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Agroinform Publishing House Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce

APSTRACT

Official Periodical of the International MBA Network in Agribusiness and Commerce AGRIMBA

Vol. 4. Numbers 3- 4 . 2010

0) AGROINFORM PUBLISHING HOUSE Editor in Chief: Prof. Dr. Dr. He. Wim Heijman, Wageningen University, The Netherlands

Deputy Editors: Prof. Dr. Dr. He. András Nábrádi,University of Debrecen, Hungary, Contents Prof. Dr. János Lazányi,University of Debrecen, Hungary

Proposed Editors: SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Prof. Zorica Vasiljevis, PhD, Prof. Danilo Tomié, PhD ROLE OF INNOVATIONS AND KNOWLEDGE - INFRASTRUCTURE AND INSTITUTIONS by András Nábrádi ...... 7 Executive Editorial Board: EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH AND CONSULTING WORK IN AGRICULTURE OF SERBIA Prof. Dr. Bruce Ahrendsen, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA by Drago Cvijanovic...... 11 Dr. Josip Juracak, University of Zagreb, Croatia Dr. Elena Kovtun, National Agricultural University of Ukraine RÉGIÓNÁL IDENTITY IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: THREE CASE STUDIES OF RÉGIÓNÁL BRANDING Prof. Dr. Edward Majewski, University of Life Sciences Warsaw, Poland by ir. Lies Messely, dr. ir. Joost Dessein and dr. ir. Ludwig Lauwers ...... 19 Dr. George Robertson, Scottish Agricultural University, Scotland AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES AND THEIR MEMBERSHIP IN COOPERATIVE UNIONS IN SERBIA by Prof. Dr. Ivana Ticha, University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic Miladin M. Sevarlic, Marija M. Nikolic, Richard Simmons ...... 25 Prof. Dr. Zorica Vasiljevic, University of Belgrade, Serbia THE CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE - DIMENSIONS AND CORRELATIONS by Mirela Matei, Honorary Editors: Adrián Stancu, Predrag Vukovic...... 33 Prof. Dr. Peter Bielik, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia ADJUSTMENT OF POLAND’S AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECTOR TO CHALLENGES OF AGRICULTURAL Dr. Jim Booth, Aberdeen, Scotland, POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION by A. Kowalski, M. Wigier, P. Chmielinski ...... 39 Prof. Dr. Harry Bremmers, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Prof. Dr. Slobodan Ceranic, University of Belgrade, Serbia, SMALL AND MÉDIUM ENTERPRISES AS DEVELOPMENT FACTOR OF AGRIBUSINESS IN REPUBLIC OF Prof. Dr. Dr. He. Mark Cochran, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville USA, SERBIA by Radojka Maletic, Slobodan Ceranic...... 45 Prof. Dr. Csaba Csáki, Corvinus University, Budapest, Hungary, STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN REPUBLIKA SRPSKA - SMALL FARMS BETWEEN SUBSISTENCE Prof. Dr. Reiner Doluschitz, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany, ORIENTATION AND MODERNIZATION by Matteo Vittuari, Andrea S eg ré...... 51 Dr. Garth Entwistle, Scottish Agricultural College, Scotland, MODELING MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF AGRICULTURE AT A FARM-LEVEL: THE CASE OF KERKINI Dr. Akimi Fujimoto, Tokio University of Agriculture, Japan Prof. Dr. Patrick De Groote, Hasselt University, Belgium DISTRICT, NORTHERN GREECE by Michael Vassalos, Carl R. Dillon, Dávid Freshwater, Pavlos Karanikolas . 