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Introduction 1 NOTES Introduction 1. John Stow, A Summarie of the Chronicles of England (London, 1604), 441. 2. Sir John Oglander, The Oglander Memoirs, ed. W. H. Long (London, 1888), 119–120. Not all of Elizabeth’s subjects agreed with this assessment. John Clapham, a treasury clerk, notes in his memoirs that at the Queen’s funeral others again complained that they could not lightly be in worse state than they were; considering that the people gen- erally were much impoverished by continual subsidies and taxes, besides other exactions of contributions extorted by corrupt officers; that little or no equality was used in those impositions, the meaner sort commonly sustaining the greater burden and the wealthier no more than themselves listed to bear; that wrongs now and then were bolstered out by authority or winked at for private respects; that many privileges had passed under her name for the benefit of some particular men, to the detriment of the commonwealth. (Elizabeth of England: Certain Observations Concerning the Life and Reign of Queen Elizabeth, ed. Evelyn Plummer Read and Conyers Read [Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951], 113). 3. John Carey, Lieutenant Governor of Berwick, to Robert Cecil, March 16, 1603, in Hatfield manuscripts, Vol. XCII, No. 42; quoted in John Bruce, ed., Correspondence of King James VI of Scotland (London, 1861; repr. New York: AMS Press, 1968), Introduction, l; Francis Vere, letter to Robert Cecil, March 24, 1603, in Historic Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Elizabeth, 1601–1603, 303; William Camden to Robert Cotton, March 15, 1603, in Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, A Series of Original Letters, 2 vols. (London, 1838), Vol. II, 494; and Earl of Oxford, let- ter to Robert Cecil, April 25 and 27, 1603, in Alan H. Nelson, Monstrous Adversary: The Life of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2003), 419. 164 Notes 4. Richard Norwood, in his repentant memoir, describes his response to James’s succession, which occurred before Norwood’s conversion to Puritanism: “whilst I lived at [Stony] Stratford my evil heart against piety began to appear in this, that when upon the death of Queen Elizabeth and coming in of King James we heard by common rumor that he would be more severe against Puritans (as pious Christians were there called) than against Papists, I was glad of it” (The Journal of Richard Norwood Surveyor of Bemuda, ed. Wesley Frank Craven and Walter B. Hayward [New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1945], 13). 5. A blunter assessment is offered by Sir John Oglander, who, after a glowing tribute to Elizabeth’s nobility, generosity, courage, and wisdom, asserts that “theyre wase nothinge wantinge that cowlde be desiored in a Prince butt that shee wase a woman” (119). Francis Bacon notes that “[t]he government of a woman has been a rare thing at all times; felicity in such government a rarer thing still. Felicity and long continuance together the rarest thing of all. Yet this Queen reigned forty-four years complete, and did not out- live her felicity”; Bacon later expresses surprise that in England, “a nation particularly fierce and warlike, all things could be swayed and controlled at the beck of a woman.” Francis Bacon, In Felicem Memoriam Elizabethæ, tr. James Spedding, in The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. James Spedding, Vol. XI (Boston, 1861), 443, 447. In an April 1, 1603 diary entry, John Manningham reports that “Mr. Curle” noted that “[w]ee worshipt noe saintes, but wee prayd to ladyes in the Q[ueenes] tyme. This superstition shall be abolished, we hope, in our kinges raigne.” John Manningham, The Diary of John Manningham of the Middle Temple 1602–1603, ed. Robert Parker Sorlien (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1976), 221. See also the 1597 assertion by Andre Hurault, Sieur de Maisse, the French ambassador to England: “Her gov- ernment is fairly pleasing to the people, who show that they love her, but it is little pleasing to the great men and the nobles; and if by chance she should die, it is certain that the English would never again submit to the rule of a woman.” G. B. Harrison, ed., De Maisse: A Journal of All that Was Accomplished by Monsieur de Maisse (London: Nonesuch, 1931), 11–12. 6. Godfrey Goodman, The Court of King James the First, ed. John S. Brewer (London, 1839), Vol. I, 98. See also J. E. Neale, “November 17th,” in Essays in Elizabethan History (London: Jonathan Cape, 1958), 9–20. 7. Three excellent recent studies of Elizabeth’s postmortem reputa- tion and the uses to which it has been put are Michael Dobson and Nicola J. Watson, England’s Elizabeth: An Afterlife in Fame and Notes 165 Fantasy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Louis Montrose, The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006); and John Watkins, Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). 