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Botany Primer June 26, 2018 Montrose, CO
Denise Culver and Pam Smith Colorado Natural Heritage Program Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University www.cnhp.colostate.edu
Denise and Pam
Denise R. Culver Pam Smith • Grew up in Rock Springs, • BS Botany, Ohio, MS Botany WY! Michigan, 10 years in • Park Service flunky for 10+ Colorado yrs • Park Ranger 11 years • BS from U of WY, MS ‐ MSU • Private Consulting 13 years • Worked in Wyoming, CSU 2008 Montana, and Colorado • • Started at CNHP in 1995 Volunteer: Forensic Botany, CSU Extension, City of FC • Bicycled the Baja Peninsula Natural Areas
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Two things you should know
But I also offer free car repairs as I am the teacher needed for the class
Two things you should know
I have a twin sister My current favorite plant is a (she’s the evil one) barrel cactus
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Your Turn!!
Outline 1. Overview of Plant Classification and Evolution 2. Basic Terminology 3. Vegetative Morphology 4. Flowers and Fruits 5. Session over at 4:00
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Carl Linneaus 1707‐1778
Plant Classification • Study of patterns in plants and their families • Linnaeus formalized modern system of naming organisms ‐ binomial nomenclature • Every thing has a unique Latin name • Genus + Specific Epithet = Species Name • Culver denise L. – Genus capitalized, species not; underlined or italics
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Vascular Plant Classification Kingdom—Plantae Division (phyta) Class (sida) Subclass (ae) Order (ales) Family (aceae) Genus Species
Rio Grande Cottonwood Kingdom—Plantae Division—Magnoliophyta‐Flowering Plants Class—Magnoliopsida‐Dicotyledons Subclass—Dilleniidae Order—Salicales Family—Salicaceae Genus—Populus Species—deltoides Subspecies—wislizeni
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Plant Taxonomy
The science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies and names plants.
Herbaria
• Herbarium (single) – plant specimen repository • Specimens last a very long time • DNA, seeds, spores • Used to document environmental changes: climate change, pollution • Many are digitized so photos of specimens available
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Big national herbaria or smaller local herbaria…
Oldest Herbarium Specimen 15th Century Italy
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Common Name vs Scientific Name
Also known as redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill, common stork's‐bill or pinweed in the US!
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Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton redstem stork's bill
Kingdom Plantae –Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta –Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Subclass Rosidae Order Geraniales Family Geraniaceae –Geranium family Genus Erodium L'Hér. ex Aiton –stork's bill P Species Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton – redstem stork's bill
Illustrated identification guide of the Perm Region plants // S.A. Ovesnov, E.G. Efimik, T.V. Kozminykh et al.; ed. by S.A. Ovesnov. Perm: Book world, 2007. 743 p.
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Collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle No: 732 11 Sept 1832 Cambridge Museum Collection
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How long have plants been on Earth?
• Flowering plants burst into the fossil record 100 million years ago • Ancestors colonized land over 500 million years ago! • New research is showing green algae are ancestors.
Plant Evolution
Era Period Mil. Years Evolutionary Event Precambrian 3,800‐542 Earth’s crust and oceans form‐no life, Simple cells, algae, O2, herbivores Plant cells develop chloroplasts=photosynthesis
Cambrian 510‐570 Marine life, inverts, shells, predators Ordovician 440‐510 First fish, plant/fungi symbiosis begins on land Paleozoic Silurian 408‐440 Vascular plts, millipeds, fish with jaws Devonian 362‐408 Ferns, horestails, club moss, amphibians Mississippian 323‐362 Coal age, winged insects, reptiles Pennsylvanian 290‐323 Cycads, ginkos, primitive conifers
Permian 248‐290 Modern insects, dragonflies, beetles; first mass extinction
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Plant Evolution (cont)
Era Period Mil. Years Evolutionary Event Triassic 213‐248 First dinosaurs and mammals Mesozoic Jurassic 143‐213 First flowering plants, first birds Cretaceous 65‐143 Flowering plants spread, broad‐leaf trees Tertiary/Paleogene 23‐65 Primates, deer, grasses, lilies, roses, peas
Cenozoic Tertiary/Neogene 1.65‐23 Human ancestors, horse, dogs, asters Quaternary 0‐1.65 Modern humans
Mosses, ferns, fern allies and liverworts produce spores
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Plant Evolution – seed plants
• Gymnosperm means naked seed not enclosed in an ovary. Pollinated by wind. • Angiosperm— produce flowers, seeds enclosed in an ovary (fruit) • Coevolved with insects – Ovary becomes a new dispersal system=fruit
Gymnopserms
Conifers, Cycads, and Ginkos
Winged seed
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Angiosperms
Monocot vs. Dicot
Two classes in the flowering plants are distinguished by the number of “seed leaves” they produce.
