Holography Vs. Resummed Field Theory. a Comparative Study

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Holography Vs. Resummed Field Theory. a Comparative Study Properties of the Vacuum in Models for QCD: Holography vs. Resummed Field Theory. A Comparative Study. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Fakult¨at f¨ur Physik der Ludwig-Maximillians-Universit¨at zu M¨unchen vorgelegt von Andrey V. Zayakin aus Yakutsk Oktober 2010 1. Gutachter: Priv. Doz.Dr. J. Erdmenger, LMU M¨unchen 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Christian R¨omelsberger, LMU M¨unchen Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 17.01.2011 To the political prisoners in present-day Russia Contents Introduction 0.1 Motivation.................................... 5 0.1.1 TheProblemoftheStrongCoupling . 5 0.1.2 AdS/CFTCorrespondence. 7 0.1.3 StructureofthisWork . 10 0.2 Perturbative and Non-Perturbative Approaches to QCD: a ShortReview . 12 0.2.1 CondensatesandHadronPhysics . 12 0.2.2 GluonCondensateandHolography . 17 0.2.3 ChiralCondensateandHolography . 32 0.2.4 Condensates and Field Theory Resummations . ... 32 I Holography 33 1 ChiralMagneticEffectinSoft-WallAdS/QCD 34 1.1 Introduction................................... 34 1.2 TheSoft-WallModel .............................. 35 1.2.1 GaugePartoftheAction . 35 1.2.2 On-shellActionandSymmetryCurrents . 38 1.2.3 TheDivergenceoftheVectorCurrent. .. 39 1.2.4 TheBardeenCounterterm . 40 1.3 ScalarsandPseudoscalars . .. 41 1.3.1 KineticTermandPotential . 41 1.3.2 Chern-SimonsActionwithScalars. 42 1.4 Summary .................................... 45 2 Low-Energy Theorems in Holography 47 2.1 Introduction................................... 47 2.2 NormalizationofOperators . 48 i ii Contents 2.3 Low-EnergyTheorems ............................. 56 2.3.1 Dilatation Ward Identities in a Self-Dual Background ........ 56 2.3.2 Decoupling Theorem in Backgrounds with Gluon Condensate.... 61 2.4 Quarkonium Transport in Self-Dual Background . ...... 64 2.4.1 Self-Dual Background at Zero Temperature. .... 64 2.4.2 Self-Dual Background at Finite Temperature . ..... 65 2.5 Discussion.................................... 68 2.6 Appendix:EquationsofMotion . 68 3 ChiralCondensateScalinginaMagneticField 71 3.1 Motivation.................................... 72 3.1.1 ChiralCondensateinFieldTheory . 72 3.1.2 LimitationsofTraditionalApproaches . ... 73 3.1.3 ChiralSymmetryBreakingandHolography . 73 3.2 D7 Brane with a Maxwell Field in a Deformed AdS Background . ..... 75 3.3 Condensate ................................... 76 3.4 Summary .................................... 79 4 VacuumMagnetizationinStrongFields 80 4.1 Notion of Vacuum and Condensate Magnetization . ..... 80 4.2 VacuumMagnetizationfromHolography . ... 85 4.3 Discussion.................................... 89 II Resummed Field Theory 91 5 ANovelResummationofWilsonLoops 92 5.1 Overview..................................... 92 5.2 ESSZEquation ................................. 93 5.3 Dyson–SchwingerEquations . .. 97 5.4 SolvingESSZEquation. 101 5.5 Summary .................................... 104 6 Dyson–Schwinger Equations, Non-Local Condensates and Effective Ac- tions 108 6.1 Overview..................................... 108 6.2 Dyson–SchwingerEquations . 110 6.2.1 FormulationofDSEwithQuarks . 110 Contents iii 6.3 Non-localCondensate.............................. 113 6.3.1 Dependence on Mass of the Condensate Shape . 113 6.3.2 Local Quark Condensate and Quark Virtuality Dependence on Mass 114 6.3.3 Condensate Response to an External Field . 116 6.4 EffectiveActionduetoCondensates . 119 6.5 Discussion.................................... 122 6.6 ARecentlyProposedExperiment . 123 6.7 The γγ ScatteringinHolography . 126 6.8 PhantomQCDEffects ............................. 128 6.9 AbuseofCondensates ............................. 131 6.10 Instead of a Conclusion: What does QCD Contribute? . ....... 132 7 Comparison:Resummationsvs.Holography 133 7.1 MainResults .................................. 133 7.2 CommentsonComparedValues . 135 7.2.1 Decoupling ............................... 135 7.2.2 WilsonLineandQuark-QuarkPotential . 136 7.2.3 LinearCondensateScaling . 137 7.2.4 Magnetization.............................. 137 7.3 Conclusion.................................... 137 7.4 DevelopmentsofHolographicModels . 