NOTES

Introduction 1. John Stow, A Summarie of the Chronicles of (, 1604), 441. 2. Sir John Oglander, The Oglander Memoirs, ed. W. H. Long (London, 1888), 119–120. Not all of Elizabeth’s subjects agreed with this assessment. John Clapham, a treasury clerk, notes in his memoirs that at the Queen’s funeral others again complained that they could not lightly be in worse state than they were; considering that the people gen- erally were much impoverished by continual subsidies and taxes, besides other exactions of contributions extorted by corrupt officers; that little or no equality was used in those impositions, the meaner sort commonly sustaining the greater burden and the wealthier no more than themselves listed to bear; that wrongs now and then were bolstered out by authority or winked at for private respects; that many privileges had passed under her name for the benefit of some particular men, to the detriment of the commonwealth. (Elizabeth of England: Certain Observations Concerning the Life and Reign of Queen Elizabeth, ed. Evelyn Plummer Read and Conyers Read [, PA: University of Press, 1951], 113). 3. John Carey, Lieutenant Governor of Berwick, to Robert Cecil, March 16, 1603, in Hatfield manuscripts, Vol. XCII, No. 42; quoted in John Bruce, ed., Correspondence of King James VI of Scotland (London, 1861; repr. New York: AMS Press, 1968), Introduction, l; Francis Vere, letter to Robert Cecil, March 24, 1603, in Historic Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Elizabeth, 1601–1603, 303; William Camden to Robert Cotton, March 15, 1603, in Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, A Series of Original Letters, 2 vols. (London, 1838), Vol. II, 494; and Earl of Oxford, let- ter to Robert Cecil, April 25 and 27, 1603, in Alan H. Nelson, Monstrous Adversary: The Life of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2003), 419. 164 Notes

4. Richard Norwood, in his repentant memoir, describes his response to James’s succession, which occurred before Norwood’s conversion to Puritanism: “whilst I lived at [Stony] Stratford my evil heart against piety began to appear in this, that when upon the death of Queen Elizabeth and coming in of King James we heard by common rumor that he would be more severe against (as pious Christians were there called) than against Papists, I was glad of it” (The Journal of Richard Norwood Surveyor of Bemuda, ed. Wesley Frank Craven and Walter B. Hayward [New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1945], 13). 5. A blunter assessment is offered by Sir John Oglander, who, after a glowing tribute to Elizabeth’s nobility, generosity, courage, and wisdom, asserts that “theyre wase nothinge wantinge that cowlde be desiored in a Prince butt that shee wase a woman” (119). Francis Bacon notes that “[t]he government of a woman has been a rare thing at all times; felicity in such government a rarer thing still. Felicity and long continuance together the rarest thing of all. Yet this Queen reigned forty-four years complete, and did not out- live her felicity”; Bacon later expresses surprise that in England, “a nation particularly fierce and warlike, all things could be swayed and controlled at the beck of a woman.” Francis Bacon, In Felicem Memoriam Elizabethæ, tr. James Spedding, in The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. James Spedding, Vol. XI (, 1861), 443, 447. In an April 1, 1603 diary entry, John Manningham reports that “Mr. Curle” noted that “[w]ee worshipt noe saintes, but wee prayd to ladyes in the Q[ueenes] tyme. . . . This superstition shall be abolished, we hope, in our kinges raigne.” John Manningham, The Diary of John Manningham of the Middle Temple 1602–1603, ed. Robert Parker Sorlien (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1976), 221. See also the 1597 assertion by Andre Hurault, Sieur de Maisse, the French ambassador to England: “Her gov- ernment is fairly pleasing to the people, who show that they love her, but it is little pleasing to the great men and the nobles; and if by chance she should die, it is certain that the English would never again submit to the rule of a woman.” G. B. Harrison, ed., De Maisse: A Journal of All that Was Accomplished by Monsieur de Maisse (London: Nonesuch, 1931), 11–12. 6. Godfrey Goodman, The Court of King James the First, ed. John S. Brewer (London, 1839), Vol. I, 98. See also J. E. Neale, “November 17th,” in Essays in Elizabethan History (London: Jonathan Cape, 1958), 9–20. 7. Three excellent recent studies of Elizabeth’s postmortem reputa- tion and the uses to which it has been put are Michael Dobson and Nicola J. Watson, England’s Elizabeth: An Afterlife in Fame and Notes 165

Fantasy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Louis Montrose, The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation (Chicago, IL: Press, 2006); and John Watkins, Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). 8. See Frances Yates, Astrea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975); Roy Strong, The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan Portraiture and Pageantry (London: Thames and Hudson, 1977); Strong, The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969); Strong, The Tudor and Stuart Monarchy: Pageantry, Painting, Iconography (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1995); J. E. Neale, Queen Elizabeth (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1934); Christopher Hibbert, The Virgin Queen: , Genius of the Golden Age (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1991); Paul Johnson, Elizabeth I: A Study in Power and Intellect (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974); Wallace MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I (London: Edward Arnold, 1993); Anne Somerset, Elizabeth I (New York: Knopf, 1991). 9. See Philippa Berry, Of Chastity and Power: Elizabethan Literature and the Unmarried Queen (London: Routledge, 1989); Barbara Keifer Lewalski, Writing Women in Jacobean England (Cambridge, MA: Press, 1993); Janet Adelman, Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare’s Plays (London: Routledge, 1992); and Marie Axton, The Queen’s Two Bodies: Drama and the Elizabethan Succession (London: Royal Historical Society, 1977). 10. Carole Levin, “The Heart and Stomach of a King”: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 169.

Chapter 1 At the Last Gasp: The Final Days of Queen Elizabeth I Portions of this chapter appeared in “Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account of the Death of Queen Elizabeth I (with text),” in English Literary Renaissance 26.3 (Autumn 1996): 482– 509. 1. John Harington to Mall Harington, December 27, 1602, in John Harington, Nugae Antiquae, ed. Henry Harington, Vol. II (London, 1779), 76. Further references to this work are to Volume II unless otherwise noted. 166 Notes

2. The Venetian ambassador Giovanni Carlo Scaramelli to Robert Cecil, March 18, 1603, in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Salisbury Manuscripts, Vol. IX, Pt. XII, 679. Parenthetical references to the Salisbury papers, abbreviated Salis, will include the volume and page numbers. 3. See Cecil, The Salisbury Manuscripts; John Chamberlain, The Letters of John Chamberlain, ed. Norman Egbert McClure (Philadelphia, PA: The American Philosophical Society, 1939); Robert Carey, The Memoirs of Robert Carey, ed. F. H. Mares (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972); Anne Clifford Herbert, The Diary of the Lady Anne Clifford, ed. V[ita] Sackville-West (London: William Heinemann, 1924); Roger Wilbraham, The Journal of Sir Roger Wilbraham, ed. Harold Spencer Scott (London: Royal Historical Society, 1902); John Manningham, The Diary of John Manningham of the Middle Temple 1602–1603, ed. Robert Parker Sorlien (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1976); John Clapham, Elizabeth of England: Certain Observations Concerning the Life and Reign of Queen Elizabeth, ed. Evelyn Plummer Read and Conyers Read (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951) ; the translation of the Comte de Beaumont’s dis- patches in Frederick von Raumer, Contributions to Modern History, from the British Museum and the State Paper Office: Queen Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1836) and the summaries and partial quotations of de Beaumont in Thomas Birch, Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, Vol. II (London, 1754); the transla- tions of the Venetian ambassador’s reports in Calendar of State Papers, Venice, Vols. IX and X; Elizabeth Southwell, “A True Relation . . . ,” Stonyhurst ms. Ang. iii. 77; Philip Caraman, tr., William Weston: The Autobiography of an Elizabethan (London: Longmans, Green, 1955); and “The Death of Queene Elizabeth,” in Cotton manuscript Titus C.vii. 57. Other eyewitness accounts include those of Philip Gawdy, a minor courtier and member of the Inner Temple; courtier Roger Manners, once an esquire of the body to Elizabeth; and Sir Henry Slingsby. See Letters of Philip Gawdy, ed. Isaac Herbert Jeayes (London: J. Nichols, 1906); Roger Manners, The Manuscripts of the Earl of Rutland (London, 1888); and Sir Henry Slingsby, The Diary of Sir Henry Slingsby, ed. Daniel Parsons (London, 1836). 4. Giovanni Carlo Scaramelli to the Doge and Senate, February 13, 1603 (NS) in Calendar of State Papers, Venice, Vol. IX, 529. 5. Robert Cecil to John Nicholson, March 9, 1603, in John Bruce, Letters of Queen Elizabeth and James VI of Scotland (London, 1849), xlix. 6. Although he notes that Elizabeth’s strength was failing and that “she suffers from pains in the bladder,” de Beaumont reports that Notes 167

Elizabeth’s “eye is still lively; she has good spirits, and is fond of life, for which reason she takes great care of herself” (Raumer, 454). Further references to de Beaumont are to Raumer’s transla- tions unless otherwise noted. 7. E. K. Chambers reports court performances by the Lord Chamberlain’s men as late as February 2, 1603, and by the Admiral’s Men on March 6 and possibly March 8, 1603. See The Elizabethan Stage, Vol. II (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923), 21, 185, 207, 208, and Vol. IV, 115–116. On an unspecified date during the Queen’s last illness, the Corporation of Canterbury paid the Lord Admiral’s company not to perform “because it was thought fitt they should not play at all, in regard that our late Queene was then very sicke or dead as they supposed” (Chambers, Vol. II, 185). 8. William Camden, The Historie of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princesse Elizabeth, Late Queene of England (London, 1630), 221. Richard Mulcaster, In Mortem Serenissimae Reginae Elizabethae: The Translation of Certaine Latine Verses Written uppon her Majesties Death, Called A Comforting Complaint (London, 1603), sig. Bv. 9. Pauline Croft, “Robert Cecil and the Early Jacobean Court,” in The Mental World of the Jacobean Court, ed. Linda Levy Peck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 134. For an example of the extraordinary precautions Cecil took to conceal this correspondence, and his assertion that he undertook it for Elizabeth’s especial safety, see Bruce, Correspondence of King James VI. of Scotland (London, 1861; repr. New York, AMS Press, 1968), xl. Further references to Bruce are to this volume unless other- wise noted. 10. There were exceptions: a December 1591 letter to Richard Verstegan, probably written by Robert Southwell, is typical. In it the author anticipates the violence that he expects to result when “competitours to the Crowne” begin making their claims, and describes Elizabeth’s death as that “which no man can prevent, and yet al men shal feele” (The Letters and Despatches of Richard Verstegan (c. 1550–1640), ed. Anthony G. Petti (London: Catholic Record Society, 1959), 14. Other correspondents had more prac- tical concerns: before December 1601, cloth merchant Lionel Cranfield had written to his factor Daniel Cooper about buy- ing land in order to prepare for any disruption surrounding the Queen’s death. Cooper replied: I perceive your determination to buy land and thank God heartily for you that He has increased your store so much that you are able to disburse such a sum upon a purchase and yet continue a pretty trade besides. In few words, if our gracious Queen were twenty years younger and likely long to live I would 168 Notes

wonderful well like of your course. But our estate in England is fickle and God calling her Majesty, in whose hands her life is and by natural reason and her weakness cannot be long yet may be many years; my Grandmother is alive and is lusty at 87 years, but this no consequence; I say she dying, whom I beseech God may outlive us both, our land will be full of troubles and I have heard them report it to come from the best and wisest council- lors in England that, as our estate is, no wisdom to buy land. Daniel Cooper to Lionel Cranfield, December 5, 1601, in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Right Honourable Lord Sackville, Vol. II (London: HMSO, 1966), 101–102. 11. John Harington to Mall Harington, December 27, 1602, Nugae Antiquae, Vol. II, 77–79. 12. Harington himself seems to have been not unmindful of the here- after: during that winter he must have commissioned his New Year’s present for King James, a lantern with crucifixion scenes inscribed with the words of the repentant thief, “Lord, remember me when thou comest into thie kingdom.” James wrote to thank Harington for the lantern on April 3, 1603 from Holyrood: “Ryhte trustie and welbelovite Frinde, we greete yow heartily weill. We have raissavit your lanterne, with the poesie yow sende us be owr servande Williame Hunter, gevinge yow hairtie thankes” (Harington, Vol. II, 231). The description of the lantern is found in the 1804 edition of Nugae Antiquae, ed. Henry Harington and Thomas Park, 2 vols. (London, 1804), Vol. I, 326. 13. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Elizabeth 1601–1603, 302. Further references to the state papers are to this volume, abbreviated CSPD, unless otherwise noted. 14. From an undated and unsigned letter described as being “from a correspondent in England to a Scottish nobleman” by its editor Alexander Grosart in Robert Chester’s “Loves Martyr, or Rosalins Complaint” (London, 1878), lxxxi. 15. Henry, Earl of Northumberland to King James, March 17, 1603 (Bruce, Correspondence, 72). 16. Antony Rivers to Giacomo Creleto, March 9, 1603, CSPD, 299. De Beaumont concurs with this assessment: “others suppose [the illness] has been caused by the Irish affairs, her council having constrained her (against her nature and inclination) to grant a pardon to the Earl of Tyrone” (Raumer, 456). 17. Goodman, Vol. II, 16. Further references to this work are to vol- ume I unless otherwise noted. 18. An anonymous correspondent writing on March 9 to Giacomo Creleto in Venice reports that “there is no money, only 17,000£, Notes 169

in the Exchequer,—a small sum to maintain wars in Spain and Ireland” (CSPD, 302). 19. It is not clear from this entry whether Manningham is report- ing a current event or repeating an anecdote. John Harington tells another story of the Queen responding to a sermon by Dr. Rudd: in 1596 Rudd gave a sermon on the significance of numbers including the Queen’s age, sixty-three. At the end of the sermon, Elizabeth opened the window of her box and “said plainly he should have kept his Arithmetic for himselfe” (Harington, Nugae Antiquae, Vol. II189). 20. Thomas Screven to John Manners, March 7, 1603, in Historical Manuscripts Commission, The Manuscripts of His Grace the Earl of Rutland (London, 1888), 387. 21. William Camden to Robert Cotton, March 15, 1603, in Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, Vol. II, 494. Thomas Wright offers a fascinating calculation of which year should be considered the Queen’s climacterical in A Succint Philosphicall Declaration of the Nature of Clymactericall Yeeres, Occasioned by the Death of Queene Elizabeth (London, 1604), also appended to Wright’s The Passions of the Minde in Generall (London, 1604). 22. Four days ago she had a defluxion in the throat; some of the doctors thought it was a little apostume, which opened into her mouth, and flowed down her throat, and might choke her, for she was half an hour before she was able to speak, and was like a dead person; but thanks to God, they found means to dry it up well; she has been better since, and begins to take repose. (CSPD, 302) 23. Birch, Memoirs,Vol. II, 507. This section of de Beaumont’s March 15–24 dispatch is not included in Raumer’s translation. 24. “The Death of Queene Elizabeth,” in Cotton Titus C.vii.57. A transcript can be found in John Nichols, The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, Vol. III (London, 1823), 607–608. 25. John Stow, A Summarie of the Chronicles of England, 439. 26. Unsigned, “From the chamber at Richmond” to the sheriff and commissioners of Stafford, March 16, 1603. FSL.L.a.745. 27. William Camden to Robert Cotton, March 15, 1603, in Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, Vol. II, 494. 28. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Acts of the Privy Council 1601–1604, Vol. XXXII, 492. Further references to the acts are to this volume, abbreviated APC. 29. Margaret Hoby, Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby 1599–1605, ed. Dorothy M. Meads (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1930), 201. 30. Reported by Francis Vere, letter to Robert Cecil, March 24, 1603, in CSPD, 303. 170 Notes

31. George Chaworth to Stuart, March 15, 1603, in Sara Jayne Steen, ed., The Letters of Lady Arbella Stuart (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 279. 32. Caraman, tr., William Weston, 222. 33. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquess of Bath, Vol. IV (London: HMSO, 1968), 205. 34. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of State Papers, Scotland, 1597–1603, Vol. 13, Pt. 2 (London: HMSO), 1114. 35. Simon Theolal to the Right Worshipful Mister Doctor Dun, March 26, 1603, in Goodman, Vol. II, 57. On March 9, Antony Rivers wrote that “the Council will have 30,000 [quarters] of wheat laid up in London storehouses” (CSPD, 299). 36. Henoch Clapham, An Epistle Discoursing upon the Present Pestilence (London, 1603), sig. C2r. 37. An anonymous correspondent writing to Giacomo Creleto in Venice on March 9 reports, “Her sickness makes sending persons over sea very difficult” (CSPD, 302). Richard Rawstorm, factor to the cloth merchant Lionel Cranfield, took his employer’s silence as a sign of offense: on March 28 he wrote, I have never a letter from you whereat I marvel. Yet my own con- science accusing me of a grievous fault in not writing if so long time makes me judge you are highly offended and perhaps have given the ordering of your affairs to some other. I must confess I have deserved no less and am ashamed of myself, yet have not nor will injure you in the least and, the fault forgiven will not offend in the like so long as I live. (Sackville, Vol. II, 129) 38. John Holles to John Stanhope, undated letter in Historical Manuscripts Commission, The Manuscripts of the Duke of Portland, Vol. XXIX, Pt. IX, 115. 39. Camden, letter to Cotton, Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, Vol. II, 494. 40. An unsigned letter sent to Scotland near the time of the Queen’s death also describes the Queen’s sleeplessness and melancholy: Elizabeth “sleepeth not somuch by day as shee used, nether taketh rest by night: her delight is to sit in the darke, & sometimes with sheddinge of tears to bewayle Essex” (Grosart, lxxxi) . 41. Letter from Thomas Ferrers to Sir Humphrey Ferrers, March 25, 1603. British Library, Stowe 150, fol. 180. 42. Miles Rainsford to Mrs. Coppin, March 23, 1603, transcribed in Robert Norton, translator’s preface in William Camden, Annals, or the Historie of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princesse Elizabeth (London, 1635), sig. Cr. Notes 171

