Large-Scale System Development in Several Lisp Environments!
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Introduction to Programming in Lisp
Introduction to Programming in Lisp Supplementary handout for 4th Year AI lectures · D W Murray · Hilary 1991 1 Background There are two widely used languages for AI, viz. Lisp and Prolog. The latter is the language for Logic Programming, but much of the remainder of the work is programmed in Lisp. Lisp is the general language for AI because it allows us to manipulate symbols and ideas in a commonsense manner. Lisp is an acronym for List Processing, a reference to the basic syntax of the language and aim of the language. The earliest list processing language was in fact IPL developed in the mid 1950’s by Simon, Newell and Shaw. Lisp itself was conceived by John McCarthy and students in the late 1950’s for use in the newly-named field of artificial intelligence. It caught on quickly in MIT’s AI Project, was implemented on the IBM 704 and by 1962 to spread through other AI groups. AI is still the largest application area for the language, but the removal of many of the flaws of early versions of the language have resulted in its gaining somewhat wider acceptance. One snag with Lisp is that although it started out as a very pure language based on mathematic logic, practical pressures mean that it has grown. There were many dialects which threaten the unity of the language, but recently there was a concerted effort to develop a more standard Lisp, viz. Common Lisp. Other Lisps you may hear of are FranzLisp, MacLisp, InterLisp, Cambridge Lisp, Le Lisp, ... Some good things about Lisp are: • Lisp is an early example of an interpreted language (though it can be compiled). -
High-Level Language Features Not Found in Ordinary LISP. the GLISP
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 232 860 SE 042 634 AUTHOR Novak, Gordon S., Jr. TITLE GLISP User's Manual. Revised. INSTITUTION Stanford Univ., Calif. Dept. of Computer Science. SPONS AGENCY Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), Washington, D.C.; National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 23 Nov 82 CONTRACT MDA-903-80-c-007 GRANT SED-7912803 NOTE 43p.; For related documents, see SE 042 630-635. PUB TYPE Guides General (050) Reference Materials General (130) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Computer Programs; *Computer Science; Guides; *Programing; *Programing Languages; *Resource Materials IDENTIFIERS *GLISP Programing Language; National Science Foundation ABSTRACT GLISP is a LISP-based language which provides high-level language features not found in ordinary LISP. The GLISP language is implemented by means of a compiler which accepts GLISP as input and produces ordinary LISP as output. This output can be further compiled to machine code by the LISP compiler. GLISP is available for several ISP dialects, including Interlisp, Maclisp, UCI Lisp, ELISP, Franz Lisp, and Portable Standard Lisp. The goal of GLISP is to allow structured objects to be referenced in a convenient, succinct language and to allow the structures of objects to be changed without changing the code which references the objects. GLISP provides both PASCAL-like and English-like syntaxes; much of the power and brevity of GLISP derive from the compiler features necessary to support the relatively informal, English-like language constructs. Provided in this manual is the documentation necessary for using GLISP. The documentation is presented in the following sections: introduction; object descriptions; reference to objects; GLISP program syntax; messages; context rules and reference; GLISP and knowledge representation languages; obtaining and using GLISP; GLISP hacks (some ways of doing things in GLISP which might not be entirely obvious at first glance); and examples of GLISP object declarations and programs. -
Implementation Notes