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Plant Evolution (cont) Monocotyledon vs Dicotyledon
Terminology—Duration
• Annual—living for 1 year or less • Biennial—living for 2 years, typically flowering/fruiting second year Perennial—living for 3 years or more
• Deciduous—plants which shed all leaves at end of growing season • Evergreen—remaining green during dormant season
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Terminology—Habit (general appearance) • Acaulescent—basal lvs or stemless [opp. caulescent] • Caespitose or cespitose—growing in tufts, mats or clumps vs rhizomatous • Prostrate, decumbent, or procumbent— lying flat upon the ground
• Shrubs—woody perennials with more than one principal stem • Trees—woody perennials with a single, main stem or trunk • Vine—herbaceous plants with elongate, flexible,non‐self supporting stems • Herbs/Forb—plants with non‐woody stems die back each year
Vegetative Morphology
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Root Terminology • Absorb nutrients and moisture • Anchor plant • Serve as a food storage
Fibrous Taproot (carrot, Tuberous (sweet (petunia, parsnip, radish) potato, morning bean, pea) glory, dahlia)
Stem Terminology Stems are structures which support buds and leaves and serve as conduits for carrying water, minerals, and sugars (vascular system)
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Stem Terminology (external)
TERMINAL BUD
LATERAL BUD
NODE – point where leaf is INTERNODE – inserted on stem region between 2 nodes NODE
Stem Terminology Above ground stems • Stolon—horizontal stem e.g., strawberry • Tendril– twining stem e.g., grapes, hops • Thorn—sharp‐pointed stem e.g., Russian olive
Under ground stems • Bulbs—upright series of fleshy overlapping leaf bases e.g., onions • Corms—upright, hard or fleshy stem surrounded by dry scaly leaves e.g., gladiolus “bulb” • Rhizome—specialized stem which grows horizontal just below soil surface e.g., grasses • Tuber—enlarged rhizome containing stored food e.g. potato [eyes are modified buds] • Tuberous stem—short, flattened, modified storage stem e.g., dahlias
[Caudex ‐‐a taproot that has fused with the stem and is often woody]
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Stem Types
Leaf Terminology
• Leaf blade—flattened part of the leaf • Petiole—leaf stalk • Stipules—leaf‐like appendages at the base of the leaf
• Scale‐like—mature leaves common on junipers • Awl‐shaped—juvenile leaves common on some junipers • Linear‐shaped‐narrow, flat needles of spruce, fir, and yews • Needle‐like‐as in pine, single, bundle, or cluster of needles makes a rounded shape
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Leaf Arrangement on Stems
• Alternate‐one leaf at node e.g. willow • Opposite‐2 leaves at node e.g. maple • Whorled‐3 or more at node e.g. milkweed • Rosette‐spiral cluster of leaves arranged at the base (or crown) e.g. dandelion
Leaf Arrangement on Stem
Horsetail milkweed (Asclepias subverticillata) Coyote Willow (Salix exigua) Cranberry bush (Viburnum sp.) ALTERNATE OPPOSITE WHORLED 1 LEAF PER NODE 2 LEAVES PER NODE 3 OR MORE LEAVES PER NODE
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Leaf Arrangement
Rosette Cauline Basal
Leaf Arrangement on Petiole
Simple‐one continuous unit Compound‐2 or more segments or leaflets from same petiole
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Compound leaf
*need to look for the petiole attachment. Leaf petiole attaches to the stem at a bud node—there is no bud node where leaflets attach to the petiole*
Leaflet
Rachis (main axis)
Stipule
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Leaf Shape
Leaf Tips
Leaf Shapes
Leaves (cont.)
