sign in sign up
<<
Home , Asemeia (plant), Cartrema, Cartrema americana, Coleataenia, Crepidomanes, Didymoglossum

CHINQUAPIN The Newsletter of the Southern appalachian Botanical Society

Volume 19 (4) 2011

the mistletoe is not clear and is not necessary to justify hanging the Eastern Mistletoe twigs with their white over doorways. This is dioecious, that is, has unisexual so about Mistletoes are parasitic half of the mistletoes lack fruits. What is not generally known is that that grow on . There are the fruiting plants are also in full . It takes one year for the several families of mistletoes; they fruits to develop. These are below the flowering branch. But you will reach their greatest diversity in have to look carefully to see them because they are among the small- the tropics where most have large, est of any of our native plants. They are yellowish-green and showy bird-pollinated flowers. only a few mm in size. In the Eastern we Unlike its purported role in bringing humans together, we know have only two species with drab very little about what brings mistletoes together. They do not have minute flowers. Dwarf Mistletoe, the structure of wind-pollinated flowers as might be predicted of Arceuthobium pusillum, is north- plants growing in trees. Rather, I think insects play a role in pollina- ern and occurs on black spruce tion as there are tiny nectary-like structures in the flowers. And anal- (Picea mariana). Mature plants ysis of honey from the American South revealed mistletoe pollen in are only a few mm tall. The other Eastern Mistletoe fruits in the winter the honey indicating bees visit the flowers. Few other nectar sources is the very widespead, well-known with white, translucent berry-like would be available to bees in the dead of winter. Eastern Mistletoe, Phoradendron fruits. Like its tropical relatives, Eastern Mistletoe depends on birds for leucarpum, a much larger species growing on a wide array of host the dispersal of its . This undoubtedly explains why there are trees—I have even seen it parasitizing Poison Ivy! often dozens of mistletoe plants in the crown of a . Like pol- The scientific name of Eastern Mistletoe means “growing on a lination, we know little about the role of birds in the movement of tree and having white fruits”, an apt description though it has also fruits. Two scenarios have been suggested. The first is that the been known as Phoradendron serotinum and P. flavescens. This mistle- toe is an obligate parasite because it must have a host to survive yet Mistletoe continued to Page 32 it produces most of its own food through photosynthesis, depending on its host for materials car- ried in the water stream. Unlike any other parasitic , mistletoes have a long tradition of use at the winter equinox, a custom Europeans brought with them from northern where the European Mistletoe, Viscum album, was venerated by the Dru- ids because it is green and vibrant in the dead of win- ter at a time its deciduous tree hosts have lost their . The stark branches of the oaks and apples and other hosts look dark and lifeless yet in the upper boughs are the heavenward verdant mistletoes. How this imagery plays into the custom of kissing under Mature fruits of Eastern Mistletoe. A heavily infested Silver Maple 26 Chinquapin 19 (4) The Newsletter of the Southern Appalachaian Botanical Society