59 Dr. Simon Heath, ICA, Coppenhagen, Denmark, ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND COMPETITIVENESS ON SMALL BEEKEEPING FARMS IN SELECTED Prof. Dr. Jan Hron, University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic DISTRICTS OF SERBIA by Slaöana Marinkovic, Nebojsa N edic...... 65 Dr. Ranjith Ihalanayake, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia WHO BENEFITS FROM EMOTIONAL LABOUR? by Kornélia Lazányi ...... 71 Dr. Róbert Kowalski, University of Wolverhampton, UK, Dr. Mary Mc Carthy,University College Cork, Ireland, RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN HUNGARY - SOLID BIOMASS UTILIZATION IN TERMS OF Prof. Dr. Dávid McKenzie,Scottish Agricultural College, Aberdeen, Scotland, NECESSITY AND OPPORTUNITY by Veronika Erős and Tamás Biró ...... 75 Prof. Dr. Nebojsa Novkovic, University of Növi Sad, Serbia, THE ROLE OF CHAMBER SYSTEM IN DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICOMMERCE IN SERBIA by Emil Cukié . . 79 Prof. Dr. József Popp, Research Institute of Agricultural Econonomics, Hungary, GENERALIZED COEFFICIENTS OF GOODS QUALITY AND SATISFYING OF CONSUMERS DEMAND Prof. Dr. Zoltán Szakály,University of Kaposvár, Hungary, by Lenar Safiullin, Nail Safiullin, Gulnara N. Ismagilova ...... 83 Prof. Dr. Danilo Tomié, Serbian Association of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade, Serbia, Prof. Dr. Mária Yincze, University of Babes Bolyai, Cluj, Napoca, Románia, FARM-RETAIL PRICE TRANSMISSION IN MALAYSIÁN PORK SECTOR by Tey (John) Yeong-Sheng, Randy Prof. Dr. Dr. He. Harald von Witzke, Humbold University, Berlin, Germany, Stringer and Wendy Umberger ...... 87 This number is published with the financial support of University of Debrecen, Faculty of Applied Economics and Rural BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL FLOWER MARKÉT, ITS STATE AND DEVELOPMENT Development and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Hungary. UNDER PRESENT-DAY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS by V Khodarchenko ...... 93 English Editor: PRICE RISK MANAGEMENT USING BY A SPECIFIED FUTURES MODEL by László Kozár PhD ...... 97 Dr. Troy B. Wiwczaroski UD, Debrecen, Hungary PHD SUMMARIES APPLIED STUDIES IN AGRIBUSINESS AND COMMERCE Official Periodical ofthe International MBA NetWork in Agribusiness and Commerce: COMPETIVENES S OF THE HUNGÁRIÁN PIG SECTOR by Andrea Bartha PhD student ...... 103 APSTRACT® REVIEWS ©AGRIMBA Editor-in-chief: Prof. Dr. Wim Heijman Wageningen University GREEN HOUSE GAS MITIGATION AND HEADLINE TARGETS OF EUROPE 2020 STRATEGY Editorial ojfice: Debrecen University, H-4015 P.O. Box 36. by János Lazányi ...... 109 Phone,fax: (36-52) 508-304 Executive publisher: Agroinform Publishing House Hungary- www.agroinform.hu BOOK REVIEWS Typography: Opal System Graphics www.opalsystem.com SPACE AND ECONOMICS: ANINTRODUCTION TO RÉGIÓNÁL ECONOMICS by By W.J.M. Heijman and HU-ISSN 1789-221X - Electronic Version: ISSN 1789-7874 R.A. Schipper ...... 119 Home Page: http://www.apstract.net E-mail: editor-apstract@ agr.unideb.hu INFORMATION FÓR AUTHORS 121 pplied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce - APSTRACT I groinform Publishing House, Budapest J 4 ARIES

