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Etnički Identiteti U Ranosrednjovjekovnoj Hrvatskoj – Materijalni I Pisani Izvori

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Etnički Identiteti U Ranosrednjovjekovnoj Hrvatskoj – Materijalni I Pisani Izvori Filozofski fakultet Goran Bilogrivić ETNIČKI IDENTITETI U RANOSREDNJOVJEKOVNOJ HRVATSKOJ – MATERIJALNI I PISANI IZVORI DOKTORSKI RAD Zagreb, 2016. Filozofski fakultet Goran Bilogrivić ETNIČKI IDENTITETI U RANOSREDNJOVJEKOVNOJ HRVATSKOJ – MATERIJALNI I PISANI IZVORI DOKTORSKI RAD Mentori: Dr. sc. Mirja Jarak, izv. prof. Dr. sc. Neven Budak, red. prof. Zagreb, 2016. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Goran Bilogrivić ETHNIC IDENTITIES IN EARLY MEDIEVAL CROATIA – MATERIAL AND WRITTEN SOURCES DOCTORAL THESIS Supervisors: Prof. Mirja Jarak, PhD Prof. Neven Budak, PhD Zagreb, 2016. MENTORI Dr. sc. Mirja Jarak, izvanredni profesor Mirja Jarak rođena je u Zagrebu 1962. g. Na Filozofskome fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu diplomirala je dvopredmetni studij filozofije i arheologije 1986. Magistrirala je (1990.) i doktorirala (1998.) na Odsjeku za arheologiju Filozofskoga fakulteta s temama iz kasnoantičke arheologije. Na istom Odsjeku zaposlena je od kraja 1987. g. Od 1993. g. zaposlena je na Katedri za opću srednjovjekovnu i nacionalnu arheologiju, kojoj je od 2000. do 2009. bila predstojnicom. Od akad. god. 1989./90. drži nastavu na Odsjeku za arheologiju. Održala je velik broj kolegija, predavanja i seminara, s različitim temama iz starokršćanske i srednjovjekovne nacionalne arheologije (20-ak tematski različitih kolegija do uvođenja bolonjskog sustava, a unutar bolonjskog studija uz neke stare, uvela je i niz novih kolegija). Od održanih kolegija neki su se bavili temama opće srednjovjekovne arheologije (primjerice Panonija od 6. do 9. stoljeća, Panonija u ranom i razvijenom srednjem vijeku), a većina je bila posvećena starokršćanskoj i ranosrednjovjekovnoj baštini u užem ili širem kontekstu (primjerice Uvod u ranokršćansku ikonografiju, Starokršćanski i ranosrednjovjekovni sarkofazi, Ranosrednjovjekovna groblja). Unutar bolonjskoga studija M. Jarak nositeljica je 11 kolegija na preddiplomskom i diplomskom studiju. Od akad. g. 1996./97. drži nastavu i na poslijediplomskome studiju arheologije, gdje je angažirana kao mentorica. Sudjeluje i u radu doktorskoga studija medievistike. Akad. god. 2007./08. i u zimskome semestru 2008./09. bila je pročelnica Odsjeka za arheologiju. Boravila je na više inozemnih sveučilišta i održala veći broj priopćenja na znanstvenim skupovima. Znanstveni rad Mirje Jarak posvećen je, kao i njezina nastavna djelatnost, kasnoantičkoj i srednjovjekovnoj arheologiji i povijesti. Znanstveni radovi mogu se podijeliti prema užim tematskim područjima. Ističu se radovi posvećeni kasnoantičkoj i ranosrednjovjekovnoj arhitekturi i skulpturi i različitim problemima predromaničkog razdoblja u Hrvatskoj. Značajna skupina radova bavi se povijesnim i hagiografskim temama (radovi koji tematiziraju kasnoantičke i srednjovjekovne literarne izvore za područje Panonije i Dalmacije). Za knjigu objavljenu 2013. g. (Crkvena arhitektura 7. i 8. stoljeća: uvod u studij predromanike, Književni krug Split), dobitnica je Godišnje nagrade Filozofskoga fakulteta. Dr. sc. Neven Budak, redoviti profesor Neven Budak (Zagreb, 1957.) je od 2002. redoviti profesor hrvatske povijesti srednjeg vijeka na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Usavršavao se u Austriji i kao stipendist fondacija Alexander von Humboldt i Max Planck u Njemačkoj. Više je godina predavao na Srednjoeuropskom sveučilištu u Budimpešti. Objavio je nekoliko knjiga i sedamdesetak znanstvenih članaka, od kojih mnoge u inozemstvu. Sudjeluje u uredništvu i savjetu nekoliko časopisa u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu. Držao je predavanja u nizu europskih zemalja, Kanadi, Australiji i Japanu. Četiri godine obnašao je dužnost dekana Filozofskog fakulteta, a od 1999. do 2012. bio je predsjednik Hrvatskog nacionalnog odbora za povijesne znanosti. Godine 2012. imenovan je posebnim savjetnikom za znanost Predsjednika Vlade Republike Hrvatske, a sada vodi projekt provedbe Strategije obrazovanja, znanosti i tehnologije „Nove boje znanja“. Dobitnik je Medalje Filozofskog fakulteta za znanstveni rad objavljen u katalogu Renesansa u Hrvatskoj (2004.), Velikog počasnog križa savezne zemlje Gradišće/Burgenland (2007.), Nagrade Grada Zagreba (2008.), Posebnog priznanja Rektora Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (2013.) i nagrade „Vjekoslav Klaić“ Hrvatskog nacionalnog odbora za povijesne znanosti i Društva za hrvatsku povjesnicu za popularizaciju povijesne znanosti (2015.). SAŽETAK Polazeći od viđenja etničkih skupina kao kulturno pripisanih identitetskih skupina temeljenih na izražavanju stvarne ili pretpostavljene zajedničke kulture i podrijetla, u disertaciji se razmatra problematika etničkih i drugih identiteta na području