Lytton Musselman, President From The Editor’s Desk: Department of Biological Sciences Big Changes for Castanea J. Dan Pittillo, Newsletter Interim Editor Old Dominion University Our venerable journal, Castanea, has just Norfolk, VA 23529 th We all know the climate is changing, celebrated its 75 year of publication—a (757) 643-3610 memorable event in the life of the journal [email protected] whether brought on by the rapid release of fossil fuels or a process that simply con- and the society. Concurrent with this is a Conley K. McMullen, Past President tinues the cycles of climate change. There complete change in the way Castanea will Department of Biology, MCS 7801 are already signs that our Appalachian be edited and produced. James Madison University Mountain vegetation will be changing for One of the charges I accepted when Harrisonburg, VA 22807 centuries to come, just as it has done in cen- becoming President of the Southern Appa- lachian Botanical Society was how to ensure (540) 568-3805, fax (540) 568-3333 turies past. Hazel and Paul Delcourt have [email protected] that Castanea remains the choice for pub- spent their professional lives reconstructing lishing of papers dealing with the botany Charles N. Horn, Treasurer how these changes have taken in the past of the Eastern United States. While other, Biology Department 50,000 years. Hazel notes we should not competing, journals were rapidly moving to 2100 College Street think that we should attempt to reconstruct online publication we had little to offer. To Newberry College those PreColumbian forests first entered address these concerns, I asked Bob Peet (of Newberry, SC 28108 by the Europeans as they will continue to UNC-Chapel Hill) to chair a committee to (803) 321-5257, fax (803) 321-5636 change in response to the climate changes look into ways to ensure the viability and [email protected] now taking place. If on the otherhand you vitality of Castanea. Michael Held, Membership Secretary would like to see what those PreColumbian After much work, considerable research, Department of Biology folks were like, George Ellison introduces us and a meeting with our publisher a report St. Peter’s College to the best history we have of the Cherokee was prepared for presentation to the SABS Jersey City, NJ 07306 plant lore with his article on James Mooney. Council at our April meeting which was (201) 761-6432 How the Cherokee viewed plants is quite unanimously approved. The report was then [email protected] different from how we do nowadays. presented at our business meeting of the Perhaps no better vision of the relation- SABS membership where it again received Ruth Douglas, Recording Secretary ships of interactive plants is that exemplified unanimous approval. The entire report has 101 Wildflower Drive been posted on our website at http://www. in Litton Musselman articles. He has made Charlottesville, VA 22911 sabs.appstate.edu/ Perusal of this document parasitic plants central to his professional (434) 293-6538 will clearly indicate how much effort Bob life as many readers know. He continues [email protected] put into this. here with the familiar mistletoes, a plant This report is a comprehensive review of John Pascarella, everyone knows about in this upcoming SABS’ functions especially relating to Casta- Editor-in-Chief of Castanea season. How we carried the kissing mythol- nea. In short, SABS will enter a cooperative Associate Dean of Academic and ogy forward from our European cultures is Research Programs publishing agreement with Allen Press, our still a mystery but one not likely to disap- and Professor of Biology current printers. Articles will be reviewed in K-State Olathe pear soon. a much more expeditious manner, be posted 22201 W. Innovation Drive Linda Chafin continues to report on on the Web as soon as possible, allow for Olathe, KS 66061 the plants that all field botanists delight virtually unlimited supplemental material (913) 307-7317, (229) 563-3099 cell in discovering: rare species. Most of these (data sets, images, videos), and much more. [email protected] are plants living beyond our Appalachian A dues increase of a modest $10 was also forests but may have been part of our flora approved at the business meeting. After our Audrey Mellichamp, in some by-gone day. Maybe you will be agreement is formalized more information Managing Editor of Castanea lucky enough to discover some of her de- will be available. This was not a decision 3036 Ventosa Drive that came easily but only after many months Charlotte, NC 28205 scribed plants in your field excursions in the Southeast. of discussions and consultations. Edit- [email protected] ing once handled by our Managing Editor, Alan Weakley is back with us to present Audrey Mellichamp, will now be handled J. Dan Pittillo, more changes in that is certainly through Allen Press. One of the reasons Newsletter Interim Editor difficult for us to keep up to date (just 675 Cane Creek Road Castanea is in a condition to make this radi- look at the reference list he gives!). But the cal and much needed change is because of Sylva, NC 28779 service his efforts provides for us is a chance (828) 293-9661 the quality of editing by Audrey. Her careful [email protected] to begin learning how the science is moving attention to all the minutiae of manuscripts the understanding of our plant relationships is a matter of record which will live on in that we have not had before. So, hold on to the trove of papers now available to the these articles and maybe note them in your scientific public. The SABS Council and copies of your manuals. When Alan finally general membership have all expressed their gets his publication in print, maybe it won’t appreciation for her work and for her devo- be such a shock to our minds! tion to our society.—Lytton Musselman The Newsletter of the Southern Appalachaian Botanical Society Chinquapin 19 (4) 27 New Castanea Website to Taxonomic Advisory!: Launch January 3, 2012 , Muscadinia, Coleataenia, Asemeia, Polygaloides, We are pleased to announce that Cas- , , Crepidomanes? tanea will have a dedicated online journal By Alan Weakley merly treated in section Leiolea web site hosted on the Allen Press Pin- This column will highlight changes at – see Weakley et al. (2011) for additional nacle platform: www.castaneajournal.org. the generic level, and notably generic splits discussion. You will have new search options, be that affect the eastern North American Muscadinia and Vitis (VITACEAE) able to create a customized personal reader flora. Results of molecular and molecu- The many morphological distinctions profile and receive e-mail alerts when a lar/morphological systematic studies often between and different chromosome number new issue is published. corroborate our current understanding of of the muscadines and the rest of Vitis have New Search Options the taxonomy of a group, and our opinions suggested that it is at least a “strong subge- nus,” as subgenus Muscadinia. Recent mo- Advanced search about the appropriate taxonomic rank of the lecular studies are equivocal as to whether Related content search units in the group. When the results don’t support the status quo, there are (broadly it is more closely related to Vitis subgenus Create a Personal Profile speaking) two possible solutions that can Vitis than to other genera in the Vitaceae. Saved searches lead to monophyletic classification units: The more conservative approach would be Manage favorite titles and articles more lumping or more splitting. A previous to recognize it at generic level as Muscadinia Change password column in Chinquapin 16(2) (2008) “Taxo- Small (as done previously by J.K. Small, and Manage citation downloads with a cita- nomic advisory!: Red-headed stepchildren frequently followed by viticulturists). Over- tion manager – part of the family or not?” highlighted all, and even if Muscadinia is basal to but Receive E-mail alerts some high-profile lumpings of genera, forms a monophyletic clade with Vitis sensu eTOC including Cimicifuga into Actaea, Hepatica stricto, recognition of Muscadinia at generic RSS into Anemone, Amphianthus into Gratiola, rank is warranted, based on the long-rec- How to Access Castanea Online Duchesnea into Potentilla, Belamcanda into ognized morphological distinctiveness of Muscadinia vs. Vitis sensu stricto (tendrils When you visit the site for the first time, Iris, Dodecatheon into Primula, and Leiophyl- lum and Loiseleuria into Kalmia. But here simple vs. bifid or trifid; bark adherent and you will need to register as a new user. with prominent lenticels vs. bark shredding When the site launches, you will re ceive are some where going the other direction seems to be warranted. and with inconspicuous lenticels; pith con- an auto-generated email with information Cartrema and Osmanthus () tinuous through nodes vs. pith interrupted about registering on the site. The email will Our North American Osmanthus (O. by nodal diaphragms; leaves small, coarsely contain a hot link you will need to verify americanus and O. megacarpus) have long dentate, and never deeply lobed vs. leaves your email address and register on the site. been recognized as being allied to some large, finely serrate, and usually deeply When you click the link, you will be Asian species, as section Leiolea (Green lobed), the genetic distance of it from Vitis taken to a registration page. 1958), but not to other Asian species, sensu stricto, the close relationships of taxa Next, you’ll register using your e-mail including the type species of the within Vitis sensu stricto and their rampant address your log-in. Osmanthus, O. fragrans. O. fragrans and O. interfertility, the different chromosome Then, you’ll choose a password. Passwords heterophyllus are familiar in the south as numbers (40 in Muscadinia, 38 in Vitis sensu must be at least 6 alphanumeric characters common landscaping plants with evergreen, stricto), the frequent past and current rec- ognition of Muscadinia, and the standards in length and are case-sensitive. opposite, spiny-margined leaves, and axillary of morphological distinctiveness of genera Please note that in order to access all the clusters of very fragrant white flowers borne in the autumn. in the Vitaceae (Brizicky 1965; Ren et al. content and to use all the advanced features, A number of recent studies (morpho- 2011; Péros et al 2011; Tröndle et al. 2010; including e-mail alerts and the personal pro- logical, anatomical, and molecular) have Rossetto et al. 2002; Soejima & Wen 2006). file functions, you must be a registered user suggested that Osmanthus, as generally Coleataenia and () and logged into the journal site with your and recently circumscribed is paraphyletic The dismemberment of Panicum con- individual email address and password. (summarized in Guo et al. 2011). J.K. Small tinues. The alternative would be Panicum The Southern Appalachian Botanical (1933) recognized the distinctiveness of sec- swallowing up nearly all of its tribe, includ- Society site has not changed. We will post a tion Leiolea and created the genus Amarolea ing Paspalum, and what good would that do link from the SABS site to the Castanea site Small to accommodate the two entities in anyone? The group of Panicum species usu- so that you can access the journal content the southeastern United States, but Rafin- ally treated as section Agrostoidea, has been from http://www.sabs.appstate.edu. esque had presaged this by nearly a century, removed to its own genus, initially Sorengia, We want your introduction to the establishing the genus Cartrema Rafinesque but this needed replacement for nomencla- journal site to be as smooth and seamless in 1838. While the molecular phylogenetic tural reasons. See names below. study of Guo et al. (2011) does not resolve as possible. Please let us know if you have Asemeia, Polygaloides, and Polygala all the issues with generic circumscription any difficulties while navigating the journal () in subtribe Oleinae, it does clearly establish Abbott (2011) corroborated what others website by contacting onlinepublishing@ that section Leiolea is monophyletic, and had long suggested – that Polygala was a allenpress.com falls in a larger clade with and Lino- “trashcan genus” consisting of elements of We look forward to introducing you ciera, not Osmanthus sensu stricto. Cartrema Polygalaceae that were left over after other to the new journal site in January.--Karen Raf. therefore appears to be the appropriate Ridgway, Publisher generic placement for the group of taxa for- Weakley continued on Page 30 28 Chinquapin 19 (4) The Newsletter of the Southern Appalachaian Botanical Society Botanical Excursions James Mooney & Cherokee Plant Lore