:i|Sí COMPETIVENESS OF THE HUNGÁRIÁN PIG SECTOR

Andrea Bartha PhD student

University of Debrecen, Faculty of Applied Economics and Rural Development [email protected]

Jbstract: The number of Hungárián pig population was 3.2 millión in February 2010, 150 thousand less than in the previous year. This included 226 thousand brood sows, 54 thousand less than in the previous year, and this number is expected to fali further next year. In the pást two years the number of brood sows decreased to a larger extent in economic organizations than in priváté farms (KSH, 2010). Despite the rising costs of feedingstuffs, producer prices fór slaughter pigs have decreased, therefore priváté farms with small herds of brood sows have sold their breeding animals fór slaughterhouses. However, economic organizations mostly tried to restructure their production and piacé emphasis on plánt production, thus improving their situation. These markét changes indicate that the sector continues to scale down, production shrinks, markét losses are continuous within the sector and vulnerability threaten the players of the product cycle increasingly.

Key words: Pig production, Consumption, Competitiveness, Sector analysis

1. Introduction by the addressed practical experts were collected and a comprehensive table was prepared which includes all the Developing Hungárián pig production has ceased to exist fór problems on product cycle level to determine the results and alsó a long time; in addition, the most crucial problem is posed by the to cease the reason of the problem. Examination was carried out deterioration of its intemational competitiveness. However, it is to find out what measures fór the improvement or the removal of to be highlighted that these competitive disadvantages are nőt the problem had been carried out so far. Finally, in certain cases, merely due to national insufficiencies. The effects of recommendations were made fór the explored problems. intemational markets on demand - supply alsó play a significant From the very outset, our research was characterized by role, both in terms of product quality and price (AKI, 2009). the unity of theory and practice (usefulness), the merge of The above mentioned facts lead to conclude that the intemational and national viewpoints and ideas related to analysis of the sector on the level of product cycle is justified product cycles. There is no competitive agriculture without in order to highlight the reasons of its decline. From competitive processing and trade; there is no practice- producers to trade each and every economic player needs to oriented education without research! Naturally, realistic analyze their competitiveness, efficiency and income and guidelines are alsó vitai! (AKI, 2009). then identify the key problems. To maintain the sector ready I take the view that information on the improvement fór appropriate operation all the players need to produce potentials of competitive options, correlations and expert competitively, as no competitive processing industry exists opinions provide a sound proof fór the identification of State without the production of quality source material; similarly, tasks, and alsó fór agro-economic players to assess their own no easy-to-sell products exist without a meat sector which strengths and to develop their long-term business policies. functions appropriately; these statements are valid Hopefully, the present study will serve as a key pillar fór the backwards as well (Udovecz, 2008). establishment of a realistic and modem agricultural strategy. The present research seeks to map out the SWOT analysis of the sector on the grounds of this table, followed by the creation of a 2. Methods problem-tree and a target-tree to provide Solutions how to improve areas suffering from competitive disadvantages. To unveil the conditions - objective and subjective competitive disadvantages that hinder development - and gain a lifelike analysis, mostly prominent national and intemational 3. Results agricultural, food-industrial and trade enterprises, organizations were visited. Sincere discussions took piacé with several lead Hungary has particularly blatant problems of experts. “Representativity” was nőt a conscious objective, as competitiveness in several areas. Above all, the judgement of competitive options can be evaluated realistically from the our taxation system is dramatically poor. Nőt only tax rates, viewpoint of significant economic players. The opinions given bút the effects of taxes and supports in the distortion of 104 Andrea Barthn Competiveness of the Hungárián pig sector 105