43. Miles Rainsford, in his March 23 letter to his sister-in-law Mrs. Coppin, concurs as follows: Every day since Sunday, and more then once or twice a day [Elizabeth] hath given good testimony of her faith, to the Archbishop, the Almner, Doctor Tompson, and Doctor Parry, or some of them: And even now, although not willing to speake, yet with her eyes and lifting up of hands doth shew a consent when they pray with her: which is a great comfort to the beholders, and to Gods glory. (Camden, Annals, sig. Cr) The French ambassador reported that on March 21 Elizabeth “had some meditations read to her,” among them those of the Hugenot Philippe du Plessis-Mornay (Raumer, 458). 44. John Foxe, Actes and Monuments of these Latter and Perillous Dayes (London, 1570), 1477. There are also dramatic precedents: Shakespeare’s Henry VI enjoins Cardinal Beaufort “Lord Card’nal, if thou think’st on heaven’s bliss, / Hold up thy hand, make signal of thy hope” (2 Henry VI 3.3.27–28). 45. Carey, Introduction, xxi–xxii; xxx–xxxii. 46. John Hayward, God’s Universal Right Proclaimed (London, 1603), sig. D4r. Other witnesses include Thomas Ferrers who claims Elizabeth “maid a most godlie end, to the joye of all the behold- ers, the L. Archbishope of Canterbury and the rest; for his L[ordship] was with her until the last gaspe.” British Library, Stowe 150, fol. 180. 47. William Barlow, An Answer to a Catholike Englishman (London, 1609), 85. 48. From an unsigned letter to Edmund Lambert dated March 25, 1603; transcribed in John Strype, The Life and Acts of John Whitgift, D. D., Vol. II (Oxford, 1822), 466; translated in Raumer, 458. 49. Francis Bacon, In Felicem memoriam Elizabethae, in James Spedding, ed., The Works of Francis Bacon, Vol. XI (Boston, 1861), 451. 50. See Steven W. May’s cogent analysis of the deathbed narratives in “ ‘Tongue-Tied Our Queen?’: Queen Elizabeth’s Voice in the Seventeenth Century,” in Resurrecting Elizabeth I in Seventeenth- Century England, ed. Elizabeth H. Hageman and Katherine Conway (Madison and Teaneck: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2007), 48–67. 51. Like most monarchs Elizabeth was aware of the theatrical aspects of queenship, and Francis Bacon argues that this awareness extends to a monarch’s final moments: “old age brings with it even to private persons miseries enough; but to kings, besides those evils which are common to all, it brings also decline of greatness and inglorious exits from the stage” (Bacon, In Felicem, 446). 172 Notes

52. Thomas Newton, Atropoion Delion (London, 1603), sig. B2v. 53. For an account of the legal issues involving deathbed wills, and an analysis of the special problem of royal deathbeds, see Henry Swinburne, A Briefe Treatise of Testaments and Last Willes (London, 1590), Chapters xxvi and xxviii. Swinburne is careful to note that a particular risk of deathbed testaments is that “craftie and covetous persons knowing verie well, are then most busie, and doo labour with toothe and naile, to procure the sicke person to yeelde to their demaundes, when they perceive he cannot easilie resist them, neither hath time to revoke the same afterwardes beeing then passing to an other world” (62v). The chapter on royal deathbed testaments, which emphasizes the monarch’s right to “dispose of his owne kingdome at his owne pleasure” (66v), ends with a carefully worded warning that failure to settle the “deepe and dangerous question” of succession will lead to civil war (67v). 54. Transcribed in the Preface to the Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth 1559–1560 (London: HMSO, 1865; repr. 1965), cxvi. 55. Public Records Office manuscript E 351/3145, fol. 25. 56. Ibid., fol. 22 ff. “Nails,” ibid., fol. 25; “velvett,” in Public Records Office manuscript LC 2/4/4/2r. 57. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey, Vol. III (New York, 1887), 264–266. 58. There are brief accounts by Anne Clifford Herbert and Elizabeth Southwell of the watch kept over Elizabeth. A more detailed account of the watches kept for Mary Tudor survives. Copied from the Domestic Correspondence in the Rolls House, it is printed as the appendix to the Preface of the Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth 1559–1560: “[T]here were attendant every day, gentlewomen which did pray about the [corpse] with lights burning and watch every night with Dirige and Mass every day, and there remained till Saturday the tenth of December” (cxvii). Shortly before the funeral, more formal watches were kept: [A]fter supper there was a solemn watch, both of Lords, Ladies, [and] gentlewomen, which Ladies sat within the rails of the hearse. Also there did watch a herald and a pursuivant every night, which had their allowance in the Court of meat, fire, and all other things according to the order of the Court. Also there did watch certain of the guard with other of her servants, who did hold torches. Every night about x of the clock service began, which was said by one of the Queen’s chaplains, and so continued in prayer all night till the morning that they were revived with Ladies, and when they were so revived they had their breakfast served according to their degrees. (cxix) 59. Privy Council, “Forasmuch as it hath pleased, . . . ” in Proclamation 1 Jac. 1, March 24, 1603 (London, 1603), 1. Notes 173

60. Thomas Ferrers claims the proclamation was “concepted and sett downe by generall agreement” at Richmond before the lords and bishops moved to Whitehall (Letter to Humphrey Ferrers, fol. 180). 61. It was less peaceable in other parts of the country. See the series of letters in which the recusant Thomas Tresham describes his struggle to proclaim Elizabeth’s death and James’s succes- sion to “the barbarous multitude” in Dunstable, in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on Manuscripts in Various Collections, Vol. III (London: HMSO, 1904), 118–123. 62. Thomas Dekker, The Wonderfull Yeare, in The Non-Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, ed. Alexander B. Grosart, Vol. I (New York: Russell & Russell, 1963), 97. 63. “It is not very strange, for my uncle is King of Denmark, and those that would make mouths at him while my father liv’d, give twenty, forty, fifty, a hundred ducats a-piece for his picture in little. ‘Sblood, there is something in this more than natural, if philosophy could find it out.” William Shakespeare, Hamlet 2.2.363–368. The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans et al. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1974). 64. Letter from Thomas Ferrers to Humphrey Ferrers, March 24, 1603. BL Stowe 150. Fol. 180. Southampton’s hat tossing is also mentioned by poet Simion Grahame in The Passionate Sparke of a Relenting Minde (London, 1604): “O, when he heard thy peo- ples joy proclame / The righteous King in their exalting Cryes, / And when he heard them sound thy sacred Name, / He threw his hatte up in the azure skies. / On the Tow’rs toppe incarcerat he stood . . . ” (st. 44–45). 65. Edward Chetwind to Walter Bagot, March 28, 1603. FSL L.a.357. 66. News reached the continent quickly: Sir William Browne wrote to Robert Sidney on March 28 from Flushing reporting that “they have the newes at Antwerp” and were “rejoysing” in Dunkirk. D’Lisle, Vol. III, 16. James was officially proclaimed in Flushing on April 4. 67. John Harington, writing to Lord Thomas Howard, also implies that written messages are not safe: “When you can fairely get occasion, I entreate a worde touchynge your doinges at Cowrte; I will pointe oute to you a special conveyance, for in these tymes discretion must stande at oure doores, and even at our lippes too; goode caution never comethe better, than when a man is climb- inge” (Harington, Nugae Antiquae, Vol. II, 114–115). 68. Fynes Moryson, Travells (London, 1617), 277–281. The emperor of Russia was similarly overcome with grief: during a banquet attended by Sir Thomas Smith, the emperor “held som discourse 174 Notes

of our king & state. But at one time (striking his hand advisedly on his breast) Oh, saide he, my deere Sister Queen Elizab. whom I loved as mine own hart, expressing this his great affection almost in a weeping passion.” Thomas Smith, Sir Thomas Smithes Voiage and Entertainment in Rushia (London, 1605), sig. F2r. 69. Robert Carey, The True Narration of the Entertainment of his Royall Majestie . . . (London, 1603), sigs. B–B2. Both accounts neglect to mention that, as Edward Bruce reports in a letter to Henry Howard, a messenger from Carey arrived in Edinburgh on March 19 to tell James that Elizabeth “could not owtliwe thre dayes at most” and that Carey “had horses plased in all the way to mak hem speed in hes post” in preparation for bringing the King news of the Queen’s death (Bruce, Correspondence, 49). John Manningham disputes Carey’s assertion that he was first to bring the news of Elizabeth’s death to James: “It is sayd Sir R[o]b[er]t Cary, that went against the Counsells directions in post toward the K[ing] to bring the first newes of the Q[eenes] death, made more hast then speede; he was soe hurt with a fall from his horse that an other prevented his purpose and was with the K[ing] before him” (Manningham, 219). 70. The deathbed could be a chaotic place. Montaigne imagines it including the out-cries of mothers; the wailing of women and children; the visitation of dismaid and swouning friends: the assistance of a number of pale-looking, distracted, and whining servants; a darke chamber: tapers burning round about; our couch beset round with Physitians and Preachers; and to conclude, nothing but horror and astonishment on every side of us: are we not alreadie dead and buried? (Essayes, tr. John Florio [London, 1603], 39) 71. Calendar of State Papers, Laing Manuscripts, Vol. I, 67. 72. Edward Bruce to Lord Henry Howard, March 25, 1603 (Bruce, Correspondence, 46). Bruce describes James’s reaction to the proclamation: “it is set of musicke that sondeth so sueitly in the ears of [the King] that he can alter no not[e]s in so agree- able ane harmonie; in reading he weighed all the words of it in the ballanc of hes owen head, wyth great affection prasing both the pen and provident of that counsellour that inspyred suche a resolution” (47). 73. J. E. Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments: 1584–1601 (New York: St. Martins, 1958), 391. 74. G. B. Harrison, The Letters of Queen Elizabeth (London: Cassell, 1935), 278–279. James carefully replied: quhairas ye appeare to charge me with the prepairing unty- mouslie of your funerallis, I cannot aneuch wonder, that, Notes 175

notwithstanding both of the uprichtnes of my meaning, and that long since I have oftentimes geven you full satisfaction in that point, youre earis shoulde yet be so open to such as goes about, by all the meanis they can, to burie and abolishe, by the force of lyes and calumnies, that happie amitie standing betwixt us. (Bruce, Letters, 132–133). 75. John Harington, “To my good friend Sir Hugh Portman. Of succession,” in The Letters and Epigrams of Sir John Harington Together with The Prayse of Private Life, ed. Norman Egbert McClure (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1930), 288–289. 76. James Melvill, The Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melvill, ed. Robert Pitcairn (Edinburgh, 1842), 554. Writing from Germany, Richard Rawstorm agreed: “We fear no danger here, now we have so mighty and gracious a king to defend us, and doubt not but both the Emperor and the Hanses will come to any reasonable agreement.” Richard Rawstorm to Lionel Cranfield, April 21, 1603, in Sackville, Vol. II, 130. 77. The True Narration, sig. Fr. 78. Ernst Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ: Press, 1957), 429. The Tudors followed the French custom: Edward VI did not attend Henry VIII’s funeral, Mary did not attend Edward’s, and Elizabeth did not attend Mary’s. 79. G. P. V. Akrigg, ed., The Letters of King James VI & I (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984), 215. The letter is not dated; Akrigg places it in May 1603. James, Anne, and Prince Henry were also conspicuously absent from other memorial ser- vices: during James’s first St. George’s feast, celebrated in sum- mer 1603, Dudley Carleton writes from Windsor that our late queen’s ornaments were offered to the altar; the lord admiral [Charles Howard] and treasurer [Thomas Sackville] bore the banner; the lords Cumberland and Shrewsbury the sword; the lords Northumberland and Worcester the helm. The king was not there present, nor the young prince. The queen did not give any grace to those solemnities by her pres- ence, which we say was because the earl of Mar was one of the band. (Carleton to John Chamberlain, July 4, 1603, in Dudley Carleton to John Chamberlain 1603–1624: Jacobean Letters, ed. Maurice Lee, Jr. [New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1972], 36) 80. Clare Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modern England (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 222. 81. Public Records Office Manuscript 2/4/4. Fol. 19r. 176 Notes

82. “Queen Elizabeth, in a red velvet gown, with sceptre and crown” is among the waxworks viewed by John Ernest, Duke of Saxe- Weimar, during his 1613 visit to London. See William Brenchley Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners (London, 1865), 164. 83. Two contemporary drawings of the funeral procession are held by the British Library: a pen and ink scroll attributed to William Camden (Add. Ms. 5408), and colored drawings by an unknown artist (Add. Ms. 35324, fols. 26–39). A commonplace book held by the Folger Shakespeare Library includes a coffin-shaped sketch of the procession (FSL V.a.431, fol. 36r). 84. Henry Chettle, Englands Mourning Garment (London, 1603), sig. F2r. 85. Ibid., sig. F2r. 86. Henry Petowe, Elizabetha quasi Vivens (London, 1603), sig. B2r. 87. Chettle, sig. F2r. 88. Thomas Bilson, A Sermon Preached at Westminster (London, 1603), sig. C7v. 89. See John Manningham’s estimates in his diary entries for March 30 (218) and April 8 (231); he claims the Queen left £12,000,000 in “mony, plate and jewels.” Roger Wilbraham explains that “the late Queene was a gatherer all her life, & either of nature feare- full to want in her age, as the wisest thought, or els of providence desirous to leave her crowne rich for the benefit of the successor & ease of her people’s charge: whose dutie is to beare the charge to support the crowne from declination” (56). 90. Arbella Stuart to Mary Talbot, August 23, 1603, in Stuart, 181. 91. David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), 130–131. 92. Robert Cecil to Thomas Lake, March 4, 1605, in Stanley, 211. See also a summary of the letter in the Calendar of State Papers Domestic, James, 1603–1610, 201. In a letter to Lord Chancellor Ellesmere dated April 2, 1605, Francis Bacon offers a slightly different interpretation of the cost of the monument: speaking of its expense, he notes “[t]hat as her Majesty did always right to his highness’ hopes, so his Majesty doth in all things right to her memory; a very just and princely retribution.” Bacon, Letters, Vol. III, 249. According to the 1602 diary of Philip Julius, the Duke of Stettin-Pomerania, Elizabeth had planned to be interred in the tomb of her father, Henry VIII: touring Windsor, the duke notes that “[t]he sepulchre of King Henricus octavus was not quite fin- ished. . . . The Queen did not have it finished in order that it might serve for her memorial as well.” The Diary of the Duke of Stettin- Pomerania, ed. Gottfried von Bülow, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, n.s., Vol. VI (London, 1892), 49. Notes 177

93. Raphael Holinshed, Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Vol. IV (London, 1808), 179. Francis Bacon, writing in 1605, claims Elizabeth returned to this theme at the end of her life: For very often, many years before her death, she would pleas- antly call herself an old woman, and would talk of the kind of epitaph she would like to have upon her tomb; saying that she had no fancy for glory or splendid titles, but would rather have a line or two of memorial, recording in few words only her name, her virginity, the time of her reign, the reformation of religion, and the preservation of peace. (In Felicem, 453–454) 94. Julia Walker, in The Elizabeth Icon: 1603–2003 (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004), offers a detailed analysis of the construction and iconography of Elizabeth’s tomb and the costs and timing of her reburial; see especially pp. 6–33. Nigel Llewellyn uses the tomb to argue that James built “lavishly” to “help secure the appearance of an orderly and legitimate succes- sion” (225); see “The Royal Body: Monuments to the Dead, for the Living,” in Renaissance Bodies: The Human Figure in English Culture, ed. Lucy Gent and Nigel Llewellyn (London: Reaktion Books, 1990), 218–240. 95. Johnson, 441. See also Julia Walker’s analysis of the inscriptions in “Bones of Contention: Posthumous Images of Elizabeth and Stuart Politics,” in Dissing Elizabeth: Negative Representations of Gloriana, ed. Julia Walker (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), 252–276. John Stow, in his Survey of London (London, 1618), translates this as “England acknowledging her rather a Mother than a Commander” (868). 96. Michael Drayton, Sonnet 51, in Idea from Poems (London, 1605).