By George Ellison he was able to observe what turned out to be the last Green Corn Ceremony—with attendant individual and tribal cleansing rituals, Anthropologist James involving conjuring, singing and prayer that lasted all day and into Mooney (1861-1921) was the night—fully enacted by the Eastern Band for over a century. born in Richmond, , a That summer Mooney started learning the Cherokee language, village situated on a tributary collected native medicinal plants, blowguns, fish spears and other of the . From the time he objects, becoming acquainted in the process with individual tribal launched his career with the members and their mountainous homeland. Bureau of American Ethnol- Mooney found that old Cherokee traditions were dying out in ogy in 1885 until his death, the face of an onslaught by white Christianity, culture, and material Mooney devoted his life to goods. He directed his energies toward helping to preserve Cherokee detailing various aspects of history, lore and rituals before they faded from tribal conscious- the history, material culture, ness. In retrospect, we can appreciate the fact that he arrived in the oral tradition, language, arts nick of time, since most of the Cherokee traditionalists then able to and religion of the Cherokee, provide him with essential information and insights passed away by Cheyenne, Sioux, Kiowa and the turn of the century. other tribes, adding a new The great medicine man Swimmer and other members of the dimension to the writing of Eastern Band concluded that the courteous white man who came Indian history by combining various methods of research and incor- to visit and talk with them each year was u:da:nu:ti; that is he was porating sources from the Indians themselves. “a man of soul”—he possessed the correct “emotional attitude.” He is most widely remembered for his research and writing on Swimmer lived in the isolated and traditional Big Cove community the Ghost Dance movement. But some of his most inspired work that remains a bastion of Cherokee traditionalism to this day. He took place in the mountains of Western , where he was Mooney’s most valuable informant by far. The anthropologist lived among the remnant Eastern Band of Cherokees [now of- credited “nearly three-fourths” of the stories related in Myths of the ficially designated as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians] for Cherokee to him. Shortly after Swimmer’s death, Mooney penned parts of four years from 1887 through 1890 and for interim periods an elegiac tribute to his friend: “He died in March, 1899, aged thereafter through 1916. He was the first serious student of that about sixty-five, and was buried like a true Cherokee on the slope then neglected tribe and probably the most influential. University of a forest-clad mountain. Peace be to his ashes and sorrow for his of anthropologist Charles Hudson, a leading authority on going, for with him go about half the traditions of his people.” the Indian tribes of the southeastern United States, concluded that The 576-page Myths of the Cherokee consists of eight parts: “In- without Mooney we “would know next to nothing about the world troduction”; “Historical view of the southeastern Indians.” Sketch of the Chero- Mooney’s major works on the Eastern Band were Sacred For- kee”; “Notes to the His- mulas of the Cherokees (1891) and Myths of the Cherokee (1900). torical Sketch”; “Stories Both appeared as Bureau of American Ethnology publications. and Storytellers”; “The After graduating from high school, Mooney took a job with a Myths”; “Plant Lore”; newspaper in his hometown, but his free time was given over to “Notes and Parallels”; reading about Indian cultures and studying the publications of early and “Glossary.” The American anthropologists and explorers such as John Wesley Powell. Cherokees were excep- In 1882, he wrote Powell—then director of the Bureau of American tional observers of the Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution in , D.C.— natural world in all its asking for employment. The bureau ethnologist Powell referred the aspects long before the letter to was not impressed and responded negatively to repeated first Europeans arrived requests. Not deterred, Mooney journeyed to the nation’s capitol in and began the system- 1885 and presented himself to Powell, who was “much impressed” atic survey of the plants and gave him a position. and animals found in That summer Mooney met Nimrod Jarrett Smith, principal chief . Here of the Eastern Band, who was often in Washington lobbying for are several excerpts from official recognition of the tribe as a legal entity. Smith warmed to Partridge moccasin (Cypripedium acaule with Mooney’s account of Mooney and invited him to visit Cherokee. Shortly after his arrival, the Bombus bee pollinator) Cherokee plant lore. The Newsletter of the Southern Appalachaian Botanical Society Chinquapin 19 (4) 29