IMPLEMENTATION NOTES XEROX 3102464 lyric Release June 1987 XEROX COMMON LISP IMPLEMENTATION NOTES 3102464 Lyric Release June 1987 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Xerox Corporation. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this document, Xerox Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear. Copyright @ 1987 by Xerox Corporation. Xerox Common Lisp is a trademark. All rights reserved. "Copyright protection claimed includes all forms and matters of copyrightable material and information now allowed by statutory or judicial law or hereinafter granted, including, without limitation, material generated from the software programs which are displayed on the screen, such as icons, screen display looks, etc. " This manual is set in Modern typeface with text written and formatted on Xerox Artificial Intelligence workstations. Xerox laser printers were used to produce text masters. PREFACE The Xerox Common Lisp Implementation Notes cover several aspects of the Lyric release. In these notes you will find: • An explanation of how Xerox Common Lisp extends the Common Lisp standard. For example, in Xerox Common Lisp the Common Lisp array-constructing function make-array has additional keyword arguments that enhance its functionality. • An explanation of how several ambiguities in Steele's Common Lisp: the Language were resolved. • A description of additional features that provide far more than extensions to Common Lisp. How the Implementation Notes are Organized . These notes are intended to accompany the Guy L. Steele book, Common Lisp: the Language which represents the current standard for Co~mon Lisp. -
PUB DAM Oct 67 CONTRACT N00014-83-6-0148; N00014-83-K-0655 NOTE 63P
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 290 438 IR 012 986 AUTHOR Cunningham, Robert E.; And Others TITLE Chips: A Tool for Developing Software Interfaces Interactively. INSTITUTION Pittsburgh Univ., Pa. Learning Research and Development Center. SPANS AGENCY Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va. REPORT NO TR-LEP-4 PUB DAM Oct 67 CONTRACT N00014-83-6-0148; N00014-83-K-0655 NOTE 63p. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Computer Graphics; *Man Machine Systems; Menu Driven Software; Programing; *Programing Languages IDENTIF7ERS Direct Manipulation Interface' Interface Design Theory; *Learning Research and Development Center; LISP Programing Language; Object Oriented Programing ABSTRACT This report provides a detailed description of Chips, an interactive tool for developing software employing graphical/computer interfaces on Xerox Lisp machines. It is noted that Chips, which is implemented as a collection of customizable classes, provides the programmer with a rich graphical interface for the creation of rich graphical interfaces, and the end-user with classes for modeling the graphical relationships of objects on the screen and maintaining constraints between them. This description of the system is divided into five main sections: () the introduction, which provides background material and a general description of the system; (2) a brief overview of the report; (3) detailed explanations of the major features of Chips;(4) an in-depth discussion of the interactive aspects of the Chips development environment; and (5) an example session using Chips to develop and modify a small portion of an interface. Appended materials include descriptions of four programming techniques that have been sound useful in the development of Chips; descriptions of several systems developed at the Learning Research and Development Centel tsing Chips; and a glossary of key terms used in the report. -
The Evolution of Lisp
1 The Evolution of Lisp Guy L. Steele Jr. Richard P. Gabriel Thinking Machines Corporation Lucid, Inc. 245 First Street 707 Laurel Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 Menlo Park, California 94025 Phone: (617) 234-2860 Phone: (415) 329-8400 FAX: (617) 243-4444 FAX: (415) 329-8480 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lisp is the world’s greatest programming language—or so its proponents think. The structure of Lisp makes it easy to extend the language or even to implement entirely new dialects without starting from scratch. Overall, the evolution of Lisp has been guided more by institutional rivalry, one-upsmanship, and the glee born of technical cleverness that is characteristic of the “hacker culture” than by sober assessments of technical requirements. Nevertheless this process has eventually produced both an industrial- strength programming language, messy but powerful, and a technically pure dialect, small but powerful, that is suitable for use by programming-language