Stone Axe Factories Near Cushendall, County Antrim Author(s): W. J. Knowles Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 33 (Jul. - Dec., 1903), pp. 360-366 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842816 . Accessed: 15/06/2014 12:02

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This content downloaded from 91.229.229.129 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:02:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ( 360 )

STONE AXE FACTOPRIES NEAR CUSHENDALL, COUNTY ANTRITM.

BY W. J. KNOWLES.

[WITH PLATES XXXI-XXXVIII.]

SEVERALsites in which stone axes have been manufactured are known in coulntyAntrini, but none of them have been carefiullyexamined. The rough unpolishedaxes fromRathlin Island are well known,anid most antiquarieshave specimensfroum that place in their collectioils. A number of axes, dressed into shape by chipping,but unipolished,had been broughtto me from time to time fronithe neighbourhoodof Clough, near Ballyinena, but I had obtained no flakes,broken axes, or anythingof the nature of a failure. Suspecting that therehad beeii a manufactorysomewhere in that district,in order to investigate the matter,I made frequentvisits to the place a few years ago. Oni inquiry,I obtainedsome flakesof black stone and some poor and broken specimens of axes. I concluded that there must have been a centre of manufacturein the farm belongingto Mr. JohblCrawford of Glenleslie,and that possiblyother sites existed in leighbouringtownlands. I encouragedthe farmersand labourersto collect the flakesand brokeniaxes, and each market day in Ballymnenaspecimens, in greater or smallernumbers, were broughtto me. I soon receivedquite a large series of flakes,broken axes and failuresor partiallymade axes, chieflyfromn the townlaiids of Glenleslie,Tullykittaoh, and Moneydufinear the village of Clough. Many of the specimiiens,though considered of littlevalue, were interestingand instructive, anidI foundthat many of the flakeswere dressedround the edges into pointsand scrapers. Though there were undotubtedlyone or ilmoresites of manufacturein this district,the land oniwhich theystood had been so long under-cultivation, that theyhad been almost obliterated. A miiannamed Henry Green,a sortof pedlar,seeiiig me buy poor objects like black flakes,shortly afterwards brought me a numberof flakesof black rock from near Cushendall,founid in a fieldbelonging to Mr. PtichardMcCurry of Tamnaliarry or Taviiagharryin BallyemonGlen. This being a new place forsuch objects, I went thereimmediately, and found that the field contained a well-markedsite of an axe factory. The land had only recentlybeen brokenup for cultivation,andl the while process of manufactureof axes was plainly exhibited. Pieces of natural rock partlychipped, rough axes, somiieof which were broken,flakes anid hanmmer-

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.129 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:02:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions W. J. KNOWLES.-Stone Axe Factoriesnear cushendall,Cotnty Antrim. 361 stones,were lyingaround in considerablenumbers. Nothinighad been removed, unless it was so large, that it initerferedwith the plough, as the objects were consideredof nio value. The hammerstoneswere miiostlyrounded balls, of black stone,the saine as that fromiiwhich the axes were made; buit a few quartzite boulders,hammered on the enids,were also found. The flakes were, as a rule, short and broad,and such as had been struck offin the manufactureof axes. Many had wingsprojecting froml- one or both sides of the bulb of percussion,and some were dressedinto spear-likepoints and scrapers. A few core-likepieces and loingflakes were found,but I saw no evidence that this kind of rock had beeln used, like flintfor procuring flakes, for the flakes alone. Flint is found in the neighbourlhood,and manaylong flakesanld scrapers of that inaterialwere found in and around the siles, but the waste flakes of the manufactorieswere also used abundantlyfor all purposes of cutting and scraping. The field conitainingthese objects is on anl elevated part of McCurry'sfarm, and in view of the sea. The prospectis delightful,but I ain not sure that the axe-nmakersresided here or used the place foraiiything but a manufacturingsite, as I saw nio kitchenimiddens or remainsof food,such as slhell-fishand split bones of animals; nor wvasthere any fragmentsof pottery,such as accompanied the manufactoriesof flintimplements at While Park bay and otherplaces round the coast. Aftercollectinog a large niumberof articlesin this field,I examinedother fields in the neighlbourhood,findinig imianv comparatively barren of flakesand imnplements. Eventually,I found another site in Mr. James Quinn's farmin Clougheen,about half-a-miledistant from the site on McCurry'sfarm. The place which showedthe greatest evidence of mianufacturewas around a damp spot in one of his fields. Probablythere was a well here originally,and the people may have sat round it and muanufacturedtheir axes. I collecteda good many objects fromthis site,but thoughnone of the objects lhadbeemi previously removed, the land had beenla good deal cultivated,and thereforethis site had not the freshnessof the one previouisly described. I founld,in this case also, that as one moved away fromthe site,the objectsbecame scarcer. Fromnthis farm-l,it is about lhalf-a-mileto a small house which has been erected for a herd near Tievebulliagh,a peak 1,346 feet high. Around thishouse miianyobjects were collected,and at one spot wherea fencehad been made and some sward removed,I lhavepicked axes, flakes,an(d hamml-erstones, out of the bared ground,and also out of the sods whichbad been put on the fence. A fieldin frontof the house, which was the only piece of land brouglhtunder cultivationin this neighbourhood,was full of flakesand riidepieces of rock.manay of whichwere partiallychipped. Here, as in the other sites,nothing had been removed,ulnless it was large and impededthe plough,in whichcase it was carried to the fence. Farmersare surprisedthat such poor objects should have any value, and when sloIWDa large axe, theyassert that theyoften put such objectsin drains. I canlbelieve this,as the finestspecimiiell I have was used as a wedge to fastelnone of the stakes in a byre,or cowhouse,to which cows are tied duringthe night, I ml-adefrequtenit visits to these alnd other sites,and had perfect libertyto walk

