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PUNTA ARENAS CAMPANA CAUTIN Colegio 0950 LONGAVI 700 600 CARAHUE 0700 VALDIVIA 8647 SANTA RAQUEL
CANCILLER BRANDT CHAÑARCILLO G. ACOSTA PJE. EL TENIENTE POTRERILLOS FAMASOL SANTA ELENA Pasarela Peatonal 7750 EL BLANCO G. ACOSTA LOTA EL TOFO 300 7600 Sede Social ANDINA PJE 12 COLIPIT. PEREZ Restaurant Capilla R. TORO SAN JAIME 300 Villa GERONIMO DE ALDERETE 01200 PEÑUELAS Junta de NIEBLA DICHATO PJE. E03 Vecinos SURVEYOR Colegio LINARES GEMINIS Jardín 850 0700 GERONIMOInfantil DE ALDERETE 500 DON PEPE 300 1290 PJE PAIPOTE 7800 LUNIK HANGA-ROA MARINERS 1200 SPUTNIK RANQUIL Multicanchas LA SERENA Sede Social Pasarela AVDA. CORONEL 7900 Peatonal SOYUZ COSMOS Colegio MARINERS CORCOVADO 0800 Iglesia 400 1200 500 GRUMETE CORTÉS TELSTAR APOLO XI 850 Cancha PICHINMAVIDA 8000 0500 GERONIMO DE ALDERETE GRUMETE HERNANDEZ GRUMETE MACHADO GRUMETE VOLADOS Capilla G. BRICEÑO G. ESPINO 1200 G. VARGAS Capilla 0990 STA. JULIA VOSTOK 8000 Paso Club 850 Bajo GRUMETE SEPULVEDA Deportivo 0900 Multicanchas PIUQUENES PANGUIPULLI Nivel 7900 7900 0850 8000 7900 TELSTAR 7900 Cancha Junta de 0810 PJE 3 850 Vecinos 0700 7900 CRUCES 7900 Cancha GRUMETE PEREIRA G. QUINTEROS Capilla 7900 Hogar de Niños G. MIRANDA COMBARBALA ACONCAGUA y Ancianos G. PÉREZ 7900 DARWIN E10 MONTE 850 STOKES 100 8200 8200 PUERTO VARAS PJE LA PARVA CHOSHUENCO 8100 VILLARRICA CAÑETE INCA DE ORO SANTA RAQUEL AVDA. CORONEL 100 P. EL PEUMO P. EL QUILLAY LOS ALERCES PJE LA HIGUERILLA 01000 AV. AMERICO VESPUCIOOJOS DEL SALADO P. LA LUMA CALLE D LIRQUEN 8100 CALBUCO TRONADOR 100 ACONCAGUA 500 PJE EL PEUMO LOS CONDORES Iglesia ARICA EL QUILLAY COLBÚN SAUSALITO CALAFQUEN EL LINGUE Iglesia 0990 PASAJE 41 EL LITRANCURA TAMARUGO PJE TUCÁN 0905 PJE EL PEUMO 8000 PasarelaPasarela E10 LEONORA LATORRE CACHAPOAL PeatonalPeatonal 0800 TOME 8000 8300 8000 8000 PJE ALONDRA 0700 PELLÍN 8377 8377 8377 8377 9 ORIENTE LIMARI 8000 TOME 8 ORIENTE 0964 7 ORIENTE 5 NORTE 6 ORIENTE 8000 4 ORIENTE 5 ORIENTE LAUTARO 10 ORIENTE MIÑO Comercio 0700 0750 C. -
Magmatic Evolution of the Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano, Central Cordillera, Colombia Minera1 Chemistry and Geochemistry
Magmatic evolution of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Central Cordillera, Colombia Minera1 chemistry and geochemistry N. VATIN-PÉRIGNON “‘, P. GOEMANS “‘, R.A. OLIVER ‘*’ L. BRIQUEU 13),J.C. THOURET 14J,R. SALINAS E. 151,A. MURCIA L. ” Abstract : The Nevado del RU~‘, located 120 km west of Bogota. is one of the currently active andesitic volcanoes that lies north of the Central Cordillera of Colombia at the intersection of two dominant fault systems originating in the Palaeozoïc basement. The pre-volcanic basement is formed by Palaeozoïc gneisses intruded by pre-Cretaceous and Tertiarygranitic batholiths. They are covered by lavas and volcaniclastic rocks from an eroded volcanic chain dissected during the late Pliocene. The geologic history of the Nevado del Ruiz records two periods of building of the compound volcano. The stratigraphie relations and the K-Ar dating indicate that effusive and explosive volcanism began approximately 1 Ma ago with eruption of differentiated andesitic lava andpyroclastic flows and andesitic domes along a regional structural trend. Cataclysmic eruptions opened the second phase of activity. The Upper sequences consist of block-lavas and lava domes ranging from two pyroxene-andesites to rhyodacites. Holocene to recent volcanic eruptions, controled by the intense tectonic activity at the intersection of the Palestina fawlt with the regional fault system, are similar in eruptive style and magma composition to eruptions of the earlier stages of building of the volcano. The youngest volcanic activity is marked by lateral phreatomagmatic eruptions, voluminous debris avalanches. ash flow tuffs and pumice falls related to catastrophic collapse during the historic eruptions including the disastrous eruption of 1985. -
Actas III Seminario Un Encuentro Con Nuestra Historia 1