theoreticians. We pick up where McCarthy’s paper in the first HOPL conference left off. We trace the development chronologically from the era of the PDP-6, through the heyday of Interlisp and MacLisp, past the ascension and decline of special purpose Lisp machines, to the present era of standardization activities. We then examine the technical evolution of a few representative language features, including both some notable successes and some notable failures, that illuminate design issues that distinguish Lisp from other programming languages. We also discuss the use of Lisp as a laboratory for designing other programming languages. We conclude with some reflections on the forces that have driven the evolution of Lisp. -
Allegro CL User Guide
Allegro CL User Guide Volume 1 (of 2) version 4.3 March, 1996 Copyright and other notices: This is revision 6 of this manual. This manual has Franz Inc. document number D-U-00-000-01-60320-1-6. Copyright 1985-1996 by Franz Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this pub- lication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, by photocopying or recording, or otherwise, without the prior and explicit written permission of Franz incorpo- rated. Restricted rights legend: Use, duplication, and disclosure by the United States Government are subject to Restricted Rights for Commercial Software devel- oped at private expense as specified in DOD FAR 52.227-7013 (c) (1) (ii). Allegro CL and Allegro Composer are registered trademarks of Franz Inc. Allegro Common Windows, Allegro Presto, Allegro Runtime, and Allegro Matrix are trademarks of Franz inc. Unix is a trademark of AT&T. The Allegro CL software as provided may contain material copyright Xerox Corp. and the Open Systems Foundation. All such material is used and distrib- uted with permission. Other, uncopyrighted material originally developed at MIT and at CMU is also included. Appendix B is a reproduction of chapters 5 and 6 of The Art of the Metaobject Protocol by G. Kiczales, J. des Rivieres, and D. Bobrow. All this material is used with permission and we thank the authors and their publishers for letting us reproduce their material. Contents Volume 1 Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 The language 1-1 1.2 History 1-1 1.3 Format -
1960 1970 1980 1990 Japan California………………… UT IL in PA NJ NY Massachusetts………… Europe Lisp 1.5 TX
Japan UT IL PA NY Massachusetts………… Europe California………………… TX IN NJ Lisp 1.5 1960 1970 1980 1990 Direct Relationships Lisp 1.5 LISP Family Graph Lisp 1.5 LISP 1.5 Family Lisp 1.5 Basic PDP-1 LISP M-460 LISP 7090 LISP 1.5 BBN PDP-1 LISP 7094 LISP 1.5 Stanford PDP-1 LISP SDS-940 LISP Q-32 LISP PDP-6 LISP LISP 2 MLISP MIT PDP-1 LISP Stanford LISP 1.6 Cambridge LISP Standard LISP UCI-LISP MacLisp Family PDP-6 LISP MacLisp Multics MacLisp CMU SAIL MacLisp MacLisp VLISP Franz Lisp Machine Lisp LISP S-1 Lisp NIL Spice Lisp Zetalisp IBM Lisp Family 7090 LISP 1.5 Lisp360 Lisp370 Interlisp Illinois SAIL MacLisp VM LISP Interlisp Family SDS-940 LISP BBN-LISP Interlisp 370 Spaghetti stacks Interlisp LOOPS Common LOOPS Lisp Machines Spice Lisp Machine Lisp Interlisp Lisp (MIT CONS) (Xerox (BBN Jericho) (PERQ) (MIT CADR) Alto, Dorado, (LMI Lambda) Dolphin, Dandelion) Lisp Zetalisp TAO (3600) (ELIS) Machine Lisp (TI Explorer) Common Lisp Family APL APL\360 ECL Interlisp ARPA S-1 Lisp Scheme Meeting Spice at SRI, Lisp April 1991 PSL KCL NIL CLTL1 Zetalisp X3J13 CLTL2 CLOS ISLISP X3J13 Scheme Extended Family COMIT Algol 60 SNOBOL METEOR CONVERT Simula 67 Planner LOGO DAISY, Muddle Scheme 311, Microplanner Scheme 84 Conniver PLASMA (actors) Scheme Revised Scheme T 2 CLTL1 Revised Scheme Revised2 Scheme 3 CScheme Revised Scheme MacScheme PC Scheme Chez Scheme IEEE Revised4 Scheme Scheme Object-Oriented Influence Simula 67 Smalltalk-71 LOGO Smalltalk-72 CLU PLASMA (actors) Flavors Common Objects LOOPS ObjectLisp CommonLOOPS EuLisp New Flavors CLTL2 CLOS Dylan X3J13 ISLISP Lambda Calculus Church, 1941 λ Influence Lisp 1.5 Landin (SECD, ISWIM) Evans (PAL) Reynolds (Definitional Interpreters) Lisp370 Scheme HOPE ML Standard ML Standard ML of New Jersey Haskell FORTRAN Influence FORTRAN FLPL Lisp 1.5 S-1 Lisp Lisp Machine Lisp CLTL1 Revised3 Zetalisp Scheme X3J13 CLTL2 IEEE Scheme X3J13 John McCarthy Lisp 1.5 Danny Bobrow Richard Gabriel Guy Steele Dave Moon Jon L White. -
