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Botany Primer, 2018 7/3/2018 Botany Primer June 26, 2018 Montrose, CO Denise Culver and Pam Smith Colorado Natural Heritage Program Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University www.cnhp.colostate.edu Denise and Pam Denise R. Culver Pam Smith • Grew up in Rock Springs, • BS Botany, Ohio, MS Botany WY! Michigan, 10 years in • Park Service flunky for 10+ Colorado yrs • Park Ranger 11 years • BS from U of WY, MS ‐ MSU • Private Consulting 13 years • Worked in Wyoming, CSU 2008 Montana, and Colorado • • Started at CNHP in 1995 Volunteer: Forensic Botany, CSU Extension, City of FC • Bicycled the Baja Peninsula Natural Areas 1 7/3/2018 Two things you should know But I also offer free car repairs as I am the teacher needed for the class Two things you should know I have a twin sister My current favorite plant is a (she’s the evil one) barrel cactus 2 7/3/2018 Your Turn!! Outline 1. Overview of Plant Classification and Evolution 2. Basic Terminology 3. Vegetative Morphology 4. Flowers and Fruits 5. Session over at 4:00 3 7/3/2018 Carl Linneaus 1707‐1778 Plant Classification • Study of patterns in plants and their families • Linnaeus formalized modern system of naming organisms ‐ binomial nomenclature • Every thing has a unique Latin name • Genus + Specific Epithet = Species Name • Culver denise L. – Genus capitalized, species not; underlined or italics 4 7/3/2018 Vascular Plant Classification Kingdom—Plantae Division (phyta) Class (sida) Subclass (ae) Order (ales) Family (aceae) Genus Species Rio Grande Cottonwood Kingdom—Plantae Division—Magnoliophyta‐Flowering Plants Class—Magnoliopsida‐Dicotyledons Subclass—Dilleniidae Order—Salicales Family—Salicaceae Genus—Populus Species—deltoides Subspecies—wislizeni 5 7/3/2018 Plant Taxonomy The science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies and names plants. Herbaria • Herbarium (single) – plant specimen repository • Specimens last a very long time • DNA, seeds, spores • Used to document environmental changes: climate change, pollution • Many are digitized so photos of specimens available 6 7/3/2018 Big national herbaria or smaller local herbaria… Oldest Herbarium Specimen 15th Century Italy 7 7/3/2018 Common Name vs Scientific Name Also known as redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill, common stork's‐bill or pinweed in the US! 8 7/3/2018 Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton redstem stork's bill Kingdom Plantae –Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta –Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Subclass Rosidae Order Geraniales Family Geraniaceae –Geranium family Genus Erodium L'Hér. ex Aiton –stork's bill P Species Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton – redstem stork's bill Illustrated identification guide of the Perm Region plants // S.A. Ovesnov, E.G. Efimik, T.V. Kozminykh et al.; ed. by S.A. Ovesnov. Perm: Book world, 2007. 743 p. 9 7/3/2018 Collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle No: 732 11 Sept 1832 Cambridge Museum Collection 10 7/3/2018 How long have plants been on Earth? • Flowering plants burst into the fossil record 100 million years ago • Ancestors colonized land over 500 million years ago! • New research is showing green algae are ancestors. Plant Evolution Era Period Mil. Years Evolutionary Event Precambrian 3,800‐542 Earth’s crust and oceans form‐no life, Simple cells, algae, O2, herbivores Plant cells develop chloroplasts=photosynthesis Cambrian 510‐570 Marine life, inverts, shells, predators Ordovician 440‐510 First fish, plant/fungi symbiosis begins on land Paleozoic Silurian 408‐440 Vascular plts, millipeds, fish with jaws Devonian 362‐408 Ferns, horestails, club moss, amphibians Mississippian 323‐362 Coal age, winged insects, reptiles Pennsylvanian 290‐323 Cycads, ginkos, primitive conifers Permian 248‐290 Modern insects, dragonflies, beetles; first mass extinction 11 7/3/2018 Plant Evolution (cont) Era Period Mil. Years Evolutionary Event Triassic 213‐248 First dinosaurs and mammals Mesozoic Jurassic 143‐213 First flowering plants, first birds Cretaceous 65‐143 Flowering plants spread, broad‐leaf trees Tertiary/Paleogene 23‐65 Primates, deer, grasses, lilies, roses, peas Cenozoic Tertiary/Neogene 1.65‐23 Human ancestors, horse, dogs, asters Quaternary 0‐1.65 Modern humans Mosses, ferns, fern allies and liverworts produce spores 12 7/3/2018 Plant Evolution – seed plants • Gymnosperm means naked seed not enclosed in an ovary. Pollinated by wind. • Angiosperm— produce flowers, seeds enclosed in an ovary (fruit) • Coevolved with insects – Ovary becomes a new dispersal system=fruit Gymnopserms Conifers, Cycads, and Ginkos Winged seed 13 7/3/2018 Angiosperms Monocot vs. Dicot Two classes in the flowering plants are distinguished by the number of “seed leaves” they produce. 