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.129 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:02:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 362 W. J. KNOWLES.-StoneAxe Factoriesnear Cusshendall,Coo'ty Antrimn. over the fieldsand examineand collectwithout hindrance. The youingpeople on the various farmns,when theyknew the kind of objects that were desired,collected themfor me, and oftenmy collection was so large,that I was obliged to employa horseand cart to conveyit to the railway station. I extendedmy surveyover the whole Glen of Ballyemnon,and foundother sites and obtainedspecimens, similar to those already enumerated,every time I went round. The proper season is the spring,when land is being ploughed and harrowed,or at the time of diggingthe potatoes in the autumn. In the sumnmerno search was made, as trespass on the fieldsat that time would have been injuriousto the growingcrops. At this season I exploredthe part of the district outside the area of cultivation,in the high land surroundingthe valley. My wife aindI went to Cushendallfor a short holiday,and spent our timein wanderingabout the hills. One day in climbingto the top of Tievebulliagh,we came on a place where the peat and soil had been denudedand washed away, revealingseveral sites whichhad never beell disturbed. We found a great many axes, broken specimnens,and partially worked objects, roundedhammerstones of black rock,and some large ones made of waterworn boulders of quartzite. The flakes were in thousands,and many of them were workedalong the edges into pointsand scrapers,like the " pointes" and " racloirs" of paleolithic time,which are describedand figuredby Frenchauthors. It took my wifeanid daughter, with myself,several days to remove all the manufactured object,s. I did not seek otherassistance, as nmyprevious finds had now come to be talked about,and I did not wish to reveal my discoveryon Tievebulliaghuntil I had mnadea thoroughinvestigation. The objects found on these sites were not mixed with soil, or partiallycovered up, as was the case with those fouiidin the cultivatedfields, but everythingwas seen as it was left by the early workmen. The peat at the sides of these bared places oftenistood up like banks, and I have taken specimenisfrom beneath the peat where it restedon the clay. The peat had thereforeformed after the workmenhad made the axes on the top of Tievebulliagh. All around this mountain thereare signs of an active and extensiveindustry in the manufactureof the black stone axes havingbeen carriedon. Even on the east side, whichis almost perpendicular,there are ledges on whiclhthey lhave sat and carriedon theirwork. Now, aftermany centuriesof denudationi,the talus formed at the footof Tievebulliaghis full of flakes, brokeii axes, alnd other signs of the industry. My wifeand I have gone to the talus on several occasionswith our small picks,anid have always been able to fillour bags with instructivespecimens. Maniyof the farmers'sons are now acquainted with this talus and its contents,and call it the quarry. They come with their picks and turn over parts of the numerousstreams .of stones that have comiedown the mountainiside in. search of specimens,anld a findof some iinportancehas occasionallybeen made. While the sites on the top and sides of Tievebulliagh yieldedexamples that were instructive,no veryfinely manufactured specimens were found. These would no doubt be carriedaway for use or for grinding and polishing at places lower down in the valley,where the Old Red Sandstoneappears at the surface,or ini the

