity .6 all ►na it( r name we,. ^n •the'unaZ kiagakii 6tteA; kCta 4o ►1. D - Reverse and normal prints submitted by N.A.S.A. make it possible, -on some areas, to improve interpretation. "

4.,2. - Comments on some details perception

On the sea On night infrared image AA 0034 - 02130 •- 3, 30 may 1978, a very large "piume" is correlated with "Etang de Berre" and correspond to a possible pollution. On the same image all coastal lake, both on mediteranean sea and Atlantic ocean are clearly visible,

On night infrared iir,0,4A AA 435 - 01333 5 July 1979, thermal diffe- rences in the "Baia de Seine" rvuld correspond with turbidity or pollution (due to the Seine river) or with bathimetry. But, what ever the explanation is the phenomenon is very obvious (fig,. 5 n o 10),

- On the ground In general lakes and pounds, even small, are more obvious L night infrared images but for rivers day infrared images make it possible a better interpretation.

In forested area night infrared make it possible geological differen- ciation cancelled by t'cees on day infrared images. On night infrared image acquired on july 5 (1979) above the Orleans region a thermal linear frontiere appears along the Beuvron, a small river : it delineates a cold zone to the north from a warm region to the south inside the Sologne forest. This detail corresponds to a Landsat lineament but the thermal frontiere which has not visible signature could correspond to the pleistocene and residual formations boundary (cf. Carte des formations superfi'cielles - C.N.R.S.)

4.3. - Images analysis : comment on significant geological data

In this part comments only concern day and night infrared, even if for some exemples references From day visible images are given.

This analysis is presented in two parts :

• A/ The Massif armoricain • B/`The Massif central weather conditions are listed on fig. 3, fig. 3 b represents the weather station.

A -r The Massif Armoricain From the time we ha ,e published ther first type II report images recei- ved over the massif armoricain are all of poor or medium quality. Height images present 3 correct weather condition but only three show significant geological details. - 8 - a 1 - Nevertheless the interpretation confirms the importance given by thermal remote sensing to

- the :^xllon armoricain the main fault of the area - the 140° north oranted fractures which are revealed on night IR images by tmawi thewat Uneat anomaUu.

Such faults are known by geologists : they are correlated with tertiary graben but not considered as very important. On the contrary they are considered as active: faults by seismologists. Looking on published geological maps one can correlated some of them (see fig. 4). * 1 - Sheet Rennes (1/80 000). This linear anomaly corresponds, in the Caune area, with the diabasis i veins direction,

2 — Sheet Pontivy (1/80 000). Near Loude4c it extends known faults responsible for displacements of Devonian beds, into Paleozoic. This anomal y also corresponds with a change in the hydrographic pattern which flows, in the western part, perpendiculary to its.

3 Sheet Pontivy (1/80 000). Near Saint-Vran the anomaly follows a small Pliocene basin and is a part of the Nort-sur-Erdre a gravimetric axis (Jaeger) which corresponds with a described Landsat lineament (Scanvic).

4 - Sheet Pontivy (1/80 000). Near Rohan it follows the direction of a small Pliocene basin and partly corresponds, toward south,with a Landsat lineament.

•5 - sheet Chateauli.n (1/80 000). To the east of Rostrenem it corres- ponds with

important quartz and Kersantite veins (Plouguernevel on Pontivy sheet) , . the Persquen fault.

G - Sheets Ainan and Avranches (1/80 000), the anomalies are paralell with the numerous mapped faults.

7 =• Sheet Morlaix (1/80 000).

In the Plougonven area the anomaly corresponds with a known fault (Norht West of Planegat) hydrographic pattern and alluvial deposits reinforce..

These linear anomalies revealed by a .4i ikht .in6na' ted Z)iage obtained in may 1978 (AA 0015 - 02550), are also visible, but no so clearly on an other image, AA 0142-02220 - 3 (september 1978). It also can be extended (point 3 for instance on image AA 435 - 01330 (night infrared, July 1979).

