Subterranean Fauna Level 1 Assessment

Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Level 1 Assessment

Prepared for: Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited

November 2015 Final Report

Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Level 1 Assessment

Bennelongia Pty Ltd 5 Bishop Street Jolimont WA 6014

P: (08) 9285 8722 F: (08) 9285 8811 E: [email protected]

ABN: 55 124 110 167

Report Number: 242

Report Version Prepared by Reviewed by Submitted to Client

Method Date

Draft Danilo Harms Stuart Halse email 30 June 2015

Final Danilo Harms Stuart Halse email 3 November 2015

K:?Projects/B_ECO_04/BEC_Mungada_subfaunat_final3xi15a.docx

This document has been prepared to the requirements of the Client and is for the use by the Client, its agents, and Bennelongia Environmental Consultants. Copyright and any other Intellectual Property associated with the document belongs to Bennelongia Environmental Consultants and may not be reproduced without written permission of the Client or Bennelongia. No liability or responsibility is accepted in respect of any use by a third party or for purposes other than for which the document was commissioned. Bennelongia has not attempted to verify the accuracy and completeness of information supplied by the Client. © Copyright 2015 Bennelongia Pty Ltd.

i Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited (SMC) are planning an expansion of the Blue Hills mine, located in the Midwest region of Western Australia ca. 70 km to the east of Koolanooka. This mine is part of the Blue Hills Iron Ore (DSO) Project and partially located on Mungada Ridge, which is recognised by the EPA as an environmentally sensitive area. The Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion will involve:

 the construction and operation of one new open mine pit at Mungada East, haul roads;  processing of ore at a new processing plant which is located off the Ridge to the southeast of the pit;  the backfilling of the existing Mungada East pit with waste rock; and  the storage of the remaining waste rock at a new waste dump located immediately adjacent to the infrastructure area to the north.

Subterranean fauna are animals that spend all, or most, of their lifecycle underground and are morphologically adapted to the subterranean environment. These adaptations include a pallid colouration, reduction or loss of eyes, and well-developed sensory organs. Subterranean fauna species mostly have very small ranges and are particularly vulnerable to extinction from anthropogenic activities and hence, are a factor in environmental impact assessments of projects involving areas of soil excavation and dewatering.

This report examines the subterranean fauna habitat at Mungada East, reviews results of previous surveys in the area, and assesses the risk to subterranean fauna associated with the proposed Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion.

Findings The proposed Mungada East pit of the Blue Hills Iron Ore Project is located within a much larger deposit of continuous BIF that extends from the southwest the northeast in an otherwise flat landscape of the eastern Yilgarn craton.

A hydrological assessment found negligible to small groundwater yields and the subterranean strata contain a high proportion of clay, orthoquartzite at depth. The only stygofauna species that has been collected in the vicinity is a cyclopoid copepod, probably belonging to the cosmopolitan species Microcyclops varicans. Stygofauna are unlikely to be significantly impacted at Mungada East because of the apparently depauperate stygofauna community in the vicinity of the development envelope, unsuitable habitat for stygofauna in and around the proposed mine pit and that groundwater drawdown will not be required for the Proposal.

No troglofauna were recorded during a past troglofauna survey at the Project but a small number of troglofauna species have been recorded from banded iron formation (BIF) habitats in the vicinity of the Project. An assessment of diamond drill cores suggested that troglofauna habitat may be present and a reconnaissance survey was carried out between 25 August and 14 October 2015 to determine the significance of the community that may occur. Fourteen drill holes in the proposed pit were sampled but the only troglofauna collected were five juvenile hemipterans belonging to the family Meenopliidae. These specimens had eye spots and may be troglophiles rather than troglobites. No other troglofauna species were collected.

The results of the desktop assessment together with the field survey results indicate that the subterranean fauna community of Mungada East is extremely depauperate. The orebody to be mined at the Project lies within a host BIF unit that extends about 10 km in a southwest-northeast direction. The proposed mine pit will occupy only 10.6 ha, or <1% of the area of the host unit. It is expected that all of the very few troglofauna species in the development envelope will be more widespread.

ii Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

It is concluded that stygofauna and troglofauna are unlikely to be significantly impacted by the proposed expansion of mining operations at Mungada East. The habitat in and around the proposed mine pit is unsuitable for stygofauna and no groundwater drawdown will be required. Only one species of troglofauna was collected in the current, and previous, field surveys and this species is likely to be a troglophile with potential for surface dispersal. Only a small number of troglofauna species are known from the vicinity and there are extensive areas of banded iron formation around the proposed mine pit to provide continuity of troglofauna habitat with surrounding areas. The proposed mine pit is relatively small in relation to the extent of available habitat. Thus, the likelihood of significant impacts on subterranean fauna as a result of the proposed mine expansion is considered to be extremely low.

iii Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

CONTENTS Executive Summary ...... ii 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Subterranean Fauna ...... 1 1.2. Conservation Framework ...... 4 2. Habitat Assessment ...... 4 2.1. Climate ...... 4 2.2. Geology ...... 5 2.3. Hydrogeology ...... 5 2.4. Land Systems ...... 7 2.5. Drill Cores ...... 9 3. Subterranean fauna ...... 9 3.1. Subterranean Fauna in the Yilgarn ...... 9 3.1.1. Troglofauna ...... 9 3.1.2. Stygofauna ...... 11 3.2. Subterranean Fauna at Blue Hills ...... 11 3.2.1. Database and Literature Searches...... 11 3.2.2. Ecological Communities ...... 11 3.2.3. Listed Species ...... 12 3.2.4. Likelihood of Troglofauna Species ...... 12 3.2.5. Likelihood of stygofauna species ...... 12 4. field survey ...... 13 4.1. Field and Laboratory Methods ...... 13 4.2. Sampling Results ...... 15 5. Mining Impacts ...... 15 5.1. Mining Activities Relevant to Subterranean Fauna ...... 15 5.2. Potential Impacts on Subterranean Fauna ...... 15 5.2.1. Project Impacts on Stygofauna ...... 15 5.2.2. Project Impacts on Troglofauna ...... 15 6. .Conclusions ...... 16 7. References ...... 17 Appendix 1. Holes Sampled for Troglofauna in 2015...... 19