Ginseng, or “sang,” as it is more often called by the white mountaineers, is known to the laity as “the mountain climber,” but is addressed in the formulas as “Little Man,” while selu (corn) is invoked under the. name of “The Old Woman” … The beliefs and ceremonies in connection with the gathering and preparation [of ginseng] are very numerous. Ginseng, which is sold in large quantities to the local traders, as well as used in the native

Deereye (Rudbeckia hirta or serotina) *** The Cherokee have always been an agricultural people, and their old country is a region of luxuriant flora, with tall trees and tangled under- growth on the slopes and ridges, and myriad bright-tinted blossoms and sweet wild fruits along the running streams. The vegetable kingdom conse- quently holds a far more important place in the mythology and ceremonial of the tribe than it does among the Indians of the treeless plains and arid It wears a hat (Podophyllum peltatum) sage deserts of the West, most of the beliefs and customs in this connection medical practice, is … addressed by the priests as “Little Man, Most Power- centering around the practice of medicine, as expounded by the priests and ful Magician,” the Cherokee sacred term, like the Chinese name, having doctors in every settlement. In general it is held that the plant world is its origin from the frequent resemblance of the root in shape to the body of friendly to the human species, and constantly at the willing service of the a man. The doctor speaks constantly of it as of a sentient being, and it is doctors to counteract the jealous hostility of the animals. The sacred formulas believed to be able to make itself invisible to those unworthy to gather it. contain many curious In hunting it, the first three plants found are passed by. The fourth is taken, instructions for the after a preliminary prayer, in which the doctor addresses it as the “Great gathering and prepara- Ada’wehï,” and humbly asks permission to take a small piece of its flesh. On tion of the medicinal digging it from the ground, he drops into the hole a bead and covers it over, roots and barks, which leaving it there, by way of payment to the plant spirit. are selected chiefly in accordance with the Mysterious properties attach to the wood of a tree which has been struck theory of correspon- by lightning, especially when the tree itself still lives, and such wood enters dences. largely into the secret compounds of the conjurers. An ordinary person of the laity will not touch it, for fear of having cracks come upon his hands Some of their plant and feet, nor is it burned for fuel, for fear that lye made from the ashes will names are peculiarly cause consumption. In preparing ballplayers, for the contest, the medicine- apt. Thus the mistletoe, man sometimes burns splinters of it to coal, which he gives to the players which never grows to paint themselves with in order that they may be able to strike their alone, but is found opponents with all the force of a thunderbolt. Bark or wood from a tree always with its roots struck by lightning, but still green, is beaten up and put into the water in fixed in the bark of which are soaked before planting, to insure a good crop, but, on the some supporting tree other hand, any lightning-struck wood thrown into the field will cause the or from which it crop to wither, and it is believed to have a bad effect even to go into the field draws its sustenance, is immediately after having been near such a tree. called by a name which signifies “4 it is mar- [In the “Notes and Parallels” section, Mooney, ever diligent, ap- ried” … The bear-grass pended the observation: “The ancient Tuscarora believed that no tree with its long, slender but black gum was immune from lightning, which they declared, would run round a tree a good manytimes seeking in vain to effect an entrance.] leaves like diminutive Greensnake (Xerophyllum asphodeloides) blades of corn, is called [John] Lawson, who records the belief [in A New Voyage to Carolina, “greensnake,” and the larger grass known as Job’s tears, on account of its 1709], adds: ‘Now, you must understand that sort of gum will not split or glossy, rounded grains, which the Indian children use for necklaces, is called rive; therefore, I suppose the story might arise from thence.’] “the mother of corn.” The black-eyed Susan of our children is the “deer-eye” Note: George Ellison wrote the biographical introduction for the of the Cherokee, and our lady-slipper is their “partridge moccasin”. The reissue, in one volume, of Myths of the Cherokee and The Sacred May-apple, with its umbrella-shaped top, is called “it wears a hat,” while Formulas of the Cherokees as James Mooney’s History, Myths, the white puff ball fungus is “the little star,” and the common rock lichen and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees (Asheville NC: Historical bears the musical, if rather unpoetic, name of utsäle’ta, “pot scrapings.” Images, 1992). 30 Chinquapin 19 (4) The Newsletter of the Southern Appalachaian Botanical Society

