European Settlers' Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902-1912
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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2016 Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers' Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902-1912 Makhete Fall Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Fall, Makhete, "Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers' Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902-1912" (2016). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5569. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5569 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers’ Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902-1912 Makhete Fall Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Social Sciences At West Virginia University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History Robert M. Maxon, Ph. D., Chair Joseph M. Hodge, Ph. D. Mark B. Tauger, Ph. D. Tamba M’Bayo, Ph. D. Brent Mc Cusker, Ph. D. Department of History, Morgantown, West Virginia 2016 Keywords: European Settlers, Colonists’ Association, Legislative Council, East African Protectorate, Convention of Associations, Colonial Office, Land, Labor, Taxation. Copyright 2016 Makhete Fall Abstract Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers’ Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902-1912 Makhete Fall This study of European settlers’ political struggles encompasses a ten-year period (1902- 12) during which the foundations of Kenya’s modern politics were established. The dissertation follows political contestation originating from the East Africa Protectorate’s small European settler community during the administrations of four commissioners/governors. The politics of this period involved varied individuals and organizations that sought to move the colonial state in the direction of policies European politicians advocated in such critical areas as land and labor, the administration of justice, and in the system of government that applied to them and other residents of the protectorate. The settler politicians pushed for a voice in protectorate affairs on the way to the achievement of responsible government on the pattern of South Africa, from which so many of them came to the Kenya highlands. The drive to attain a “white man’s country” that marked this decade was thus very critical for future politics. The segregated system demanded by the Europeans had a huge impact on Kenyan history as did the types of organizations they founded and the tactics they adopted. Nevertheless, the European political struggles, while influential, never led to European political control and the establishment of a minority-ruled Kenya as the political agitation did not cause the Colonial Office to bow to the settler politicians’ demands. Dedication Robert and Evelyn Moore, my Mother N’deye N’dack Toure, Father Massow Fall, Sister Coumba Fall and Cherif, Brothers Khaly and Babacar, to all family members, my American family and friend Dr. Larry Clarke and his wife. Dr. Robert Maxon, Dr. Zdatny and family, Dr.Quigley and all my professors. Pastor Kirk Haas, his wife and family, Robert Moratoya and family and all migrants transiting from Africa to Europe. iii Table of Contents Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers’ Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902-1912 ………………….. i Abstract ….................................................................................................. ii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………………….. iii Abbreviations used in the work …………………………………………………………. vii Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................1 Background to European Settler Politics in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902-1912 Introduction.......................................................................................1 Research Objectives............................................................................4 Background to the Study.....................................................................8 Structure of the Dissertation.............................................................18 Review of Related Literature.............................................................19 Conclusion........................................................................................29 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................ 31 An Open Invitation to Some Conflictive British Outlanders into the EAP: A Social and Political Struggle in the Making Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..31 Sir Charles Eliot: The progenitor of European settlement in the EAP…………………………………………………………………………………33 Eliot’s Plan to Introduce European Settlers………………………………….37 New Rules Under Eliot……………………………………………………..………..41 European Colonists’ Response to Eliot’s Settlement Invitation……………………………………………………………………………….…50 Widening the Gate for More Settlers………………………………….………..59 iv The Start of European Political Organization……………………………….63 The End of Eliot’s Administration and Its Consequences……………….69 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….……80 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................83 Shifting Gears: A New Man on the Spot, Colonial Office Takeover and European Settlers’ First Political Demands Introduction.....................................................................................84 Stewart’s Administration and the European Settlers’ Influence.........................................................................................86 Stewart, the Land Issue and the Colonial Office Takeover.........................................................................................99 The Colonial Office Takes Over.......................................................109 The Colonists’ Association Demands...............................................125 Conclusion....................................................................................138 Chapter 4 .............................................................................................140 The age of conflicts and failures in Sadler’s administration, 1906-1909: European settlers’ violations of the Africans’ rights and intense political agitations in the EAP Introduction…………………………………………………………………….……..140 The Appointment of Sadler: A Familiar Face in the EAP………………141 The Colonial Office, Sadler and the Settlers…………………….………….150 The Politics of Violence, the Meaning of Grogan’s Flogging of African Servants in the EAP………………………………………….……….157 Significance of Grogan’s Incident……………………………………….……..174 Delamere and the Colonists’ Association Claim for Cheap v Labor…………………………………………………………………………….……….179 Labor Troubles and Significance of Delamere’s Incident………………………………………………………………………….………187 Indian Question……………………………………………………………………...191 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..194 Chapter 5 ..............................................................................................198 The peak of European settlers’ political influence and interference in the East Africa Protectorate’s administration under Governor Girouard from 1909 to 1912 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………208 Sir Percy Girouard as the New Man in the Spot…………………………...212 Sir Percy Girouard’s general constats de faits of the protectorate’s status quo and his inclination towards the European settlers…………………………………………………………………………………...216 Liasons dangereuses , Girouard and the European Settlers’ Alliance………………………………………………………………………………..…218 The dragging issues of the Land Bill implementation, sufficient labor supply and taxation…………………………………………………………………………………..223 Together as one: The European setttlers’ Convention of Associations…………………………………………………………………………...228 Death of an African and the case of a flagrant miscarriage of justice………………………………………………………………………………….…233 The second Maasai move: Stirring up a hornet’s nest………………….241 The demise of the European settlers’ ally: A fait accompli …………………………………………………………………………………244 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..248 Chapter 6 ..............................................................................................250 Conclusion......................................................................................250 vi Bibliography ............................................................................................272 Abbreviations APD Africa Protectorate Department CA Colonists’ Association C of A Convention of Associations CO Colonial Office CS Colonial State EAD East Africa Department EAP East Africa Protectorate E. A. S. East African Standard FO Foreign Office HMSO High Majesty Stationnary Office ICC International Criminal Court IO India Office Legco Legislative Council M.