Chapter 2 “Weepe with Joy”: Elegies for Elizabeth 1. Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, “The Triumph of Love,” in Four Plays in One. In The Dramatic Works in the Beaumont and Fletcher Canon, Vol. VIII, ed. Fredson Bowers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 3.2–6. 2. Proclamation 1 Jac. 1, March 24, 1603 (London, 1603). 3. Newton, Atropoion Delion, sig. B2v. All other poems will be cited parenthetically; the imprint is London, 1603 unless otherwise noted. 4. In some poems, the lesson is meticulously taught: The readers of the anonymous England’s Welcome (London, 1603) found a first- person narrative in which a “trembling” and “amazed” subject finds “fast fixed on a post” a “long broade scroule” proclaiming 178 Notes

James, then hears others in “a well tun’d concord” and “with one consent” praising the new king (sig. B2r). 5. G. W. Pigman, Grief and English Renaissance Elegy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 43. E. C. Wilson, in England’s Eliza (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939), surveys the conventionally literary texts but ignores less skilled writers, a principle guiding most subsequent analyses. In Astraea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975) Frances Yates uses scattered lines from the elegies, particularly from the 1603 Cambridge University collec- tion Sorrowes Joy, to argue that Elizabeth’s reputation became conflated with that of the Virgin Mary. Helen Hackett’s Virgin Mother, Maiden Queen: Elizabeth I and the Cult of the Virgin Mary (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995) surveys the funeral poems to question Yates’s use of them as “evidence that Elizabethans worshipped their Queen as a new Virgin Mary,” concluding that the poems “provide evidence of a wide range of attitudes to the dead Queen” (221). Katherine Duncan-Jones, in Ungentle Shakespeare: Scenes from His Life (London: Arden Shakespeare, 2001), quotes several funeral poems to describe the fraught rela- tionship between poets and the court, and to note Shakespeare’s absence from the mourning poets; in her essay “ ‘Almost Always Smiling’: Elizabeth’s Last Two Years,” in Resurrecting Elizabeth in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. Elizabeth Hageman and Katherine Conway, 31–47, Duncan-Jones links the “hyperbolic royal panegyric” (35) to the Essex rebellion. John Watkins, in Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England, makes more exten- sive use of the funeral poetry to examine efforts to construct a mother/son relationship between Elizabeth and James, but his primary focus is the uses to which images of Elizabeth were put in the later seventeenth century. Michael Dobson and Nicola J. Watson’s lively and engaging England’s Elizabeth makes a more comprehensive use of surviving narratives about Elizabeth’s death, the funeral poetry, and plays featuring the Queen, but concentrates on the ways in which Elizabeth has been put to use as a cultural icon from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. See also Curtis Perry, The Making of Jacobean Culture: James I and the Renegotiation of Elizabethan Literary Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 25–49. 6. Juliana Schiesari, The Gendering of Melancholia: Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and the Symbolics of Loss in Renaissance Literature (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 8. 7. Dennis Kay, Melodious Tears: The English Funeral Elegy from Spenser to Milton (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 67. Notes 179

8. Steven Mullaney, “Mourning and Misogyny: Hamlet, The Revenger’s Tragedy, and the Final Progress of Queen Elizabeth I, 1600–1607,” in Shakespeare Quarterly 45 (Summer 1994): 140. See also Susan Frye’s analysis of images of confinement in Elizabeth I: The Competition for Representation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 135 ff. 9. William Shakespeare, Richard III 4.4.126. The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans et al. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1974). 10. George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie (London, 1589), Chapter XXIV, 37–38. 11. In addition to the poems, prose pamphlets, and John Hayward’s sermon announcing the Queen’s death, Miles Mosse’s April 5, 1603 sermon Scotland’s Welcome, a review of the Queen’s reign, and Thomas Bilson’s Sermon Preached at Westminster, James’s coronation sermon, were also published and sold shortly after Elizabeth’s death. 12. The expected reward was not necessarily financial: on the day of Elizabeth’s funeral, while James was entertained at Sir Oliver Cromwell’s estate, the “heads of the Universitie of Cambridge, all clad in Scarlet Gownes and corner Cappes” petitioned the King for “the confirmation of their Charter and Priviledges,” and, to ensure his assent, “presented his Majestie with divers bookes published in commendation of our late gracious Queene” (The True Narration, sig. Fv). 13. The list consistently includes the defeat of the Spanish Armada, the maintenance of peace, and the successful resistance to the Counter-Reformation. 14. Ashmole manuscript 336, 37, fol. 296v in W. R. Morfill, ed., Ballads from Manuscripts, Vol. II (Hertford, 1873), 98. 15. John Lane, An Elegie upon the death ofthe high and renowned Princesse, our Late Soveraigne Elizabeth (London, 1603), sig. A3r. 16. By 1604, the succession itself had become so “natural” that it was used in an attempt to justify another transition: “ancient Records do no more leese their force by the change of England into Britaine, then by change of Queene Elizabeth into king James.” ——, A Discourse Plainely Proving the Evident Utility and Urgent Necessitie of the Desired Happie Union of the Two Famous Kingdomes of England and Scotland (London, 1604), 20. 17. James agreed that God had a hand in the succession: shortly before the Queen’s death he wrote to the Earl of Northumberland, “I do assuredly hoppe that god, who hathe by lineelle dissente cleede me with ane undoubted ryght to your croune, will also in the deu tyme mak the possessione therof 180 Notes

and entrie therinto pleasand and peaceble to me and unto you all” (Bruce, Correspondence, 61) . 18. The author of the 1603 broadside “An excellent new ballad showing the petigree of our Royall King James” concurs: “Pull mourning Fethers from your head, / and flourish now in Yellow and red.” 19. Ben Jonson, B. I. His Panegyre: On the Happie Entrance of James our Soveraigne (London, 1604). 20. The anonymous author identifies himself as male in the Appendix “Ad Detractores” (sig. B4r). 21. See Ilona Bell, Elizabethan Women and the Poetry of Courtship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 1–74. 22. Similar warnings are found in sermons. See, e.g., Nicholas Bownd, Medicines for the Plague (London, 1604): if the Nobilitie had set up some other of the blood royall fur- ther off, there must needs have been great civill warres to the spilling of many thousand English mens blood, and some of them should have died in an ill cause ignorantly or against their wils, as when the two houses of Yorke and Lancaster were a long time divided in this land. (41) 23. There are also visual representations of the genealogy. See “The most happy Unions contracted betwixt the Princes of the Blood Royall of theis two Famous Kingdomes of England & Scotland,” British Museum Hind II.209.96, with its detailed portraits of James and his ancestors. 24. For recent examples, see Pigman; Heather Dubrow, Echoes of Desire: English Petrarchism and Its Counterdiscourses (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995); Diana E. Henderson, Passion Made Public: Elizabethan Lyric, Gender, and Performance (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1995); and Nancy Vickers, “Diana Described: Scattered Women and Scattered Rhyme,” in Critical Inquiry 8.2 (Winter 1981): 265–279. Valerie Traub, in Desire and Anxiety: Circulations of Sexuality in Shakespearean Drama (London and New York: 1992), briefly discusses eroticism in Shakespeare’s sonnets. 25. Twelfth Night 2.5.48–49. 26. Hamlet: A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm. King: What dost thou mean by this? Hamlet: Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts of a beggar. (4.3.27–31) 27. The image recurs in Henry Raymond’s 1607 “A Shepheardes teares for the death of Astrabonica,” in The Maiden Queene: “But now yon honied flowers with balmy sap, / That sunny bloomes Notes 181

awake on Tellus lap, / Shall decorate no more her bosome sweet, / For she is gladed in her winding sheete. / The twining worms within the dead mans hal / For love knots, in her silken locks do craule” (sigs. D2r–v). 28. For a partial list of the importunities that Elizabeth faced from her councilors and Parliaments, see Alison Weir, The Life of Elizabeth I (New York: Ballantine, 1998), Chapters 2 and 8. William Cecil’s prayer that “God would send our mistress a husband, and by and by a son, that we may hope our posterity shall have a masculine succession” (45) is typical as is William Camden’s epithet “hir upon whose health and safety we all depend” (Camden, letter to Cotton, Wright, Queen Elizabeth and Her Times, Vol. II) . 29. Weir, 44. 30. James VI, Basilikon Doron (Edinburgh, 1599), 51. 31. “A Proclamation Drawn for His Majesty’s First Coming In,” in Letters and Life, Vol. III, 67–71. 32. Francis Bacon, undated letter to the Earl of Northumberland, in Letters and Life, Vol. III, 67. 33. For a discussion of the relationship between the iconography of Elizabeth and the Virgin Mary, see Yates and Hackett. Philippa Berry corrects and extends Yates’s argument. 34. For detailed discussions of the image of the Phoenix and its application to monarchs, see Kantorowicz, 387–395 and Alan R. Young, “The Phoenix Reborn: The Jacobean Appropriations of an Elizabethan Symbol,” in Hageman, 68–81. 35. Richard Eedes, Six Learned and Godly Sermons (London, 1604), fol. 1v. 36. Michael Drayton, “To Master George Sandys,” in The Works of Michael Drayton, ed. J. William Hebel, Vol. III (Oxford: Shakespeare Head Press, 1932), 206. 37. In 1607, Christopher Lever enjoined readers of Queene Elizabeths teares, or her resolute bearing the Christian crosse in the bloodie time of Q . Marie to “honour her rememberance . . . which thou also wilt doe, if thou beest either honest, or truly English” (“To the Reader,” sig. Ar). 38. Ben Jonson provided a premature epitaph in the original end- ing of Every Man Out of his Humor (1599). In the play’s final lines, Elizabeth is addressed by Macilente who, seeing Elizabeth in the audience, is cured of his jealous humor. Macilente’s flatter- ing encomium to the Queen ends with the following wishes: “Let flatterie be dumbe, and envie blind / In her dread presence: death himselfe admire her: / And may her virtues make him to forget / The use of his inevitable hand. / Flie from her age; Sleepe time 182 Notes

before her throne, / Our strongest wall falls downe, when shee is gone” (Ben Jonson, ed. C. H. Hereford and Percy Simpson, Vol. III [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954], 600) . 39. It is impossible to determine when the sonnets were composed; even if sonnet 107 was meant to memorialize the Queen, it was not published until 1609. 40. In 1607, there was a revival of interest in memorializing Elizabeth in poetry. Henry Raymond in The Maiden Queene praises Elizabeth in several genres, but admits “No Orpheus songs can her recall againe / Unto the image of her flouring raigne” (sig. C4v) and Christopher Lever in Queene Elizabeths Teares focuses intently on Elizabeth’s life before her accession to the throne because the poet “dare[s] not meddle with her time of State” (sig. B2r). Lever notes another reason to keep the Queen’s memory alive: Elizabeth’s “name (like the aire) is spread over all the earth, whereby this our little world (the English nation) is made famous to all posteri- tie” (sigs. Aiiir–v). Lever is prompted to write because he believes Elizabeth “wants her due of holy memorie” and because “It pittie were her vertuous name should perish” (sig. B2r). He also hopes to inspire other, better poets to memorialize the Queen: “O let my verse move indignation, / And stirre the blood of better abled wit” (sig. B2v).

Chapter 3 Some Strange Eruption to Our State: Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account of the Death of Queen Elizabeth Portions of this chapter appeared in “Elizabeth Southwell’s Manuscript Account of the Death of Queen Elizabeth I (with text),” in English Literary Renaissance 26.3 (Autumn 1996): 482–509. 1. Robert Persons, A Discussion of the Answere of M. William Barlow ([St. Omer], 1612), 216. 2. Nichols, Vol. III, 612–613. Nichols’s source, an inaccurate transcript of Cotton Julius F.VII, fol. 121, is a copy of Persons’s redaction. Nichols describes the text as “ex Personii Jesuitae maledicta discussionue” (“From Persons the Jesuit’s cursed Discussion”), 612. 3. A modern-spelling edition of Southwell’s manuscript, with an interpolated anecdote from Persons’s redaction, is included in Hugh Tootell, Dodd’s Church History of England, ed. M. A. Tierney, Vol. III (London, 1737; repr. with additions 1840), 70–74. A Catholic priest, Tootell (ca. 1671–1743), wrote under the pseudonym Charles Dodd. His history is pro-Catholic but Notes 183

anti-Jesuit; reproducing the Southwell manuscript allows him to castigate both Queen Elizabeth and Robert Persons. Although some of the incidents in Southwell’s narrative have been incorporated into modern biographies of Elizabeth or his- tories of her reign, most historiographers consider Southwell a “compromised figure” (Johnson, 437). In 1925, J. E. Neale dis- missed her narrative as “worthless” (231) because of Southwell’s Catholicism, and argued that because her account of the exploding corpse is improbable Southwell’s narrative cannot be accepted as an historical source. J. E. Neale, “The Sayings of Queen Elizabeth,” in History 10 (October 1925): 212–233; reprinted in J. E. Neale, Essays in Elizabethan History (London: Jonathan Cape, 1958), 85–112. For a more recent assessment, see Montrose, 245–247. 4. Elizabeth Southwell was baptized in April 1584. See Paul E. J. Hammer, “Sex and the Virgin Queen: Aristocratic Concupiscence and the Court of Elizabeth I,” in Sixteenth Century Journal XXXI (Spring 2000): 95, note 91. For a description of the general duties of the Maids of Honor, see Pam Wright, “A Change in Direction: The Ramifications of a Female Household, 1558–1603” in David Starkey, ed., The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (London and New York: Longman, 1987) 147–172. 5. William Fowke to Edward Reynoldes, October 24, 1591, in Salis, IV, 153. Mistress Southwell’s “lameness” is probably a euphemism for pregnancy. 6. John Chamberlain to Dudley Carleton, November 8, 1598, in Chamberlain, Vol. I, 52. 7. Rowland Whyte to Sir Robert Sidney, July 12, 1600, in Arthur Collins, Letters and Memorials of State, Vol. II (London, 1746), 206. 8. Robert W. Kenny, Elizabeth’s Admiral: The Political Career of Charles Howard Earl of Nottingham 1536–1624 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), 260–286. 9. Philip Gawdy to Bassingbourne Gawdy, November 26, 1599, in Gawdy, 103. Queen Elizabeth was very attached to Margaret Ratcliffe. When news of Alexander Ratcliffe’s death reached the court, it was kept from his sister “by the Queen’s command” because Elizabeth was “determined to break yt unto her herself”; after the maid’s death, Elizabeth ordered that Ratcliffe be buried “at Westminster as a nobleman’s daughter.” Rowland Whyte to Robert Sidney, November 23, 1599, in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of Lord De L’Isle & Dudley, Vol. II (London: HMSO, 1936), 417. Ben Jonson wrote an elegy to Ratcliffe, which included the hope that once she was in her grave 184 Notes

“no rude hand [would] remove her.” See “On Margaret Ratcliffe,” in Jonson, Vol. VIII, 39. 10. Rowland Whyte to Robert Sidney, November 15, 1599, in Collins, Vol. II, 141; The Diary of Baron Waldstein: A Traveller in Elizabethan England, tr. and ed. G. W. Groos (London: Thames and Hudson, 1981), July 9, 1600 (lines 125–127). 11. Christopher Sutton, Godly Meditations upon the most holy Sacrament of the Lordes Supper (London, 1601), A5r, A3r. Sutton was granted the incumbency in the Southwell family seat of Woodrising in 1591; he may be describing Southwell in the chapter “The manner of communicating used by a certaine virgine” (251–259), in which a devout young woman prays that she will “use all modestie, as well in speaking, seeing, & walking, as in al [her] outward con- versation” (258). The dedication, addressed to Southwell, also describes extreme piety. 12. Heigham is found in A. L. Rowse, Simon Forman: Sex and Society in Shakespeare’s Age (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974), 195. Henry Wotton to Edward Barrett, February 24, 1606, in Logan Pearsall Smith, The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, Vol. I (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907; repr. 1966), 379. Philip Gawdy to Bassingbourne Gawdy, October 24, 1604, in Gawdy, 150. 13. Public Records Office manuscript LC 2.4.4, fol. 19r for headdress and fol. 45v for cloth. 14. Henry Chettle, Englands Mourning Garment (London, 1603), sig. F2r. 15. “Our great ladies and the maids of honor are in a manner all sworn of the privy chamber, but the ladies of Bedford, Rich, and Essex especially in favor.” Dudley Carleton to John Chamberlain, July 4, 1603, in Carleton, 35. 16. William Dugdale, The Antiquities of Warwickshire (London, 1656), 168. Dudley’s son Carlo described him in a biographical note for Antony a Wood’s Athenae Oxonienses: “He was a hand- some personable man, tall of stature, red hair’d, and of admira- ble comport, and, above all, noted for riding of the great horse, for tilting, and for his being the first of all that taught a dog to sit in order to catch partridges” (260). For details of Southwell and Dudley’s history, see J. T. Leader, Life of Sir Robert Dudley (Florence: 1895, repr. Amsterdam: Meridian Publishing, 1977) and Arthur Gould Lee, The Son of Leicester: The Story of Robert Dudley (London: Victor Gollancz, 1964). 17. John Hawarde, Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata 1593 to 1609, ed. William Paley Baildon (privately printed, 1894), 200. 18. Lee, 116; see also Calendar of State Papers Domestic, James, 1603– 1610, 225. Notes 185