Leaf margins Leaf bases
Illustrations by Crystal Strouse
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Leaf Venation
Golden currant (Ribes aureum)
Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana var. PALMATE melanocarpa) NET‐LIKE
Stream orchid (Epipactis gigantea) PARALLEL
Monocot and Dicot Leaf Types
Parallel venation—veins run in parallel lines as in monocots
Net‐veined or reticulate—veins branch from the main rib and then subdivide as in dicots
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Leaf Modifications
Bract‐specialized, often highly colored leaf below flower to attract pollinators e.g. poinsettia, Indian paintbrush
Adhesive disc‐modified leaf used for attachment mechanism e.g. ivy
Spine‐reduced, pointed leaf e.g., cactus
Tendril‐twining leaf or a portion of leaf used for climbing e.g., Virginia creeper, peas, grapes
Splitting Hairs
Illustrations by Crystal Strouse
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Flowers
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Monoecious vs Dioecious
Monoecious = one house
=
Two different types of flowers (male flowers and Staminate & Pistillate female) on one plant Male & Female http://www.easttennesseewildflowers.com/gallery/var/albums/Summer‐ Roadsides‐ White/Copy_of_Arrowhead_male_female1.jpg?m=1348888061
Monoecious squash and corn
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Monoecious vs Dioecious
Dioecious = 2 separate houses
(Staminate) (Pistillate) Male House Female House
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Some grasses and sedges are dioecious
Perfect Flower Flower with both stamens and pistil within same
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Flower Parts
Ovary Position
Hypanthium
Floral parts Floral parts are Floral parts arise below or hypo fused into a cup from above ovary is superior or hypanthium (=epi) the ovary or above ex. (peri =around) or is inferior or mustard, mallow surround ovary Below ex. Blazing ex. roses and star, sunflower, Currant, orchids, apple, gooseberries banana
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Sterile Flower Parts
Petals (Corolla) Perianth
Receptacle Sepals (Calyx)
Peduncle
Fertile Flower Parts
Gynoecium = Androecium = all carpels of a all stamens flower
Carpels/Pistils Female Stamens Male
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Gynoecium
Stigma
Style Pistil/Carpel
Ovary
Androecium
Anther
Filament
Anther + Filament = Stamen Staminodia
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Inflorescence
Flower Symmetry
Campanulate (bell shape) Actinomorphic (radial) Papilionaceous (butterfly)
Funnelform
Bilabiate (2‐lip) Zygomorphic Cruciate (cross) (bilateral)
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Fruit • Reproduction and horticulture uses • Food, feed, oils • Aesthetic qualities • Plant identification e.g., sedges, grasses • Contains the seeds (ovules) and ovary wall
Ovary wall becomes fleshy part of the fruit
Dry Fruits
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Yucca (Yucca glauca) ACHENE CAPSULE
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Purple mustard (Chorispora tenella) Wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota) SILIQUE LEGUME CARYOPSIS
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Fleshy Fruit
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.) ACCESSORY Wood’s rose (Rosa woodsii) HIP
Peach (Prunus persica) DRUPE
Thimbleberry (Rubus deliciosus) Twinberry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata) AGGREGATE BERRY
Fleshy Fruits
Berry with multiple Separate fruits seeds grown together Drupe‐not a nut
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Finally Photosynthesis!!
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis vs Respiration
Photosynthesis Respiration Produces sugars from light energy Burns sugars for energy
Stores energy Releases energy Occurs only in cells w/chloroplasts Occurs in most cells Releases oxygen Uses oxygen Uses water Produces water Uses carbon dioxide Produces carbon dioxide Requires light Occurs in dark and light
Tomato/Potato Plant!!
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Test your Memory Skills
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