Weakley continued from Page 27 et al. 2007; Ebihara et al. 2008; Ebihara, Weakley & Gandhi » Vitis rotundifolia Farrar, & Ito 2008, Weakley et al. 2011). morphologically more distinctive entities Michx. var. munsoniana J.H. Simpson ex had been removed. This seems to be a basic Planchon and () Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michx.) Small var. issue in taxonomic practice – we excise the There now appears to be a general con- recognizable lobes as separate entities, leav- pygmaea (McFarlin ex D.B. Ward) Weakley sensus to recognize Nabalus Cassini (1825) ing what seems to be an intractable core. & Gandhi » Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. as a separate genus of North America and pygmaea McFarlin ex D.B. Ward Molecular phylogenetic analyses give us an east , as indicated by its recent accep- additional tool to understand the relation- Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michx.) Small var. tance in major worldwide synopses of the ships of entities in complex groups like the rotundifolia » Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. Asteraceae and indications based on molecu- rotundifolia Polygalaceae, and Abbott (2011) found lar phylogenies that it is not even closely that two eastern North American elements Vandenboschia boschiana (Sturm) Ebihara related to Prenanthes s.s. (Lack in Kadereit & & K. Iwatsuki » boschianum needed to be excluded from Polygala: the Jeffrey 2007; Kilian, Gemeinholzer & Lack Coastal Plain Polygala grandiflora (previ- Sturm in Funk et al. 2009; Schilling & Floden, un- (L.) Hooker » Prenanthes alba ously already placed in Asemeia by J.K. published data); morphological studies also Small, and the more montane “gay-wings”, L. support the separation of the two genera (L.) Hooker » Prenanthes Polygala paucifolia, previously excluded from (Shih 1987). Polygala by J.K. Small in the genus Triclisp- altissima L. erma, but taxonomically and nomenclatur- OUTCOMES: (Name changed » for) Nabalus autumnalis (Walter) Weakley » ally better placed in Polygaloides. Asemeia grandiflora (Walter) Small » Polygala Prenanthes autumnalis Walter grandiflora Walter (Michx.) Torrey & A. Gray » and (L.) Raf. » Osmanthus Prenanthes aspera Michx.) () americanus (L.) Bentham and Hooker f. Nabalus barbatus (Torrey & A. Gray) A. The wonderful glade must surely Cartrema megacarpa (Small) Weakley » Heller » Prenanthes barbata (Torrey & A. now be awarded “taxonomic frequent flier Osmanthus megacarpus Small Gray) Milstead miles.” I learned it as pycnocarpon Crepidomanes intricatum (Farrar) Ebihara & Nabalus boottii DC. » Prenanthes boottii (from Radford, Ahles, & Bell 1968), though Weakley » Trichomanes intricatum Farrar (DC.) D. Dietr. if I were older I probably would have first Coleataenia abscissa (Swallen) LeBlond » Nabalus carrii (Singhurst, O’Kennon & known it as Homalosorus pycnocarpos from Panicum abscissum Swallen W.C. Holmes) Weakley » Prenanthes carrii Small (1933). More recently, it has been Coleataenia anceps (Michaux) Soreng ssp. Singhurst, O’Kennon & W.C. Holmes more usually treated as Diplazium pycno- anceps » Panicum anceps Michx. ssp. anceps Nabalus crepidineus (Michaux) A. P. de carpon. Its family placement has also been Coleataenia anceps (Michaux) Soreng ssp. Candolle » Prenanthes crepidinea Michx. uncertain, affiliated with (at least) Poly- rhizomata (Hitchcock & Chase) Soreng » Nabalus racemosus (Michx.) DC. » podiaceae, Aspleniaceae, , and Panicum anceps Michx. ssp. rhizomatum Prenanthes racemosa Michx. Dryopteridaceae. Most recently several re- Hitchcock & Chase Nabalus roanensis Chickering » Prenanthes searchers separate it not only from Athyrium Coleataenia longifolia (Torrey) Soreng ssp. roanensis (Pickering) Pickering and Diplazium, but also place it the family combsii (Scribner & C.R. Ball) Soreng » Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hooker » Diplaziopsidaceae (summarized in Chris- Panicum longifolium Torrey var. combsii Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh tenhusz, Zhang, & Schneider 2011). So, we (Scriber & C.R. Ball) Fernald Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass. var. nanus appear to be back to Homalosorus! Coleataenia longifolia (Torrey) Soreng ssp. (Bigelow) Weakley » Prenanthes trifoliolata Didymoglossum, Vandenboschia, longifolia » Panicum longifolium Torrey var. (Cassini) Fernald var. nana (Bigelow) Crepidomanes, and Trichomanes longifolium Fernald () Coleataenia rigidula (Bosc ex Nees) Nabalus trifoliolatus Cassini var. trifoliatus Recent phylogenetic and other studies of LeBlond ssp. condensa (Nash) LeBlond » » Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cassini) Fernald the Hymenophyllaceae have emphasized the Panicum rigidulum var. condensum (Nash) var. trifoliolata diversity of evolutionary groups, especially Mohlenbrock in what has often been treated as a broadly Coleataenia rigidula (Bosc ex Nees) LeBlond References cited defined Trichomanes L. Specifically, the rec- ssp. rigidula Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Abbott, J.R. 2011. Notes on the disintegra- » Polygala rigidulum tion of (Polgalaceae), with four new ognition of smaller, morphologically more Nees var. genera for the flora of North America. J. Bot. homogeneous clades within Trichomanes s.l. Coleataenia tenera (Beyrich ex Trinius) Res. Inst. 5: 125-137. has been recently promoted by Ebihara et Soreng » Panicum tenerum Beyrich ex Brizicky, G.K. 1965. The genera of Vitaceae al. (2006, 2007). Three strikingly different Trinius in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold species of Trichomanes sensu lato are distrib- Coleataenia stipitata (Nash) LeBlond » Arb. 46:48-67. uted in temperate eastern North America: Panicum stipitatum Nash Christenhusz, M.J.M., Zhang, X.-C. & Sch- T. boschianum Sturm, T. petersii A. Gray, Didymoglossum petersii (A. Gray) Copeland neider, H. 2011. A linear sequence of extant and T. intricatum Farrar. They fall into three » Trichomanes petersii A. Gray families and genera of lycophytes and . different clades within Trichomanes s.l., and Homalosorus pycnocarpos (Sprengel) Pichi- Phytotaxa 19: 7–54. correspondingly within three separate segre- Sermolli Diplazium pycnocarpon Ebihara, A., D.R. Farrar, and M. Ito. 2008. The » sporophyte-less filmy fern of eastern North gate genera, as recognized by Ebihara et al. (Sprengel) M. Broun America Trichomanes intricatum (Hymeno- (2006, 2007). The three temperate eastern pycnocarpa (Sprengel) M.G. phyllaceae) has the chloroplast genome of an North American species are best known as Price » Athyrium pycnocarpon Sprengel Asian species. Amer. J. Bot. 95:1645-1651. Vandenboschia boschiana, Didymoglossum pe- Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michx.) Small var. –––, K. Iwatsuki, M. Ito, S. Hennequin, and tersii, and Crepidomanes intricatum (Ebihara munsoniana (J.H. Simpson ex Planchon) Weakley continued on Page 31 The Newsletter of the Southern Appalachaian Botanical Society Chinquapin 19 (4) 31