19. Leader, 49. 20. Statutes, Reg. Jacobi Primo (London: R. Barker, 1604), 1 Jac. cap. 11. 21. For further details of Dudley’s lawsuit, see Hawarde, 198– 222 and Appendix 13; Amerigo Salvetti’s account of Dudley in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Eleventh Report (Appendix, Part I): The Manuscripts of Henry Duncan Skrine (London: HMSO, 1887), 181–183; John Coke’s letters to Fulke Greville in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Twelfth Report (Appendix, Part I): The Manuscripts of the Earl Cowper (London: HMSO, 1888), 50–55; “Three papers bearing on the questions as to the disputed marriage between Robert, Earl of Leicester and Lady Sheffield,” in De L’Isle, Vol. III, 142–147; Walter Devereux, Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex (London, 1853); Dudley and Leicester’s entries in the Dictionary of National Biography and Leicester’s entry in Cokayne’s Complete Peerage. 22. Wotton to Edward Barrett, February 3, 1606–07, Smith, 379. Further references to Wotton’s letters are from Vol. I. 23. R. Dallington to Sir George Manners, December 1608, in Historical Manuscripts Commission, The Manuscripts of His Grace the Earl of Rutland (London: HMSO, 1888), 415. James Wadsworth, in The English Spanish Pilgrime (London, 1630), asserts that Dudley “left England because he could not be suf- fered to enjoy a second wife, his first wife then surviving” (64). 24. Calendar of State Papers Domestic, James, 1603–1610, 317. 25. Calendar of State Papers Domestic, James, 1603–1610, 355. Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, describes spending a day with Southwell and Dudley in Florence in The Life of Edward, First Lord Herbert of Cherbury Written by Himself, ed. J. M. Shuttleworth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 75. 26. Stonyhurst Ang. iii. 77, held in the Archivum Britannicum Societatis Iesu (Archives of the British Province of the Society of Jesus), London. It is bound with other of Persons’s papers from 1600 to 1613. Written in a legible secretary hand, the manuscript covers four sides of two sheets; the ink has bled through on the recto of the first sheet and the verso of the second. Both sheets have been cut: the first measures 20.5 cm by 28.5 cm and the second 20 cm by 29 cm. The watermark is similar to Briquet’s 3255, found on Milanese paper from 1600; see Vol. I of C. M. Briquet, Les Filigranes: Dictionnaire Historique de Marques du Papier (Leipzig, 1923; repr. Hacker Art Books, 1985). This tran- script uses italics to indicate superscripting or superscripted insertions, and underlining for words underlined in the manu- script. Double slash marks indicate page breaks. The words or 186 Notes

phrases described as “illegible” are due to a hole in the paper. References to Southwell in this chapter are to the line number(s) of this transcript. 27. Wilbraham, 57. 28. From an anonymous letter ca. November 1600, in Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Elizabeth and James I, 158–1625, Addenda, 408. 29. Thomas Nashe, Pierce Pennilesse His Supplication to the Divell, in The Works of Thomas Nashe, ed. Ronald B. McKerrow, Vol. I (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958), 183. See the English doctor’s description of Edward the Confessor “Hanging a golden stamp” about the necks of those who have come to be cured of the King’s evil in Shakespeare’s Macbeth (4.3.153). 30. Christopher Sutton, Disce Mori: Learne to Die (London, 1600). 31. J. Clapham, 98. 32. Cecil and de Beaumont’s descriptions of Elizabeth’s illness can be found in chapter 1 of this book. 33. All biblical quotations are from The Geneva Bible: A Facsimile of the 1560 Edition, ed. Lloyd E. Berry (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969). French verses by the Queen, probably a translation although their source has not been identified, contain similar images—in Steven W. May and Anne Lake Prescott’s translation, these are as follows: “By my own understanding I saw the cause why he wished to have made the eternal [infernal?] fire: and it was to persuade me, to keep me from Hell that I might gain Paradise” (129). “The French Verses of Elizabeth I (Text),” in The Mysteries of Queen Elizabeth I: Selections from English Literary Renaissance, ed. Kirby Farrell and Kathleen Swaim (Amherst and Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003), 97–133. 34. R. S., The Jesuites Play at Lyons in France (1607), 20. 35. “Ben Jonson’s Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden,” in Herford and Simpson, Vol. I, 141–142. 36. Goodman, 164. 37. Chettle, Mourning, sig. Er. While John Harington does not repeat the story of the false mirrors, he does note that “[t]here is almost none that waited in Queen Elizabeths Court and observed any thing, but can tell, that it pleased her very much to seeme, to be thought, and to be told that shee looked young.” Nugae Antiquae, 186. The “mask of youth” that served as a model for Elizabeth’s face in late portraits demonstrates a similar determination to maintain an image of youthful beauty. 38. Reginald Scot, The Discoverie of Witchcraft (London, 1584), 316. 39. Carey, 58. For Elizabeth’s immobility, see Raumer, 456–458 and Birch, Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, 507 . Notes 187

40. De Beaumont reports that the Queen “asked for meat-broth” on or about March 22, giving “fresh hopes” to the court (Raumer, 457–458), but he does not mention the lord admiral. 41. Manningham, 207–208. 42. William Camden, The Historie of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princesse Elizabeth, Late Queene of England (London, 1630) , 222. See also Godfrey Goodman’s account of Elizabeth, in her “mel- ancholy . . . break[ing] out into such words as these: ‘They have yoked my neck,—I can do nothing—I have not one man in whom I can repose trust: I am a miserable forlorn woman’ ” (Goodman, Vol. I, 97). 4 3 . ———-, The True Narration, sig. Br. 44. The Earl of Warwick’s crest was a bear chained by the neck to a ragged staff. The earldom was one of the titles Robert Dudley sought in his 1605 lawsuit. 45. The Prayer Book of Queen Elizabeth, 1559, ed. Edward Benham (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1909), 130. Similar images are found in A Foure-Fould Meditation (London, 1606), a poem attributed, per- haps incorrectly, to the Jesuit Robert Southwell. 46. Edmund Spenser, The Fairie Queene, ed. Thomas P. Roche, Jr. (London: Penguin Books, 1978), V.ix.33.6. 47. See, e.g., Robert Persons’s Discussion, 209; Chamberlain’s letters, Vol. II, 54; Paul Johnson, 201. Shortly after Elizabeth’s accession, William Cecil drew up a list of precautions she was to use to pre- vent her from accepting poisoned food or gloves. Other attempts to use image magic for “the distruccion of her Majesties person” were thwarted in 1578 and 1580. Both attempts used wax images of Elizabeth. Acts of the Privy Council, 1578–80, 22 and 251–252. See also Calendar of State Papers Domestic, 1581–90, 220, for a list of witches plotting against the Queen in 1584. Later in Elizabeth’s reign, conjurers attempted to divine the time of Elizabeth’s death; on November 30, 1594, Richard Young reported to the Queen: “There are also examinations and other matters concerning Mrs. Jane Shelley, prisoner in the Fleet, who hath gone about to sorcerers, witches and charmers, to know the time of your Majesty’s death and what shall become of this state” (Salis., V, 25). The use of image magic against the Queen, like attempts to poison objects she used or touched, is, as the Duke of Bavaria noted in a letter to Elizabeth dated June 24, 1588, a consequence of “not being able to find means to touch [her] Majesty’s person.” Calendar of State Papers Domestic, 1581–90, 647. A groom of Elizabeth’s Privy Chamber, Edward Darcy, held the monopoly on playing cards (Acts of the Privy Council, 1601– 1604, 132); given Southwell’s practice of naming names, however, 188 Notes

it is unlikely that the discovery of the card is meant to implicate Darcy in a plot against the Queen. 48. ———-, “A Poem in Praise of Queen Elizabeth,” line 41. Transcript of Ashmole MS 36, fol. 149, in Morfill, ed., Vol. II, 96–97. 49. The three “old” countesses of Sussex who had been alive at the end of the sixteenth century and who were dead by 1607 were Anne Calthorp, who had died by 1582, Frances Sidney, who died in 1589, and Honora Pounde, who died in 1593. The scarce bio- graphical information about these women makes no mention of witchcraft being used to kill any of them. In 1552, Anne Calthorp was imprisoned in the Tower of London for “sorseries” (Acts of the Privy Council 1552–54, 131); she was divorced by her husband Henry Radcliffe in 1555 and he labeled her his “unnaturall and unkynde devorsyd wiff” in his will. See Sussex’s entry in George Edward Cokayne’s The Complete Peerage, ed. Vicary Gibbs and H. A. Doubleday, Vol. XII (London: St. Catherine Press, 1926), 521. 50. The assumption that a dread of death is the result of a sinful life is common: “Ah, what a sign it is of evil life / When death’s approach is seen so terrible” (2 Henry VI 3.3.5–6). 51. Cotton Titus C.vii.57, transcribed in Nichols, Vol. III, 607–608. 52. Peter Lowe, The Whole Course of Chirgurie (London, 1597), sig. Ccr. 53. Like Rumor in the induction to Shakespeare’s 2 Henry IV, Elizabeth could reasonably ask “But what need I thus / My well- known body to anatomize / Among my household?” (20–22). 54. While a visual inspection of a woman’s cervix will reveal changes indicating that she has borne children, changes in the size and shape of the uterus are now known to be inconclusive. I am grateful to Karin Dickinson, MD, for her assistance with this matter. The practice of comparing the reproductive organs of female virgins to those of women who had given birth began with Mondinus’s dissections in 1315; see James V. Ricci, The Genealogy of Gynaecology (Philadelphia, PA: Blakiston, 1950), 230. For a survey and discussion of the rumors that Elizabeth had given birth, see Carole Levin, “Power, Politics, and Sexuality: Images of Elizabeth I,” in The Politics of Gender in Early Modern Europe, ed. Jean Brink et al. (Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1989), especially 101–105, and Ilona Bell, “Elizabeth I—Always Her Own Free Woman,” in Political Rhetoric, Power, and Renaissance Women, ed. Carole Levin and Patricia A. Sullivan (Albany: SUNY Press, 1995), 71. 55. “Ben Jonson’s Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden,” in Herford and Simpson, Vol. I, 142. The rumor about Elizabeth’s imperforate hymen was reported to the Queen by Mary Queen of Scots. See William Murdin, A Collection of State Notes 189

Papers Relating to Affairs in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (London, 1759), 558–560. As early as 1559, the Spanish ambassador was reporting rumors that Elizabeth “never could bear children.” See Spencer Hall, ed., Documents from Simancas Relating to the Reign of Elizabeth (1558–1568) (London, 1865), 60. 56. Thomas Vicary, The Englishe-Mans Treasure (London, 1586), 54. 57. Lawrence Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy 1558–1641 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), 579. Webster’s Duchess of Malfi would agree; shortly before she is put to death, she asks the executioner “Dispose my breath how please you, but my body / Bestow upon my women, will you?” (4.2.224–225). See also Charles Bradford’s list of early modern men and women who objected to having their corpses opened in Heart Burial (London: Allen and Unwin, 1933), 35–36. 58. Hayward, God’s Universal Right Proclaimed, fol. 4. 59. Henry Raymond, “An Ode,” appended to The Maiden Queene (London, 1607), sig. B4v. 60. Giovani Carlo Scaramelli to the Doge and Senate in Calendar of State Papers, Venice, Vol. X, 3. 61. Julian Litten, The English Way of Death: The Common Funeral since 1450 (London: Robert Hale, 1991), 42. 62. Petowe, Elizabetha quasi Vivens, sig. C2r. 63. An account of the preparation of Mary Tudor’s corpse is found in the preface to the Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth 1559–1560 (London: HMSO, 1865; repr. 1966); the relevant sec- tion appears in chapter 1 of this book. The disemboweling of Henry VIII is transcribed from a con- temporary source (Ex Offic. Armor. I.11) transcribed in John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, Vol. II, Pt. II (Oxford, 1822), Appendix A: After the corpse was cold, and seen by the Lords of the Privy Council, and others the nobility of the realm, as appertained, commandment was given to the apothecaries, surgeons, wax- chandlers and others to do their duties in spurging, cleans- ing, bowelling, cering, embalming, furnishing and dressing with spices the said corps; and also for wrapping the same in cerecloth of many folds over the fine cloth of rains and vel- vet, surely bound and trammel’d with cords of silk: which was done and executed of them accordingly, as to the dignity of such a mighty Prince it appertaineth: and a writing in great and small style, the day and year of his death, in like manner. After this don, then was the plummer and carpenter appointed to case him in lead, and to chest him. Which being don, the said chest was covered about with blew velvet, and a cross set upon the same. 190 Notes

Mary Stuart wrote to Elizabeth on December 19, 1586 “requir[ing]” Elizabeth “to permit, after my enemies shall have satisfied their desire for my innocent blood, that my poor deso- late servants all together may carry away my body to be buried in holy ground, and with some of my predecessors who are in France, especially the late queen my mother; and this in consid- eration that in Scotland the bodies of the kings my predeces- sors have been outraged . . . ” Jayne Elizabeth Lewis, The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, MA: Bedford St. Martins, 1999), 85. Robert Wyngfield’s account of Mary’s execution ends with her corpse carried to “a great cham- ber, made ready for the surgeons to embalm her and there she was embalmed” (quoted in Lewis, 123), and Adam Blackwood’s 1587 history of Mary includes a dramatic account of the Queen’s maids begging for Mary’s body “that no further indignity might be offered her sacred majesty’s corpse,” offering Amyas Paulet the Queen’s clothes “so that he would not anymore come near or handle her sacred body.” Paulet takes custody of the corpse and strips it, denying the maids access and preventing them from doing “any charitable good.” Mary’s fears were justified: “the woeful corpse was kept a long time in this chamber till it began to corrupt and smell strongly so that in the end they were constrained to salt it and to embalm lightly to save charges and after to wrap it up in a cask of lead, keeping it seven months there before it was interred at Peterborough” (quoted in Lewis, 124–125). Thomas Birch, in The Court and Times of Charles the First, Vol. I (London, 1848), 3, reproduces Sir William Neve’s letter to Sir Thomas Hollonde dated April 5, 1625 describing the preparation of James’s corpse: The king’s body was about the 29th of March disbowelled, and his heart was found to be great, but soft; his liver fresh as a young man’s; one of his kidneys very good; but the other shrunk so little, as they could hardly find it, wherein there was two stones; his lights and gall black, judged to proceed from melancholy, the . . . of his head so strong, as they could hardly break it open with a chisel and saw, and so full of brains, as they could not, upon the opening, keep them from spilling—a great mark of his infinite judgment. His bowels were presently put into a leaden vessel, and burned; his body embalmed, and remained [at Theobalds] until the 4th of April. Prince Henry’s disembowelling in 1612 is mentioned in The Funerals of the High and Mighty Prince Henry, the pamphlet sold to commemorate his funeral. John Chamberlain sent the Notes 191

following report of Queen Anne’s disembowelling to Dudley Carleton on March 6, 1619: “Upon her opening she was found much wasted within, specially her liver as yt were quite con- sumed” (Chamberlain, Vol. II, 220). 64. Puttenham, 151. 65. Francis Osbourne, Historical Memoires on the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth, and King James (London, 1658), 61–62. 66. Although Southwell’s manuscript appears to be the only surviv- ing account of the watch kept over Elizabeth’s corpse, an account does exist of the watches kept for Mary Tudor. See chapter 1 of this book. 67. ’s continuation of Christopher Marlowe’s Hero and Leander (London, 1598) describes the tasks of “funerall dames [who] watch a dead corse” as Weeping about it, telling with remorse What paines he felt, how long in paine he lay, How little food he eate, what he would say; And then mixe mournfull tales of others deaths, Smothering themselves in clowds of their owne breaths. At length, one cheering other, call for wine, The golden boale drinks teares out of their eine, As they drinke wine from it; and round it goes, Each helping other to relieve their woes (sig. Lr). 68. There was a deadly precedent for a malodorous royal corpse: the “stench” of Henry I’s corpse “infected manie men,” and “he that cleansed the head died of the savour which issued out of the braine” (Holinshed, Vol. II, 76). 69. Francis Tate, “Of the Antiquity, Variety, and Ceremonies of Funerals in England,” in Thomas Hearne, A Collection of Curious Discourses, Vol. I (London, 1771), 216. Tate’s April 30, 1600 lec- ture on contemporary funeral practices includes a description of the corpse laid out with “candels set burning over yt on a table day and night, and the body continually attended or watched” (216), although he adds the caution that “the custome of burning candels be now growen into disuse, being thought superstitious” (216). The special candles “applied to this kinde of use, do beare the name of watche candles” (216). 70. Ludwig Lavater, Of Ghostes and Spirites Walking by Night, tr. R. H. (London, 1572; repr. 1596), 186. 71. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey, Vol. III (New York, 1887), 264. 72. James VI to the Earl of Mar and Edward Bruce, April 8, 1601, in Akrigg, 175. For a cogent discussion of Cecil’s role in James’s succession, see Joel Hurstfield, “The Succession Struggle in Late 192 Notes

Elizabethan England,” in Elizabethan Government and Society: Essays Presented to Sir John Neale, ed. S. T. Bindoff et al. (London: The Athlone Press, 1961), 369–396. 73. One of these strange stories was related by the French ambassa- dor in his March 22 dispatch: “Some say that Cecil is guilty of the death of the queen, because she was once angry with him. He has probably connections with James of Scotland and his wife, who has very great influence” (Raumer, 458). 74. Christopher Muriell, An Answer unto the Catholiques Supplication (London, 1603), sig. B3r. 75. See, e.g., Nicholas Breton’s 1607 A Murmurer (London: Robert Raworth, 1607), where a dissenter is described (and depicted on the title page) as having a “breast like an impostume, that is ready to burst with corruption” (sig. Diiiir). 76. Axton, 12, emphasis added. 77. Peter Wentworth, A Pithie Exhortation to her Majestie for Establishing her Successor to the Crowne (London, 1598). 78. Edward Bruce to Henry Howard, no date, Bruce, Correspondence, 46. 79. Privy Council, “Forasmuch as it hath pleased . . . ,” Proclamation 1 Jac. 1, March 24, 1603. Melancholy bodies were at similar risk: Political theorist Edward Forset, in A Comparative Discourse of the Bodies Natural and Politique (London, 1606), asserts that while diseases of the outward body are relatively easy to cure “griefes springing, spreading, and ranckling within, being both long in growing, as hidden and unespied, and also setled in the entrailes and vitall parts, surpriseth more suddenly, vanquisheth more violently, and tormenteth more untoller- ably” (73). Left untreated, “[t]he excesse of humours, will seeke either to settle in some principall part, as in a fortified place, entrenching the same with strong obstructions; or els out- wardly to get an head, which (if they cannot by scattering bee dispatched) are to bee forced to breake out rather than to fes- ter within” (84). 80. Thomas Dekker, The Wonderfull Yeare, in The Non-Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, ed. Alexander B. Grosart, Vol. I, 89. 81. Thomas Dekker, The Magnificent Entertainment, in Grosart, ed., The Non-Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, Vol. II, 253, lines 1–2, 4–5. 82. Francis Bacon, A Briefe Discourse, Touching the Happie Union of the Kingdomes of England, and Scotland (London, 1603), sig. B2v. 83. The Political Works of James I, ed. Charles Howard McIlwain (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918), 272. Notes 193