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of the Blue Hills Iron Ore Project in the Midwest of Western Australia...... 2 Figure 2. Development envelope for the Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion. . 3 Figure 3. Average monthly rainfall and temperatures at Morawa since 1997. . 5 Figure 4. Geology of the Mungada Ridge Project...... 6 Figure 5. Land systems in the vicinity of the Mungada Ridge Project...... 8 Figure 6. Examples of diamond drill cores from the Mungada Ridge Project. . 10 Figure 7. Examples of troglofauna groups in the Yilgarn...... 12 Figure 8. Drill holes sampled in the 2015 reconnaissance survey ...... 14

iv Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Climatic data for Morawa (Weather Station 8296) since 1997 ...... 4 Table 2. Troglofauna sampling in the 2015 reconnaissance survey...... 13

v Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

1. INTRODUCTION Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Limited (SMC) are planning an expansion of the Blue Hills mine, located in the Midwest region of Western Australia about 70 km to the east of Koolanooka (Figure 1). Mungada East is part of the Blue Hills Iron Ore (DSO) Project which commenced operations in April 2010 and consists of two open pits, Mungada East and Mungada West. The Blue Hills Iron Ore Project is partially located on Mungada Ridge, which is recognised by the EPA as an environmentally sensitive area. The Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion (the Proposal, Figure 2) will involve:

The proposed life of mine is three years, which would provide an additional 4.4 million tons of hematite ore. It would result in the clearing of 53.5 ha of native vegetation on and adjacent to the Mungada Ridge within a 172.5 ha development envelope.

This report examines the subterranean fauna habitat at Mungada East, reviews results of previous surveys in the area, provides the results for a troglofauna reconnaissance survey between 25 August and 14 October 2015, and assesses the risk to subterranean fauna associated with the Proposal.

1.1. Subterranean Fauna Subterranean fauna are nearly all invertebrates and consist of two types of animals: troglofauna and stygofauna. Both troglofauna and stygofauna are adapted for subterranean existence and are pale, lack eyes and have elongated body appendages.

Troglofauna are air-breathing animals that exist exclusively below the land surface, usually at depths greater than 3-4 m, with a distribution that extends down to the water table. In the Yilgarn, they appear to be more common in karstic calcrete than in other habitats (Guzik et al. 2010; Humphreys 2008), although they also occur widely, at low abundance, in banded iron formations (BIF) and some other weathered or fractured rocks (e.g. Bennelongia 2009a, b; 2011, GHD 2010). The groups collected as troglofauna include palpigrads (micro whip-scorpions) (Barranco and Harvey 2008; Giribet et al. 2014), pseudoscorpions (Edward and Harvey 2008; Harrison et al. 2014), (Harvey et al. 2008), spiders (Baehr et al. 2012; Platnick 2008) and isopods (Taiti 2014).

Stygofauna are aquatic invertebrates that live in groundwater. They occur in an array of different groundwater habitats including aquifers at greater depth, springs and the hyporheos of streams (Eberhard et al. 2005). Alluvium and calcrete are typically considered productive habitats for stygofauna because their voids and interstitial spaces provide highly suitable habitat. Stygofauna have mostly been recorded from fresh to brackish groundwater but may occur in salinities up to 50,000 mg/L TDS (Reeves et al. 2007; Watts and Humphreys 2006). The calcrete bodies in the palaeovalleys of the Yilgarn have been identified as areas rich in stygofauna species, with many of the species being restricted to single calcretes (Guzik et al. 2008; Karanovic and Cooper 2011; Karanovic et al. 2014).

Subterranean fauna are of conservation significance because a high proportion of stygofauna and troglofauna species are short-range endemics (SREs) with ranges <10,000 km2 (Harvey 2002). Such range restriction means that most subterranean fauna species are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and may face extinction from anthropogenic activities. They are frequently a factor in environmental impact assessments of projects involving significant areas of soil excavation and/or groundwater impact.

1 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Figure 1. Location of the Blue Hills Iron Ore Project in the Midwest of Western Australia. Priority Ecological Communities (PECs) of subterranean fauna in the wider study area and their buffer are highlighted as light blue circles. Palaeochannel sand aquifers are highlighted in dark blue..

2 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Figure 2. Development envelope for the Blue Hills Mungada East Expansion. White and grey crosses indicate previous troglofauna sampling sites at the Mungada East pit and Mungada West pit, respectively (ecologia 2008c).

3 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

1.2. Conservation Framework Faunal species in Western Australia, including subterranean fauna, are protected by state and federal legislation. At the State level, protection is afforded principally through the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act), which provides general protection for fauna as well as a special level of protection for listed species. The Environmental Protection Act 1986 also provides State-level protection for subterranean fauna in the environmental impact assessment process, with the Environment Protection Authority’s (EPA) Environmental Assessment Guideline 12 and Guidance Statement 54a (EPA 2007, 2013) providing frameworks for assessment. At the federal level, the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) provides protection for nationally listed species.

Two fish, 17 invertebrate stygofauna and 17 invertebrate troglofauna species are currently listed for protection under the WC Act in Western Australia, while two fish and one stygofauna species are listed under the EPBC Act. In addition, the EPBC Act provides protection for listed ecological communities. While five subterranean fauna communities have been listed in the south-west of Western Australia as threatened ecological communities (TECs), only no EPBC TEC has been listed from the Yilgarn. The WC Act does not provide for listing of communities but the Minister of the Environment has endorsed a list of TECs to be protected by processes outside the WC Act. This list contains eight WA stygofauna TECs, including a community at Depot Springs in the Yilgarn (located 330 km northeast of Blue Hills) and the Aquatic Root Mat Community of Caves in the Swan Coastal Plain (located 280 km southeast of Blue Hills). There are no WA TECs closer to the Blue Hills Project.

The Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW) also maintains lists of priority species and priority ecological communities (PECs). These are species and communities considered to be potentially threatened but for which there is little information.