Actas III Seminario Un Encuentro con Nuestra Historia 1 ACTAS III SEMINARIO UN ENCUENTRO CON NUESTRA HISTORIA SOCIEDAD DE HISTORIA Y GEOGRAFÍA DE AISÉN COYHAIQUE CHILE Sociedad de Historia y Geografía de Aisén 2 Actas III Seminario Un Encuentro con Nuestra Historia. © Sociedad de Historia y Geografía de Aisén Registro de Propiedad Intelectual Nº 173.977 ISBN Nº 978-956-8647-02-5 Representante legal: Mauricio Osorio Pefaur Producción, compilación y correcciones: Leonel Galindo Oyarzo & Mauricio Osorio Pefaur Corrección de estilo y diagramación final: Ediciones Ñire Negro, [email protected] Diseño de portada: Paulina Lobos Echaveguren, [email protected] Fotografías portada: don Baldo Araya Uribe en dos épocas de su vida. En 1950 y con 26 años, trabajaba en el Consulado chileno en Bariloche y en la radio L.U.8 de dicha ciudad. En 2001, a los 77 años, viviendo en Coyhaique. Gentileza de su hija, Inés Araya Echaveguren. Fotografía contraportada: Paisaje sector Escuela Vieja Cerro Castillo. Archivo Mauricio Osorio P. Fotografías interiores: págs 29, 59, 88, 95 y 103 aportadas por los autores. Págs 22, 40 y 56 aportadas por editor. Fono : (56) (67) 246151 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Impresión: Lom Ediciones, Santiago de Chile Tiraje: 500 ejemplares Edición financiada con el aporte del Gobierno Regional de Aisén Coyhaique, 2008 Actas III Seminario Un Encuentro con Nuestra Historia 3 ÍNDICE CONTENIDOS PÁGINA DON BALDO ARAYA URIBE 5 PRESENTACIÓN 7 PONENCIAS: ARCHIVOS: EL PAPEL DE LA MEMORIA. LA EXISTENCIA ESTABLECIDA 9 Carmen Gloria Parés Fuentes UTTI POSIDETTIS ‘LO QUE POSEÉIS’. LA LARGA CONTROVERSIA DE LÍMITES DE CHILE Y ARGENTINA 15 Danka Ivanoff Wellmann LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL PASO SAN CARLOS FRENTE AL SALTÓN DEL RÍO BAKER: APORTES PARA EL RECONOCIMIENTO DEL TRABAJO DE LAS COMISIONES DE LÍMITES CHILENAS EN LA PATAGONIA OCCIDENTAL, INICIOS DEL S. -
The Water Resources of Latin America and the Caribbean and Their Utilization
^Cjlr. 1 LsiuDroa t:- wormes fa CEPAL THE WATER RESOURCES OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AND THEIR UTILIZATION UNITED NATIONS ESTUDIOS e INFORMES de la CEPAL THE WATER RESOURCES OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AND THEIR UTILIZATION A report on progress in the application of the Mar del Piata Action Pian UNITED NATIONS Santiago Chile, 1985 LC/G.1358 October 1985 This study was prepared by the ECLAC Natural Resources and Energy Division, with contributions from several countries of the region. A preliminary version was distributed at the twentieth session of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean under the symbol E/CEPAL/G.1298, dated 5 March 1984. UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No.: E.85.II.G.16 ISSN 0256-9795 ISBN 92-1-121125-5 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 9 Chapter 1 ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES II A. Characteristics of the physical supply 11 1. The hydrologic systems of Latin America and the Caribbean 12 2. Groundwater 15 B. A review of the state of assessment of the water resource in Latin America and the Caribbean 17 1. Recent advances in international co-operation in water resources assessment 18 Chapter 2 WATER USE AND EFFICIENCY 23 A. Overall patterns of water use 23 B. The extractive use of water 27 C. Instream water use 34 1. Hydroelectric power generation 38 2. River transport 40 3. Recreation 43 4. Commercial fishing 43 Chapter 3 ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND POLLUTION CONTROL 47 A. Environmental aspects of water use management 47 B. Water and health 49 C. Pollution control 52 Page Chapter 4 THE INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL STRUCTURE FOR WATER RESOURCE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 57 A. -
Late Mesozoic to Paleogene Stratigraphy of the Salar De Atacama Basin, Antofagasta, Northern Chile: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Central Andes
Late Mesozoic to Paleogene stratigraphy of the Salar de Atacama Basin, Antofagasta, Northern Chile: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Central Andes Constantino Mpodozisa,T,Ce´sar Arriagadab, Matilde Bassoc, Pierrick Roperchd, Peter Cobbolde, Martin Reichf aServicio Nacional de Geologı´a y Minerı´a, now at Sipetrol. SA, Santiago, Chile bDepartamento de Geologı´a, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile cServicio Nacional de Geologı´a y Minerı´a, Santiago, Chile dIRD/Dep. de Geologı´a, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile eGe´osciences-Rennes (UMR6118 du CNRS), France fDepartment of Geological Sciences University of Michigan, United States Abstract The Salar de Atacama basin, the largest bpre-AndeanQ basin in Northern Chile, was formed in the early