ranosrednjovjekovne Hrvatske. Težište je na proučavanju uloge materijalne kulture u stvaranju, održavanju i komuniciranju identiteta te je stoga kao osnovno polazište primijenjen kontekstualni pristup tumačenju arheoloških nalaza. Vremenski je fokus usmjeren prije svega na 9. stoljeće, kada se u pisanim izvorima javljaju prvi ranosrednjovjekovni etnonimi na području nekadašnje rimske provincije Dalmacije. Uzevši u obzir dostupne pisane izvore i arheološke nalaze pokazano je da je na početku ranoga srednjeg vijeka najvjerojatnije bilo doseoba novoga stanovništva prema istočnoj jadranskoj obali, međutim njihovo identificiranje s određenim etničkim skupinama nužno ostaje otvorenim. Tijekom većeg dijela 8. stoljeća društvena slika je relativno ujednačena i jednostavna. Zbog odsutstva pokazatelja trajnije i veće društvene stratifkacije, za proučavanje i objašnjavanje toga perioda prikladnim se čini model koji pretpostavlja postojanje manjih zajednica s uglednicima (big-men) na čelu. U tome svjetlu provedena je i analiza geneze i razvoja pojma "starohrvatski" te koncepta "starohrvatske" arheološke kulture, koji su se pokazali višestruko problematičnima. Do snažnije integracije društva dolazi u posljednjoj četvrtini 8. stoljeća, sa širenjem franačke vlasti u susjednim krajevima. Tada se formira nova elita u dalmatinskome zaleđu, čiji je identitet u mnogočemu oslonjen na karolinške modele. Pojedini segmenti identitetskog diskursa očituju se u grobnim nalazima, kroz višestruku simboliku prilaganja oružja i drugih predmeta kao simbola statusa, moći i pripadnosti. Kao prvi poznati uži skupni identitet javljaju se Guduščani, koje nešto kasnije kao dominantna Francima odana skupina zamijenjuju Hrvati. Ranosrednjovjekovna Hrvatska Kneževina također se razvija u ovisnosti o Francima i po uzoru na njih u mnogim segmentima. U tome periodu, tijekom druge trećine 9. stoljeća i dalje, običaj prilaganja predmeta u grobove postepeno nestaje, no isticanje identiteta očituje se u gradnji i opremanju crkava. Kako su na nemalom broju trabeacija oltarnih ograda sačuvani spomeni vladara i njihovih župana, uklanjanje ranijih instalacija može se u određenim slučajevima tumačiti kao namjerno uklanjanje spomena i sjećanja na prethodnika te pokazivanja vlastite nadmoći. Uz vladarska imena i titule ponekad dolaze i etničke oznake, koje se k tome javljaju na prilično uskom prostoru, pa se u postavljanju crkvenog namještaja s takvim natpisma može vidjeti i svjesno komuniciranje prevladavajućeg etničkog identiteta, hrvatskoga. SUMMARY The current dominant standpoint in sociology and anthropology that communities such as ethnic groups and nations are "immagined", i. e. that for a great part they rely on the belief in common origins, does not imply that they are any less real, important and significant. That ethnicity matters is evident in numerous aspects all around the world, practically on a daily basis. As in the more benign peaceful ones, such as sports, cultural and other, so too in political, often wartime contexts. It is precisely through instrumentalization of culture in various political spheres that the full mobilizing power of ethnicity is enabled. In such processes the leading role is held by elites – political, intellectual, economical. Numerous sources show the existence and application of similar patterns in the more distant past as well. Because they are visible within a complex social picture, the exploration of ethnic and other Early Medieval identities can't be unilateral and onesided, as shown by numerous discussions on a theoretical, as well as on a more practical level. In order to study and try to comprehend them in as wide a scope as possible, it is necessary to encompass as many available sources as possible. Due to their fragmentary nature within the mentioned period, application of different approaches copmpatible with contemporary views on ethnic identities is required. In historiographical research such an approach is the long-established and through the decades largely modified concept of ethnogenesis. It is focused on examining the role of elites in forming and maintaining past ethnic groups and studying various means employed in those processes, among them the origo gentis, the narrative of distant common origins. Because of the importance of the cultural dimension of ethnicity, one must not neglect the study of material culture and its elements which could have been used in such processses, and in that segment archaeology has an unavoidable role. Archaeological discussion of (ethnic) identities is a separate research area in itself. There is a series of approaches and standpoints, from traditional and well established to the newer hypercritical ones. In search of an approach compatible with contemporary sociological and anthropological research of ethnic identities, a contextual archaeological approach is chosen as the starting point in this thesis. It stresses the symbolic importance
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