2. HABITAT ASSESSMENT

2.1. Climate The climate in the Blue Hills area is semi-arid with hot, dry summers and cool to mild winters. The closest weather station with comprehensive records is Morawa, ca. 85 km east of the Project (statistics since 1997).

Table 1. Climatic data for Morawa (Weather Station 8296) since 1997 Statistic Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean maximum 37.4 36.9 33.2 28.9 24.0 20.0 18.6 20.4 23.0 28.2 32.0 35.2 temp. (°C) Mean minimum 19.8 20.6 17.9 14.4 10.6 7.4 6.0 6.4 7.7 11.0 14.4 17.5 temp. (°C) Mean rainfall 21.3 18.1 17.8 16.4 38.8 38.8 43.5 31.7 25.8 9.4 9.3 14.5 (mm)

The mean annual rainfall of Morawa is approximately 286 mm. The majority of rainfall occurs between May and September (179 mm on average) (Figure 3) and mainly results from the passage of cold fronts in winter and thunderstorms in summer. The spring and summer months (October-February) are much drier with a rainfall average of 90 mm (Figure 3). Annual pan evaporation is higher than 2000 mm and exceeds the annual rainfall (Bureau of Meterology 2015). Temperatures can vary greatly but are usually highest in spring and summer. Daily maxima in summer frequently exceed 40 °C.

4 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Figure 3. Average monthly rainfall and temperatures at Morawa since 1997.

2.2. Geology The Blue Hills Iron Ore Project is located within the southern Murchison Province of the Yilgarn Craton, which is Archaean and consists predominantly of crystalline rocks. The geology of the Blue Hills Project comprises mainly granitoid rocks and enclaves of metamorphosed and folded mafic and volcanic rocks. These include BIF that form prominent linear ridges in the otherwise flat landscape (Rockwater 2006).

The most prospective habitats for subterranean fauna at the Blue Hills Project are the BIF formations. The BIF at Mungada East forms a more or less continuous stretch of mineralised hematite ore that extends from the current mine camp in the south-east more than 10 km to the north-west (Figure 4). Additional stretches of elongate hematite deposits occur in close proximity to the north-east and south-east and these formations may be connected under the soil surface. There is no reason to suggest the presence of spatial barriers (and thus limits to fauna dispersal) in this hematite formation and subterranean habitats are expected to be continuous, extending beyond the development envelope.

2.3. Hydrogeology Bores drilled at four sites at the Blue Hills Iron Ore Project (Rockwater 2006) intersected metasediments containing a large proportion of clay and unfractured orthoquartzite or chert at depth (Rockwater 2006). There was minimal fracturing of the metasedimentary rocks on the southern side of

5 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Figure 4. Geology of the Mungada Ridge Project. The hematite ore deposits of the Tallering Land System are highlighted in purple and the proposed pit areas are denoted by a red line.

6 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

the Blue Hills ridge and all strata had generally very low permeability. Water levels were mostly 20-30 m below ground level but only negligible to small groundwater yields of fresh and marginally quality water (1,370 mg/L) were obtained from shallow bores in the area. Large supplies of freshwater groundwater are not readily available at Blue Hills.

The large proportions of clay, unfractured orthoquatzite and chert in aquifers at Blue Hills lead to low permeability and minimise the porosity of the underlying sediments. Overall, the hydrogeological data suggest that the chances of recording stygofauna at Blue Hills are low (ecologia 2007, 2008b).

Extensive palaeochannel sand aquifers are present in the nearby Lake Monger and Moore palaeodrainage systems and these areas are prospective for stygofauna but they do not extend into the development envelope (Figure 1).

2.4. Land Systems The main land systems in the vicinity of the Blue Hills Project are the Cunyu, Pindar, Tallering, Tealtoo, and Yowie Land Systems (Figure 5). They all belong to the Sandstone-Yalgoo-Paynes Find area (Payne et al. 1998). The Cunyu Land System consist of Tertiary calcrete platforms and intervening drainage floors with minor areas of alluvial plains that are much younger and of Quaternary age. This is a depositional surface with calcreted valley fill and calcrete platforms that are interweaved with drainage floors and the alluvial plains. The plains support Acacia shrublands and Casuarina woodlands.

The Pindar Land System consists of loamy plains and depositional surfaces of Quaternary sand and Cainozoic alluvial and colluvial deposits. This is a flat land system with coarse surface soil textures that support tall York gum woodlands and tall Acacia shrublands.

The Tallering Land System has prominent ridges and hills of BIF, dolerite and schist up to 200 m high. Linear ridges up to 8 km long and low hills and rises with gently inclined footslopes are interspersed with minor gravelly plains and narrow drainage floors. The BIF and dolerite are Archaean but the laterite and colluvium are younger and of Cainozoic age. The geomorphology supports extensive Acacia shrublands.

The Tealtoo Land System consists of undulating loamy plains with fine ironstone lag gravel that support dense Acacia shrublands. Quaternary sands, Cainozoic alluvial and colluvial deposits create a depositional surface that is predominated by extensive alluvial plains and sandy tracts with gravelly mantles.

The Yowie Land System is characterised by extensive loamy plains supporting shrublands of mulga and bowgada with patchy wanderrie grasses. The depositional surface is dominated by Quaternary sand and minor cemented alluvium. Smaller areas of ferruginous gravel over hard pan and red earths occur in the narrow drainage tracts of the land system.

The most prospective landforms for subterranean fauna occurrence are the Cunyu (calcrete) and Tallering (BIF) systems because they potentially provide extensive subterranean habitat. The calcretes have a well-developed secondary porosity and high permeability; a precondition for the occurrence of subterranean fauna. The associated aquifers are suitable for stygofauna and the vugs above the water table are suitable for troglofauna. The BIF component of the Tallering Land System is also likely to be prospective for troglofauna. The remaining land systems, essentially loamy or gravely plains, are less prospective for subterranean fauna because the soils are compacted and have little porosity; hence do not provide diverse subterranean habitat.

