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Ecosystem Studies at Deception Island, Antarctica: Anoverview

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Ecosystem Studies at Deception Island, Antarctica: Anoverview ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 50 (2003) 1595–1609 Editorial Ecosystem studies at Deception Island, Antarctica: anoverview 1. Introduction Dunbar et al., 1989, 1998; DeMaster et al., 1992) environments. The SouthernOceanrepresentsoneof the most A study of the marine ecosystem associated with extreme marine environments on Earth, character- Port Foster, DeceptionIsland,inthe South ized by low temperature throughout the water Shetland Islands, Antarctica (Fig. 1), was under- column and extensive seasonal ice cover resulting taken with the intent of utilizing a long time-series inhigh temporal variability inprimary production approach to monitoring the unique marine com- (Smith and Nelson, 1986; Arrigo et al., 1997). This munities in this polar environment throughout an fluctuating production of organic matter heavily annual cycle. Such long time-series studies are impacts the marine ecosystem. Ship-based mea- essential to understanding the impact of global surements and observations during all seasons of warming in these highly temperature-sensitive the year have provided a descriptionof ecosystems environments. Evidence is now accumulating that encompassing surface to benthic communities the Antarctic Peninsula area has warmed over the (Ainley et al., 1991; Lancraft et al., 1991; Siegel past half century by as much as 2.5C along the et al., 1992; Hopkins et al., 1993; Grebmeier and westerncoastline( VaughanandDoake, 1996 ; Barry, 1991; Knox, 1994). However, seasonal ice Vaughanet al., 2001 ). Warming in the Antarctic cover has impeded year-round studies of how these Peninsula region, including the South Shetland ecosystems function, especially under such extreme and South Orkney Islands, has been related to conditions. changes in marine populations ranging from Long time-series studies are critical in under- predators such as penguins (Fraser et al., 1992) standing processes affecting marine ecosystems on seals and albatross to prey such as krill (Reid and seasonal and annual time scales (Austenet al., Croxall, 2001). 1991; Brodeur and Ware, 1992; Deuser et al., Port Foster, the sunken, seawater flooded 1995). Such studies are especially important in caldera of DeceptionIsland,was chosenfor our geographic regions, such as the Southern Ocean, studies because of its proximity to Antarctic that experience high annual variability in physi- stations located within the South Shetland Islands cally and/or chemically mediated processes (e.g., and along the northwestern side of the Antarctic Franklin, 1989). In situ long-term monitoring has Peninsula (Fig. 1) where long time-series climate beenemployed successfully inthe SouthernOcean and marine community data have been collected to document extreme temporal variability in the for decades. DeceptionIslandis also the site of sinking of particulate matter (e.g., Collier et al., several scientific stations occupied by British, 2000). Much of this variability appears related to Chilean, Argentine and Spanish contingents since seasonal ice cover and the production of organic the mid-1930s. This island also afforded a unique matter inthe surface waters of both open-ocean opportunity to work in a semi-enclosed environ- (Wefer et al., 1988; Fischer et al., 1988; Wefer and ment that could be monitored effectively with Fischer, 1991) and shelf (Fukuchi et al., 1988; long-term instrumentation while being free from 0967-0645/03/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00081-X ARTICLE IN PRESS 1596 Editorial / Deep-Sea Research II 50 (2003) 1595–1609 Fig. 1. Regional map: (A) southern tip of South America and the Antarctic continent, (B) South Shetland Island Chain with DeceptionIslandhighlighted. the damaging effects of the increasing prevalence of chain. This island chain parallels the northeastern icebergs due to warming in the peninsular region. curvature of the Antarctic Peninsula but is separated from the Antarctic continent by the 2. Area of investigation narrow Bransfield Strait (Fig. 1B). The volcanic activity of DeceptionIslandis attributed to its 2.1. Geological setting locationinthe confluenceof two tectonically active features, the southwesternsectionof Brans- Deception Island is an active volcano on the field Trough and the intersecting southern exten- southwestern end of the South Shetland Island sionof the Hero Fracture zone( Rey et al., 1995). ARTICLE IN PRESS Editorial / Deep-Sea Research II 50 (2003) 1595–1609 1597 The South Shetland Island volcanic arc formed in 1977; Drago, 1987). This transported material associationwith subductionof the Drake plate settles to the sea floor (Fratt and Dearborn, 1984) into the South Shetland trench (Barker