At last they are not visible on day .in6AMed . mayu , even if they present gold weather conditions (AA 509 - 12 112, 17 septembre 1979).

a 2 - On an other hand, HCI'7P1 data seems to have a certain ability to discriminate some kind of granits in the Massif armoricain.

. • The circular shape of the western part of the Quintin granite, revealed by Landsat images (Scanvic) is obviously correlated with a thermal ring, ____coldest than the environment (Fig. 4 - 8). The eastern part, as on Landsat images * Numbers refer to figure

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H C M M STRUC TURAL INTERPRETATION

Of the Massif Armoricoin (France)

LEGEND

/ Thermal linear anomalies

.-^ Coastal line

Plouaret and Ouintin granit

SCALE ', ± 1/4 000 000

Fig,4 i .

MASSIF GRANITIQUE DE QUINTIN

CARTE DES LINEAMENTS DE SATELLITE

(d'apres Landsa t )

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1

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EC'HELLE ; 1/500 000

Fig,4b - 12 - does not appear . Field works confirm a change in granite_ from west to east (Fig. 4b), could be existed.

. North of Quintin a similar circular thermal anomaly corresponds with the Plouaret-Belle Isle en Terre granite (Fig. 4b). From the 1 million scale geological map of France they have the same age and petrography:

Both of them are only visible on dark .in6,taned .image : AA 0131 - 13 140 - 2 (4 september 19781 and AA 509 121 12 (17 september 1979).

. South of the Loire river, tLe r4ortagne granite massif is revealed on images : AA 0115 02100 - 3 19 august 1978, by alternating warm and cold circu- lar thermal anomalies and AA 435 01333 - 5 July 1979 by similar details.

Such thermal differentiations can be approximatly correlated with the main petrographic differences (J-P. Renard).

• Until now, this granit is only vi6 ibte on night .inPwAed . magu and it doesn't coAA&Spond u det" on Land,6at.

a 3 - H.C.M.M. image AA 435 0133 (July 3, 1979) acquiered by the Earthnet Lanion station (France) is a night infrared image which contain nume- rouns significant geological data (fig. 5).

Over the Massif armoricain thermal linear anomalies can be very often correlated with known geological details

I - Thouarce - Montreuil Bellay fault, 2 - Gravimetric discontinuity 3 - Savenay micashistes faults boundaries, 4 - The Noirmoutier island is not visible 5 - Niort fault, 6 - La Marche fault, 7 - La Vilaine fault, 8 - Nogent-le-Rotrou fault.

The si.11on armoricain, a main fault, correspond to a thermal diffe- rence the north-eastern limb being coldest thant the south-western limb (9).

B - The Massif central ------. Lithology Taking in acount some of the significant geological details revealed by thermal differences our purpose is, by analysing each of the inter- pretable images we got, outlined the evolving character of the H.C.M.M. data. To do that we have selected some obvious geological features:

The'Levezou basic rocks The Causses limestones plateau The Mont Lozere granite The Cantal volcanic dome The Limagne valley, tertiary in age The Berry, Jurassic anc cretaceous limestones The Bayonne Miocene The Tertiary Libourne deposits.

NIGHT INFRARED IMAGE INTERPRETATION

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/ Thermal linear anomalies

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, The thermal evolving signature of each of them is analysed in fig. 6.

From this figure we can conclude :

- The Levezou basic rocks, coldest than the surrounding at night, aver the season is, ar*a not revealed during the day being as cold as the o rocks.

- The Causse limestones plateau is generally cold during the night but warm during the day this making possible some differentiations at night in July 28 : the eastern part is cold, the western part is warm, not distinct from the surrounding.

The differentiations seems to correspond (hydrogeological map at 1/200 000) with the upper and medium Jurassic beds (to the east) where docontiEuc u ck,6 are more important, and with lower jurassic beds, to the west, (ehe"Le VAutonu ate mostly outcropping (J 0. All over the Jurassic units (51, J2, J3) including the Rodez extension, is revealed by a warm thermal anomaly.But in september 78, 14, also during the day, the warm anomaly is restricted to the eastern part (J1, J2) which is also separated in two units, ore to the north, the second to the south.'This observation, not explained on published geological maps is corroborated by Landsat image 21 177, 19 september 1976 : a similar differenciation is visualized but on band five only.