84. Edward Forset, A Comparative Discourse of the Bodies Natural and Politique (London, 1606), 50. 85. Imagining royal and aristocratic corpses blown to pieces was a common feature of narratives and poetry responding to the Gunpowder Plot. Typically graphic is I. H.’s 1606 The Divell of the Vault: “What dismall terror had it beene, / to each teare-trickling eye: / To view dismembred corps dispers’d, / and dissipated lye. // To see such royall and Noble shapes, / blowne up in whisking ayre, / Heere armes, there legges, dissevered quite, / lie mangled every where” (C2v). 86. Robert Persons, A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crowne of Ingland (St. Omer, 1594). McIlwain describes Persons’s Conference as “the chief storehouse of facts and arguments drawn upon by nearly all opponents of the royal claims for a century, Protestant as well as Catholic” (li). 8 7 . ———-, The Revenger’s Tragedy (London, 1607); found at 1.2.14–16 in the Revels edition, ed. R. A. Foakes (London and New York: Methuen, 1975). Vindice later wishes divine vengeance would strike an enemy: “ ’Tis my wonder / That such a fellow, impudent and wicked, / Should not be cloven as he stood, or with / A secret wind burst open” (4.2.194–196). 88. Frances Meres, Politeuphuia Wits Common Wealth (London, 1597), 216r. 89. See, e.g., William Allen, An Admonition to the Nobility (London, 1588), where he compares Elizabeth to Jezebel, noting that “[t] his Jesabell for sacrilege, contempte of holie preistes, rebellion against God & crueltie, dothe so much resemble our Elizabethe, that in moste forrein cuntries and writinges of strangers she is comonly called by the name of Jesabell. I know not whether God have appointed her the like, or a better ende” (xxxiiii). 90. Like the corpse of Jezebel, that of Judas was subjected to post- mortem punishment: after his suicide, he “burst in twaine in the midst, and all his bow`els gushed out.” See Thomas Beard’s 1597 Theatre of Gods Judgements, 78, quoting and analyzing Acts 1.18. Shortly before the execution of Joan of Arc in Shakespeare’s 1 Henry VI, the Duke of York wishes that her corpse would “[b]reak [ . . . ] in pieces” (5.4.92–93). 91. J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1968), 497. One of Scarisbrick’s sources for this story is Robert Persons. 92. Nicholas Harpsfield, A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce between Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon, ed. Nicholas Pocock (London, 1878), 203. 194 Notes

93. John Foxe, Actes and Monuments (London, 1563), 1544. 94. Andrew Willet, Tetrastylon Papisticum (London, 1593), 25. 95. Richard Verstegan, A Declaration of the True Causes of the Great Troubles, Presupposed to be Intended against the Realme of England ([Antwerp], 1592), 53–54. 96. John Hayward, The Life and Raigne of King Henrie IIII (London, 1599), 41. Richard’s plan backfired: [B]ut this restrainte raysed the more: and they, who if it had beene lawefull, woulde have saide nothing, beeing once for- bidden coulde not forbeare to talke. It was also constantly reported, that the King was much disquieted in his dreames with the Earle, who did often seeme to appeare unto him, in so terrible and truculent manner that breaking his fearefull, sleepe he would curse the time that ever he knew him. (41) 97. In the manuscript continuation of Hayward’s history of Henry IV, the historian imagines Queen Isabella’s household respond- ing to Richard’s death and burial: they complain of the base manner of his burial . . . affirming that his bodie was first exposed to bee a publicke spectacle of his calamity and contemptibly prostituted to the homelie handling of all sortes of people; then that hee was as closelie convayed away as hee had been made away, being rather hidd under the ground then buried. “And where then,” said they, “are auncient obsequies? Wherefore was not the herse carried with solemne represen- tation of mourning, and some memorial made of his virtues? Wherefore is not a tombe erected, and his image laid thereon expressing his princelie personage and his lively and lovely countenance? Doth envie alsoe follow the dead? Or was hee not worthy of these last duties of humanitie? If the heavens had not beene covered with darke and dropping cloudes, if the stones and pavements had not yielded some moisture, there had beene noe token of teares, no sign of sorrow.” (Folger MS G. a. 12, fols. 3–4, transcribed in John J. Manning, The First and Second Parts of John Hayward’s The Life and Raigne of King Henrie IIII [London: Royal Historical Society, 1991], 180–181) 98. John Marston, Antonio and Mellida, in The Selected Plays of John Marston, ed. MacDonald P. Jackson and Michael Neill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 5.2.252, 247. Antonio’s father Andrugio had earlier announced that had Antonio not died honorably he planned to remove his son’s corpse from the hearse, “rip up his cerecloth, mangle his bleak face, / That when he comes to heaven the powers divine, / Shall ne’er take notice that he was [Andrugio’s] son” (5.2.228–230). 99. Marston, Antonio’s Revenge, in Jackson and Neill, 3.1.32–34. 100. “The Death of Queene Elizabeth,” in Cotton Titus C.vii.57, attributed to Robert Cecil’s secretary. Notes 195

101. Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, Vol. VI (Philadelphia, 1853), 221. 102. Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Elizabeth and James, 1580–1625, Addenda, 497. For an excellent analysis of Arbella Stuart’s con- nection with the Jacobean succession, see Lewalski, 67–92. 103. Robert Persons, A Treatise of Three Conversions of England from Paganism to Christian Religion (n.p., 1603), sig. *2v . 104. Robert Persons, The Judgment of a Catholicke English-man Living in Banishment for his Religion (St. Omer, 1608). 105. James VI and I, Triplici Nodo Triplex Cuneus (London, 1607), 12. 106. Persons was greatly despised by English Protestants: Robert Pricket’s lengthy anti-Catholic poem The Jesuits Miracles, or New Popish Wonders (1607) is typical: “His slander dares both Kinges and Queenes abuse, /Alive or dead his lies have no respect” (C4r). 107. William Barlow, An Answer to a Catholike Englishman (London: 1609). Like Barlow, prelates William Leigh and John White respond to Persons’s suggestion that the Queen’s death was irregular by imagining the Jesuit invading Elizabeth’s grave. Leigh, in his preface to Queen Elizabeth, Paraleled in her Princely Vertues (London, 1612), justifies reprinting Elizabethan sermons because “the sacred soule of Queene Elizabeth, her Manes, spirit and ghost, may not passe to blisse, without a blast of Parsons poysoned penne, and breath, thinking it not sufficient to glut themselves with the blood of their Soveraignes, unlesse with their buried bones they might ransacke their blessed soules” (sig. A5v) . Leigh insists Elizabeth’s grave is occupied: “My purpose is not to stirre Elizabeths sacred hearse, whose grave is full of Princely earth” (sig. A6r) . White, in a 1615 sermon in honor of James’s “most happie suc- cession,” excoriates the Queen’s enemies: What wofull treasons did they contrive against that blessed Lady our gracious Elizabeth that now is gone? what rebellions and invasions did they kindle? what mischiefe had they in their heads against her? And now she is gone (Ah the sacred name of Christian piety where art thou buried, that we might visite thy monument!) how barbarously have these sepulcrorum effos- sores raked and digged into her grave, and railed upon her royall name? (John White, Two Sermons [London, 1615], 30) 108. Thomas Fitz-Herbert, A Supplement to the Discussion of M. D. Barlow’s Answere (St. Omer, 1613). In the Supplement, Fitz-Herbert summarizes Persons’s com- plex arguments for the readers who did not have access to the Discussion. In the summary of the Queen’s “infelicities” (218– 219), Fitz-Herbert repeats Persons’s charges that the Queen per- secuted Catholics; the summary culminates in “her most strang, 196 Notes

unchristian, and terrible death” (219), reinforcing Persons’s insistence that the Queen’s death was a model of the fate of the unrepentant. Fitz-Herbert then makes the following claim about Persons’s sources: [A]ll this, I say, having passed in F. Persons his owne dayes, had bene so well observed by him from time to time, that he did not need to rely for the knowledge thereof upon any other mans experience, or judgment, but his owne, so that you see how unprobable it is that he should borrow the same from Sanders, Reynolds, or any other. (219) Persons’s refusal to rely on “any other mans experience” can be read as an equivocal reference to the woman’s experience that was his source for details of the Queen’s miserable end. 109. Robert Persons, The First Booke of Christian Exercise (n.p., 1582). Between 1582 and 1640, twenty-seven editions of Persons’s book were published; an additional ten editions appeared between 1590 and 1627 of an adaptation of Persons’s exercises for use by Protestants. 110. Robert Cecil to John Harington, May 29, 1603, in Harington, Nugae Antiquae, Vol. II, 264. 111. Shortly before presenting his redaction of Southwell’s manu- script, Persons had accused Elizabeth of murder and fornication (211 ff.). Fitz-Herbert’s preface to his Supplement summarizes Persons’s catalog of the Queen’s infelicities, then elaborates on Persons’s hints about Elizabeth’s sexual conduct: [W]hat title of place [will Elizabeth have in the Calendar of Saints] . . . for that in ours there is no Saint of that sex, but is either Virgin, or Martyr, or both, or else nec Virgo, nec Martyr, as are Wives, Widdowes, and repentant sinners. M. Barlow shall do well in his next to tell us, in which of these degrees this his new sainted Queen Elizabeth is to be placed: perhaps when he hath thought better on the matter, he may find some perplex- ity, & be content to let her passe for one that was nec Virgo, nec Martyr, and thrice happy had it bene for her, if she had bene indeed a true repentant sinner. (sig. Or) 112. Robert Persons is not alone in using Southwell’s account of Elizabeth’s exploding corpse to teach a moral lesson. Agnes Strickland, commenting on the ugliness of the wax model of the Queen that was carried in her funeral and later displayed in Westminster Abbey, claims that had the Queen seen this “grim posthumous representation of her faded glories” then “it is probable that she would have struggled to burst her cere-cloths and her leaden coffin to demolish it” (Strickland, 226). Shortly before Charles Dodd presents his modern-spelling transcript of Elizabeth Southwell’s manuscript, he says of Queen Elizabeth Notes 197

“Heaven was just in making her inconsolable, who had been the author of so much grief to others” (70). Modern commen- tators are not exempt: Paul Johnson concludes that Southwell’s account of the Queen’s death was payment for the papal dis- pensation that permitted her to marry Robert Dudley in 1605 (437–438). 113. For the genesis of dilating and leaky ladies, see Gail Kern Paster, The Body Embarrassed: Drama and the Disciplines of Shame in Early Modern England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); Janet Adelman, Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare’s Plays (London and New York: Routledge, 1992) ; and Patricia Parker, Literary Fat Ladies: Rhetoric, Gender, Property (London and New York: Methuen, 1987). 114. Rowland Whyte to Robert Sidney, August 18, 1599, in De L’Isle, Vol. II, 386.

Chapter 4 “Under Whom Is Figured Our Late Queene Elizabeth”: The Queen in Jacobean Drama 1. Mullaney, 144–145. 2. William Shakespeare, Hamlet, in Evans et al., 2.2.525–526. Further references to the plays follow this edition. 3. For a brief discussion of sources for Elizabeth’s comparison of monarchy to the stage, see Jonathan Goldberg, James I and the Politics of Literature: Jonson, Shakespeare, Donne, and Their Contemporaries (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 282, note 1. 4. See, e.g., the flattering and apologetic prologues and epilogues written for the court performances of John Lyly’s Campaspe (ca. 1580), Sappho and Phao (ca. 1582), Gallathea (ca. 1585), and Endymion (ca. 1588) and the prologue to Thomas Dekker’s Old Fortunatus (1600) where a dazzling Queen Elizabeth is addressed as “Great land-lady of hearts” (sig. A2r). The inter- nal compliment that has received the most scholarly attention is Oberon’s paean to the “fair vestal throned by [the] west” in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (2.1.155–164). Elizabeth is incorporated into two surviving comedies: George Peele’s The Arraignment of Paris (1584) and Ben Jonson’s Every Man Out of His Humor (1599). Peele, at the conclusion of his retelling of the Judgment of Paris, has the three Fates “lay downe their properties at the Queenes feete” (sig. E4r) as Atropos issues the command “Live longe the noble Phœnix 198 Notes

of our age, / Our fayre Eliza our Zabeta fayre” (sig. E4v). To resolve the heavenly disruption Paris choice has caused, Diana “delivereth the ball of golde to the Queenes owne hands” (sig. E4v) at which point Venus, Juno, and Athena resign their claim to it. In the original conclusion to Jonson’s play, Macilente is cured of his jealousy when he suddenly sees Elizabeth; Jonson appar- ently used the Queen herself for this stage business rather than having an actor impersonate her. In his defense of this ending, Jonson insists that “[t]here hath been President of the like Presentations in divers Playes: and is yeerely in our Cittie Pageants or shewes of Triumph” (Hereford and Simpson, Vol. III, Appendix X). That there were strong objections to Jonson’s use of Elizabeth’s person in his comedy is shown by the play’s revised ending in which Macilente’s jealousy sim- ply evaporates without explanation. In the Quarto editions, Jonson includes the original ending as an appendix, prefaced with a five-point defense of his use of the Queen for the play’s “Morall and Mysterious” conclusion. Elizabeth was also sensitive to the stage fright felt by the sub- jects who entertained her during her public appearances. See, e.g., the account of Elizabeth’s August 1578 visit to Norwich in Leah Marcus et al. eds., Elizabeth I: Collected Works (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 174–177. 5. “By the queen [.] Forasmuch as the tyme . . . ” (London, 1559). The statute prohibiting unlicensed plays is dated May 16, 1559. 6. The abuse of virginal characters and the use of female corpses on stage did not stop after 1611; in fact, it reaches new depths in Philip Massinger’s Duke of Milan (1623). But the death of Prince Henry in 1612 and the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in 1613 con- tribute a different set of anxieties to plays written after 1611. 7. John Watkins demonstrates that Heywood’s plays were one effective means by which Elizabeth’s postmortem reputation as “an advocate of the rights of freeborn Englishmen” was con- structed; Watkins also argues that the plays mark the point at which “the common English subject emerges as citizen” (36–55). Other analyses of this play as an effort to construct a postmor- tem image of Elizabeth include Carole Levin and Jo Eldridge Carney, “Young Elizabeth in Peril: From Seventeenth-Century Drama to Modern Movies,” in Elizabeth I: Always Her Own Free Woman, ed. Carole Levin, Jo Eldridge Carney, and Debra Barrett-Graves (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003), 215–237, and Teresa Grant, “Drama Queen: Staging Elizabeth in If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody,” in The Myth of Elizabeth, ed. Susan Doran and Thomas Freeman (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 120–142. Notes 199

8. Thomas Heywood, If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody, Part I, ed. Madeleine Doran (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934). 9. Thomas Heywood, A Woman Killed with Kindness, ed. R. W. Van Fossen (London: Methuen, 1961). For an account of the play’s prob- able delay because of Elizabeth’s death, see Chambers, Vol. II, 227. 10. Thomas Heywood, If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody, Part II, ed. Madeleine Doran (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934). 11. Thomas Dekker, The Whore of Babylon, in The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, ed. Fredson Bowers, Vol. II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955). 12. Philip Sidney, The Defence of Poesie, in Sir Philip Sidney, ed. Albert Feuillerat, Vol. III (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 18 . 13. See Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments. 14. John Chamberlain to Dudley Carleton, December 18, 1604, in Chamberlain, Vol. I, 199. 15. For an analysis of the political value of constructing a passive late Queen of famous memory, see Watkins, 58–86. 16. Philippa Berry, Of Chastity and Power: Elizabethan Literature and the Unmarried Queen (London: Routledge, 1989). 17. Elizabeth had, during her lifetime, attempted to control her image in print and in stage representations, but, as Peter Wentworth warned her in his 1598 tract A Pithie Exhortation to Her Majestie for Establishing her Successor to the Crowne, Elizabeth’s failure to name a successor caused her to risk postmortem scorn: her loving sub- jects “will daylie die a thousand deathes, to heare the evils that shall be howrelie used in vile reports, songs and rymes against your noble person” (103). Similar fears prompt Shakespeare’s Cleopatra’s fantasy of a squeaking Roman actor boying her great- ness in the posture of a whore (5.2.220–221). 18. Imperiled virgins are a common motif in classical literature where they frequently serve as reminders of the powers of gods (Io, Daphne), kings (Antigone), conquerors (Cassandra), and fathers (Iphigenia). They are also a regular feature of Catholic hagiography, a tradition continued for Protestants in Foxe’s Actes and Monuments and in accounts of Elizabeth’s life under the rule of her sister Mary. Until the Reformation, stories of imperiled virgin saints were told in church decorations and in holy day celebrations. After the Reformation, virgins or chaste wives under threat appeared in stories of marriage negotia- tions, elopements, wives being tested by absent husbands, or cuckoldings told in continental nouvelles, and collections of tales and jests. 19. Christopher Marlowe, The Second Part of Tamburlaine the Great, ed. J. B. Steane (London: Penguin, 1969; rpt. 1986), 2.4.112, 132. 200 Notes

