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(Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Nueva Plaga En Cítricos; Comportamiento De Sus Poblaciones, Muestreo Y Enemigos Naturales

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(Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Nueva Plaga En Cítricos; Comportamiento De Sus Poblaciones, Muestreo Y Enemigos Naturales UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), nueva plaga en cítricos; comportamiento de sus poblaciones, muestreo y enemigos naturales TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: Cristina Navarro Campos Dirigida por: Dr. Ferran Garcia Marí Valencia, febrero, 2013 UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural Departamento de Ecosistemas Agroforestales Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), nueva plaga en cítricos; comportamiento de sus poblaciones, muestreo y enemigos naturales TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por: Cristina Navarro Campos Dirigida por: Dr. Ferran Garcia Marí Valencia, Febrero, 2013 A Concha, Víctor y Marieta. Bacterias, protistas, nematodos, ácaros y otras criaturas diminutas proliferan a nuestro alrededor, en una matriz animal que mantiene unida la superficie de la Tierra. Son materia de estudio y admiración potencialmente infinita, siempre que estemos dispuestos a apartar la mirada del mundo limitado por el horizonte, para fijarla en el mundo que tenemos a un palmo de distancia. Se puede pasar toda una vida en un viaje magallánico alrededor del tronco de un solo árbol. Edward O. Wilson “El Naturalista” Agradecimientos Mi primer agradecimiento es para Ferran, quien además de enseñarme durante el trabajo de investigación que lleva la tesis, también me ha contagiado su entusiasmo y su respecto por la ciencia. Su experiencia, paciencia, capacidad de trabajo y talento para ver más allá de los datos han sido importantes estímulos. Gracias Ferran!!! Han colaborado directamente en la realización de la tesis, y por tanto mi gran agradecimiento a: Amparo Aguilar, quien además de ello, alegraba el laboratorio día si día también, a Tolis quien sin ser codirector del trabajo ha actuado como tal, siempre dispuesto a ayudar y aportar otros puntos de vista. También ha colaborado directamente Carmen Marzal, a quien desgraciadamente se va a echar mucho de menos. Asimismo, han ayudado indirectamente en la realización de la tesis el grupo de entomología. Especialmente Rafa Laborda con su inagotable bombardeo de ideas y por haberme descubierto la mirada al suelo. También Aleixandre Beltrà, quien nos ha embarcado en dos proyectos muy interesantes y quien es una fuente de buenos consejos y de iniciativa. Juan Antonio, con quien da gusto trabajar y ver como aporta luz al manejo de una de las plagas más peligrosas del momento. Altea, quien a pesar de ser la última incorporación llega pisando fuerte y contagia su tesón en el trabajo y su alegría. A Paco quien me ha aconsejado en aspectos referentes a la identificación de los ácaros y otras formalidades. A Toñi por contar conmigo para sus clases de trips y muchas más cosas y a Paloma por ayudar en todo. Finalmente, Alejandro, quien desde que estaba en la UPV hasta ahora aporta sus valiosas enseñanzas y sugerencias. Agradezco a los técnicos de la empresa Tragsatec, S.A., en especial a Lucía Peris, Marta Guillén y Oscar López su colaboración y la cesión de las trampas sobre las que hemos obtenido información para esta tesis. A Aleixandre, Alejandro, Altea, Amparo, Carlos, Eva, Juan Antonio, Natalia, Tolis y el resto de compañeros del IAM por compartir todo este tiempo entre risas y discusiones sobre como arreglar la agronomía, el mundo y mucho más… A Ada Waimer por ceder su parcela hasta en horas intempestivas y por su amable apoyo. A Jose Padilla por ayudarnos a buscar parcelas con daños del trips. A Marieta, mi hermana y amiga, quien ha realizado las ilustraciones de la tesis. A mis padres por transmitirme el placer de aprender y enseñar y aprender… A Xuso porque es un encanto de persona y de novio y por haberme aguantado con una paciencia infinita. A todos mis amigos por preocuparse durante el largo proceso de la realización de la tesis, pero en especial a quien en el transcurso de este tiempo me ha ayudado en algunas cosas referentes a ella: Elisa, Diego, Guillem, Mathieu, Neus y Miquel. ¡Que sentimental me he puesto! Índice Índice de contenidos Resumen ............................................................................................................................ i Resum ............................................................................................................................. iii Summary .......................................................................................................................... v Capítulo 1. Introducción ................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Los trips como plagas ............................................................................................... 3 1.2. Pezothrips kellyanus: origen y distribución geográfica ............................................. 4 1.3. Evolución histórica como plaga de cítricos ............................................................... 5 1.4. Hospedantes .............................................................................................................. 6 1.5. Descripción morfológica ........................................................................................... 8 1.6. Ciclo biológico y su abundancia estacional ............................................................ 10 1.7. Identificación de los daños ...................................................................................... 11 1.8. Muestreo y umbrales ............................................................................................... 12 1.9. Control químico ...................................................................................................... 13 1.10. Control biológico .................................................................................................. 13 1.11. Ácaros depredadores presentes en el suelo ........................................................... 14 1.12. Referencias ............................................................................................................ 17 Capítulo 2. Justificación y objetivos ........................................................................... 25 Capítulo 3. Especies de trips en el cultivo de los cítricos; clave para distinguir la nueva plaga, Pezothrips kellyanus, de otras especies de trips ................................... 29 3.1. Introducción ........................................................................................................... 32 3.2. Material y métodos .................................................................................................. 34 3.3. Resultados y discusión ............................................................................................ 35 3.3.1. Abundancia relativa de las especies de trips en cítricos ...................... 35 3.3.2. Identificación de las especies de trips en cítricos ................................ 38 3.4. Referencias ........................................................................................................... 47 Capítulo 4. Population trend and fruit damage of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in citrus orchards in Valencia (Spain) ......................... 51 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 54 4.2. Material and methods .............................................................................................. 55 4.2.1. Geographical spread of KCT in Valencia region ................................ 55 4.2.2. Seasonal trend ..................................................................................... 55 4.2.2.1. Orchards ................................................................................ 55 4.2.2.2. Sampling methods ................................................................. 55 4.2.3. Data analysis ....................................................................................... 57 4.3. Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 57 4.3.1. Geographical spread ............................................................................ 57 4.3.2. Seasonal trend ..................................................................................... 59 4.3.3. Sampling methods .............................................................................. 63 Índice 3.4. References ............................................................................................................... 64 Capítulo 5. Aggregation pattern, sampling plan, and intervention threshold for Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in citrus groves ............................. 67 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 70 5.2. Material and methods .............................................................................................. 71 5.2.1. Sampling orchards ............................................................................... 71 5.2.2. Sampling procedures ............................................................................ 72 5.2.3. Thrips identification ............................................................................. 72 5.2.4. Dispersion pattern ................................................................................ 73 5.2.5. Economic injury levels ........................................................................ 73 5.2.6. Enumerative
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