7 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Figure 5. Land systems in the vicinity of the Mungada Ridge Project. The Cunyu and Tealtoo Land Systems are the most prospective for subterranean fauna, the Talleriing Land System is likely to be prospective for troglofauna.

8 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

2.5. Drill Cores More than forty photos of recently collected diamond drill cores from the proposed Mungada East Extension were assessed for evidence that habitat of the area is suitable for subterranean fauna. Bennelongia has previously undertaken assessment of diamond drill cores in relation to the occurrence of troglofauna, including sites with magnetite and goethite-hematite geologies of the Yilgarn (Bennelongia 2012a, b).

Photos showed numerous large vugs and cavities in several, but not all, diamond drill cores (Figure 6). These occurred from the surface down to more than 20 m in hematite mineralisation and unmineralised BIF. The vugs were usually sparser in the upper strata (<12 m depth) but larger vugs and fissures were quite common in the deeper strata of many drill cores. Several cores were also characterised by extensive fractions of compacted lateritic rubble and colluvium that sometimes contained substantial interstitial spaces at various depths. In some drill cores, the vugs and fractures were observed in association with quartz veins or quartz/hematite associations. Other drill cores were solid and did not contain any vugs or cavities.

The photos show that suitable troglofauna habitat in the form of vugs, cavities and open holes is present in at least some parts of the development envelope. This habitat extends from relatively shallow depths (<8 m) through to deeper strata. Diamond drill cores with similar vugginess have previously been observed associated with a hematite/goethite mining proposal (Ularring Hematite Project) in the Yilgarn (Bennelongia 2012a). The surveys at Ularring recorded a depauperate to moderate troglofauna community of seven species. This suggests that troglofauna communities may occur in some areas of the Project, although they are probably not very diverse.

3. SUBTERRANEAN FAUNA

3.1. Subterranean Fauna in the Yilgarn

3.1.1. Troglofauna Troglofauna in the Yilgarn appear to be more common in karstic calcrete than in other habitats (Guzik et al. 2010; Humphreys 2008) although they also occur widely, at low abundance, in weathered and fractured rocks such as BIF (Bennelongia 2009a, b; Bennelongia 2011, GHD 2010). The groups collected include palpigrads (micro whip-scorpions) (Barranco and Harvey 2008; Giribet et al. 2014), pseudoscorpions (Edward and Harvey 2008; Harrison et al. 2014), spiders (Baehr et al. 2012; Platnick 2008) and isopods (Taiti 2014).

Richness in the Murchison and Midwest regions of the Yilgarn appears to be lower than in the Goldfields where moderately developed troglofauna communities have been recorded (Bennelongia 2008a, b c; Bennelongia 2012a, c). However, this may reflect that few environmental assessments have been undertaken. Surveys of BIF habitats at Karara (ecologia 2008a) and Gossan Hill (Biota 2007) have not identified troglofauna. Surveys at Gindalbie (Biota 2007), Jack Hills (ecologia 2009a, GHD 2010), Kirkalocka (Bennelongia 2011), Mummaloo (Bennelongia 2012b), and Weld Range (ecologia 2009b) have yielded only a few troglobitic species. They belong to groups such as isopods, pseudoscorpions and silverfish.

In summary, there is evidence that troglofauna species occur in BIF habitats of the western Yilgarn when suitable microhabitats (e.g. the presence of vugs, fractures and cavities) are present. However, existing surveys (sometimes based on very low sampling effort) suggest that troglofauna communities in the area are depauperate and that the constituent species probably occur at a very low abundance.

9 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Figure 6. Examples of diamond drill cores from the Mungada Ridge Project.

10 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

3.1.2. Stygofauna The calcrete bodies and alluvial aquifers in the palaeovalleys of the Yilgarn have been identified as areas rich in stygofauna species, with many of the species being restricted to single calcretes or particular habitats within a single calcrete (Guzik et al. 2008; Karanovic and Cooper 2011; Karanovic et al. 2014). The belief that most stygofauna species are restricted to individual calcretes is often termed the ‘calcrete island hypothesis’ (Cooper et al. 2002) and reflects that dispersal between calcretes is very limited.

Groups occurring in calcrete with high species richness include amphipod, copepod and syncarid crustaceans (Guzik et al. 2008; Karanovic and Cooper 2011; Karanovic et al. 2014), beetles, and enchytraeid worms (Subterranean Ecology 2011). Some calcretes have very diverse stygofaunal communities, such as the Yeelirrie calcrete ca. 70 km south-west of Wiluna, where copepod crustaceans are exceptionally diverse with at least 29 species (Karanovic et al. 2014).

Surveys in geologies other than alluvium and calcrete have recorded low levels of stygofauna richness (Bennelongia 2009b). Environmental studies have recorded one potential stygobitic nematode species at the Hinge Iron Ore deposit (Rockwater 2014), one chiltonid amphipod at Jack Hills (GHD 2009) and two cycloid copepods at Kirkalocka (Bennelongia 2012c). While these results demonstrate that stygofauna occur in BIF habitats if sufficient groundwater is present, the overwhelming picture is that the BIF aquifers in this part of the Yilgarn support few stygofauna species. Where groundwater is absent, no stygofauna will occur.

3.2. Subterranean Fauna at Blue Hills

3.2.1. Database and Literature Searches The DPaW Threatened Fauna database was searched and the Threatened and Priority Ecological Communities lists were checked. The scientific literature and available environmental reports from the Midwest were browsed for information on subterranean fauna in the vicinity of the Project. Available online databases, such as the Atlas of Living Australia and DPaW’s NatureMap, were also scanned for subterranean faunal species.

3.2.2. Ecological Communities There is no subterranean fauna TEC or PEC in the vicinity of Blue Hills, although the Project lies within the “Blue Hills (Mount Karara/Mungada Ridge/Blue Hills) vegetation complexes (banded ironstone formation) Priority 1 PEC”, which occurs over most of Mungada Ridge. Priority 1 PEC’s are ecological communities that are known from very few occurrences with a very restricted distribution. They are believed to be under threat because of limited extent or being on lands where threats exist (DEC 2010).