Table 1: Competitive disadvantages on macro-economic level Table 2: Competitive disadvantages on consumption level Competitive Suggestions fór the Competitive Suggestions fór the disadvantages on macro- REASON RÉSÜLI Measures taken so far RESULT Measures taken so far solution disadvantages on REASON solution economic level consumption level Tax, contribution and Personal Income tax, VAT, social Black economy 30% Standard tax system, Reduction, rationalization Growing consumption Lack of technological background Demand is nőt met Capital intő the sector, administrative burdens security contributions, employers’ (trade, employment) tax law??? of VAT and administrative takeover of technology contribution, employees’ burdens, elimination and genetics contributions, costs of business of bureaucracy Impact of média The ratio of poultry meat and Trademarks Community communication start-ups Healthy diet has gained ground pork is instable to clarify misbelief Support policy Haphazard, occasional and Pig keeping is nőt supported, EU regulation, no free Standard, clear support Growing demand fór Accelerated life, conscious Processed products Keeping abreast of the nőt renewing so farmers are “helped” in activities, frittered support policy on national level prémium products food intake markét, fást reactions several ways AGENDA 2000 Diverse consumer attitudes Different animal body regions are Nőt every product is A good system of distribution Land policy Separated property No feedingstuff fór individual Support fór access to land, Integration preferred in different regions quick-selling on markets is needed by eliminating owners, guarantee fór loan diversification, merging inequalities in processing requests; difficulties of land farms, Act on Arable Land rent and costs increase Consumers depend on Price sensitivity Customers always look fór sales and prices products on sale, by adjusting Logistics Geographical disadvantage Lack of seaports Motorway construction their eating habits; Disorganized transport Railway transportation is Concentration in certain permanently low meat prices Irrational system of supply slow and obsolete premises on larger farms Diversification in several Quality of road network is Pick Zrt. Seasonal impact Demand fór meat and meat Concentration, storing, regions, exploitation on questionable products changes warehousing are difficult, demand-dependent markets Slaughter -processing deep-ffozen pork is nőt are separated marketable Import intake Restoration of the fame of Commercial chains Standards, compliance, ethics Domestic products can 80-20% Integration Lack of loyalty Hungárián products are nőt Hungárián products hardly compete with Ethical code? Bargaining position “strong” trademarks depressed prices, old Homogenous, large quantity Source: author’ own collection suppliers are privileged and good quality of goods ensured in the long run level with production. The whole analysis is based on price-sensitive and dependent on sales; therefore they are nőt Social problems confidence Inheritance of the pást, morals, Joining forces, joint property Network of consultancy, Initiatives carried out in loyal to Hungárián products. Therefore, cheap import meat and morals safety of property corruption are out of the question TCS (Producer Groups) — favour of integration changing this approach. I have come to the realization that BÉSZs (Cooperatives fór consumers and consumption are the drivers everywhere. In and meat products could become ready-selling on Hungárián Purchase and Sales) the present market-economy only those can survive who can markets (Szakály, et al., 2008). Demographic and social Composition of society, Young people are nőt Keeping the population in the Education is built on practice react as fást as possible to changes in consumer attitudes and Mention must be made on seasonality and diverse problems urbanization, incomes in the sector interested in agriculture, country, supports, markets. Hungárián pork consumption is basically régiónál consumer attitudes on régiónál level. This can only the trade is ageing diversification Agenda 2000 determined by its price. Domestic consumers are rather be eliminated by diversification. Nőne of the processing Commitment Lack of management, cooperation Owners’ interests are different Table 3: Competitive disadvantages on commercial level Source: author’ own collection Competitive Suggestions fór the Measures taken so far competition are heavily criticized. On the other hand, high would serve as a basis fór feedingstuff production and disadvantages on REASON RESULT solution commercial level taxes are coupled with the poor quality of public Services: potential capital acquisition. Besides all these hardships, Consumer attitudes change Prepared, packaged meat generál opinion about law enforcement, health care bút Hungary alsó has to cope with its disadvantageous Counter fór fresh carcass meat ceases products are ready selling primarily about welfare policies fór the reduction of unequal geographical location: there is no seaport, shipping on the Price rise is nőt accepted by Joining of forces, opportunities is especially negative. Moreover, Hungárián Prepared products are Higher added value Danube is restricted, the railway network is slow and has alsó marketed at higher prices retailers improvement of bargaining competitiveness is in a disadvantageous position regarding become obsolete; therefore our export opportunities are positions the investigated indicators of both education and training limited intő third countries. In the pást couple of years Excess supply fór meat Processors cannot promote Retailers choose what is (Bartha, 2008). motorway construction improved the potentials of inland preparations their products cheaper This brings us to the next issue, the introduction of transportation bút it has opened the Windows of export Excess number of Stores Undercut effect Prices are even more difficult Maximization of retail shops competitive disadvantages investigated on macro-economic opportunities only intő nearby countries. in one piacé to realize prices fór the population or fór a level in terms of agricultural production. In addition, besides In contrast with such kind of infrastructure development given area extremely high, obscure and chaotic taxes which impede the retail traders who set up businesses in Hungary prefer Branded products gain Lower prices, higher price Lower quality No competitiveness on the mass-product markét, unique efficient production, contributions and administrative costs ground in trade competition rather their own suppliers at the expense of Hungárián domestic products are alsó considerable high, thereby further exacerbating the producers and products. They stipulate high requirements Long-term contractual relations The distribution of Hungárián Ethical code Favourable bargaining situation. Our support policy has been realized without and costly standards rendering it impossible fór Hungárián Difficulties of contracts between retailers and with “foreign” partners products is limited position can be gained by thorough consideration on various levels and the pig sector products to be available in hyper-and supermarkets. The only Hungárián suppliers standard, good quality goods was primarily hit by this period. The insufficiency of extemal solution might be joint action, cooperation and support, in the required quantity resources and deductions is only one item on the list of which could improve our bargaining positions, uphold and Date of payment Production difficulty in both Liquidity is difficult to Regulation on payment dates, Long term contracts, factors which inflicted the players of Hungárián pig sector. promote the Hungárián will. To achieve this, Hungárián directions of the product cycle maintain, go-round debts Law of XVI. 2003 on the fixed payment dates The formation of the Hungárián holding system is to be mentality has to go through considerable changes. Organization of an Agricultural Markét mentioned: it clearly hinders economical production as the With a paradigm-shift, let us start the further majority of pig farmers do nőt possess priváté lands which investigation of competitive disadvantages on product cycle Source: author’ own collection 1 9 §.______Andrea Barthn Competiveness of the Hungárián pig sector______107