Late Cretaceous as a consequence of the tectonic closure and inversion of the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Tarapaca´ back arc basin. Inversion led to uplift of the Cordillera de Domeyko (CD), a thick-skinned basement range bounded by a system of reverse faults and blind thrusts with alternating vergence along strike. The almost 6000-m-thick, upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene sequences (Purilactis Group) infilling the Salar de Atacama basin reflects rapid local subsidence to the east of the CD. Its oldest outcropping unit (Tonel Formation) comprises more than 1000 m of continental red sandstones and evaporites, which began to accumulate as syntectonic growth strata during the initial stages of CD uplift. Tonel strata are capped by almost 3000 m of sandstones and conglomerates of western provenance, representing the sedimentary response to renewed pulses of tectonic shortening, which were deposited in alluvial fan, fluvial and eolian settings together with minor lacustrine mudstone (Purilactis Formation). -
The Causes and Effect of Temporal Changes in Magma Generation Processes in Space and Time Along the Central Andes (13°S – 25°S)
The causes and effect of temporal changes in magma generation processes in space and time along the Central Andes (13°S – 25°S) Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades "Doctor rerum naturalium" der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Geowissenschaften / Geographie der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Rosanne Marjoleine Heistek aus Nederland/Niederlande Göttingen 2015 Betreuungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Wörner, Abteilung Geochemie, GZG Prof. Dr. Andreas Pack, Abteilung Isotopengeologie, GZG Referent: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Wörner Prof. Dr. Andreas Pack Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Sharon Webb Prof. Dr. Hilmar von Eynatten Prof. Dr. Jonas Kley Dr. John Hora Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 25.06.2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................1 Abstracts .................................................................................................................................................2 Chapter 1: Introduction .........................................................................................................................7 1.1.The Andean volcanic belt .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2. The Central volcanic zone ........................................................................................................................... -
Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and Its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia: Spatiotemporal and Geochemical Considerations
AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Morgan J. Salisbury for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology presented on June 3, 2011. Title: Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia: Spatiotemporal and Geochemical Considerations Abstract approved: ________________________________________________________________________ Adam J.R. Kent This dissertation combines volcanological research of three convergent continental margins. Chapters 1 and 5 are general introductions and conclusions, respectively. Chapter 2 examines the spatiotemporal development of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex in the Lípez region of southwest Bolivia, a locus of a major Neogene ignimbrite flare- up, yet the least studied portion of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Andes. New mapping and laser-fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine and biotite from 56 locations, coupled with paleomagnetic data, refine the timing and volumes of ignimbrite emplacement in Bolivia and northern Chile to reveal that monotonous intermediate volcanism was prodigious and episodic throughout the complex. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations of 13 ignimbrites from northern Chile previously dated by the K-Ar method improve the overall temporal resolution of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex development. Together with new and updated volume estimates, the new age determinations demonstrate a distinct onset of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrite volcanism with modest output rates beginning ~11 Ma, an episodic middle phase with the highest eruption rates between 8 and 3 Ma, followed by a general decline in volcanic output. The cyclic nature of individual caldera complexes and the spatiotemporal pattern of the volcanic field as a whole are consistent with both incremental construction of plutons as well as a composite Cordilleran batholith. -