Three Priority 1 PEC’s for the protection of subterranean fauna communities occur in a 100 x 100 km search radius surrounding the Project (Figure 1). They are:

 “Badja calcrete groundwater assemblage type on Moore paleodrainage on Badga Station”;  “Ninghan calcrete groundwater assemblage type on Moore palaeodrainage on Ninghan Station”; and  “Muralgarra calcrete groundwater assemblage type on Murchison palaeodrainage on Muralgarra Station”

These three communities support unique assemblages of invertebrates in groundwater calcretes. The distance to the “Badja calcrete groundwater assemblage type” PEC and its buffer area is 45 km, the “Ninghan calcrete groundwater assemblage type” and buffer are 22 km away, and the “Muralgarra calcrete groundwater assemblage type” is 49 km away. The spatial extent of most PECs is poorly defined and the inclusion of a buffer zone at each PEC is intended to ensure that proposed projects in

11 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

the vicinity of a PEC do not impact on the PEC. It may be demonstrated through field survey or desktop assessment that no impact will occur.

3.2.3. Listed Species No subterranean invertebrate species from the vicinity of the Project are included in the Threatened Fauna -Specially Protected Fauna Notice (DPaW 2014).

3.2.4. Likelihood of Troglofauna Species Nothing was known about subterranean fauna at Blue Hills prior to a series of surveys conducted by ecologia Environment at Blue Hills and Koolanooka (about 40 km west) between February 2007 and July 2008 (ecologia, 2008c). Forty samples were collected from 26 drill holes at Blue Hills (Mungada East and Mungada West). Two groups of arthropods (collembolans and mites) were widely collected but all specimens had functional eyes and appeared to have moved into the traps from the surface. No troglofauna were collected at Blues Hills and a single troglobitic spider was found at Koolanooka.

Figure 7. Examples of troglofauna groups in the Yilgarn. A troglobitic slater (A) and a pseudoscorpion of the genus Tyrannochthonius (B).

Another nearby troglofauna survey conducted by Biota (2007) at the Gindalbie Hematite and Magnetide Project, adjacent to the Blue Hills Project, sampled 12 holes of which nearly all were angled (difficult to sample) and one was cased (unlikely to yield troglofauna). One of the angled holes yielded a single specimen of a new species of troglobitic pseudoscorpion and three potentially troglobitic isopod specimens (Figure 7). These results, together with collection of the spider at Koolanooka, show that at least some troglofauna occur in the vicinity of the Blue Hills Project, although the range of species present and how widespread they are across different habitats is unclear. The results of the 2015 reconnaissance survey for troglofauna are presented and discussed in Section 4.

3.2.5. Likelihood of stygofauna species A single stygofauna sample has been collected from near Blue Hills (at Mungamia Well) during a survey undertaken for assessment of the Koolanooka mine site. Twelve samples were collected from Koolanooka, three samples from Karara (10-20 km south west of Blue Hills) and one from Blue Hills (ecologia 2008b). No additional stygofauna surveys have been undertaken in the vicinity of Blue Hills to date. Single copepods of the genus Microcyclops were collected from one bore at Koolanooka and from Mungamia Well near Blue Hills. The specimens were tentatively identified as the cosmopolitan species Microcyclops varicans (ecologia 2008b). The results of the Koolanooka survey, combined with results of other Yilgarn surveys (reported above) suggest it is likely the Blue Hills area contains a depauperate or vey depauperate stygofauna community that contains widespread, stygophilic (rather than stygobitic) species.

12 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

4. FIELD SURVEY A reconnaissance field survey for troglofauna was carried out between 25 August and 14 October 2015. Troglofauna samples were collected from fourteen drill holes within the indicative mine pit at Mungada East Expansion (Figure 8), with each hole scraped twice and trapped once (see description of sampling methods below). Thirteen of the holes were inclined about 30° off vertical. Scraping and trap setting occurred between 18 and 20 August. Additional scraping and trap retrieval occurred between 13 and 14 October 2015 (Table 2). The survey was conducted according to the general principles laid out for subterranean fauna sampling in Environmental Assessment Guideline 12 and Guidance Statement 54A (EPA 2007, 2013). Details of all drill holes sampled bores are given in Appendix 1.

Table 2. Troglofauna sampling in the 2015 reconnaissance survey. Round Scrape 1 trap 2 traps August 14 - - October 14 10 4

4.1. Field and Laboratory Methods The two troglofauna sampling techniques were trapping and scraping:

1. Trapping. Custom made cylindrical PVC traps (270 x 70 millimetres [mm], entrance holes side and top) were used for trapping. Traps were baited with moist leaf litter (sterilised by microwaving) and lowered/pushed to within several metres of the end of the bore. In approximately every fourth hole a second trap was set mid-way down the bore. Holes were sealed while traps were set to minimise the ingress of surface invertebrates. Traps were retrieved eight weeks later and their contents (bait and captured fauna) were emptied into zip- lock bags and road freighted to the laboratory in Perth.

2. Scraping. Scrapes were collected immediately prior to setting traps and immediately after trap retrieval. A troglofauna net (weighted ring net, 150 micrometre (µm) screen, various apertures according to diameter of the hole) was lowered/pushed to the bottom of the hole and scraped back to the surface along the walls of the hole. A single sequence of lowering and scraping occurred in the angled holes but there were four sequences of lowering and scraping in the one vertical hole. After each scrape, the contents of the net were transferred to a 125 millilitres (ml) vial and preserved in 100% ethanol.

After return to the laboratory, troglofauna were extracted from the leaf litter bait used in traps by placing the litter in Tullgren® funnels under incandescent lamps. After about 72 hours, the ethanol and its contents were removed and sorted under a dissecting microscope. Litter from each funnel was also examined under a microscope for any remaining live or dead animals. Preserved scrapes were elutriated in the laboratory to separate animals from heavier sediment and screened into size fractions (250, 90 and 53 µm) to remove debris and improve searching efficiency. Samples were then sorted under a dissecting microscope.