8. See Frances Yates, Astrea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975); Roy Strong, The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan Portraiture and Pageantry (London: Thames and Hudson, 1977); Strong, The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969); Strong, The Tudor and Stuart Monarchy: Pageantry, Painting, Iconography (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1995); J. E. Neale, Queen Elizabeth (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1934); Christopher Hibbert, The Virgin Queen: Elizabeth I, Genius of the Golden Age (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1991); Paul Johnson, Elizabeth I: A Study in Power and Intellect (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974); Wallace MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I (London: Edward Arnold, 1993); Anne Somerset, Elizabeth I (New York: Knopf, 1991). 9. See Philippa Berry, Of Chastity and Power: Elizabethan Literature and the Unmarried Queen (London: Routledge, 1989); Barbara Keifer Lewalski, Writing Women in Jacobean England (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993); Janet Adelman, Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare’s Plays (London: Routledge, 1992); and Marie Axton, The Queen’s Two Bodies: Drama and the Elizabethan Succession (London: Royal Historical Society, 1977). 10. Carole Levin, “The Heart and Stomach of a King”: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 169. Chapter 1 At the Last Gasp: The Final Days of Queen Elizabeth I Portions of this chapter appeared in “Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account of the Death of Queen Elizabeth I (with text),” in English Literary Renaissance 26.3 (Autumn 1996): 482– 509. 1. John Harington to Mall Harington, December 27, 1602, in John Harington, Nugae Antiquae, ed. Henry Harington, Vol. II (London, 1779), 76. Further references to this work are to Volume II unless otherwise noted. 166 Notes 2. The Venetian ambassador Giovanni Carlo Scaramelli to Robert Cecil, March 18, 1603, in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Salisbury Manuscripts, Vol. IX, Pt. XII, 679. Parenthetical references to the Salisbury papers, abbreviated Salis, will include the volume and page numbers. 3. See Cecil, The Salisbury Manuscripts; John Chamberlain, The Letters of John Chamberlain, ed. Norman Egbert McClure (Philadelphia, PA: The American Philosophical Society, 1939); Robert Carey, The Memoirs of Robert Carey, ed. F. H. Mares (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972); Anne Clifford Herbert, The Diary of the Lady Anne Clifford, ed. V[ita] Sackville-West (London: William Heinemann, 1924); Roger Wilbraham, The Journal of Sir Roger Wilbraham, ed. Harold Spencer Scott (London: Royal Historical Society, 1902); John Manningham, The Diary of John Manningham of the Middle Temple 1602–1603, ed. Robert Parker Sorlien (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1976); John Clapham, Elizabeth of England: Certain Observations Concerning the Life and Reign of Queen Elizabeth, ed. Evelyn Plummer Read and Conyers Read (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951) ; the translation of the Comte de Beaumont’s dis- patches in Frederick von Raumer, Contributions to Modern History, from the British Museum and the State Paper Office: Queen Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1836) and the summaries and partial quotations of de Beaumont in Thomas Birch, Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, Vol. II (London, 1754); the transla- tions of the Venetian ambassador’s reports in Calendar of State Papers, Venice, Vols. IX and X; Elizabeth Southwell, “A True Relation . ,” Stonyhurst ms. Ang. iii. 77; Philip Caraman, tr., William Weston: The Autobiography of an Elizabethan (London: Longmans, Green, 1955); and “The Death of Queene Elizabeth,” in Cotton manuscript Titus C.vii. 57. Other eyewitness accounts include those of Philip Gawdy, a minor courtier and member of the Inner Temple; courtier Roger Manners, once an esquire of the body to Elizabeth; and Sir Henry Slingsby. See Letters of Philip Gawdy, ed. Isaac Herbert Jeayes (London: J. Nichols, 1906); Roger Manners, The Manuscripts of the Earl of Rutland (London, 1888); and Sir Henry Slingsby, The Diary of Sir Henry Slingsby, ed. Daniel Parsons (London, 1836). 4. Giovanni Carlo Scaramelli to the Doge and Senate, February 13, 1603 (NS) in Calendar of State Papers, Venice, Vol. IX, 529. 5. Robert Cecil to John Nicholson, March 9, 1603, in John Bruce, Letters of Queen Elizabeth and James VI of Scotland (London, 1849), xlix. 6. Although he notes that Elizabeth’s strength was failing and that “she suffers from pains in the bladder,” de Beaumont reports that Notes 167 Elizabeth’s “eye is still lively; she has good spirits, and is fond of life, for which reason she takes great care of herself” (Raumer, 454). Further references to de Beaumont are to Raumer’s transla- tions unless otherwise noted. 7. E. K. Chambers reports court performances by the Lord Chamberlain’s men as late as February 2, 1603, and by the Admiral’s Men on March 6 and possibly March 8, 1603.
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