Table 4: Competitive disadvantages on the level of processing Table 5: Competitive disadvantages on the level of source material production

Competitive Competitive disadvantages Suggestions fór the Suggestions fór the disadvantages on the level REASON RESULT Measures taken so far es on the level source REASON RESULT Measures taken so far solution solution of processing 1 material production Concentration Lack of capital, specialization Slaughter-cutting-product Separation on the level of Lack of own resources Small farms, support has nőt Nőt credit-worthy, no is nőt solved manufacturing are merged farms 1 been successful development, nőt competitive Lack of contractual relations No long-term agreements, rather Standard source material Contract Slaughter-house Slaughter-cutting; further Slaughter in itself is oral deals are typical (quality, quantity) is nőt processing unremunera-tive, there is no provided specialization BESZs (Cooperatives fór Unity of action, bút individual Standard products are difficult Sales through BÉSZs only Breeding animal Breeding animal, privately Farmers fail to use products Long-term contractual Purchase and Sales) sales are alsó maintained to be provided fór processors, under strict regulation owned herd by Hungárián breeding relations between breeders source material supply is organizations, they use their and producers unpredictable privately owned herds Bargaining position Pressure by commercial chains Looking fór cheap base Two-way long-term Land Pig breeders do nőt own lands There are no own resources Act on Arable Land, merge Integration material resources, mainly contractual relation and fodder of micro and properties lands írom import Weak efficiency indicators Progeny, death, feed conversion: Non-competitive production, Genetic experiments, Genetic experiments, Black economy No follow-up fór the product cycle 30% Supervision Reduction of financial sow/piglet perhaps only production takeover of modern keeping takeover of modem burdens imposed on work, costs are covered on certain technologies keeping technologies reduction of VAT farms Payment morals Production difficulties in both Liquidity is difficult to Regulations on payment Long-term contracts, Source: author’ own collection directions of the product cycle maintain, go-round debt deadlines, Law of XVI. 2003 fixed payment dates on the Organization of an Agricultural Markét running costs as a result of insufficient insulation, the the increasing number of crimes against property, so the Utilization of capacities, Disorganization of the production Transport problems, Régiónál concentration removal and piacement of manure is alsó problematic fór establishment of safeguard Services alsó increases distribution of source cycle, utilization is under 50% kilometres between lack of privately owned lands. Moreover, producers fail to production costs. Further problems are posed by the high materials slaughterhouses and jóin their forces, so they are unable to provide the continuous interest rate of foreign Capital (14-16%), (MNB, 2008), the processors, upward price production of standard, quality source materials in bulk. As a disorganization of the product cycle and the lack of technical adjustment result, their bargaining positions are weak and they cannot advice. Representative body Several organizations Disorganization United representation, represent their own interests. In conclusion, the product cycles of the sector face a large centralization lead by one number of problems on each level and Solutions can only be .. organization provided by strategic decisions. It is nőt enough to improve Source: author’ own collection 4. Conclusion certain levels of the product cycle, the sector needs to be companies can afford to slaughter only fór lóin in the directly affecting processors will be highlighted. The most analysed as a unit and problems are to be handled summer grilling season just because there is demand fór it. crucial of them is that capacity is under-utilized. It triggers high In contrast with developed Westem-European countries, simultaneously. Markets fór other regions of animals’ bodies are to be fixed costs in production and production costs are alsó high. Hungárián farms are nőt specialized, although breeding searched fór which is getting increasingly difficult with the Bargaining positions in sales are weak as forces are nőt animals and fattening pigs require diverse technologies. Our média full of advertisements on healthy diet giving false joined and there is no appropriate representative body on this farm structure is both concentrated and disintegrated. The 5. References information on pork and recommending only poultry meat