and resulting in a relatively flat expanse of sand and silt Austin, 1998). Barker and Austin (1998) suggest across the caldera that ranges in water depths from that tectonic crustal extension in the back-arc 130 to 160 m. Bathymetric records between1949 region behind the South Shetland Islands formed and 1993 indicate shoaling rates of up to 0.5 m per the Bransfield Strait. Seismic-wave field analyses annum that have been attributed to fluvial re- of events centered at Deception Island (Iban! ˜ ez deposition and pyroclastic input (Cooper et al., et al., 2000)and3He values (Schlosser et al., 1988) 1998). Small volcanic cones are located around the measured inthe BransfieldStrait waters further southernendof Port Foster ( Fig. 2)wherethe support the interpretation that volcanism at highest rates of uplifting occur (Cooper et al., 1998). DeceptionIslandis associated with eruptionof The surrounding slopes of Port Foster are mid-ocean-ridge-like basalt in a back-arc environ- generally precipitous at higher elevations tapering ment. There is regular seismic activity attributed to gradually to a series of cliffs, runoff canyons and both tectonic and volcanic processes at Deception narrow beaches. Small embayments exist including Island. Volcanic activity at Deception Island, has Whalers Bay and Pendulum Cove on the eastern been prevalent over the last century, with erup- shoreline and Fumarole Bay on the western tions in 1967, 1969 and 1970 (Baker et al., 1975). shoreline (Fig. 2). TelefonBay at the northern The volcanic cone of Deception Island extends extent of Port Foster is the site of the volcanic to 542 m above sea level (Mount Pond), with an eruption in 1967 which formed a new island emergent diameter of 15 km (Marti et al., 1996). A (Orheim, 1972). The most recent eruptions in 1969 large flooded caldera located inthe centerof the and 1970 were centered on Mount Pond, creating island communicates with the surrounding Brans- several large fissures inthe permanentice cover. field Strait through a narrow channel (Neptune’s Fumarolic emissions, thermal springs, and sedi- Bellows) (Fig. 2) is approximately 550 m wide at ments generally occur along a principal fracture the narrowest point with a sill depth of 11 m. The that transects the island in a NE–SW direction large protected embayment formed within the encompassing the areas of Fumarole Bay, Telefon caldera, Port Foster, is 9.8 km long by 5.7 km Bay, and Pendulum Cove (Ortiz et al., 1992). wide situated along a northwest to southeast axis Temperatures of fumarolic discharges as high as with the opening to Bransfield Strait through the 110C have beenrecorded inthe area of Fumarole collapsed southeast wall of the volcanic cone. The Bay depending on the tidal cycle. Bottom-water sharp topography of the surrounding walls of the temperatures of 2–3C have beenreported inthe volcano is overlain by pyroclastic ash and lapilli- central and northern sector of Port Foster, tuff that is snow-covered from June through suggesting geothermal heating (Ortiz et al., November. Glaciated portions of the prominent 1992). At low tide, steam rises from the overlying peaks, Mount Pond and Mount Kirkwood, extend waters and beach sediments primarily in the to the periphery of the island on the eastern and vicinity of Fumarole and Whalers Bay, and southernshore line( Marti et al., 1996) covering Pendulum Cove. Emissions of H2SandH2 have approximately 57% of the island (Smellie et al., beenreported inthe vicinityof Fumarole Bay 1997). This permanent ice also extends down to the (Ortiz et al., 1992). Methane concentrations in beaches as ice-cored moraines in several locations Port Foster indicate some venting of hydrothermal along the eastern shoreline of Port Foster. The fluids (Tilbrook and Karl, 1993). High concentra- outer perimeter of DeceptionIslandis character- tions of Fe, Mn and Si in water collected nearshore ized by precipitous cliffs and exposed outcrops of andinfreshwater lakes onDeceptionIsland basalt and permanent ice that are frequently indicate volcanic enrichment (Elderfield, 1972). buffeted by wind-driven seas. Transport of sedi- There are 11 freshwater ponds and lakes ment (lapilli-tuff) by wind and melt water into Port surrounding the caldera ranging from o1to Foster has beendocumented ( Gallardo et al., 36 m indepth andfrom 2.6 Â 103 to ARTICLE IN PRESS 1598 Editorial / Deep-Sea Research II 50 (2003) 1595–1609 Fig. 2. Chart of Deception Island with corrected bathymetry of Port Foster and showing, fumaroles= (Cooper et al., 1998), submarine volcanic domes= (Rey et al., 1995) SSSI sites (A and B), long-term mooring locations (A—thermistor array, B— thermistor array with acoustic Doppler current profiler, C—thermistor array, D—sediment traps and time-lapse camera, E—vertically profiling acoustic array, F—vertically profiling pump sampler), pelagic and benthic
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