in our stove). I live in an area of rich cove identifications, send them in before the sec- Mystery Plants hardwoods so this will be the primary ond issue is out in spring and I’ll put you in source for this site. To help you out, here the challenge for the Mystery Plant Award By Dan Pittillo are the species I have living nearby: Canopy later in the year 2012. trees include Acer rubrum, Aes- For the next series of plant identifications, culus flava, Betula lenta, Carya let’s continue the little virtual project for an alba, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus actual site. Suppose, you are asked to do an americana, Liriodendron tulip- identification of virtual images for a client ifera, Prunus serotina, Quercus that wants to see what might be the future alba, Q. falcata, Tilia americana dominant species of an area after a storm. var. heterophylla. Understory Many of our members are qualified to do trees include Carpinus caro- this, even from distant locations, as has been liniana, Cornus alternifolia, C. demonstrated by many that have been able . Shrubs and vines include to identify rather cryptic photos in these Calycanthus floridus, Celastrus pages over the years. But to make this little orbiculatus (invasive), Corylus project easier for some others that have not cornuta, Parthenocissus quinquefo- tried to do this, let’s see what you can do lia, Toxicodendron radicans, Vitis No. 1 with this effort over the next few issues. I aestivalis. would like to award the best virtual identi- Both these seedlings were fier with the Mystery Plant Award (I’ll tell found growing in the site. See you later what this will be, but for now let’s if you can identify No. 1 and see what you can do with this little project.) No. 2. I actually had a large forked, white pine There was a hold-up at the broken down in two storms. I planted this print office and mailing of Chin- pine in an old pasture ridge about 20 feet quapin 19(3) and there has not above our creek when I first moved to Cane been enough time for most read- Creek valley in the early 1970’s. This sum- ers to respond to the question of mer I had the final standing log cut and re- identy. For this reason, we’ll wait moved along with the second branch of that until the first issue of volume I’m sawing up for fire wood (actually I’m 20 to send the results. So, if you mixing it with hardwood for better burning didn’t get a chance to send those No. 2