14 7/3/2018 Plant Evolution (cont) Monocotyledon vs Dicotyledon Terminology—Duration • Annual—living for 1 year or less • Biennial—living for 2 years, typically flowering/fruiting second year Perennial—living for 3 years or more • Deciduous—plants which shed all leaves at end of growing season • Evergreen—remaining green during dormant season 15 7/3/2018 Terminology—Habit (general appearance) • Acaulescent—basal lvs or stemless [opp. caulescent] • Caespitose or cespitose—growing in tufts, mats or clumps vs rhizomatous • Prostrate, decumbent, or procumbent— lying flat upon the ground • Shrubs—woody perennials with more than one principal stem • Trees—woody perennials with a single, main stem or trunk • Vine—herbaceous plants with elongate, flexible,non‐self supporting stems • Herbs/Forb—plants with non‐woody stems die back each year Vegetative Morphology 16 7/3/2018 Root Terminology • Absorb nutrients and moisture • Anchor plant • Serve as a food storage Fibrous Taproot (carrot, Tuberous (sweet (petunia, parsnip, radish) potato, morning bean, pea) glory, dahlia) Stem Terminology Stems are structures which support buds and leaves and serve as conduits for carrying water, minerals, and sugars (vascular system) 17 7/3/2018 Stem Terminology (external) TERMINAL BUD LATERAL BUD NODE – point where leaf is INTERNODE – inserted on stem region between 2 nodes NODE Stem Terminology Above ground stems • Stolon—horizontal stem e.g., strawberry • Tendril– twining stem e.g., grapes, hops • Thorn—sharp‐pointed stem e.g., Russian olive Under ground stems • Bulbs—upright series of fleshy overlapping leaf bases e.g., onions • Corms—upright, hard or fleshy stem surrounded by dry scaly leaves e.g., gladiolus “bulb” • Rhizome—specialized stem which grows horizontal just below soil surface e.g., grasses • Tuber—enlarged rhizome containing stored food e.g. potato [eyes are modified buds] • Tuberous stem—short, flattened, modified storage stem e.g., dahlias [Caudex ‐‐a taproot that has fused with the stem and is often woody] 18 7/3/2018 Stem Types Leaf Terminology • Leaf blade—flattened part of the leaf • Petiole—leaf stalk • Stipules—leaf‐like appendages at the base of the leaf • Scale‐like—mature leaves common on junipers • Awl‐shaped—juvenile leaves common on some junipers • Linear‐shaped‐narrow, flat needles of spruce, fir, and yews • Needle‐like‐as in pine, single, bundle, or cluster of needles makes a rounded shape 19 7/3/2018 Leaf Arrangement on Stems • Alternate‐one leaf at node e.g. willow • Opposite‐2 leaves at node e.g. maple • Whorled‐3 or more at node e.g. milkweed • Rosette‐spiral cluster of leaves arranged at the base (or crown) e.g. dandelion Leaf Arrangement on Stem Horsetail milkweed (Asclepias subverticillata) Coyote Willow (Salix exigua) Cranberry bush (Viburnum sp.) ALTERNATE OPPOSITE WHORLED 1 LEAF PER NODE 2 LEAVES PER NODE 3 OR MORE LEAVES PER NODE 20 7/3/2018 Leaf Arrangement Rosette Cauline Basal Leaf Arrangement on Petiole Simple‐one continuous unit Compound‐2 or more segments or leaflets from same petiole 21 7/3/2018 Compound leaf *need to look for the petiole attachment. Leaf petiole attaches to the stem at a bud node—there is no bud node where leaflets attach to the petiole* Leaflet Rachis (main axis) Stipule 22 7/3/2018 Leaf Shape Leaf Tips Leaf Shapes Leaves (cont.) Leaf margins Leaf bases Illustrations by Crystal Strouse 23 7/3/2018 Leaf Venation Golden currant (Ribes aureum) Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana var. PALMATE melanocarpa) NET‐LIKE Stream orchid (Epipactis gigantea) PARALLEL Monocot and Dicot Leaf Types Parallel venation—veins run in parallel lines as in monocots Net‐veined or reticulate—veins branch from the main rib and then subdivide as in dicots 24 7/3/2018 Leaf Modifications Bract‐specialized, often highly colored leaf below flower to attract pollinators e.g. poinsettia, Indian paintbrush Adhesive disc‐modified leaf used for attachment mechanism e.g. ivy Spine‐reduced, pointed leaf e.g., cactus Tendril‐twining leaf or a portion of leaf used for climbing e.g., Virginia creeper, peas, grapes Splitting Hairs Illustrations by Crystal Strouse 25 7/3/2018 Flowers 26 7/3/2018 Monoecious vs Dioecious Monoecious = one house = Two different types of flowers (male flowers and Staminate & Pistillate female) on one plant Male & Female http://www.easttennesseewildflowers.com/gallery/var/albums/Summer‐ Roadsides‐ White/Copy_of_Arrowhead_male_female1.jpg?m=1348888061 Monoecious squash and corn 27 7/3/2018 Monoecious vs Dioecious Dioecious = 2 separate houses (Staminate) (Pistillate) Male House Female House 28 7/3/2018 Some grasses and sedges are dioecious Perfect Flower Flower with both stamens and pistil within same 29 7/3/2018 Flower Parts Ovary Position Hypanthium Floral parts Floral parts
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