level. Long-term contracts are nőt concluded by either majority of pig breeders are vulnerable fór lack of land as {Juhász, 2008). producers or retailers, so their future is unpredictable and they are unable to produce the necessary amount of AKI (2009):A versenyesélyek javításának lehetőségei az élelmi­ Hungárián consumer attitudes are easy to be influenced hazardous, giving an impetus fór the boost of the black feedingstuffs and piacé manure safely. szergazdaságban Agrárgazdasági Tanulmányok, 2009 Budapest: Agrárgazdasági Kutató Intézet. as a result of their price sensitivity. Retailers know it very economy. Taken generally, it is impossible to follow up the The effective Act on Arable Land stipulates that self- well and take the opportunity. All this makes its effect felt on product cycle. sufficient animal farms shall nőt get access to land or shall no Bartha A. (2008): ’Vész, fék - Megroggyant magyar versenyké­ the suppliers’ side, as meat prices are kept artificially low by The key problem in source material production is posed rent lands in the long run (up to 50 years) so property and pesség’, Heti világgazdaság, vol. 30, no. 41, pp. 99-103. these series of sales, causing increasing problems fór both by the lack of own resources ( Chikán, 2006). Producers do land use are largely separated from livestock farming. In Chikán A. - Czakó E. - Kazainé Ónodi A. (2006):Gazdasági ver­ Hungárián processors and producers. Moreover, standards nőt possess their own lands, therefore they are unable to terms of efficiency, the greatest problems are posed by low senyképességünk vállalati nézőpontból. Budapest: Corvinus Egye­ have been carefully stipulated thus creating considerable produce the necessary feedingstuff fór their livestock and progeny number, slow weight gain and poor feed conversion, tem, Vállalatgazdaságtan Intézet, Versenyképességi Kutató Köz­ pont. extra expenses, such as “shelf money”, inclusion in sales etc. they are vulnerable to high cereal prices as fodder costs long fattening period, long sow rotation and high labour The situation is further aggravated by the lack of payment amount to the largest part of production costs. costs. In the absence of modem farms high quality genome is Juhász Á. (2008):'Nemzetközi húsipari trendek’,Mai Piac, vol. 17, morals, i.e. in many cases liquidity fór the actors of the They cannot afford to pay animal breeders and it is nőt worth using. Solutions fór the problem might be green or no. 2, pp. 27-29. product cycle is hampered by circumventing the deadline of common practice that breeding animals are selected from brown field investments, temporary disuse or disinfection of KSH (2010):Mezőgazdaság, Gyorstájékoztató payment laid down by regulations. This leads to constant go- their own fattening herds. Geneticists' efforts are in vain, as earlier fattening farms. MNB (2008): Elemzés a konvergencia-folyamatokról (2008 round debt, which hinders smooth production and the there is no solvent demand fór their work on product cycle Due to geographical, economical-political and social március). Budapest Magyar Nemzeti Bank. transport of goods; these are the deficiencies and problems levels. If fattening farms worked with the appropriate reasons Hungárián meat producers cannot compete with Szakály Z. - Fülöp N. - Nábrádi A. (2008):’ Fogyasztói attitűdök why retailers prefer their own foreign suppliers, leaving genome, it would nőt lead to much more effective production developed pig producing countries. As a result of Hungary’s elemzése a sertéshús és -húskészítmények piacán’ in: Asertésága­ scope fór their own branded products which are often placed due to the lack of good breeding technologies. location, the acquisition of protein sources and the export of zat versenyképességének javítása. Debrecen. on the markét under lower quality requirements and at In terms of efficiency, the greatest problems are posed by pork to third countries are considerably more costly than fór Udovecz G. (szerk.) - Popp J. (szerk.) - Potori N. (szerk.) (2007): cheaper prices than Hungárián products. low progeny number, slow weight gain and poor feed our competitors. Costs of heating and cooling are much Alkalmazkodási kényszerben a magyar mezőgazdaság -folytatódó The analysis of the Hungárián meat industry indicated the conversion, long fattening period, long sow rotation and high higher than e.g. in Denmark, the Netherlands or Brazil, lemaradás vagy felzárkózás? Agrárgazdasági Tanulmányok, concurrence of several factors, out of which only problems labour costs. Stables are out-of-date, they produce high where temperature fluctuations are lower. Animal farms see 2007TI. szám. Budapest: Agrárgazdasági Kutató Intézet.