Weakley continued from Page 30 J.-Y. Dubuisson. 2007. A global molecular Boursiquot, and T. Lacombe. 2011. Genetic gia. University of North Carolina Press, phylogeny of the fern genus Trichomanes variation and biogeography of the disjunct Chapel Hill, N.C. (Hymenophyllaceae) with special reference to Vitis subg. Vitis (Vitaceae). J. Biogeogr. Soejima, A., and J. Wen. 2006. Phylogenet- stem anatomy. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 155:1-27. 38:471-486. ic analysis of the grape family (Vitaceae) –––, J.-Y. Dubuisson, K. Iwatsuki, S. Henne- Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. based on three chloroplast markers. Amer. quin, and M. Ito. 2006. A taxonomic revision 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the J. Bot. 93:278-287. of Hymenophyllaceae. Blumea 51:221-280. Carolinas. University of North Carolina Soreng, R.J. 2010. Coleataenia Griseb. Green, P.S. 1958. A monographic revision of Press, Chapel Hill, N.C. (1879): the correct name for Sorengia Zu- Osmanthus in Asia and America. Notes Roy. Ren, H., L.-M. Lu, A. Soejima, Q. Luke, D.- loaga & Morrone (2010) (Poaceae: Pani- Bot. Gard. Edinb. 22:435-542. X. Zhang, Z.-D. Chen, and J. Wen. 2011. ceae). J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 4:691-692. Guo, S.-Q., M. Xiong, C.-F. Ji, Z.-R. Zhang, Phylogenetic analysis of the grape family (Vi- Tröndle, D., S. Schröder, H.K. Kassemeyer, D.-Z. Li, and Z.-Y. Zhang. 2011. Molecular taceae) based on the noncoding plastid trnC- C. Kiefer, M.A. Koch, and P. Nick. 2010. phylogenetic reconstruction of Osmanthus petN-psbA, and trnL-F sequences.Taxon Molecular phylogeny of the genus Vitis (Vi- Lour. (Oleaceae) and related genera based on 60:629-637. taceae) based on plastid markers. Amer. J. three chloroplast intergenic spacers. Pl. Syst. Rossetto, M., B.R. Jackes, K.D. Scott, and R.J. Bot. 97:1168-1178. Evol. 294:57–64. Henry. 2002. Is the genus Cissus (Vitaceae) Weakley, A.S., R.J. LeBlond, B.A. Sorrie, Kilian, N., B. Gemeinholzer, and H.W. Lack. monophyletic? Evidence from plastid and C.T. Witsell, D. Estes, K.G. Mathews, A. 2009. , pp. 343-383 in V.A. Funk, nuclear ribosomal DNA. Systematic Botany Ebihara, and K. Gandhi. 2011. New com- A. Susanna, T.F. Stuessy, and R.J. Bayer. Sys- 27:522-533. binations, rank changes, and nomenclatural tematics, evolution, and biogeography of Shih, C. 1987. On the circumscription of the and taxonomic comments in the vascular Compositae. International Assoc. for Plant genus Prenanthes L. and Notoseris Shih: a new flora of the southeastern United States. J. Taxonomy, Vienna. genus of Compositae from . Acta Phy- Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5: 437-455. Lack, H.W. 2007. VIII. Tribe Cichorieae Lam. totaxonomica Sinica 25:189-203. Zuloaga, F.O, M.A. Scataglini, and O. Mor- & DC. (1806), pp. 180-199 in J.W. Kade- Small, J.K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern rone. 2010. A phylogenetic evaluation of reit and C. Jeffrey, The families and genera of flora, being descriptions of the seed plants Panicum sects. Agrostoidea, Megista, Pri- vascular plants. VIII. Flowering plants, Eudi- growing naturally in Florida, , onita and Tenera (, Poace- cots, . Springer, Berlin. , eastern , , ae): two new genera, Stephostachys and Péros, J.P., G. Berger, A. Portemont, J.-M. North Carolina, , and Geor- Sorengia. Taxon 59:1535-1546. Southern Appalachian Botanical Society Dan Pittillo, Interim Editor PRSTD. STD. Biology Department, 132 Natural Science U.S. Postage Western Carolina University Cullowhee, NC 28723 PAID Asheville, NC Permit 575