Perdido-No-Atacama (20150812)
Publicidade 00:00 / 00:07 Rádio Go Outside, a trilha da sua aventura. **** Rádio Go Outside, a trilha da sua aventura. **** Rádio Go Outside, a trilha da sua aventura. **** Rádio Go Outside, a trilha da sua aventura. **** Rádio Go Outside, a trilha da sua aventura. **** Notícias Treinamento Equipamentos Guia de Bikes Viagem Fotos Vídeos Revista Eventos Publicidade Notícias 08.08.11 Perdido no Atacama O escalador Maximo Kausch relata uma de suas primeiras aventuras, quando se perdeu no deserto do Vídeos Atacama Patagônia, mon amour As belezas do lugar mais lindo do mundo em um incrível time-lapse Publicidade DUREZA: Dando uma pausa no calor, Maximo bebe uma água na secura Por Maximo Kausch, do Alta Montanha Muitas vezes me perguntam qual é a montanha que mais me marcou. De fato muitas me marcaram. Em algumas, tive acidentes, em outras vi gente morrer, e por isso essas me trouxeram grandes mudanças. Porém o lugar que mais me marcou não foi uma montanha, mas um deserto. O Atacama foi para mim uma daquelas situações que “separam os meninos dos Fotos homens”. Fui para lá com 18 anos, uma época em que eu subestimava tudo o que enfrentava. Queria escalar o mundo e não media limites para isso. Meu sonho de consumo na época não era ter um carro ou roupa de marca. Queria escalar o maior vulcão do mundo. Naquela ocasião, no entanto, eu estava na Bolívia e tinha um “pequeno” acidente geográfico entre o vulcão e eu: o deserto do Atacama. Deste modo me utilizei da minha experiência em atravessar desertos (que era zero) e decidi encarar os milhares de quilômetros que me separavam do destino. -
Servicio Nacional De Turismo
SERVICIO NACIONAL DE TURISMO ATRACTIVOS TURISTICOS 2012 CODIGO ATRACTIVO REGION DE ANTOFAGASTA R02001 NOMBRE DEL ATRACTIVO REGION VALLE DE QUILLAGUA REGIÓN DE ANTOFAGASTA JERARQUIA PROVINCIA TOCOPILLA NACIONAL CATEGORIA DIRECCION SITIO NATURAL COMUNA MARIA ELENA TIPO DE ATRACTIVO MONTAÑA LOCALIDAD O SECTOR VALLE DE QUILLAGUA TIPO DE PROPIEDAD SUBTIPO DEL ATRACTIVO ESTACIONALIDAD DE USO PÚBLICA VALLE O QUEBRADA TODO EL AÑO ADMINISTRACION PÚBLICA DOTACION SERVICIOS BASICOS LOCALIDAD URBANA MAS CERCANA AGUA POTABLE, ELECTRICIDAD QUILLAGUA DEMANDA TURISTICA LOCAL, REGIONAL, NACIONAL TELEFONO INFORMACION DISTANCIA CAPITAL REGIONAL 314 (55) 557708 EN KMS CAPITAL COMUNAL 94 USO TURISTICO ACTUAL ESTADO DE CONSERVACION BUENA DESCRIPCION GENERAL Las pequeñas haciendas del valle de Quillagua, llamadas por los naturales "CERCOS", producen únicamente alfalfa. Pero se cosecha en gran cantidad, el fruto de los algarrobos que allí abundan; los que producen cerca de 400 kilogramos de fruto, cada cosecha. En el valle, hay 26 "cercos" que producen alfalfa, la cual da hasta cinco cortes en el año. Propuesto como Sitio prioritario para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad). SERVICIO NACIONAL DE TURISMO ATRACTIVOS TURISTICOS 2012 CODIGO ATRACTIVO REGION DE ANTOFAGASTA R02005 NOMBRE DEL ATRACTIVO REGION OASIS ALBERTO TERRAZAS (EX POZO 3) REGIÓN DE ANTOFAGASTA JERARQUIA PROVINCIA EL LOA REGIONAL CATEGORIA DIRECCION CENTRO O LUGAR DE ESPARCIMIENTO COMUNA SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA TIPO DE ATRACTIVO PARQUE DE RECREACIÓN LOCALIDAD -
Territorial Planning an La Plata Basin Borders
© 2018 Editors Antonio Paulo Cargnin Aldomar Arnaldo Rückert Bruno de Oliveira Lemos Editorial Board Carla Giane Soares da Cunha Fernando Dreissig de Moraes Irma Carina Macolmes Language Review Marlise Margô Henrich Layout Diego MeneghettI Ronaldo Machado Cover Design Laurie Fofonka Cunha Institutional support Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia (POSGEA) Instituto de Geociências (IGEO) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil Secretaria de Planejamento, Governança e Gestão (SPGG) Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Dados Internacionais de Publicação Bibliotecária Regina de Carvalho Pereira CRB8/91772 T327 Territorial planning and La Plata Basin borders / Antonio Paulo Cargnin, Aldomar Arnaldo Rückert, Bruno www.editoraletra1.com.br de Oliveira Lemos (Eds.) . – Porto Alegre : Editora Letra1, [email protected] 2018. 