Mont Lozare granite. Cold during night and day, the granite can be differentiated only dm.ijig the Y,lght from the Caume limestone which are overlaying it. This can be also observed on Landsat image, bande 5 and then seems to indicate vegetation is the main revelator. On Goodyear side looking radar (3 cm) roughness also allows the differenciation.

- The Cantal volcanic massif. This massif is composed by two units . The topography make it possible the differenciation into a warm anomaly (volcanic projections) and a cold unit (lave flows), during the night, A perfect circular shape outline this tertiary volcano. The thermal seasonal evolving of this massif is not clear. Apparently there is no day-night inversion but the contrast between the two units, along the year is levelled.

- The Limagne valley, medium cold at night is warm during the day. The Ambert section, a small tertiary basin, doesn't change its apparent temperature between day and night : this can be due to size orsoil-vegetation association.

- The Berry limestones. Whatever the season is this unit, in its Jurassic part can not be d. ifferenciated from the surrounding rocks during the night, all of them being warm.

During the day, in september, the Berry Limestones are vizualised by a warm anomaly and Tiro s N image confirms this observation. On visible image one can observe :

Landsat March 1973 nothing - no vegetation Landsat April J976 Berry limestones - vegetation starts Tiros N Sept. 1979 nothing - no vegetation VHRR July 19.75 Berry limestones - vegetation.

I ^1 ve.nctctt'.om- .i.d the tevctatm .iii the v.t s.i.ble. pant o6 the 6! ec.tum zo.i,° ane aszoci.ated .C.ithoZogu a.Ae tezPonA.ZbZc jl m the thexs:at anomaCy dufu6ig the c'as, . - Ba y onne Miocene, It is difficult to comment this thermal anomaly, which correlates very well with geology, because we only have it on one image, in August : its seems to be a seasonal effect, never observed during the day even on the visi- ble Landsat or Tiros N images.

- Libourne tertiary unit, This unit is not differentiated on night infrared images and is separated from surrounding rocks through a cold thermal anomaly during the day. It is also on Landsat and Tiros N images during the vegetation period, but not in march when soil can be observed. Then a such anomaly revealed the vegetation associated with the geological unit.

These examples demonstrate the evolving character of the geological detail thermal signature : some of them, if not all of them are vizualised because they thermically :Hove from day to night and during the year, 'Then it seems possible, even without preparing thermal inertia map, to separate signi- ficant geological details: Thermal satellites are very well adapted to geologi- cal mapping but weather is a limitating condition for two reasons :

1 - Clouds cotter is important most of the time, 2 - in three occasions we have correlated some very important thermal differences with a change between two regions having a that time, a weather temperature difference. This is very clear on night image AA 0093-02120 (July 78) where a 160 km thermal difference which exist along the Rhone valley correspond with the change between the Ardeche mediterranean basin (warmer) and the Atlantic basin (colder), with a good accuracy we have appreciated on the enlarged image (Scale 1 million). Note this difference runs across a schist unit ie schistes of Ardeche.

At last if topography, vegetation and or the soil-rocks couple are responsible for the main thermal signatures the seasonal and diurnal observations make it possible to separatly appreciate each parameter and then to take in ac- count the cnly one significant geological details.

Tactonic

In the first progress report (Scanvic, september 79) we have presen- ted a thermal linear anomaly map issued from one single image. The interpreta- tions of the new images received have been gathered and the more important have been selected and their thermal signature analysed (fig. 7). From this analysis some remarks can be presented :

1 - It exist two kinds of linear thermal anomalies :

. linear warm or cold anomalies inside a cold or warm area . linear frontiers between a cold and a warm zone.

2 - In most cases the first kind of linear anomalies corresponds with faults. These anomalies, exepted if the quality image is not good, are always visible on the different scenes we have. But not all the ground known faults are represented by this kind of anomalies and a reflexion starts on this remark which could be important if for instance neotectonic is partly responsible for,this special signature.