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.129 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:02:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions W. J. KNOWLES.-Stone Axe Factories near Cmtshendcal,County Antrim. 363 beds of streanms. However, although axes in various stages of grindinigand polishing have been found,I have iiot, as yet, succeeded in findingin Glen Ballyemon any griiidingstoines, fixed or otherwise. Some may yet be founid,as I have made frequentinquiries for them, and have drawnthe attentionof the nmore intelligentinhabitants to the matter. The Old Red Sandstone is the rock that wouldno doubt be used forthe purpose, but it appears in massiveform in manyparts of the valley,and as grindingcould as easily be done at one spot as another,and oil a new piece of rock as well as one previouslyused, no special piece of rock showing marks of grindingmay be found. In the valley of the Bann, where sandstone is scarce,many pieces have been found,showing hollows and grooves formedby grindingaxes on them. In additionto the places already mentioned,flakes and axes simnilarto those described,lhave been foundin the neighbouringvalleys of Glendun alid Glenariff, ilidicatiigosites of manufacture. In Glen Ballyemon,several varietiesof rock were used for axes, but the kind whichwas most in favourw;1s a close-grainedrock of bluish colour which,as far as I can filud,is not native to the district. Metamorphicrocks do occur in the valley,but I have not as yet observed this close-grainedbluish rock anywherein sit't. It always appears in the formof boulders,which show glacial strie. The flakesshow well-markedbulbs of percussionanld a clean fracture. It is a miistake, however,to say that bulbs of percussionare peculiar to particularkinds of rock. The bulb is caused by the blow, and any rock will show a bulb, though in rocks of fine texture,it will be more distinct than in those of coarse grain. I have flakes of granite and quartzite showing well-markedbulbs. In the rock in questionl,the bulbs are as well-definecdas in anlyflakes of flint. This bluish close- grainiedrock fromwhich the axes are made,is fouindall over the valley,unitil we reach the highground forming the base of Trostan. On this mountainI did not observe any tracesof the rock,nor did I observeany signs of manufactureof axes out of this or any ather kind of rock; but on the top of Tievebulliagh,I found bouldersof the bluislhrock firmlyinbedded in the bouldel clay,and in cases where the axe-miiakerscould not excavate tlieni,they chipped such parts as reimained aboveground. We findthat when a boulder was too heavy to be removed,they endeavoured to break it up, thoughI have seen somrieboulders which have resisted theirefforts. There is a finelarge piece of this rock weighing several hundred- weightin frointof Mr. James Quinn's house,which has had many flakesand spalls renmovedfrom it, aindnow with its weatheredbronzy appearance, it looks mnorelike a luilmpof metal than of stone. I thinkit is likely that this rock nlay have been broughtby glaciers fromScotland, sirnce we do not finldit in situc. Boulders of Ailsa Craig rock are found in variousparts of countyAntrim, and it was recently found in boulderclay as farinland as Ballymena. It is, therefore,not imnprobable that the other rock may be of Scottishorigin.1 ProfessorCole has kindlyexamined a specimenof the rock and writes-" The flinty Antrimboulder, a fragmeiltof which we have long had in haud fromyou forcutting, has

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.129 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:02:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 364 W. J. KNOWLES.-Stone Axe Factories near,Cashenldall, Coutnty Antrimm.