Tamburlaine plans to have Zenocrate embalmed and placed in a gold coffin, and he brings her hearse with him to battle sites (3.2.1, o.s.d.); as he dies, he wishes that his eyes could “[p]ierce through the coffin and the sheet of gold” enclosing Zenocrate’s corpse and “glut [their] longings” (5.3.227–228). 20. Anthony Munday, The Death of Robert Earl of Huntingdon, ed. John C. Meagher, Vol. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), 3005–3006. 21. John Lyly, Prologue to Gallathea, in The Plays of John Lyly, ed. Carter A. Daniel (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1988), Prol. 11–12. 22. Thomas Dekker, The Honest Whore, Part I, in Bowers, Dekker, Vol. II. Hippolito’s confrontation with Bellafront occurs at 2.1.240 ff.; among his comments in several long diatribes are that Bellafront’s body is “like the common shoare, that still receives / All the townes filth” (2.1.325–326). He also notes that in “eache severall City she has seene, / Her Maydenhead has bin new, and bin sold deare” (2.1.388–389). 23. John Marston, The Dutch Courtesan, in The Selected Plays of John Marston, ed. MacDonald P. Jackson and Michael Neill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). 24. The hungry courtier, Lazarello, seeking the “chast virgin head Of a deere Fish,” describes it as “pure and undeflowered, / Not known of man” (1.3.217–219). Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, The Woman Hater, ed. George Walton Williams, in The Dramatic Works in the Beaumont and Fletcher Canon, ed. Fredson Bowers, Vol. I. 25. Marginal stage direction at 5.4.20 in Ben Jonson, The Alchemist, in Herford and Simpson, Vol. V. 26. As Valerie Traub notes in her analysis of the erotics of Shakespeare’s plays, “To be a woman in Shakespearean drama means to embody a sexuality that often finds its ultimate expres- sion in death.” See Desire and Anxiety, 25. 27. John Marston, The Wonder of Women, or the Tragedy of Sophonisba, in Jackson and Neill. 28. “An Acte against Conjuration Witchcrafte and delainge with evill and wicked Spirits,” 1 Jac I, c. 12 (London, 1604). 29. See Calendar of State Papers Domestic, James 1603–1610, 189. 30. Sir Thomas Glover’s wife died of the plague in November 1608 in Constantinople. He refused to bury her body there, and pre- served it in bran until April 1612. See The Travels of John Sanderson in the Levant 1584–1602, ed. William Foster (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1931), 259, 260, 254, 265, 274–275. 31. See, e.g., Stow’s 1598 Survey: “Alice Hackney found uncorrupted more then 170. yeres after shee was buried” (marginal note, 164). Notes 201

Stow’s interest in well-preserved corpses was well known enough to mock on stage; when Corporal Oth “revives” in W. S.’s The Puritaine (1607), the sheriff orders: “Bearers set downe the Coffin,—this were wonderful, and worthy Stoes Chronicle” (sig. Hr). See Montaigne’s account of his own death and resurrection in Book II Chapter VI of Florio’s translation of the essays (1603): “upon the way, and after I had for two houres space, by all, beene supposed dead and past all recoverie, I began to stir and breathe. ” 32. Robert Greene, The Scottish History of James the Fourth (London, 1598), 1.1.o.s.d. 33. In several early Jacobean plays, male corpses wreak comic revenge. In John Marston’s early comedies, The Malcontent (1604), and The Dutch Courtesan (1605), the male protagonist pretends to be dead in order to restore justice. In Thomas Middleton’s Michelmas Term (1607), in The Works of Thomas Middleton, ed. A. H. Bullen, Vol. I (New York: AMS Press, 1964), Quomodo stages his death to determine whether there is a need for vengeance: he wants to find out “how pitiful [his] wife takes [his] death” and to note “the cost she bestows on [his] funeral” (4.1.111–12, 114). In W. S.’s The Puritan (1607), Pie-boord improves his mar- riage prospects by pretending to kill then revive Corporal Oth. In John Day’s Humour Out of Breath (1608), in the handful of lines between the moment Aspero is discovered “lying on a Table seeming dead” and the moment he “starts up” (sig. F4r), his lover Florimell decides to abandon her proud and disdainful behavior toward him. Each comedy uses the resurrected men to promise that good will triumph not only over evil, but over death. 34. Dekker also uses a not-really-dead and soon revived female corpse in Westward Ho (1604) to reform an “unseasonable Lecher” (4.2.102). 35. George Chapman, Monsieur D’Olive, in The Plays of George Chapman: The Comedies, ed. Allan Holaday et al. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1964). 36. Robert Cecil, letter to Thomas Lake, March 4, 1605, in Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (New York, 1887), 211 The letter is summarized in Calendar of State Papers Domestic, James 1603–1610, 201. 37. George Chapman, The Widow’s Tears, in Holaday et al. See also Jasper’s surprising exit from his coffin, nearly fatal to Luce (4.253 ff.) and the stage direction in which he “Heaves up the Coffin” (5.187, s.d.) to prove his vitality in Francis Beaumont’s The Knight of the Burning Pestle, ed. Cyrus Hoy, The Dramatic Works in the Beaumont and Fletcher Canon, Vol. I. 38. Cyril Tourneur, The Atheist’s Tragedy, ed. Brian Morris and Roma Gill (London: Ernst Benn and New York: W. W. Norton, 1976). 202 Notes

39. Francis Bacon, letter to Robert Cecil, July 3, 1603, in Spedding, Vol. III, 80. 40. Elizabeth Cary, The Tragedy of Mariam the Fair Queen of Jewry, ed. Barry Weller and Margaret W. Ferguson (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994). 41. Flavius Josephus, Of the Antiquities of the Jewes, Vol. XVI, xi, 423, in The Famous and Memorable Workes of Josephus, tr. Thomas Lodge (London, 1602). Cited in Anne Lancashire, ed., The Second Maiden’s Tragedy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1978), Appendix C, 295. 42. [Cyril Tourneur], The Revenger’s Tragedy, ed. R. A. Foakes (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966). The emphasis indicates that the sentence is proverbial. 43. ———, The Second Maiden’s Tragedy, ed. Anne Lancashire (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1978). 44. Peter de Lucca, A Dialogue of Dying Wel ([Antwerp], 1603), sigs. B5v–B5r. The dedication is dated April 3, 1603. John Mason’s tragicomedy The Turke (composed ca. 1607; published 1610) also attempts to use female corpses to enforce male chastity; the unsuccessfully murdered Timoclea “riseth in the tombe” (s. d. sig. D3v) and pretends to be the ghost of the virtuous Julia, terrify- ing lechers and calling for vengeance. Julia, also not dead, makes a shocking appearance at her own funeral banquet. Mason is clearly capitalizing on the fashion for staging the revival of corpses, but even in this sensational play the corpse of a chaste woman has the power to destroy a corrupt court and restore order. 45. Analyses of Elizabeth’s afterlife as icon, literary character, prop- aganda tool, and cinematic spectacle include Frederick Boas, “Queen Elizabeth in Elizabethan and Later Drama,” in Queen Elizabeth in Drama and Related Studies (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1950); Dobson and Watson; Hopkins, Writing Renaissance Queens: Texts by and about Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 2002); and Watkins. See also Margaret J. M. Ezell, The Patriarch’s Wife: Literary Evidence and the History of the Family (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 42–45. 46. See John Fletcher’s The Faithful Shepherdess in which the bleeding Amoret is revived by the power of the chastity of those around her, a device Fletcher repeats in The Knight of Malta (ca. 1619). 47. Shakespeare’s source for the plot of Winter’s Tale, Robert Greene’s Pandosto. The Triumph of Time (1588) deals with incest more directly and violently. 48. Barbara Kiefer Lewalski discusses the relationship between Princess Elizabeth and the image of Queen Elizabeth in Writing Notes 203

Women in Jacobean England, 45–66 and especially 53–54. Lewalski cites John Harrison’s 1619 description of Princess Elizabeth leav- ing England for Prague: “No heart but would have been ravished to have seene the sweete demeanour of that great ladie at her departure: with teares trickling downe her cheekes; so mild cour- teous, and affable (yet with a princelie reservation of state well beseeming so greate a majestie) lyke an other Queene Elizabeth revived also agayne in her, the only Phoenix of the world” (57). 49. Compare Greene’s Pandosto, in which Hermione’s equivalent, Bellaria, dies, is “embalmed and wrapped in lead,” and remains dead for the duration of the story. The Life and Complete Works in Prose and Verse of Robert Greene, ed. A. B. Grosart, Vol. IV (New York: Russell and Russell, 1964), 263.

Conclusion 1. Thomas Dekker, The Wonderfull Yeare, in The Non-Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, ed. Alexander Grosart, Vol. I, 87. 2. Sir Geoffrey Fenton to Robert Cecil, April 13, 1603, in Calendar of State Papers for Ireland, James I, 1603–1606, 17. 3. A True Report of All the Burials and Christnings within the City of London and the Liberties thereof, from the 23 of December, 1602 to the 22. of December, 1603 (London, 1603). 4. Edward Hake, “Of the most commendable and honourable gov- ernment,” in Of Golds Kingdome and this Unhelping Age (London, 1604), sig. D4r. 5. Newton, sig. B3v. 6. Lynda Boose, “The Priest, the Slanderer, the Historian, and the Feminist,” in English Literary Renaissance 25 (Autumn 1995): 320–340. 7. Lewalski, 7. 8. Thomas Heywood, The Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts of Nine of the Most Worthy Women of the World (London, 1640). 9. Diana Primrose, A Chaine of Pearle (London, 1630) and Anne Bradstreet, “In honour of that High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth, of most happy memory, Her Epitaph,” and “Another [Epitaph],” in The Complete Works of Anne Bradstreet, ed. Joseph R. McElrath, Jr. and Allan P. Robb (Boston, MA: Twayne, 1981), 156. Bradstreet dates the poems 1643; they were published in 1650 in The Tenth Muse. 10. Richard Johnson, A Crowne Garland of Goulden Roses Gathered out of Englands Royall Garden (London, 1612), sigs. C4r–C5v. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Actes and Monuments, 94, 103–4, Elizabeth: deflowered by worms, 199 n. 18 68–9; hand, 27; in tomb, 67–8 An Admonition to the Nobility, poets, role of, 48, 158 193 n. 89 Ave Caesar, 50, 51, 56, 62, 65, 73, 78 The Alchemist, 132 Elizabeth: in tomb, 67; in Allen, William, 193 n. 89 wedding garments, 68 All’s Well that Ends Well, 131 Axton, Marie, 100–1 Anglorum Lacrimæ, 49–50, 59, 76, 78 Elizabeth: consumed by death, B., R., 64 67; corpse, 69; in heaven, 72 Bacon, Francis Anne of Denmark and Elizabeth: character of, corpse opened, 98, 190–1 n. 63 140; as James’s mother, 72; and Elizabeth: refuses to attend monument, 176 n. 92, 177 memorial for, 175 n. 79; ordered n. 93; old age of, 177 n. 93; not to wear mourning for, 40 speechlessness on deathbed, 25 on Elizabeth Southwell’s government by women, 164 n. 5 elopement, 87 theatricality of royalty, 171 n. 51 ladies and maids, 84–5 union of kingdoms, 101–2 power as queen, 156 Bagot, Walter, 34 role in Masque of Queenes, 159 Bancroft, Richard, 22 An Answer to a Catholike Englishman, Barker, Robert, 157 107, 109–10, 112 Barlow, William (Bishop of An Answer unto the Catholiques London) Supplication, 100 at deathbed, 22 Anthony and Cleopatra, 44–5, 137, defends Elizabeth’s silence, 109 199 n. 17 and Robert Persons, 107–12, 114, Antonio and Mellida, 105, 194 n. 98 196 n. 111 Antonio’s Revenge, 105 Basilikon Doron, 36, 70 Apius and Virginia, 130 Beard, Thomas, 193 n. 90 Archbishop of Canterbury, see Beauchamp, Lord, see Seymour, Whitgift, John Edward Armin, Robert, 135–6 Beaumont, Francis The Arraignment of Paris, 197–8 n. 4 The Faithful Shepherdess, 117, 132–3 The Arte of English Poesie, 49, 98–9 Four Plays in One, 47 As You Like It, 128, 129, 136 A King and No King, 132 The Atheist’s Tragedy, 139–40, 146 Knight of the Burning Pestle, Atropoion Delion, 50 201 n. 37 220 Index

Beaumont, Francis—Continued Elizabeth’s final illness, 10, 15, 94; Philaster, 133 melancholy, 10 The Woman Hater, 132, 200 n. 24 Elizabeth’s funeral, 176 n. 83 B[en] I[onson] His Panegyre, 55 Campaspe, 129, 197 n. 4 Berry, Philippa, 128, 181 n. 33 Campion, Henry, 53, 80 bigamy, 86 The Canterbury Tales, 12 Bilson, Thomas, 43, 176 n. 88, “A Canto upon the Death of 179 n. 11 Eliza,” 67 Bishop of Chichester, see Watson, Carew, George, 101 Anthony Carey, John, 1 Bishop of Lincoln, see Barlow, Carey, Robert, 7 William Elizabeth’s death, 24, 93, 102; Bishop of London, see Bancroft, notifies James of, 20, 35–6, Richard 174 n. 69 Blackwood, Adam, 189–90 n. 63 Elizabeth’s final illness, 21, 22, Blount, Christopher, 85–6 93; prelates, 22; Privy Council, Boleyn, Anne, 66, 113, 151 24; successor named, 27; as dramatic character, 155 melancholy, 9, 10, 20 Book of Common Prayer, 94 memoir as source, 115 Boose, Lynda, 158–9 Carleton, Dudley, 8, 37, 50 Bowle, J. Elizabeth’s memorial, 175 n. 79 and Elizabeth: coincidences, 72; ladies and maids, 184 n. 15 grave as bed, 67; grief for, 76–7, letters from Chamberlain, 8, 41, 79; immortality, 76; and Virgin 50, 97, 100, 190–1 n. 63 Mary, 73 receives copy of Basilikon Bownd, Nicholas, 180 n. 22 Doron, 37 Bradburie, Thomas, 53 Caron, Noel de, 14, 17 Bradford, Charles, 189 n. 57 Cary, Elizabeth, 140, 142–3 Bradstreet, Anne, 159 Catherine of Aragon (Queen of Breton, Nicholas, 192 n. 75 England), 103, 105 A Briefe Treatise of Testaments, as dramatic character, 155 172 n. 53 Cavalli, Marin, 13, 26 Brouncker, Henry, 17 Cecil, Robert, 7, 12, 19, 37, 99 Browne, William, 173 n. 66 Elizabeth’s corpse, 90–2, 98–101, Bruce, Edward (Lord Kinloss), 18, 112–14 36, 38, 101, 174 n. 69 Elizabeth’s death: advised to bubonic plague, 43, 44, 51, 71, fortify London, 15; as cause of, 72, 133 192 n. 73; cost of monument, 45 Byng, Thomas, 70, 73 Elizabeth’s final illness: deathbed, 26; mental state, 91, Calthorp, Anne, 188 n. 49 100, 106, 113; rebuke of Cecil, Camden, William, 7 89, 94, 100; sleeplessness, 89; and Elizabeth: character of, symptoms, 12, 14, 17, 89, 92–4 181 n. 28; good health, 8 and Elizabeth: gender, 114; good Elizabeth’s death, 1, 16 health, 8 Index 221

and Elizabeth Southwell, 87, 88, Elizabeth’s death: 67, 102; as 89–91, 94, 100–1, 112–13 change of season, 56; and James, 3, 8, 29, 40, 157, non-mourners derided, 80; 192 n. 73 union of kingdoms, 63 and John Stanhope, 88, 91 Elizabeth’s funeral, 85 and Robert Dudley, 87, 113 England’s Mourning Garment, 50, and Robert Persons, 111–13 56, 62, 63, 67, 69, 70, 75, 76, 77, succession, 25–7, 90, 96, 157 80, 85, 93, 102 Cecil, Robert, Secretary to, 14, Hoffman, 130 26–9, 95 poets criticized, 50, 80; silenced Cecil, Thomas (Lord Burghley), 14, by grief, 77 16, 18–19 succession, 75 Cecil, Thomas (son of Robert), 51, threat of civil war, 62 57, 73–4 Chetwind, Edward, 34 Cecil, William, 19, 84, 89, 181 n. 28, Children of Paul’s, 105 187 n. 47 Children of the Chapel, 43 A Chaine of Pearle, 159 Churchyard, Thomas, 65 Chamberlain, John, 7, 8 Clapham, Henoch, 18 and Anne of Denmark, 190–1 n. 63 Clapham, John, 7 Elizabeth’s death: 16, 34; corpse and Elizabeth: criticism of, undisturbed, 97; funeral, 163 n. 2; loss of public 41; rumors regarding, 100; affection, 10–11 succession, 22 Elizabeth’s corpse: left alone, 97; Elizabeth’s final illness: attended by courtiers, 98 melancholy, 9; prelates, 22; Elizabeth’s death: deathbed speechlessness, 25; symptoms, narratives assessed, 28; fear of 20, 21, 24 disorder, 19; preparations for, and James: angered by royalty on 16, 17–18; and Privy Council, stage, 127–8; Basilikon Doron, 11, 17 37; and courtiers, 37, 50 Elizabeth’s final illness: letters as source, 115 medicine refused, 20; Chambers, E. K., 167 n. 7, 199 n. 9 melancholy, 11; mirror, 92–3; Chapman, George, 80, 82 prelates, 95; sleeplessness, 20; Hero and Leander, 191 n. 67 speechlessness, 25 Monsieur D’Olive, 137–8, 147 Elizabeth’s funeral: effigy, 41; The Widow’s Tears, 138–9 hearse, 43; procession, 41 Charles V (Holy Roman and James: orders Elizabeth’s Emperor), 106 funeral 39; public response to Chaworth, George, 17 proclamation, 32–4; Chettle, Henry, 50, 51 succession, 28 and Elizabeth: chastity, 69; Clifford, Anne, see Herbert, Anne as flower, 62; immortalized Clifford through poetry, 76; mirrors Coke, Edward, 86 avoided, 93; subjects as College of Arms, 41, 43 children, 70 Colt, Maximillian, 45 222 Index