Lisp: Program Is Data
LISP: PROGRAM IS DATA A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MACLISP Jon L White Laboratory for Computer Science, M.I.T.* ABSTRACT For over 10 years, MACLISP has supported a variety of projects at M.I.T.'s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the Laboratory for Computer Science (formerly Project MAC). During this time, there has been a continuing development of the MACLISP system, spurred in great measure by the needs of MACSYMAdevelopment. Herein are reported, in amosiac, historical style, the major features of the system. For each feature discussed, an attempt will be made to mention the year of initial development, andthe names of persons or projectsprimarily responsible for requiring, needing, or suggestingsuch features. INTRODUCTION In 1964,Greenblatt and others participated in thecheck-out phase of DigitalEquipment Corporation's new computer, the PDP-6. This machine had a number of innovative features that were thought to be ideal for the development of a list processing system, and thus it was very appropriate that thefirst working program actually run on thePDP-6 was anancestor of thecurrent MACLISP. This earlyLISP was patterned after the existing PDP-1 LISP (see reference l), and was produced by using the text editor and a mini-assembler on the PDP-1. That first PDP-6 finally found its way into M.I.T.'s ProjectMAC for use by theArtificial lntelligence group (the A.1. grouplater became the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and Project MAC became the Laboratory for Computer Science). By 1968, the PDP-6 wasrunning the Incompatible Time-sharing system, and was soon supplanted by the PDP-IO.Today, the KL-I 0, anadvanced version of thePDP-10, supports a variety of time sharing systems, most of which are capable of running a MACLISP. -
GLISP User's Manual
«* " GLISP User's Manual Gordon S. Novak Jr. Computer Science Department Stanford University " Stanford, California 94305 Revised: 23 November 1982 " This research was supported in part by NSF grant SED-7912803 in the Joint National Science Foundation - National Institute of Education Program of Research on Cognitive Processes and the Structure of Knowledge in Science and Mathematics, and in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract MDA-903-80-C-007. " W i Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Overview of GLISP 1 " 1.2. Implementation 2 1.3. Error Messages 3 1.4. Interactive Features of GLISP 3 2. Object Descriptions 5 2.1. Declaration of Object Descriptions 5 2.1.1. Property Descriptions 6 2.1.2. Supers Description 6 2.1.3. Values Description 6 2.2. Structure Descriptions 7 2.2.1. Syntax of Structure Descriptions 7 2.2.2. Examples of Structure Descriptions 9 2.3. Editing of Object Descriptions 9 2.4. Interactive Editing of Objects 10 2.5. Global Variables 10 2.6. Compile-Time Constants and Conditional Compilationimpilation 10 3. Reference To Objects 13 3.1. Accessing Objects 13 3.2. Creation of Objects 14 3.3. Interpretive Creation of Objects 14 3.4. Predicates on Objects 14 3.4.1. Self-Recognition Adjectives 15 3.4.2. Testing Object Classes 15 " 4. GLISP Program Syntax 17 4.1. Function Syntax 17 4.2. Expressions 18 4.2.1. Interpretation of Operators 19 4.2.1.1. Operations on Strings 19 4.2.1.2. Operations on Lists 19 4.2.1.3. -
A Note on the Optimal Allocation of Spaces in MACLISP by Henry C
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LABORATORY Al Working Paper 142 March 16, 1977 A Note on the Optimal Allocation of Spaces in MACLISP by Henry C. Baker, Jr. This note describes a method for allocating storage among the various spaces in the MACLISP Implementation of LISP. The optimal strategy which minimizes garbage collector effort allocates free storage among the various spaces in snch a way that they all run out at the same time. In an equilibrium situation, this corresponds to allocating free storage to the spaces in proportion to their usage. Methods are investigated by which the rates of usage can be inferred, and a ge-daemon interrupt handler is developed which implements an approximately optimal strategy in MACLISP. Finally, the sensitivity of this method to rapidly varying differential rates of cell usage is discussed. Key