All fauna picked from scrapes or extracted from bait were examined for troglomorphic characteristics (lack of eyes and pigmentation, well developed sensory organs, slender appendages, vermiform body). Surface and soil-dwelling animals were identified only to Order level. Troglofauna (troglobites and troglophiles but only rarely trogloxenes) were, as far as possible, identified to species/morphospecies level, Identifications were made under dissecting and/or compound microscopes and specimens were dissected as necessary.

Fieldwork at Mungada East Expansion was conducted by Jim Cocking, Michael Curran and Danilo Harms. Sample sorting was done by Mike Scanlon. Species identifications were made by Jane McRae and Mike Scanlon.

13 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Figure 8. Drill holes sampled in the 2015 reconnaissance survey The drill holes where hemipterans of the family Meenopliidae were collected are coloured green.

14 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

4.2. Sampling Results Troglofauna sampling yielded 664 invertebrate specimens belonging to at least ten orders of arthropods: mites, spiders, slaters, springtails, ants, beetles, flies, moths, termites and true bugs. All but five of the specimens were clearly surface species, with the most abundant group being springtails (319 specimens), followed by flies (120 specimens) and mites (78 specimens).

The five troglofauna specimens were collected from two drill holes (BHRC422 and BHRC42) and belonged to the hemipteran family Meenoplidae. All specimens were nymphs and cannot be identified to species level with certainty. However, all specimens had small eye spots, similar pronotal patterning and similar leg length and segmentation. The two drill holes are only 13 m apart on the same drill pad and, therefore, the specimens are considered to belong to a single species. Importantly to this assessment, these specimens are considered likely to be troglophiles (with surface occurrence in one life stage, although mostly subterranean) rather than troglobites (with all life stages being subterranean).

The survey results agree with previous sampling by Ecologia that collected surface species of collembolans and mites but failed to find any troglofauna.

5. MINING IMPACTS

5.1. Mining Activities Relevant to Subterranean Fauna Hematite mining at Mungada East requires the construction of a new mine pit and the backfilling of the already existing Mungada East mine pit with waste rock. The project also requires the storage of the remaining waste rock at a new waste dump located immediately adjacent to the infrastructure area to the north, the construction of haul roads and associated access roads, and a processing plant which is located off Mungada Ridge to the southeast of the pit.

5.2. Potential Impacts on Subterranean Fauna Two scales of impact may be recognised as a result of mining and associated activities. Primary impacts are those with the potential to threaten the persistence of subterranean fauna through direct removal of habitat. Secondary impacts are those that may reduce the quality of subterranean fauna habitat and reduce population densities rather than threatening species persistence (Scarsbrook and Fenwick 2003; Masciopinto et al. 2006). Pit excavation and de-watering are activities that remove troglofauna and stygofauna habitat, respectively, and are examples of primary impacts. Reduction in the quality of subterranean fauna habitat as a result of nutrient enrichment through increased surface inputs from sewerage or increased turbidity from mine blasting are examples of secondary impacts (Scarsbrook and Fenwick 2003; Masciopinto et al. 2006).

5.2.1. Project Impacts on Stygofauna Hydrogeological information from SMC indicates there will not be a requirement for groundwater drawdown associated with the Project. Consequently, the Project is unlikely to pose significant threat to stygofauna and reconnaissance stygofauna sampling to confirm the lack of stygofauna in the development envelope is considered to be unnecessary.

5.2.2. Project Impacts on Troglofauna Of all the mining-related activities at Mungada East, only the construction of an open mine pit will represent habitat loss for troglofauna. Other activities are above surface level and are not considered an impact for the purpose of this assessment.

The Mungada East pit will be 10.6 ha in extent, being 500 m long and up to 280 m wide. The host BIF unit in which the prospective pit is located extends for ca. 10 km in a southwest-northeast direction along a fault line and represents a large expanse of prospective habitat around the proposed mine pit

15 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

(Figure 4). The hematite ore in the pit areas is not a unique geological formation in a regional context but rather nests within a stretch of continuous BIF that contains few, if any, potential spatial barriers to dispersal. Prospective habitat for troglofauna is available to the north, east and west of the pit areas. When the small size of the proposed mine pit is taken into account – it is 10.6 ha and makes up <1% of the BIF unit that extends along a fault line in a southwest-northeast direction - the spatial extent of habitat loss as a result of mining is considered to be negligible.

No troglofauna species were collected during troglofauna survey at Blue Hills (ecologia, 2008c) to the west of the Mungada East Expansion and few troglofauna species are known from the wider area in general. However, the analysis of diamond drill cores indicated that potentially suitable habitat for troglofauna is present in some parts of the development envelope and a reconnaissance survey for troglofauna was undertaken between 25 August and 14 October 2015 to prove the absence of troglofauna. Only one troglofauna species was collected (as five juvenile specimens) but there is considerable doubt whether this species is troglobitic. It is considered more likely to be a troglophile. This confirms the conclusion of the desktop assessment that troglofauna is unlikely to be significantly impacted by the proposed expansion of mining operations at Mungada East.

6. .CONCLUSIONS The proposed Mungada East pit of the Blue Hills Iron Ore Project is located within a much larger deposit of continuous BIF that extends from the southwest to the northeast in an otherwise flat landscape of the eastern Yilgarn craton. A hydrological assessment found negligible to small groundwater yields and the subterranean strata contain a high proportion of clay, orthoquartzite at depth. The only stygofauna species that has been collected in the vicinity is a cyclopoid copepod, probably belonging to the cosmopolitan Microcyclops varicans. Stygofauna are unlikely to be significantly impacted at Mungada East because of the depauperate stygofauna community in the vicinity of the development envelope, unsuitable habitat in the Proposal area itself and the fact that there will not be a requirement for groundwater drawdown. BIF habitats in the Yilgarn have consistently yielded few, if any, stygofauna species and reconnaissance survey to confirm the conclusion of the desktop assessment in relation to stygofauna appears unnecessary.