Return Service Requested

, is also heavily infested but in my neighborhood alone oaks, oaks, alone neighborhood my in but infested heavily also is , rubrum players get athletes’ foot and the botanists get mistletoe. get botanists the and foot athletes’ get players

can be destroyed by mistletoe in about 15 years. Red Maple, Maple, Red years. 15 about in mistletoe by destroyed be can Acer Acer At Old Dominion University we say that our noted basketball basketball noted our that say we University Dominion Old At

tree is a favored host. In my observations a mature Silver Maple Maple Silver mature a observations my In host. favored a is tree than we do about it. That’s why it deserves more study. more deserves it why That’s it. about do we than

, is commonly planted and this this and planted commonly is , maple, silver area Acer saccharinum Acer traditional role. But we know more about how it affects our biology biology our affects it how about more know we But role. traditional

native and introduced trees. For example, in the Tidewater Virginia Tidewater the in example, For trees. introduced and native mented as a poison. This common plant is the only parasite with a a with parasite only the is plant common This poison. a as mented

very successful and have become common in urban areas on both both on areas urban in common become have and successful very

plants from children and pets. Eastern Mistletoe has been docu- been has Mistletoe Eastern pets. and children from plants

Whatever the details of the intimate life of mistletoes, they are are they mistletoes, of life intimate the of details the Whatever

If you cut mistletoe for use at Christmas be certain to keep the the keep to certain be Christmas at use for mistletoe cut you If

ent branch. ent

seeds to hosts—I have done this with limited success. limited with this done have hosts—I to seeds

then rapidly pass through their system and are deposited on a differ- a on deposited are and system their through pass rapidly then

fungi will rapidly overtake the fruits. Try attaching the germinated germinated the attaching Try fruits. the overtake rapidly will fungi

its seed sticks. The other theory is that the birds eat the fruits which which fruits the eat birds the that is theory other The sticks. seed its

peroxide, keep the paper towel moist using only this solution or or solution this only using moist towel paper the keep peroxide,

Frustrated, the bird wipes its beak on a small twig and the fruit with with fruit the and twig small a on beak its wipes bird the Frustrated,

hands!). Put them on a paper towel moistened with 2% hydrogen hydrogen 2% with moistened towel paper a on them Put hands!).

rial appropriately called viscin, fruits stick to the beak of the bird. bird. the of beak the to stick fruits viscin, called appropriately rial

impossible to remove all the viscin from the seeds (and from your your from (and seeds the from viscin the all remove to impossible

birds try to eat the fruits but with their abundant glue-like mate- glue-like abundant their with but fruits the eat to try birds

project. Just collect the fruits, crush them to remove the seeds. It is is It seeds. the remove to them crush fruits, the collect Just project.

Mistletoe continued from Page 25 Page from continued Mistletoe

The seeds are easy to germinate and make an interesting student student interesting an make and germinate to easy are seeds The

water.edu. of pathogens. The only control measure is to cut the mistletoe. the cut to is measure control only The pathogens. of

Questions may be directed to Dr. Ed Lickey at elickey@bridge- at Lickey Ed Dr. to directed be may Questions host at times of drought and also provide pathways for the invasion invasion the for pathways provide also and drought of times at host

announced at the ASB banquet. ASB the at announced through its host. A large parasite load can lead to water stress for the the for stress water to lead can load parasite large A host. its through

award includes an honorarium of $150.00, and the winners will be be will winners the and $150.00, of honorarium an includes award and links up with the xylem. In this way it can spread systemically systemically spread can it way this In xylem. the with up links and

The posters and talks will be assessed by anonymous judges. Each Each judges. anonymous by assessed be will talks and posters The

When the fruit is positioned on the tree, the seedling penetrates penetrates seedling the tree, the on positioned is fruit the When

SABS convenes as one of the affiliate organizations at this meeting. meeting. this at organizations affiliate the of one as convenes SABS

introduction.

eastern Biologists annual meeting in Athens GA, in April 2012. 2012. April in GA, Athens in meeting annual Biologists eastern

but that the character of the host bark determines the fate of the the of fate the determines bark host the of character the that but

Paper Award. These will be presented at the Association of South- of Association the at presented be will These Award. Paper

on almost any hardwood (I have never seen our species on pines) pines) on species our seen never have (I hardwood any almost on

Poster Award and the SABS Outstanding Student Contributed Contributed Student Outstanding SABS the and Award Poster

dies after a few years. My guess is that Eastern Mistletoe can start start can Mistletoe Eastern that is guess My years. few a after dies

nounce two awards for students: the SABS Outstanding Student Student Outstanding SABS the students: for awards two nounce

), are initially parasitized but the mistletoe mistletoe the but parasitized initially are ), ( Robinia pseudoacacia Robinia

The Southern Appalachian Botanical Society is pleased to an- to pleased is Society Botanical Appalachian Southern The

Some trees, such as Hackberry (Celtis spp.) and Black Locust Locust Black and spp.) (Celtis Hackberry as such trees, Some

Student Awards Reminder Awards Student

) are attacked. are ) ( Gum Black and elms, birches, Nyssa sylvatica Nyssa

(4) 19 Chinquapin 32 Society Botanical Appalachaian Southern the of Newsletter The