232p. (+5551) 3372 9222 ISBN 978-85-63800-35-0 DOI 10.21826/9788563800350 Rua Lopo Gonçalves, 554 1. Brasil - Fronteiras.2. La Plata - Fronteira. 3. Território. I. Cidade Baixa 90050-350 Cargnin, Antonio Paulo. II. Rückert, Aldomar Arnaldo. III Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Lemos, Bruno de Oliveira. III. Título. CNPJ 12.062.268/0001-37 CDD 320.12 III LA PLATA REGION TRIPOINTS: STATE OF THE MATTER AND DESCRIPTIVE COMPARISON Alejandro Benedetti ABSTRACT Where the Paraná and Iguazú rivers meet, the most important and studied trinational region of South America is located: the Triple Frontier. However, this is only one of the 13 tripartite points that were formed in that continental region from the process of interstate delimitation which occurred, centrally, between the late 19th and early 20th century. Five out of these involve the countries of La Plata Basin, and will be called: Quareim (Argentina-Brazil-Uruguay); Iguazú (Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay); Esmeralda (Argentina-Bolivia-Paraguay); Zapaleri (Argentina-Bolivia-Chile); and Bahía Negra (Argentina- Bolivia-Brazil). -
Plant Geography of Chile PLANT and VEGETATION
Plant Geography of Chile PLANT AND VEGETATION Volume 5 Series Editor: M.J.A. Werger For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7549 Plant Geography of Chile by Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 123 Dr. Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Instituto de Geografia Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago Chile [email protected] ISSN 1875-1318 e-ISSN 1875-1326 ISBN 978-90-481-8747-8 e-ISBN 978-90-481-8748-5 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8748-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ◦ ◦ Cover illustration: High-Andean vegetation at Laguna Miscanti (23 43 S, 67 47 W, 4350 m asl) Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Carlos Reiche (1860–1929) In Memoriam Foreword It is not just the brilliant and dramatic scenery that makes Chile such an attractive part of the world. No, that country has so very much more! And certainly it has a rich and beautiful flora. Chile’s plant world is strongly diversified and shows inter- esting geographical and evolutionary patterns. This is due to several factors: The geographical position of the country on the edge of a continental plate and stretch- ing along an extremely long latitudinal gradient from the tropics to the cold, barren rocks of Cape Horn, opposite Antarctica; the strong differences in altitude from sea level to the icy peaks of the Andes; the inclusion of distant islands in the country’s territory; the long geological and evolutionary history of the biota; and the mixture of tropical and temperate floras. -
Peruvian Andes 2011-12
p e r u v i A n A n d e s 2 0 1 1 - 1 2 303 ANTONIO (SEVI) GÓMEZ BOHÓRQUEZ Peruvian Andes 2011-12 Translated by Paul Knott Cordillera Blanca 2011 Enrico Rosso, Paolo Stoppini and Fabrizio Manoni attempted the east ridge of Nevado Santa Cruz (6359m). From a base camp north-east of Santa Cruz and south-west of laguna Jankarurish, they departed on 7 June towards the triangle of rock and ice at whose vertex begins the ENE ridge of Santa Cruz Grande. They ascended from c5100m by a couloir and two hanging glaciers to an advanced base camp. From this camp, on 9 June they overcame a difficult passage to reach the top of the triangle, and followed a 30m-wide meringue of ice to approximately 5800m on the ridge. From here, they considered it infeasible to continue either along the unstable corniced crest or below it. The Italian trio decided to rappel toward base- North-east face of Chacraraju Este (6001m) with the line of the Corominas- camp, calling the triangle ‘Grand Gendarme Nord Est del Nevado Santa Baró ascent. (Jordi Corominas) Cruz’ and naming its peak ‘Punta Luciano Colombo’ (the latter died while descending from Denali Pass in 2011). Both names are inadmissible for the could not clearly see the second traverse leftwards on the French route in the Peruvian geographic authorities. upper part of the face, they decided to go directly up on virgin territory. On 16 June the three mountaineers turned their attention to the east With a short passage of A2 on poor rock, followed by two pitches of ice, face of Santa Cruz Chico (5800m).