Oniexamining the objects collected fronmthe sites iii the neighbourhoodof Cushendall,more particularly those found in aii undisturbedstate on Tievebulliagh, oniecan easilyobserve the whole piocess of the marnufactureof axes. Bouldersare seen with onilya few flakes removed,whieh, in this uiifiinishedstate, look like rude pakeolithicimplen-fients (1'. XXXI and XXXII). Others will be found nearercompletion, or perhapssufficiently blocked out to be readyfor grinding aild polishing (P1. XXXIV and XXXV). I lhave a filndof five objects fronm Glenariff,showing oine specimen very rudely blocked ouLt(P1. XXXIII, 4), anotlier niearercomlipletioni, but still in a rude state (P1. XXXI 1I, 5), while the othertllree axes are as finelyfinish1ed as it was possible to do by clhipping(P1. XXXIII, 6, 7, 8). So perfectare tlhese,tlat a sectionithrough them would be almlostas synmmietrical as that througha conlvexlens. Two of these are of the same size, seven inclhes long and tlhreeiiilches broad. The thirdis six iincheslong. The objects foundclin thw various sites coilsist chieflyof caxes. These were evi(dentlythe main object of lmanufacture. Some pick-likeobjects were founld, which must be considereda distinctclass of tool. Somiieof the samnehind mladeof flint have beenlfound in various parts of Antriim(P1. XXXVI, 2a, 27 and 28). Soinie iinpleinieiitswitlh heavy buttsand dressedto a point at the ol)positeend are shown, fronltancl side views, in P1. XXXVII, 29, 30 aiid 32, a disc-like object in P1. XXXVII, 31, anid two chopper-likeimplemiieiits are shownl,froilt and side views, in P1. XXXV1I, 33 and 034. The objects figureclon P1. XXXVII are examples of fairly frequent occuirence,whiclh I believe are neither partially blocked out axes, nor failures,but implementsfiluished, as far as they were initenidedto be, by chippinig. Flakes dressedas points and scrapersare shown iii P1. XXXYVII, 35, 36, 37, 38 aind 39. The long,:flakes, dressed along each side,are like the " pointes" of the pakleolithicage, and the scrapers (P1. XXXVIII, 37 and 39) are like the " 1acloirs" of the samileperiod. Front anid backl views of two flakes whiclhhave been dressed like axes are given in P1. XXXVIII, 40, 40A, and 41, 41A. An axe of the kitchen imiiddelitype, onie of several, is repr-esented,frolit and sidcEViews, ill P1. XXXVI, 22, 22A,aild two simlilarviews are giveii of an axe miiadefrom a large quartz crystal. The sides of the crystalare uilnchippedancd in theirnatural state,but a cuttingedge has beeii dressedon it by neat alid regular clipping (P1. XXXVI, 21, 21A.) Two of the hammerstones rotuncdedby repeatedhammering, are shown in 1P1.XXXVI, 25 all(t 26. A small chisel,one ofseveral that have been found,is shown withsection in PI. XXXVI, 24. refused to yield a resl)ectable sectioni. By personally finishing a small fragmient,however, I have got it translucent, bIt even thetn,this extremelyaltered mass is not explained. By its iron-ore (rnaglietite)aild dull linear colourless areas (probably once felspars), I take it to be an altered fine-grained diorite (all aphaiiite), which has been penetrated late in its history by a vast nuLmberof nlinute chalcedonic veilnules. The amphibole or pyroxene is now represented by iron oxide only, ancdthe infilteredchalcedony gives the fliity character iii which the ancielnts delighted. But I know of no other case precisely similar-though basic rocls, as Darwin noted ill the Canary Islandis,may become silicified like acid oiies. I feel, liowevei, that this curiouis mass ieally had an igneous ol1igin."

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.129 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:02:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions W. J. KNOWVLES.-Stone Axe Fctetoriesnear (Cushendacl,Comnty An trim. 365

Nearly eight hundred whole axes have been obtainiedby myself,besides a greatmany broken specimens, but the sites having becomleklnown, otlher collectors have searchedin them,and have obtaineclflakes ancl some axes. The brokenaxes are mostlysmall portionsof butts or edges. An unluckyblow in the course of manufacturehad caused the axe to break,but it is verystrange that I have never been able to restore any broken implelllents,as has beenidonie in the case of Mr. Seton-Karr'sfinds at the flintmines iii Egypt. I believetthe reason why we caninotsimilarly replace brokenpieces foundin these Irish factories,is due to the fact that the larger pieces of the b-ol1eii axes were reworkedinto smaller inplements. I have found specimenlswhich supportthis idea. The axes have been made in various sizes. Oie finespeciniein (P1. XXXII) is 144-inchles lolig anld weighls83 lb. The next laroest is 14 inches long anid weighs 7 lb. There ale others weighing6 lb., 5 lb., 4 lb. ancd3 lb., but the great majorityaverage about 1 lb. in weight. Some sinall chisel-like objectsweigli only 1 or 2 oz. While a few ale well-made and finielyfinislhed, the greater quantity are rude anld coarsely miiade. Maniy are crookecl,twisted ancl unsymmetrical,anld the part intenldedfor an edge is often thick acindclunmsy. One could readilyinagine that these rude specimnenswere failures,arid had been,rejected, but juclginlgfrom numnerousexanmples in mypossession that have been partlygrounid and polislhed,I do not believe thiatthe rude specimiiensI have nmenitionedwere thrown aside as waste inaterial. I anmconvinced that a piece of good rock was not reg-ardedas a failure,on accounitof its not workingotrue. When a lump could not be reiiioved by the hammnerstoneor a thlickedge coulcl not be made finer,it appears to imie that specimenswere not rejectedfor these defects. A sort of pecking or bruisiilg seemiisto have beeii resortedto, for removingaii ug,lylumip; but the cllief aind final reimedywas patienitgrin(inig. P1. XXXIV, 9 and 10, show somlleof these rude axes that would be finishedoff by gyrinidinig.P1. XXXV, 15, 19 andl 2(), sliow other rucdeexamples. P1. XXXV, 15, sliovs a very common type with one broad squared side, the other sharp or nearly so. I-'1.XXXV, 16, shows bothisides squared,the square sides in miiostcases like this,beiing tlhe natural old surface of the stone. P1. XXXV, 19, is also a typical specirmien,and thouigh the clhippinghas been finiishedin a veryclumiisy manlier, the process of griniding lhas been beguil. P1. XXXV, 20, slhows a thick eclge,but thougih 11o grinidiilg has beenidone oii the specimiienfigured, I have other examiiplesof a similar character,where considerableprogress had beeii niade in grinding. P1. XXXV, 17 ancd18, are coarse and rude flakes,but botlhhave had ecdgesground onithem 4tt their lower extrenlities. Pl. XXXV, 17, has ani indenltationchipped out,on each side. PI. XXXIV, 11, shows an example of tlle peckinigor hanimiieriiigso as to bruise the surface and reduce it to powder. P1. XXXV, 13 anid14, aie examples of a buittand an edoe end of brokenaxes, buitmnany of thlepieels are only abouitlialf the size of tlhese. In adclditionto the rude specimiienlsmiany, I consider, are only partially manufactured,as Pl. XXXI, 1 and 2, aild P1. XXXIII, 4. The figuresare all shownhalf linear size.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.129 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:02:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 366 W. J. KNOWLES.--Stone Axe Pactoriesnear Cushendall,County Antrimz.