A Comparative Discourse, 102, Cranmer, Thomas, 23 192 n. 79 as dramatic character, 154–5, 159 A Conference about the Next Creleto, Giacomo, 12, 168–9 n. 18, Succession, 39, 102 170 n. 37 Cooper, Daniel, 167–8 n. 10 Cressy, David, 45 Coppin, Mrs. 21, 171 n. 43 Critz, John de, 45 corpses Cromwell, Oliver, 39, 179 n. 12 abused, 69, 75–6, 97, 101–2, 103, A Crowne-Garland of Goulden 104–5, 108, 195 n. 107 Roses, 160 devoured by worms, 68–9, 134–5, Cymbeline, 131 148, 180–1 n. 27 explosion of: Elizabeth, 5, 83, Daniel, Samuel, 52–3, 75–6, 80 90–1, 98–106, 112–14, 196 Darcy, Edward, 187–8 n, 47 n. 112; Henry VIII, 103; Judas, Day, John, 135–6, 201 n. 33 193 n. 90; Martin Luther, 104; The Death of Robert Earl of Protestant martyr, 103 Huntingdom, 130 explosion of as metaphor, 5, 40, De Beaumont, Christophe de 47, 50–1, 67–9, 75, 76, 100–6, Harlay 109, 113–14, 115–16, 195 n. 107 and Elizabeth: good health, 8; legislation, 133 and Ireland, 168 n. 16 opening of, 29, 84, 90, 96–9, 111, Elizabeth’s death, 25, 29; Cecil as 113, 116, 126, 188 n. 53, 189 n. 57, cause of, 192 n. 73 190–1 n. 63 Elizabeth’s final illness: anger preparation for burial, 29–30, 90, at prelates, 14; asks for broth, 96, 98 187 n. 40; meditations read preserved, 133, 200–1 n. 31 to, 171 n. 43; melancholy, royal, 29–30, 98, 103, 190–1 n. 63 9, 10–11; moment of, 29; corpses in drama musicians in attendance, abused, 125, 130, 141–2, 143, 14–15; prelates, 14; refuses to 146–8, 194 n. 98 move, 93; sleeplessness, 12–13; displayed, 136–7, 141, 144, 146–8 speechlessness, 25; symptoms, emerging from coffins and 15, 21, 92 tombs, 105, 130, 133–4, 135, 136, Elizabeth’s funeral, 41 139, 142, 147 and Robert Cecil, 192 n. 73 female: 3, 129–30, 133, 143; uses of, succession, 28, 96 130, 143, 146–9, 152, 153–6 Defence of Poesie, 125 preserved, 130, 137, 144, 146–8 Dekker, Thomas revived, 130, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, and Elizabeth: as landlady, 197 149, 153 n. 4; as merchant’s patron, 60; used to expose or cure as mirror, 161; as mother of corruption, 130, 134, 136, 140, country, 70 143–5, 146–9 Elizabeth’s death: coincidences, Cotton, Robert, 1, 13 64; eroticized, 67; funeral, 43; Cranfield, Lionel, 167–8 n. 10, public response, 32, 157; threat 170 n. 37, 175 n. 76 of civil war, 62 Index 223

Honest Whore, 131 efforts to return to England, 87–8 and James, 32, 126–7 elopement, 86–7, 185 n. 23 The Magnificent Entertainment, 101 and Frances Vavasour, 86 Satiromastix, 130 granted travel license, 86 succession, 101 in Italy, 87–8 Whore of Babylon, 120, 124–8 lawsuit regarding legitimacy, The Wonderfull Yeare, 60, 62, 64, 85–6, 113, 187 n. 44 67, 70, 101, 157, 161 marriages: to Alice Leigh, 85; to De Lucca, Peter, 148 Elizabeth Southwell, 114, Denny, Anthony, 23 185 n. 23, 196–7 n. 112 De Vere, Edward (Earl of Oxford), and Robert Cecil, 87, 113 2, 44 and Robert Persons, 88 Devereux, Robert (Earl of Essex) Duke of Milan, 198 n. 6 as cause of Elizabeth’s Duncan-Jones, Katherine, 178 n. 5 melancholy, 9, 10–11, 170 n. 40 The Dutch Courtesan, 132, 201 n. 33 execution, effect of on family, 85–6 Edward VI, 23, 45, 123, 175 n. 78 rebellion, 2, 10–11, 33, 178 n. 5 Eedes, Richard, 73 rumor of illegitimate child, 84 Egerton, Thomas (Lord A Dialogue of Dying Wel, 148 Chancellor), 26, 176 n. 92 Dido Queen of Carthage, 129 Elegies, see Elizabeth I, elegies to Disce Mori. Learne to Die, 91–2 Elizabeth I (Queen of England) A Discussion of the Answere, 83, accomplishments, 1, 34, 50, 58–9, 107–15 160–1, 177 n. 93 authorship, 107, 111 assassination attempts, 8, 38–9, and Elizabeth: anger at prelates, 50, 89, 94, 123, 124, 129, 112; condition of soul, 107; 187 n. 47 irregular death, 109, 110 assessments of reign, 1, 28, 32, and Elizabeth Southwell, 110–14 41–2, 50, 113–15, 124, 164 n. 5 rhetorical strategy, 107–8 attends plays, 8, 9, 181–2 n. 38, and Robert Cecil, 112–13 197–8 n. 4 sources, 110, 112, 114 attends wedding, 84 The Divell of the Vault, 193 n. 85 childlessness, 53, 57, 69, 70, 96, Dobson, Michael, 178 n. 5, 202 n. 45 128–9, 150–1, 154, 155, 181 n. 28, Dodd, Charles, see Tootell, Hugh 188 n. 54, 188–9 n. 55 Dodd’s Church History of England, control of her image, 7, 43, 47, 82, 182–3 n. 3, 196–7 n. 112 116, 132, 143, 155, 177 n. 93, Douglas, Archibald, 38 198 n. 7, 199 n. 17 Drayton, Michael, 46, 75, 80, 82 coronation ring, 11 Drummond, William, 93 fear of death, 11, 38–9, 89, 130 The Duchess of Malfi, 189 n. 57 female servants, 17, 21, 24, 29, 31, Dudley, Carlo, 184 n. 16 36, 42, 84, 85, 89–90, 91, 93, 94, Dudley, Robert (Earl of Leicester), 96, 97, 99, 100, 109, 111, 112, 115, 85, 87, 104 160, 183 n. 4 Dudley, Robert (son of Leicester), 85 final speech to Parliament, 38 224 Index

Elizabeth I (Queen of England)— furnishings for, 30 Continued moved from Richmond to flatterers, 89, 92–3 Whitehall, 30–1 gender, 50, 55, 70, 77, 114, 143, opened, 90, 96, 98–9 159–61, 164 n. 5 ordered not to be opened, 90, good health, 8, 11, 88, 91, 92, 96–9 166–7 n. 6 placed on bed of state, 31 length of life, 88, 91, 167–8 n. 10 as poetic subject, 47, 50, 67, 68–9, nostalgia for, 2–4, 44–5, 83, 120, 75–6, 134 130, 133, 138–9, 154, 182 n. 40 prepared for burial, 29, 30, 90, physicians, 8, 14, 21, 24, 29, 90, 96–9 96, 97, 98 and Robert Cecil, 100–1, 112–13 progresses, 120 and surgeons, 90, 96, 98 promotion of youthfulness, 8, 13, watched, 31, 37, 58, 90, 97, 99, 100, 92–3, 123, 169 n. 19, 186 n. 37 112, 115, 172 n. 58, 191 n. 67, relations with Parliament, 127 191 n. 69 rumors of illegitimate Elizabeth I, death of children, 96 anticipated, 8, 167–8 n. 10 rumors of imperforate hymen, 96–7 burial, 29, 43, 45 self-representation, 3–4 casket of letters, 28 theatrical nature of queenship, Catholic response, 2, 16, 50, 61, 119–20, 171 n. 51, 197 n. 3, 95, 100, 102, 107 197–8 n. 4 coffin, 30–1, 37, 41, 42, 43, 90, virginity, 4, 8, 45, 46, 50, 55, 64, 99–100 68, 69, 96–7, 98–9, 114, 116, coincidences, 56, 64–5, 72 120, 121, 128–9, 142, 155, death mask, 31 177 n. 93, 188–9 n. 55 debts, 32, 44, 168–9 n. 18, 178 n. 89 visits Lady Southwell, 84 failure to mourn, 32–4, 79–81 Elizabeth I, corpse of fate of soul, 22–4, 27, 29, 51, 63–4, abused, 69, 75–6, 97, 101–2, 108, 73, 76, 92, 107–8, 110, 160, 195 n. 107 196–7 n. 112 defenses of, 100, 109, 195 n. 107 hearse, 30, 42, 43, 134, 137–8, and Elizabeth Southwell, 89, 195 n. 107 91–106 keys, 31 explosion of: 5, 83, 90–1, 99–100, misogyny, 48, 119 112–14; as political metaphor, moment of, 24, 27, 29, 90, 109–10, 40, 47, 50–1, 67–9, 75, 76, 112, 171 n. 46 100–2, 104, 105–6, 113–14, poets silenced by grief, 76–7 116–17, 195 n. 107, 196 n. 112; portraits hidden, 36 reaction of witnesses, 90, potential for rebellion, 1, 15–16, 99–100, 112 18–19, 47, 58–9, 60–2, 100, female servants care for, 29, 31, 101, 102 36, 85, 90, 96–7, 99, 100, 112, preparations in London, 115, 172 n. 58 15–18, 29 Index 225

preparations outside of London, of civil war, 60–5; as spring 15–16, 18 weather, 56–8 prophecies, 13, 88, 187 n. 47 Elizabeth I, final illness of Protestant response, 50, 51, 95 bursting imposthume, 13, 14, Puritan response, 2, 50 169 n. 22 revival of memory, 2, 3, 43–4, 45, and Charles Howard, 89, 94 138–9, 153–4, 182 n. 40 court activities, 9, 11, 14–15 sermons describing, 23–4, 27, 34 dangerous persons incarcerated, threat of famine, 18 15–16 tomb, 45–6, 67–8, 130, 176 n. 92, discusses succession, 26, 27, 90 177 n. 93, 177 n. 95 and Edward Seymour, 90, 95–6 will, 38, 44, 172 n. 53 and Elizabeth Southwell, 5, 82, Elizabeth I in drama 88–106, 110–14, 115–17, 125, 159, characterizations, 119, 120, 172 n. 58, 185–6 n. 26 122–33, 124, 128–9, 135, 139–40, fear of slow death, 38 155–6 flatterers castigated, 89 control of representations, 131 food eaten, 13, 14, 21, 89, 187 n. 40 impersonation forbidden, 120, gestures interpreted, 22, 24, 127–8 26–7, 28, 90, 95, 106, injunctions to mourn, 123, 155 171 n. 43 restrictions, 119, 120, 127–8, 131 gossip and rumors, 15, 17–18, 19, uses in plays, 120, 128, 130, 154–6, 21, 29, 37–8, 89, 109–10 158–60, 161, 197–8 n. 4 hallucinations, 89, 92, 93–4, Elizabeth I, elegies to 111–12 characteristics of, 49–50 illness denied, 11, 14, 92 danger of writing, 48, 199 n. 17 information suppressed, 14, 15, Elizabeth, see Elizabeth I, images 16–18, 34, 90–1, 173 n. 67 in elegies iron chain, 89, 94 England: as bride, 51, 54–6; as James praised, 29 dowry, 58; as widow, 54–5 lack of appetite, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, extent of mourning, 78–9 21, 89 function of, 47–51, 56, 60, 82, 153 medicine refused, 12, 13, 14, 20, James: as England’s bridegroom, 21, 94, 95 54–6; as rightful heir, 63–4; as melancholy, 9–11, 20, 94, 109, 170 source of prosperity, 52, 58–60, n. 40, 187 n. 42 as sun, 52 mental state, 11–15, 20, 21, 25, 29, poets: incompetent, 81; 89, 90–1, 93, 94–5, 106 neglectful, 80–2, 182 n. 40; mirror, 89, 92–3, 186 n. 37 silenced by grief, 76–7 playing card, 89–90, 94 political uses of, 179 n. 12 position of hands, 15, 22, 24, 27, quantity of, 49 28, 29, 90, 109–10, 171 n. 43 succession: as change in season, praises James, 29 56–8; James as legal heir, 75–6; prelates, 22, 23–4, 27, 90, 95, 108 joy in sorrow, 51–4, 56; threat prelates, anger at, 90, 91, 95, 112 226 Index

Elizabeth I, final illness as Jezebel, 103, 193 n. 89, 193 n. 90 of—Continued as moon, 52, 73 Privy Council in attendance, 90 as mortal, 68–9 and “Queen Jane,” 91 as mother of England, 45–6, 47, recovers temporarily, 14 65, 69–73, 161, 177 n. 95, 178 n. 5 refuses to go to bed, 20, 21, 89, 90 as mother to James, 72, 73 and Robert Cecil: 89, 90–1, 94, mourned inadequately, 79–82 100–1, 112–13; rebuked, 89, 94, mourned universally, 77–9 100 as pelican, 65 sermon describing, 23–4 as phoenix, 65, 73–5, 154, 181 n. 34, sleeplessness, 12–13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 197–8 n. 4, 203 n. 48 24, 90, 170 n. 40 as Solomon, 3, 59, 154 sleepwalking, 90 as source of English prosperity, speechlessness, 15, 21, 24, 25, 27, 58–60 90, 109 as star, 65, 66, 74 succession discussed, 25, 27, 90 tears for, 51, 53, 54, 57–8, 61, 67, successor named, 10, 26–9, 38, 61, 76–7, 78, 79, 81 75, 90, 95–6 and Virgin Mary, 3, 64, 68, 72–3, successor not named, 90, 95–6 178 n. 5, 181 n. 33 symptoms, 8, 11–15, 20–5, 88–91 as wife to England, 129, 138, 142 talisman presented, 88, 91, 111 as woman clothed with the sun, theaters closed, 16 3, 73 unable to attend services, 20–1 Elizabetha quasi Vivens Elizabeth I, funeral of, 40–3 delay in writing, 81 dress of mourners, 40–1, 54, 85 Elizabeth: disloyalty of non- effigy, 31, 41, 43, 44, 130, 138, mourners, 79; as flower, 65; as 176 n. 82 God’s wife, 68; as maiden, 67 James’s absence, 39–40 Elizabeth’s funeral: mourning ordered by James, 39 horses, 43; size of procession, procession, 40–3, 52, 54, 78, 85, 42; tears of mourners, 57–8 130, see also 134–5 Elizaes Memoriall, 50, 51, 59, 68, 75 procession, drawings of, 176 n. 83 Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor, see service, 40–1 Egerton, Thomas Elizabeth I, images in elegies Emperor of Russia, see Godunov, as abandoning mother, 4, 47, 50, Boris 129, 158 Endymion, 197–8, n. 4 accomplishments, 50 England and Scotlands Happinesse, coincidences, 64–5 72–3 as death’s lover, 67–8, 69 Englandes Mourning Garment as Deborah, 3 and Elizabeth: chastity, 69; as Fairy Queen, 125, 132 mirrors, 93; subjects as as flower, 65–7 children, 70 as goddess, 3, 50–1, 52, 138 Elizabeth’s death, 67, 102 as God’s bride, 68 Elizabeth’s funeral, 85 Index 227

poets: criticized, 50, 77, 80; poets:criticized, 80; silenced by immortalize subjects, 76; grief, 77 silenced by grief, 77 succession, 56 succession, 51, 56, 62, 75 Ferdinand I (Grand Duke of Englands Caesar, 57, 60, 73, 75 Tuscany), 87–8 Englands Wedding Garment, 51 Ferdinand II (Holy Roman England as bride, 54, 55 Emperor), 87 James: as jewel, 59; source of Ferrers, Humphrey, 21, 36, 173 n. 60 prosperity, 58, 60; unifying Ferrers, Thomas, 21, 33, 36, 171 n. 46, power, 63 173 n. 60 Englands Welcome to James First Booke of Christian Exercise, 108 England as widow, 54–5 Fitz-Herbert, Thomas, 107, 196 n. James: as rightful king, 72, 75; as 111, 195–6 n. 108 source of prosperity, 52 The Fleire, 132 succession: as arrival of spring, Fletcher, Giles, 67 56; proclamation announcing, Fletcher, John 177–8, n. 4 The Faithful Shepherdess, 117, 132–3 The Englishe-Mans Treasure, 97 Four Plays in One, 47 The English Spanish Pilgrime, 185 n. 23 Henry VIII, 5, 121, 154–5, 159 The English Way of Death, 97–8 A King and No King, 132 Epicoene, 132 Philaster, 133 “An Epitaph or briefe lamentation,” The Woman Hater, 132, 200 n. 24 59, 81 Fletcher, Phineas, 68, 77 Ernest, John, 176 n. 82 Fletcher, Robert, 52, 59, 63, 81 Erskine, John, 19, 175 n. 79 Forman, Simon, 85 Essex, Earl of, see Devereux, Robert Forset, Edward, 102, 192 n. 79 Every Man Out of his Humor, 126, Four Plays in One, 47 181–2 n. 38, 197–8 n. 4 Foxe, John, 23, 94, 103–4, 171 n. 44, An Excellent New Ballad, 63–4, 199 n. 18 180 n. 18 Frederick, Elector Palatine, 152 Expicedium, 77, 78, 80 Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, 129 Frye, Susan, 179 n. 8 F., G., 58 The Faerie Queene, 94, 97 G., I., 70, 76, 78–9 “Faire Cynthia’s Dead,” 52 Gallathea, 129, 131, 197 n. 4 The Faithful Shepherdess, 117, 132–3 Gamage, Margaret, 86 “Fame Tells Sad Tydings,” 76, 79 Gargrave, Richard, 85 Fedele and Fortunio, 133 Garnet, Henry, 11, 12, 102 Fenton, Geoffrey, 203 n. 2 Gawdy, Philip, 10, 42, 84, 85, 86, Fenton, John, 50 166 n. 3 Elizabeth and prosperity, 58 The Gendering of Melancholy, 48 James: colors worn, 54; title to Of Ghostes and Spirites, 99 throne, 64, 75 Gilbert, William, 24 London as bride, 55 Gittings, Clare, 40 228 Index