'3 - Two linear frontieres between a cold and a warm zone have been studied in more details. The first one correspond to the south-western extension of the Noyant fault, considered by geologist as a Sillon Houiller part. This extension is quite visible at least on three HDIM images. Until now this is not explained by lithological change neither by faults even if they are visible on Landsat images. At last It exactly corresponds with an important change in the hydrographic pattern, rivers running to the west and to the east on each side of s+ G N I : U u C? U U 1 R ) '} r lw C 3J +N U ^ ,^ ^^ L yr .G +,.r ^ C+ ^.A S•+ w. M a a U' P.4 lw 1 G cc clq w 6-4

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,-^ C C Cl CS C C) ^ r+ .0 4-4 U W 6D Q) C GCJ I •^ cGO rJ Gt O z L E .0 C) zn E 'n •p w C i ►1 w I^ C rag ^^ +.) C .ji .o • 4 .ai ai u z C > m '-) .-4 cC to .a C) C D, r-+ cA •D C .2u- +a tr q z z cn - 18 the frontiere (to the Sioule river on the east, Cher Cher river on the west). The meteorological map of August 1978 and July 1979 ( isohyetes) outline a water precipitation diffdrences paralell, to this anomaly, Then if we cannot excluded a .tectonic explanation the meteoutq.tcat pout o^ vtote is to be ,talked into core idenation.

The second anomaly corresponds to the southern limit of the Mossif central, Faults are known locally but the frontiere also follows a change in the hydrographic pattern, rivers going to the Rhone on one s.de, to the Garonne on the other side. Here also the meteorological influence is to be taken into consideration,

CONCLUSIONS 1. '

This reporting period make it possible to reach some conclusions in the two concerned domains, lithology and tectonic.

- Rocks units, even if note outcropping and soil covered (Berry) may have a thermal signature which has been observed

. for some granit massifs : Quintin, Plortagne, Mont Lozere . in the Causse plateau where a limestone - dolomie difference is vizualised. . under forest the signature is levelled by night observation.

These thermal signatures can be observed :

. by a change between day and night, and then it corresponds to different thermal inertia which can be apprehanded by visual interpretation,

. by a seasonal change, due to a change in the associated soil and vegetation,

. but climatology may create thermal differences,sometimes very important ( Acdeche) uncorrelated with geology.

At last rocks form with soil cover and associated vegetation a ther- mically moving unit : a single image brings out significant geological details but diurnal and seasonal images used together bring more. It exist :

• a day and night complementary • a seasonal complementary

which seem more important than the one discovered in the visible part of the spectrum.

- Linear thermal anomalies are of two kinds, linear inside a thermal zone, cold or warm, and linear frontieresbetween cold and warm units.

. The first one always correspond to faults. In this early stage it appears lineaments, in the global sense admitted for Landsat interpre- tation, are not visible on HCMM images, linear being restricted to faults. In the+Massif armoricain some of the visible faults, correlated with the Alpine direction, are considered as secondary by geologists but very important for seismologists. They are only visible during the night through a warm anomaly. A sdch observation can be considered as • a significant result to be evaluated in term of neotectonic.

. The second kind of linear anomaly could correspond with faults but physiography and meteorology may have a role to play in. Nevertheless the explanation is they have to be investigated mainly some of them which may have depend the season, the two appearences (Sillon armoricain). t - 19 At last,,even with a restricted number of HC:-k thermal images geologi- snificant details can be extracted by using, day and night and seasonal data, the main question is to know what is the part due to resolution and scale s result.

i..— r

E

. BIBLIOGRAPHY

JAEGER Jeajt-Louth - 1967 - Un alignement d'anomalies ICgares CoIncidant avec des bassins tcrt:laires en Bretagne. Wnmo.1,te B. R. G. M. n' 5,42

,SCANVIC Jean-Yve6 - 1977 - The french atlantic littoral and the Massif armoricain, a Landsat geological investigation, } .A.S.A. upo4t, Januv y 77.

RENARD J -P. 197P - d6ochimie de 1'uranium de surface clans les .massifs granitiques vendcens. Cas particulier du Massif de Mortagn p -sur-SLvre. Sc-iencez do Ca Te u, 197G, Tome 15 n°7.

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