There are various typesof Irish stone axes in the polished condition,some of whichmight be considereda newer patternithan others,which had eitherbeeii introducedby later immigranlts,or perhaps had been developed by degrees from older types; but we findhere mostpatterns among these rudelymade specimens. There are exanmplesshowing various curves in the cutting edge, semicircular, ellipticaland -so on. There are expandingedges, squared sides, swages, and the kitchenmidden type, all made in these variousforms before being polished,and all apparentlycontemporaneous. Can any light be thrownon the age of these objects? Were they early, middleor late in the neolithic period? I have taken the implemenltsfrom the bottonmof the peat on the top of Tievebulliagh. I have also removed some of the peat, and dug in the clay underneath,and foundthe characteristicbluish flakesin the clay below wherethe peat stood. I have sirnilarrude axes fromthe townlaild of Dirneveagh,about threemiles fromBallynmena, which were foundby Mr. James Stewart,a farmer,who informedmiie that he got themin the clay at the bottomof a verydeep peat bog. iHe said a hollow would appear to have been made in the clay, aind the sixteen rude axes built up in a little heap in the hollow. The evidencelhere is the same as that oii Tievebulliagh,the axes are foundbelow the peat and associatedwith the clay on which it rests. There are various sectionsin the neighbourhoodof Ballyemon,which show the connectionof the peat with the boulderclay. In everycase the peat is restingdirectly on the clay,and is formed round any boulder that rises above the origiinalclayey surface. There is no intermediatelayer, as if the clay had undergonieweatherinlg, before the peat began to form. A considerablethickness of peat forinedin course of time,which is locally known as hard peat, and on the top of the hard peat the Scotch fir grew abundantly. These treesperished in time,and theirroots are niowcovered with a furtherthick coverilngof peat. Occasionally,as the farmercuts the peat forfuel, polishedstone axes are founidamong the rootsof the Scotch fir. Stone axes may have been manufactureddown to a later period; but here are two dates,the one betweenthe peat and the boulderclay, the otherabout the rootsof the Scotch fir that grewon the top of th-ehard peat. The rude axes from Tievebulliaghand Ballyemonbeing foundbelow the peat, and even mixed with the clay on which it restsis, I think,satisfactory proof that they are of the earliest date and belong to a very early stage in the neolithicperiod. As no kitchenmiiddens have as yet been found in the neighbourhoodof the sites,we have no evidenceof how the people lived. I should think they would occupythe numerous caves in the district,but no examination of themhas ye.t been made. If these caves were explored we would, no doubt,obtain further nterestinginformation.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.129 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:02:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journalof the AnthropologicalInstitute, Vol. XXXIII, 1903, Plate XXXI.

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