No troglofauna were recorded during previous troglofauna surveys at Blue Hills west of the development envelope, although survey effort was relatively low (14 drill holes assessed at the existing Mungada East mine). Additional sampling for troglofauna was carried out in 2015 because two or more troglobitic species have been recorded from BIF habitats in the vicinity and the assessment of diamond drill cores indicates that suitable habitat may be present within the Proposal area. The survey result confirmed the findings of the previous sampling rounds that this area does not support a significant troglofauna community. Only one troglofauna species was collected (as five juvenile specimens) but there is considerable doubt whether this species is troglobitic. It is considered more likely to be a troglophile.

The orebody to be mined at the Project lies within a host BIF unit that extends about 10 km in a southwest-northeast direction along a fault line. The proposed mine pit will occupy only 10.6 ha, or <1% of the area of the host unit. It is expected that any troglofauna species occurring in the development envelope will be more widespread in the BIF unit. It is considered that troglofauna, if present, are unlikely to be significantly impacted by the development of the proposed pit at Mungada East because of the small number of species recorded from the vicinity, the extensive area of BIF around the proposed mine pit that provides continuity of habitat for any troglofauna species present, and the small area of the proposed mine pit.

16 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

species of troglofauna was collected in the current, and previous, field surveys and this species is likely to be a troglophile with potential for surface dispersal. Only a small number of troglofauna species are known from the vicinity and there are extensive areas of BIF around the Proposal to provide continuity of troglofauna habitat with surrounding areas. The proposed mine pit is relatively small in relation to the extent of available habitat. Thus, the likelihood of significant impacts on subterranean fauna as a result of the proposed mine expansion is considered to be extremely low.

7. REFERENCES Baehr, B.C., Harvey, M.S., Burger, M., and Thoma, M. (2012) The new Australasian goblin spider genus Prethopalpus (Araneae, Oonopidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 369, 1-113. Barranco, P., and Harvey, M.S. (2008) The first indigenous palpigrade from Australia: a new species of Eukoenenia (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae). Invertebrate Systematics 22, 227-233. Bennelongia (2008a) Troglofauna survey at Koolyanobbing. Report 2008/49, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 24 pp. Bennelongia (2008b) Troglofauna survey at Koolyanobbing – update and recommendations. Report 2008/37, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 13 pp. Bennelongia (2008c) Troglofauna survey of Mount Jackson Range, Western Australia. Report 2008/50, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 15 pp. Bennelongia (2009a) Troglofauna survey at F deposit, Koolyanobbing. Report 2009/73, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 21 pp. Bennelongia (2009b) Yilgarn Iron Ore Project: Carina deposit, subterranean fauna assessment. Report 2009/69, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 30 pp. Bennelongia (2011) Subterranean fauna assessment: Kirkalocka Gold deposit. Report 2011/132, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 27 pp. Bennelongia (2012a) Addendum: Troglofauna Assessment, Ularring Haematite Project. Report 2012/185, Bennelogia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 24 pp. Bennelongia (2012b). Addendum: Pilbara Iron Ore Project, Blacksmith subterranean fauna surveys. Report 2012/137A. Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, pp. 46 Bennelongia (2012c) Mummaloo Project: Subterranean fauna. Report 2012/173, Bennelongia Pty Ltd, Jolimont, 24 pp. Biota (2007) Hematite and Magnetite Projects desktop subterranean fauna assessment. Project No. 389, Biota Environmental Sciences, Leederville, 29 pp. Bureau of Meterology (2015) Evaporation: Average Monthly and Annual Evaporation. Maps available online at http://www.bom.gov.au/watl/evaporation/ Cooper, S.J.B., Hinze, S., Leys, R., Watts, C.H.S., and Humphreys, W.F. (2002) Islands under the desert: molecular systematics and evolutionary origins of stygobitic water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from central Western Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 16, 589-598. DEC (2010) List of threatened ecological communities on the Department of Environment and Conservation’s Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) database endorsed by the Minister for the Environment. Department of Environment and Conservation, 5 pp. ecologia Environment (2007) Koolanooka – Blue Hills Direct Shipping Ore (DSO) Mining Project - Troglofauna Assessment. Ecologia Environmental, West Perth, WA, 19 pp. ecologia Environment (2008a) Greater Karara Iron Ore Project Subterranean Fauna Biological Report. Ecologia Environmental West Perth, WA, 48 pp. ecologia Environment (2008b) Koolanooka – Blue Hills Direct Shipping Ore (DSO) Mining Project - Stygofauna Biological Assessment. Ecologia Environmental, West Perth, WA, 30 pp. ecologia Environment (2008c) Koolanooka – Blue Hills Direct Shipping Ore (DSO) Mining Project - Troglofauna Biological Assessment. Ecologia Environmental, West Perth, WA, 31 pp. ecologia Environment (2009a) Jack Hills Mine Expansion Troglofauna Report. ecologia Environmental, West Perth, WA, 38 pp. ecologia Environment (2009b). Weld Range Iron Ore Project Troglofauna Assessment. Report for Crosslands Resources Ltd. Ecologia Environmental, West Perth, 23 pp. Eberhard, S.M., Halse, S.A., and Humphreys, W.F. (2005) Stygofauna in the Pilbara region, north-west Western Australia: a review. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88, 167-176. Edward, K.L., and Harvey, M.S. (2008) Short-range endemism in hypogean environments: the pseudoscorpion genera Tyrannochthonius and Lagynochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) in the semiarid zone of Western Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 22, 259-293.

