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Why Are Ditches and Side Streams Important for Fish

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Why Are Ditches and Side Streams Important for Fish E.U. LIFE Nature Programme (LIFE 05/NAT/UK/000143) Strategic Restoration and Management (STREAM) of the River Avon SAC and Avon Valley SPA Action A3 - Methodology for strategic planning of ditch restoration across the Avon Valley SPA Action A2 – Review and Assessment of Methods to Protect SAC Fish Species from entrapment in the Avon Valley SPA ditch networks David Solomon October 2007 i Front cover picture. A James Coventry photograph of the Harbridge Stream and Harbridge Church, winter 1897-8. Reproduced with permission from the Hampshire Record Office (HRO 33M84/25/07). A modern-day view from the same spot is presented in the Appendix (Appendix Figure 16). Contractor:- Dr David Solomon, Foundry Farm, Kiln Lane, Redlynch, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP5 2HT, UK. Email [email protected] ii Contents 1 Introduction..........................................................................................................1 1.1 Background and terms of reference. ..............................................................1 1.2 The study area................................................................................................2 1.3 The approach taken in this study ...................................................................3 2 Conservation status..............................................................................................4 2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................4 2.2 Avon Valley SSSI..........................................................................................4 2.3 River Avon SSSI............................................................................................5 2.4 Avon Valley SPA...........................................................................................6 2.5 River Avon SAC............................................................................................6 3 The Bird Fauna ....................................................................................................7 3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................7 3.2 Bewick’s swan (Cygnus columbianus) ..........................................................7 3.3 Gadwall (Anas strepera)...............................................................................8 3.4 White-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) ..........................................................8 3.5 Greylag goose (Anser anser) .........................................................................8 3.6 Canada goose (Branta canadensis)................................................................9 3.7 Mute swan (Cygnus olor)..............................................................................9 3.8 Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) ..........................................................................9 3.9 Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) .......................................................................10 3.10 Redshank (Tringa totanus) ..........................................................................11 3.11 Over-wintering wildfowl .............................................................................11 4 The fish fauna.....................................................................................................13 4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................13 4.2 Salmon (Salmo salar) ..................................................................................13 4.3 Sea trout and brown trout (Salmo trutta) .....................................................14 4.4 Bullhead (Cottus gobio)...............................................................................14 4.5 Brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri)..............................................................14 4.6 Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).............................................................15 4.7 Roach (Rutilus rutilus).................................................................................15 4.8 Dace (Leuciscus leuciscus) .........................................................................17 4.9 Barbel (Barbus barbus)................................................................................17 4.10 Bream (Abramis brama) ..............................................................................18 4.11 Chub (Leuciscus cephalus) ..........................................................................18 4.12 Electric fishing surveys................................................................................18 4.13 Conclusions on fish and side channels.........................................................20 5 The changing environment and the status of conservation interests ............21 5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................21 5.2 Temperature .................................................................................................21 5.3 Gravel extraction..........................................................................................22 5.4 River flow and water levels .........................................................................22 5.5 Land drainage, river dredging and weed cutting .........................................23 5.6 Land use and agricultural practices..............................................................24 5.7 Disturbance ..................................................................................................24 5.8 Factors responsible for the decline in bird interests.....................................25 5.9 Factors responsible for the decline in salmon in the Avon..........................26 6 Classification and assessment of waterways....................................................27 6.1 The approach taken......................................................................................27 iii 6.2 Water courses on the Somerley Estate.........................................................29 7 Protection of fish from entrapment..................................................................45 7.1 Consideration of the issues ..........................................................................45 7.2 Bullhead and brook lamprey........................................................................45 7.3 Cyprinids......................................................................................................45 7.4 Salmonid smolts...........................................................................................47 7.5 Fish exclusion installations elsewhere on the Avon ....................................49 7.6 Cost of intake screening...............................................................................50 7.7 Approaches to upstream fish passage ..........................................................50 8 Towards a methodology of strategic planning ................................................52 8.1 Introduction..................................................................................................52 8.2 What do the birds and bird interests want from the waterways? .................52 8.3 What do the fish and fishery interests want from the waterways? ..............53 8.4 The scoring system ......................................................................................54 8.5 Design and operation of head-retaining structures. .....................................56 8.6 Dredging/watercourse maintenance.............................................................58 8.7 Fencing and cover........................................................................................58 8.8 Developing a Process...................................................................................62 8.9 The current WLMP proposals for the study area.........................................62 8.10 Monitoring and future management.............................................................65 9 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................66 10 References.......................................................................................................67 Appendix 1. A little history. iv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and terms of reference. This investigation comprises Actions A2 and A3 of the Strategic Restoration and Management (STREAM) of the River Avon Special Area for Conservation (SAC) and Avon Valley Special Protection Area (SPA). The STREAM Project is a four-year partnership project funded jointly by the European Commission’s LIFE-Nature programme, Natural England, Environment Agency, Wiltshire Wildlife Trust, Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust, and Wessex Water. The overall objective of Action A3 is to develop a methodology for strategic planning of ditch restoration across the Avon Valley SPA, identifying:- • Watercourses that are key to restoration of favourable condition within the SPA, without detrimental fishery impact; • Watercourses where wetland restoration can accommodate or enhance fishery interests; • Watercourses of particular importance for SAC fish species; • Watercourses of particular importance to other, non-SAC fish species. The TOR stated that the project will:- • Carry out a published literature review relating to Avon SAC/SPA identifying habitat requirements and conflicts between fish and avian interests with appropriate reference to favourable condition tables/assessments. • Evaluate relevant fisheries
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