138 Acknowledgements.................................... ..............................140 Contents 1 Zusammenfassung Diese Doktorarbeit betrachtet zwei Methoden der Untersuchung des Vakuums – Holo- graphie und die resummierte Feldtheorie. Im UV-Bereich spielen die nichtperturbative QCD-Effekte nur eine untergeordnete Rolle, und die Dynamik der Theorie kann exakt durch die St¨orungstheorie vorhergesagt. Im Gegensatz dazu, ist die IR Physik (z.B. Spek- tren und Zerf¨alle leichter Mesonen) sehr empfindlich auf die nichtperturbativen Eigen- schaften der Theorie. Die Beispiele nichtperturbativer Parameter der QCD sind das Gluon-Kondensat und das Quark-Kondensat. Kondensate gehen in viele niederenergetis- che Beobachtungsgr¨ossen ein, und sind daher direkt auf Experimente verbunden. Anderer- seits, erreicht die Leistung der jetzt geplanten moderner Hochleistungslaser-Einrichtungen (z.B. das ELI-Projekt) bereits nahezu die Grenze der Quark-Skala. Deshalb ist die Dynamik der Kondensate von besonderer Wichtigkeit; jedoch ist wenig ¨uber den Erzeugungsmechanismus jedes der Kondensate bekannt, und unterschiedliche Hypothesen dar¨uber werden gehandelt. Deswegen kann hier ein Modell-bildender Ansatz n¨utzlich sein. In dieser Dissertation vergleiche ich zwei Klassen verschiedener Modelle f¨ur die Dynamik von Kondensaten. Die erste Klasse enth¨alt die sogenannten holographischen Modelle der QCD. Basierend auf der Maldacena-Vermutung wird hier versucht, die Eigen- schaften von QCD-Korrelationsfunktionen aus dem Verhalten von klassischen L¨osungen der Feldgleichungen in einer mehr-dimensionalen Theorie zu berechnen. Der Vorteil holo- graphischer Modelle besteht darin, dass sie eine stark-gekoppelte vierdimensionale Eich- feldtheorie als dualen Partner einer schwach-gekoppelten (und dadurch l¨osbaren) String/Su- pergravitations-Theorie liefern k¨onnen. Die Schwierigkeit dieser Modelle ist ihre Relevanz f¨ur die tats¨achliche QCD. Keines der derzeit gehandelten Modelle wird als “vollst¨andig” dual zur tats¨achlichen QCD angesehen. M¨ogliche Defizite der Dualit¨at sind die Anwe- senheit zus¨atzlicher Teilchen im Spektrum, die verbleibenden Supersymmetrien, falsche Wiedergabe der Spektren von Mesonen und Baryonen etc. Dennoch stimmt der Holo- graphische Ansatz in vielen Bereichen hervorragend mit experimentellen Daten ¨uberein. Diese Erfolge beziehen sich auf die Vorhersage eines sehr kleinen Verh¨altnisses von Viskosit¨at zu Entropie Verhaltens und die Vorhersage von Mesonen-Spectra auf eine Genauigkeit von bis zu 5% in einigen Modellen. Andererseits sind die Resummierungsmethoden in der Feldtheorie bislang sind noch nicht verworfen worden; im Gegenteil es existiert eine ganze “Resummierungsindustrie” f¨ur die QCD-Korellatoren durch Integralgleichungen, vor allem die Dyson–Schwinger-Gleichungen. Beide Methodenklassen haben einen Zugang zu den Kondensaten. So wird eine um- fasende Untersuchung von Kondensaten erm¨oglicht, in der meine Berechnungen in resum- mierter Feldtheorie und Holographie miteinander verglichen werden, sowie mit Resultaten 2 Contents aus Gitter-Rechnungen und Experimenten. Ich beweise, dass die Niederenergie-Theoreme der QCD in holographischen Modellen mit einem Gluon-Kondensat in nicht-trivialer Weise ihre G¨ultigkeit behalten. Ich zeige, dass das sogenannte “Decoupling relation” der QCD in holographischen Modellen mit chiralen und Gluon-Kondensaten g¨ultig bleibt, wohingegen diese Relation im Dyson–Schwinger Ansatz versagt. Im Gegensatz dazu stimmen meine Ergebnisse zum chiralen magnetischen Effekt bei holographischer Behandlung nicht mit den Vorhersagen bei der schwachen Kopplung ¨uberein; dort ist der chirale magnetische Effekt (d.h. die Erzeugung elektrisches Stromes in einem Magnetfeld) dreimal geringer als in der schwach gekoppelten QCD. F¨ur das chirale Kondensat ergibt sich eine quadratische Abh¨angigkeit in einem magnetischen Feld sowohl bei Behandlung im Dyson–Schwinger- Ansatz als auch bei holographischer Behandlung. Dabei wissen wir, dass im exakten chiralen Limes das Kondensat linear sein sollte. Deshalb fehlt beiden Klassen von Mod- ellen das korrekte Verhalten des Kondensats im chiralen Limes. Ich finde auch, dass die Magnetisierung des QCD Vakuums nicht mit Gitter-Daten zur Magnetisierung des chiralen Kondensates ¨ubereinstimmt. Man findet eine merkw¨urdige nicht-monotone Abh¨angigkeit vom Magnetfeld mit einer Spitze bei einem charakteristischen Wert des Feldes. Ich ver- mute hier, die Spitze mit der k¨urzlich vorgeschlagenen Hypothese einer elektromagnetis- chen Supraleitung des QCD Vakuums in Verbindung stehen k¨onnte. Schließlich vergle- iche ich das Quark-Quark-Potenzial aus der Holographischen Modellen und aus Gitter- Rechnungen, und mit dem Potenzial, das ich aus einer Kombination von Dyson-Schwinger und Erickson–Semenoff–Szabo–Zarembo Resummierungen berechne. Abgesehen vom per- turbativen Coulomb-Potenzial, finde ich Confinement in der resummierten Theorie, jedoch ist dies auf eine sehr kurze Reichweite begrenzt und erlaubt uns nicht tief ins IR vorzudrin- gen. Dies wird als ein Hinweis auf eine sehr begrenzte Anwendbarkeit von Resummationen im tiefen IR interpretiert; im Gegensatz dazu, liefert die Holographie stabile und realistis- che Ergebnisse. Wenn resummierte nichtlokale Kondensate mit bekannten nicht-lokalen ph¨anomenolo- gischen Werten verglichen werden, stellt sich die Absch¨atzung der Nichtlokalit¨at
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