17 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Environmental Protection Authority (2007) Sampling methods and survey considerations for subterranean fauna in Western Australia (Technical Appendix to Guidance Statement No. 54). Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, 32 pp. Environmental Protection Authority (2013) Environmental Assessment Guildline No. 12 - Consideration of Subterranean Fauna in Environmental Impact Assessment in WA. Environmental Protection Authority Western Australia, Perth, 24 pp. Giribet, G., McIntyre, E., Christian, E., Espinasa, L., Ferreira, R.L., Francke, O.F., Harvey, M.S., Isaia, M., Kovác, L., McCutchen, L., Souza, M.F.V.R., and Zagmajster, M. (2014) The first phylogenetic analysis of Palpigradi (Arachnida) - the most enigmatic arthropod order. Invertebrate Systematics 28, 350-360. GHD (2009) Report for Jack Hills expansion project regional stygofauna phase 1 survey. GHD, Perth, 15 pp. GHD (2010) Report for Jack HIlls expansion project troglofauna phase 5 and 6 results and habitat assessment. GHD, Perth, 22 pp. Guzik, M.T., Abrams, K.M., Cooper, S.J.B., Humphreys, W.F., Cho, J.-L., and Austin, A.D. (2008) Phylogeography of the ancient Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) from the Yilgarn region of Western Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 22, 205-216. Guzik, M.T., Austin, A.D., Cooper, S.J.B., Harvey, M.S., Humphreys, W.F., Bradford, T., Eberhard, S.M., King, R.A., Leys, R., Muirhead, K.A., and Tomlinson, M. (2010) Is the Australian subterranean fauna uniquely diverse? Invertebrate Systematics 24, 407-418. Harvey, M.S. (2002) Short-range endemism amongst the Australian fauna: some examples from non-marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics 16, 555-570. Harvey, M.S., Berry, O., Edward, K.L., and Humphreys, G. (2008) Molecular and morphological systematics of hypogean schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) in semiarid Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 22, 167- 194. Harrison, S.E., Guzik, M.T., Harvey, M.S., and Austin, A.D. (2014) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Western Australian troglobitic chthoniid pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) points to multiple independent subterranean clades. Invertebrate Systematics 28, 386-400. Humphreys, W.F. (2001) Groundwater calcrete aquifers in the Australian arid zone: the context to an unfolding plethora of stygal biodiversity. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 64, 63-83. Humphreys, W.F. (2008) Rising from Down Under: developments in subterranean biodiversity in Australia from a groundwater fauna perspective. Invertebrate Systematics 22, 85-101. Karanovic, T., and Cooper, S.J.B. (2011) Molecular and morphological evidence for short range endemism in the Kinnecaris solitaria complex (Copepoda: Parastenocarididae), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 3026, 1-64. Karanovic, T., and Cooper, S.J.B. (2012) Explosive radiation of the genus Schizopera on a small subterranean island in Western Australia (Copepoda : Harpacticoida): unravelling the cases of cryptic speciation, size differentiation and multiple invasions. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 115-192. Karanovic, T., Eberhard, S., Cooper, S.J.B., and Guzik, M.T. (2014) Morphological and molecular study of the genus Nitokra (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) in a small palaeochannel in Western Australia. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 15, 1-35. Karanovic, T., and McRae, J. (2013) The genus Schizopera (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, with description of a new species and its molecular and morphological affinities. Records of the Western Australian Museum 119, 28. Lamoreux, J. (2004) Stygobites are more wide-ranging than troglobites. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 66, 18- 19. Masciopinto, C., Semeraro, F., La Mantia, R., Inguscio, S., and Rossi, E. (2006) Stygofauna abundance and distribution in the fissures and caves of the Nardò (Southern Italy) fractured aquifer subject to reclaimed water injections Geomicrobiology Journal 23, 267-278. Payne, A.L., van Vreeswyk, A.M.E., Leighton, K.A., Pringle, H.J., and Hennig, P. (1998) An inventory and condition survey of the Sandstone-Yalgoo-Paynes Find area, Western Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Technical Bulletin. 90, 372. Platnick, N.I. (2008) A new subterranean ground spider genus from Western Australia (Araneae : Trochanteriidae). Invertebrate Systematics 22, 295-299. Reeves, J.M., de Deckker, P., and Halse, S.A. (2007) Groundwater ostracods from the arid Pilbara region of northwestern Australia: distribution and water chemistry. Hydrobiologia 585, 99-118. Rockwater (2006) Midwest Corporation Limited - Results of the Groundwater Exploration and Drilling at Koolanooka and Blue Hills. Rockwater Pty Ltd, 8 pp. Rockwater (2014) Hinge Iron Ore Deposit – Rockwater (2014) Hinge Iron Ore Deposit - Subterranean Fauna Desktop Assessment. Rockwater Pty Ltd, Jolimont, Western Australia, 16 pp. Subterranean Fauna Desktop Assessment. Rockwater Pty Ltd, Jolimont, Western Australia, 16 pp.

18 Mungada East Expansion: Subterranean Fauna Assessment SMC

Scarsbrook M.R., Fenwick G.D. (2003) Preliminary assessment of crustacean distribution patterns in New Zealand groundwater aquifers. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37, 405-413. Subterranean Ecology (2011) Fortescue Metals Group Solomon Project: Kings deposits subterranean fauna survey and assessment. Report 2010/20. Subterranean Ecology, Stirling, 96 pp. Taiti, S. (2014) New subterranean Armadillidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) from Western Australia. Tropical Zoology, 27, 1-13. Watts, C.H.S., and Humphreys, W.F. (2006) Twenty-six new Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) of the genera Limbodessus Guignot and Nirripirti Watts & Humphreys, from underground waters in Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Australia 130, 123-185.

Appendix 1. Holes Sampled for Troglofauna in 2015. Drill Hole Code Site Code Latitude Longitude Samples BHRC364 SMC001 -29.140216994 116.888667 Scrape (2x), Traps Deep and Shallow BHRC504 SMC002 -29.1401741 116.888594 Scrape (2x), Traps Deep and Shallow BHRC505 SMC003 -29.1404249 116.888319 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC415 SMC004 -29.1394658 116.890137 Scrape (2x), Traps Deep and Shallow BHRC414 SMC005 -29.1395369 116.890183 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC416 SMC006 -29.1394849 116.890089 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC400 SMC007 -29.1391994 116.890127 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC432 SMC008 -29.1389247 116.889994 Scrape (2x), Traps Deep and Shallow BHRC434 SMC009 -29.1387741 116.890045 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC428 SMC010 -29.1383623 116.891028 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC498 SMC011 -29.1383783 116.891089 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC422 SMC012 -29.1384597 116.891098 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC426 SMC013 -29.1384706 116.890972 Scrape (2x), Trap BHRC427 SMC014 -29.1383996 116.890981 Scrape (2x), Trap