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The Spread of the Slaves. Part I. the Croats. Author(S): H

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The Spread of the Slaves. Part I. the Croats. Author(S): H The Spread of the Slaves. Part I. The Croats. Author(s): H. H. Howorth Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 7 (1878), pp. 324-341 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841009 . Accessed: 16/06/2014 17:04 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 91.229.229.96 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:04:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 324 H. H. HoWORTH.-The Srread of the Slaves. groundssome three years ago, picked up a fine specimen of a saw, measuringtwo and a-half inches; and arrow heads are spoken of. Worked flakes and roughly-shapedspear-points have also been collected on the opposite river-bank. At Zawiyat, Ariyain (naked men's corner?), about five miles above the pyramidsof Gi'zeh, lies the platformof a similar feature,now ruined; and here,near the place where the saw came to hand,Mr. Hayns latelydiscovered a flakewhich appears to be a scraper. For remarksupon the collectionof flintimplements at Bulak see the " Notice des Principaux Monuments,"&c. Le Cairo, Morir6s,fifth ed., pp. 81-2. I have greatdoubts concerning the little collection which is herewithforwarded. To me only one flake,round which I have tied a thread,appears as if worked. The otherslook like mere olats,which may be due to the causes which have overspread the Libyan desertwith millions of specimens,numbers which, as Drs. Schweinfurthand Giinfeldtremark, completely forbid our attributingthem to art. However, your practised eye may correct niy hasty judgment,and I am anxious to learn the resultof yourexamination. TRIESTE,June 19, 1877. RICHARD F. BURTON. The followingpapers were then read by the Director in the absenceof the Authors- THE SPREAD of t;heSLAVES. Part I. THE CROATS. By H. H. HOWORTH,EsQ., F.S.A. By your favourI have recentlycommenced a seriesof papers on the ethnographyof Germany; I findit difficultto proceedin this workwithout at the same time consideringthe migrations and changes which the Slavic races have been subject to. Germans and Slaves being close neighbours,with frontiers frequentlyshifting and overlapping,it is almost impossible to understandthe revolutionswhich have overtakenthe one race, nor to map out its details correctly,without at the same time This content downloaded from 91.229.229.96 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:04:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HOWORTH.-TheSpread of the Slaves. 325 surveyingits neighbours. I thereforepropose to writea number of papers concurrentlywith the series on the Germanicraces, in which I shall treat of the ethnographyof the Slaves: and I findit convenientto begin withthe Croats. The synonymyof the Croats has been collected with great patience by Schafarik,and fromhis classic work I take the followinglist of synonyms. By the Emperor Constantine Porphyrognitus,they were called Chrobatoi; by Cedrenos Khorbatoi; by Zonaras, Krabatoi; by NicephorusBryennios, Khorobatoi by Khoniates, Khrabatia; by Khalkokondylas Krokatioi. The Arab Masudi calls them Khorwatin. A gau in Karintheais called Crawati in an earlydocument. In deeds of 954 and 978 they are called Khrowat; by Dithmar Khru- uati; by the " AnnalistaSaxo," Krowate; in the Saxon Chronicle Kruwati; a village Crnbate is mentioned in 1055; another Gravat in 1086; the land of Kurbatia by Lupus Protospathes; Chrowatiby Cosmas of Prague; Cruacia by Martin Gallus Croatii by Kadlulek. Alfred the Great calls them Horithi; Croataeand Croatia occur in native documentsof 892, 925, 1076, and 1078; Chrobataein a deed of 1059, etc. In the Cyrilian legend of Saint Wenzel, dating probablyfrom the tenthcentury, the name is writtenKhrbate, Khorbate, Khrabate; Khrobateby Nestorin the copywritten in 1377; Khrbatein the oldest Servian MSS.; Khrbaten in an old Bulgarian MS.; Harwati,in the Dalmatian Chronicleof Diokleas, Kharwati in Dalimil, etc. The Croats pronouncetheir own names Hr'wati, Horwati, The Serbs and Illyrians call them Hr'wat,plural Hr'wati. In both cases, as in the words hrabren,hrast, hren, hvala, hud, etc.,h standsfor the old ch. The Hungarianscall themHorva- tok,the Germans,Kroats, and Krobats. The original formof all these names is Khr'watin in the singular, and Khr'wati in the plural, and according to all authoritiesknown to me, including Schafarik,is derived froin the Carpathians,which in old Slavic were named Krib, or Khrebet. This word means a mountainor hill, and occurs in compositionin many Slavic localities,as Slovenski hribi in Steiermark;also severalplaces in Russia, as Khriby,a village on the Kolpinka,and the Khribianwoods and marshes in the same district; Khrebine,a village west of Vladimir,etc. From Khrib we get Khrebet,the term applied generallyto large mountainranges by the Russians,as Yablonoi Khrebet,Uralskoi, Khrebet, Kamskatskoi Khrebet' etc. (Id., i, 488.) Croat thereforemeans merely an inhabitant of the Carpathians. Accordingto Schafarik,the whole of the northernslopes of thesemountains, stretching from the Sutschawa to the sources This content downloaded from 91.229.229.96 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:04:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 326 H. H. HOWOETH.