Words and Phrases: garbage collection, list processing, virtual memory, storage management, storage allocation, LISP. CR Categories: 3.50, 3.60, 3.73, 3.80, 4.13, 422, 4.32, 4.33, 4.35, 4.49 This report describes research done at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Support for the laboratory's artificial intelligence research is provided in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under Office of Naval Research contract N00014-75-C-0522. Working Papers are informal papers intended for internal use. March 16, 1977 A Note on the Optimal Allocation of Spaces in MACLISP Henry C. Baker, Jr. MACLISP [11 unlike some other implementations of. LISP, allocates storage for different types of objects in non-contiguous areas called spaces. -
Interlisp-VAX: a Report
August 1981 Report. No. SUN-CS-81-879 Interlisp-VAX: A Report Larry M. Masintcr Department of Computer Science Stanford University Slanford, CA 94305 Interlisp-VAX: A Report Larry M. Masinter August 1,198l Contents: I. Introduction II. Interlisp-VAX: Oveniew and Status III. What will Interlisp-VAX be like? IV. Conclusions The views expressed in this report are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the Xerox Corporation, Stanford University, or the University of Southern California. This study was funded in part through the SUMEX Computer Project at Stanford University under grant RR-00785 from the Biotechnology Resources Program of the National institutes of Health. I. INTI~ODUCTION Since November 1979, a group at the Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern California has been working on an implementation of Interlisp for the DEC VAX-series’ computers. This report is a description of the current status, future prospects, and estimated character of that Interlisp-VAX implementation. It is the result of several days of discussion with those at ISI involved with the implementation (Dave Dyer, Hans Koomen, Ray Bates, Dan Lynch): with John L. White of MJT, who is working on an implementation of another Lisp for the VAX (NIL); with the implementors of Interlisp-Jericho at BBN (Alice Hartley, Norton Greenfeld, Martin Yonke, John Vittal, Frank Zdybel, Jeff Gibbons, Darylc Lewis); with the implementors of Franz Lisp and Berkeley Unix* at U.C. Berkeley (Richard Fateman, Bill Joy, Keith Sklower, John Foderaro); and with my colleagues at Xerox PARC. An earlier draft of this report was circulated to the partics involved in the Interlisp-VAX discussions. -
Jon L. White Collection on Common Lisp
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c89w0mkb No online items Jon L. White collection on Common Lisp Finding aid prepared by Bo Doub, Kim Hayden, and Sara Chabino Lott Processing of this collection was made possible through generous funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, administered through the Council on Library and Information Resources' Cataloging Hidden Special Collections and Archives grant. Computer History Museum 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View, CA, 94043 (650) 810-1010 [email protected] March 2017 Jon L. White collection on X6823.2013 1 Common Lisp Title: Jon L. White collection Identifier/Call Number: X6823.2013 Contributing Institution: Computer History Museum Language of Material: English Physical Description: 8.75 Linear feet,7 record cartons Date (bulk): Bulk, 1978-1995 Date (inclusive): 1963-2012 Abstract: The Jon L. White collection on Common Lisp contains material relating to the development and standardization of the programming language Common Lisp and, more generally, the Lisp family of programming languages. Records date from 1963 to 2012, with the bulk of the material ranging from 1978 to 1995, when White was working at MIT’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), Lucid, and Harlequin Group. Throughout many of these positions, White was serving on the X3J13 Committee to formalize a Common Lisp standard, which aimed to combine and standardize many previous dialects of Lisp. This collection consists of conference proceedings, manuals, X3J13 Committee correspondence and meeting minutes, notebooks, technical papers, and periodicals documenting White’s work in all of these roles. Other dialects of Lisp--especially MAClisp--are also major focuses of the collection.