-The Spread of the Slaves. ofthe Vistula,was knownfrom the fifthto the tenthcentury as Khrby,and sometimes,by the permutationof consonants, Khrwy, or Khrwaty(id.), and this is the region,according to the best authorities,whence the Croatsoriginally came. The author to whom we are indebted for the first notice of the migrationof the Croats, is the Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenituswhose notice has been sifted with great critical acumen and skill by Schafarik,the author of the " SlavonicAntiquities." Constantinetells us how in the reignof the EmperorHeraclius, the Avares havingdriven the Romans out of Dalmatia, and that provincehaving been convertedinto a desert,the Chrobati,by the Emperor's invitation,entered that country,drove the Avares out,' and settled there. Schafarik dates the invasionof the Avares about the year 630, and their expulsion about 634. (Op. cit., ii, 241.)- "Previously the Chrobatilived," says the Emperor,"beyond Bagibaria,where still live the Belo Khrobati" (i.e., the White Khrobati),wbich doubtless means,the Free Khrobati,as distinguishedfrom the Black or subjectKhrobati. In anotherplace he tells us that in his day these White Khrobati still lived-intheir own land, near the Franks,and subject to Otho the Great. In a thirdplace, wherehe describesthe old countryof the Servians,he tells us it was situatedbeyond the land of the Turks-(i.e., the Magyars),and was called Boiki, and was near Francia and Great or White Khrobatia. (Stritter,ii, 157 and 390.) As Schafarik says, thereis muchambiguity in these apparentlydistinct statements. Boiki has been oftensupposed to representBohemia; but the land whencethe Servianscame was called Boiki by themselves; while as is well known, Bohemia has always amongthe Slaves been called Cheky. Again, Constantinedoes not write the name Boike, as he would have done if he wished to connect it with the Boii, but Boiki (indeclinable,as was the custom of the Greeks in writingbarbarous names). Schafarikconcludes, as I think most justly, that by Boiki there is no reference to Bohemia, but a referenceto the Russinian tribe of the Boyki (IRussin. Boyki, singular Boyok), who still live in Eastern Gallicia fromthe Dniester to the Pruth, in the dis- trictof Samborand Stryi,in thelower part of Stanislawof,and Kolomyi, and also scattered in the districtof Chorkofand very probably still further north. Constantine's putting Borki in the neighbourhoodof the land of the Franks, was perhaps due to some confusionin his own mind betweenBoiki and Bohemia. Constantinein another place describes White Croatia as situated beyond the Turks, which with him means the Hun- garians. This content downloaded from 91.229.229.96 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:04:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HoWORTH.-The Spread of theSlcaves. 327 Again,as to Bagibaria,some would make it equivalentwith dwellerson the Wag or the Bug; others a corruptionof Babi- egorbo,an old name forthe Carpathians;(Stritter, ii, 389, note.) Othersagain connect it with Bavaria; Bavaria then stretched as far as the Danube, and Gallicia mightwell be describedas being beyondBavaria and the land of the Turks (i.e., of the Magyars). (Id., ii, 243.) On turningto otherauthorities, we findthis conclusion amply supported. Nestor,the firstRussian chronicler,in speakingof the timesbefore the arrivalof the Varagians, names the Khorwati in close proximitywith the Dulyebii,who lived on the Bug, and the Tiwertzi who lived on the Dniester. And he distinctly calls themKhrobate biele, or White Croats. In describingthe campaignof Oleg againstthe Greeks,in 906, he mentionshow he was assistedby contingentsof men fromthe Varagians,the Slovenians,the people of Novgorod,the Chudes,the Kriwichi, the Mera,the Polani of Kief,the Derewanii,the Radimiches,the Severani,the Wiatiches, the Khorwati, the Dulyibii, and the Tiwertzi." These Khorwati,"as Schafariksays, " no doubtwere the White Khorwati, who lived beyond the Carpathians. In 981 Vladimir declared war against Mechislaf of Poland, apparentlyto reconquer certain places in Gallicia which had been won by Oleg,but had been re-occupiedby the Poles. He took the towns of Cherwen (now called Czermo),on the river Guczwa,Peremysl, etc.
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