Glover, Thomas, 133 186 n. 37; messages difficult to Godly Meditations, 85 send, 173 n. 67 Godunov, Boris (Emperor of gift to James, 168 n. 12 Russia), 173–4 n. 68 succession, 32, 39 Goodman, Godfrey (Bishop of Harington, Mary (Mall), 7, 9 Gloucester), 2, 11, 93, 187 n. 42 Harpsfield, Nicholas, 103 Goodrick, Thomas, 57, 76, 79 Hayward, John Gordon, John, 72–3 Elizabeth’s death, sermon Gowrie Conspiracy, 38, 127 announcing, 23–4, 34, 95, 111 Grahame, Simion, 173 n. 64 Richard II, 104–5 Greene, Abraham, 30 The Heart and Stomach of a King, 5–6 Greene, Robert, 80, 129, 133–4, 201 Heart Burial, 189 n. 57 n. 32, 202 n. 47, 203 n. 49 Heigham, Clement, 85 Grey, Catherine, 10, 95 Henri IV (King of France), 11, 90, Grey, Jane, 23, 106 95 Grief and English Renaissance Elegy, Henry I (King of England), 191 n. 68 48, 178 n. 5 Henry IV (King of England), “Griefe rule my panting heart,” 194 n. 97 52, 66 Henry IV Part 1, 134 Guilford, Elizabeth, 90, 95, 110–11 Henry IV Part 2, 188 n. 53 Gunpowder Plot, 83, 102, 193 n. 85 Henry V (King of England), 105 as dramatic character, 106 H. I., 193 n. 85 Henry VI Part 1, 106, 193 n. 90 Hackett, Helen, 50, 178 n. 5, 181 n. 3 Henry VI Part 2, 171 n. 44, 188 n. 50, Hake, Edward, 158 188 n. 53 Hall, Joseph Henry VII (King of England), 45, England’s corruption, 60 61–5, 106 James as Elizabeth’s son, 72 Henry VIII, 5, 121, 154–5, 159 poets: criticized, 49; silenced by Henry VIII (King of England), 66, grief, 77, 80 106, 123 threat of civil war, 61 death: corpse, 98, 103, Hamlet, 32, 34, 68–9, 78, 92, 95, 116, 189–90 n. 63; deathbed, 23; 119, 129, 130, 146, 173 n. 63 funeral, 175 n. 78; tomb, Hanson, John, 53, 59, 61, 66, 74, 76 176 n. 92; will 10, 61, 95 Hardwick, Elizabeth (Countess of as dramatic character, 154–5 Shrewsbury), 15 Herbert, Anne Clifford, 7, 11 Harington, John, 7 and Elizabeth’s death: corpse Elizabeth: desire to be thought watched by, 99; fear of young, 169 n. 19, 186 n. 37; rebellion, 19; public response melancholy, 9; 186 n. 37 to proclamation, 32, 37; not Elizabeth’s death, public allowed at funeral, 42 response to, 32 Herbert, John, 12 Elizabeth’s final illness: court Hero and Leander, 191 n. 67 inattentive to, 9; lack of Hertford, Earl of, see Seymour, appetite, 9; melancholy, 9, Edward Index 229

Heywood, Thomas, 5, 120–4, 158, In Mortem Serenissimae, see The 159 Translation of Certaine Latine Hilliard, Nicholas, 45 Verses The History of the Two Maids of Ireland More-Clacke, 135–6 and Elizabeth, 124, 160 Hoby, Margaret, 17, 41 Elizabeth’s death, 9, 10–11, 26, Hoffman, 130 34–5, 168 n. 16, 168–9 n. 18 Holles, John, 19 and James, 72 Hollonde, Thomas, 189–90 n. 63 Isabella (Queen of England), The Honest Whore, 131, 134–5, 194 n. 97 200 n. 22 Isahacs Inheritance, 60, 61, 63 Howard, Catherine Carey, 10, 21, 84 Howard, Charles (Earl of James I/VI Nottingham; Lord Admiral), arrival anticipated, 2, 34, 38, 45, 10, 42, 84, 175 n. 79 164 n. 4, 175 n. 76 Elizabeth’s final illness: anger Basilikon Doron, 36–7 at prelates, 112; hallucination, competition to announce 89; lack of appetite, 89, Elizabeth’s death to, 20, 26, 93–4; melancholy, 89; names 35–6, 40, 52–3, 174 n. 69 successor, 26, 28; sleeplessness, coronation, 39, 43, 44, 51, 55, 21 179 n. 11 Elizabeth’s funeral, 42 corpse of, 98, 189–90 n. 63 as Elizabeth Southwell’s source, correspondence: Edward Bruce, 93–5 19–20; Robert Carey, 20; and Robert Persons, 111–12 Robert Cecil, 8, 167 n. 9; succession, 26, 28, 31 Elizabeth, 174–5 n. 74; Howard, Douglas, 85 unnamed nobles, 10, 11; Howard, Elizabeth, see Southwell, Henry Percy, 10, 14, 16, 17, 20 Elizabeth Howard declares self rightful heir, 20 Howard, Henry (Earl of disillusionment with, 1, 2, 3, 45, Northampton), 19, 38, 88, 101, 76, 83, 127, 138 174 n. 69 dramatic representations, 122, Howard, Thomas, 173 n. 67 126–7 Howard, William (Lord Howard of Elizabeth’s death: anticipates, Effingham), 86 174 n. 72, 174–5 n. 74; mourns How to Choose a Good Wife from a period, 137–8; refuses to wear Bad, 130 mourning for, 40; refuses to Humour out of Breath, 201 n. 33 attend memorial, 175 n. 79; Hurault, Andre (Sieur de Maisse), response to, 1, 33, 36, 39–40, 164 n. 5 174 n. 72; sorrow over, 33, 35–6; tomb, 45, 177 n. 94 If You Know Not Me, Part 1, 5, 120–3, Elizabeth’s final illness, actions 124 during, 19 If You Know Not Me,Part 2, 5, 120, as Elizabeth’s heir, 53, 123–4 70, 75 230 Index

James I/VI—Continued of England and Scotland, 63, Elizabeth, relationship with, 122, 101–2, 149 174–5 n. 75 as successor: first acts, 36; fertility, 1, 56–7, 59–60 inherits Elizabeth’s property, and Francis Bacon, 72 44; leaves Scotland, 39; named genealogy, 53, 63–4, 75, 180 n. 23 by Elizabeth, 25–8, 29, 38, 61, gifts to: book, 179 n. 12; lantern, 74, 95; named by Council, 90; 168 n. 12 negotiates to be named by Gowrie conspiracy, 38, 127 Elizabeth, 38; not named by Gunpowder Plot, 83, 102, 193 n. 85 Elizabeth, 90, 105–6; risks of images in elegies: Elizabeth’s son, not naming, 101; willing to 72–3, 178 n. 5; England’s groom, invade England, 20 34, 51, 54–6, 68; England’s Triplici Nodo Triplex Cuneus, 107 savior, 51, 53, 60, 62, 64, 79–80; witchcraft, 133 jewel, 59; legality of succession, James IV, 133–4 75–6; not a woman, 70; nurse– The Jesuites Play at Lyons, 92 father, 70; phoenix, 65, 66, The Jesuits Miracles, 195 n. 106 73–5, 126; prosperity, 58–60; Johnson, Paul, 165 n. 8, 183 n. 3, 187 rose, 62, 66–7; springtime, n. 47, 197 n. 112 56–8; subjects’ shift in loyalty, Johnson, Richard, 50 33–4, 39, 53, 137; sun, 52; Anglorum Lacrimæ, 49–50, 59, 67, welcomed, 50–2 69, 72, 76, 78 and Ireland, 35 A Crowne Garland of Goulden learns of Elizabeth’s death, 35–6 Roses, 160 objects to plays, 127–8 Elizabeth: consumed by death, and Oliver Cromwell, 39 67; corpse, 69; in heaven, 72 and Robert Persons, 107, 113 silenced by grief, 76 potential for rebellion, 1, 15–16, Jones, Inigo, 131 18–19, 47, 58–9, 60–5, 66, 100, Jonson, Ben, 55, 131 101, 102 The Alchemist, 132 proclaimed king, 16, 29, 31–5, 37, and Elizabeth: false mirrors, 93; 38, 47, 51, 54, 90, 96, 113, 157–8, imperforate hymen, 96–7; use 173 nn. 60, 61, 64, 66, 174 n. 72, of in drama, 126, 181–2 n. 38, 177–8 n. 4 197–8 n. 4 and Robert Carey, 35–6 Epicoene, 132 and Robert Cecil, 8, 100, 157 n. 9, Every Man Out of his Humor, 126, 191–2 n. 72, 192 n. 73 181–2 n. 38, 197–8 n. 4 and Robert Dudley, 88 fails to eulogize Elizabeth, 80, 82 sent copy of proclamation, 31, 90 and Margaret Ratcliffe, succession: Catholic response, 183–4 n. 9 34; as change in season, 56–8; Volpone, 131–2 as wedding, 51; dramatic Juana la Loca, 106 representations of, 140, 149–51, The Judgment of a Catholicke English- 153, 154–5; public response man, 107–9, 110 to, 32–3, 101, 164 n. 4; union Julius Caesar, 129 Index 231

Kay, Dennis, 48 London: bubonic plague, 71; Kellet, Edward, 52, 66 disasters, 71–2; mourning A King and No King, 132 mothers, 71 King James His Welcome to London Lord Chamberlain’s Men, 92, 107 Elizabeth as source of prosperity, n. 7 58 Lotti, Ottaviano, 87 James: genealogy, 64, 75; London Lowe, Peter, 96 as bride, 55; shifting loyalty Luther, Martin, 104 to, 54 Lyly, John, 80, 197–8, n. 4 poets: criticized, 80; silenced by Campaspe, 129 grief, 77 Gallathea, 129, 131 succession as change of season, 56 Macbeth, 53, 95, 140, 150–1, 186 n. 29 King Lear, 94, 132, 140 The Magnificent Entertainment, 101 The Kings Prophecie, 49, 60, 61, 77 The Maiden Queene, 97, 180–1 n. 27, The King’s Two Bodies, 40 182 n. 40 Kinloss, Lord, see Bruce, Edward The Maid’s Metamorphosis, 130 Knight of the Burning Pestle, 201 n. 37 The Maid’s Tragedy, 116–17 Knollys, Lettice, 85, 86 The Malcontent, 201 n. 33 Kyd, Thomas, 130 Manners, John, 13 Manners, Roger (Earl of Rutland), L., E., 56, 76 13, 166 n. 3 Lake, Thomas, 45 Manningham, John, 7 Lambert, Edmund, 20, 25 and Edward Seymour, 96 Lamentation of Melpomene, 51, 53–4, and Elizabeth: gender, 165 n. 5; 66, 70, 78 good health, 8; response to Lane, John, 52 sermon, 11 Lavater, Ludwig, 99 Elizabeth’s corpse, 30, 97, 99 Law-Trickes, 135–6 Elizabeth’s death: financial Leigh, Alice, 85, 86 situation, 176 n. 89; moment of, Leigh, Thomas, 85 29; sermon on, 101 Leigh, William, 195 n. 107 Elizabeth’s final illness: Leighton, William, 52, 53, 56, 58, melancholy, 9; mental state, 60–1, 77 25; prayers for, 18; prelates, Lever, Christopher, 181 n. 37, 182, 22; refuses medicine, 94; n. 40 symptoms, 21 Levin, Carole, 5–6, 188 n. 54 and James, 38 Lewalski, Barbara, 159, 195 n. 102, and Robert Carey, 174 n. 69 202–3 n. 48 succession, 26, 28, 32 Litten, Julian, 97–8 Mar, Earl of, see Erskine, John Lives of the Queens of England, 106 Marlowe, Christopher Llewellyn, Nigel, 177 n. 94 Dido Queen of Carthage, 129 Londons Mourning Garment Hero and Leander, 191 n. 67 breastfeeding and childbirth, 71 Tamburlaine the Great, Part 2, 130, England as bride, 55 199–200 n. 19 232 Index

Marston, John, 105, 132, 140–2, 143, Nashe, Thomas, 91, 92 194 n. 98, 201 n. 33 Neale, J. E., 164 n. 6, 183 n. 3 Martin, Richard, 74 Neve, William, 189–90 n. 63 Mason, John, 202 n. 44 A New Song, 75 Masque of Queenes, 159 Newton, Thomas, 50 Massinger, Philip, 198 n. 6 Elizabeth: deflowered by worms, Maverick, Radford, 51, 52, 80 68–9; hand, 27; in tomb, 67–8 and Elizabeth: as flower, 65; role of poets, 48, 158 as mother of England, 70–1; Niccols, Richard, 77, 78, 80 mourned, 77–8; as Phoenix, Nichols, John, 83, 169 n. 24 74–5; as source of prosperity, 58 Nicholson, George, 12, 18 succession 74–5 Nixon, Anthony, 50, 51, 59, 68, 75 May, Steven, 171 n. 50, 186 n. 33 Northampton, Earl of, see Howard, Measure for Measure, 131 Henry Medicines for the Plague, 180 n. 22 Northampton, Marchioness, see Melodious Tears, 48 Parr, Helena Melvill, James, 39 Northampton, Marquise of, see Merchant of Venice, 128, 129 Parr, William Meres, Francis, 103 Northumberland, Countess of, see Merry Wives of Windsor, 129 Percy, Mary Michelmas Term, 201 n. 33 Northumberland, Earl of, see Percy, Middleton, Thomas, 201 n. 33 Henry A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 129, Norwood, Richard, 164 n. 4 134, 197 n. 4 “Now did the Sunne,” 68, 77 Milles, Thomas, 53 “Nullo Godimento Senz a Dolore,” mirrors, 89, 92–3, 186 n. 37 56, 76 The Miseries of Enforced Marriage, 132 Monsieur D’Olive, 137–8, 147 Oath of Allegiance, 83, 102, 107, 113 Monson, William, 87 “Of the most commendable. . .,” 158 Montaigne, Michel de, 133, Oglander, John, 1, 164 n. 5 174 n. 70, 200–1 n. 31 Old Fortunatus, 197–8 n. 4 Moryson, Fynes, 35 O’Neale, Hugh, 9, 10, 26, 35, Mosse, Miles, 179 n. 11 168 n. 16 “The Most Happie Unions,” 180 “On Margaret Ratcliffe,” 183–4 n. 9 n. 23 Osbourne, Francis, 99 A Mournefull Dittie, 51, 80 Othello, 132 Much Ado about Nothing, 128, 129, “Our Late Sorrow,” 52, 63 130 Oxford, Earl of, see De Vere, Muggins, William, 55, 71–2 Edward Mulcaster, Richard, 8, 50, 53, 70, 75 Mullaney, Steven, 48, 119, 156 Panegyrike Congratulatorie, 52–3, Munday, Anthony, 130 75–6 Muriell, Christopher, 100 Parr, Helena (Marchioness of A Murmerer, 192 n. 75 Northampton), 41, 42 Index 233

Parr, Katharine, 98 Philip (King of Spain), 106 Parr, William (Marquise of as dramatic character, 122 Northampton), 41 Pierce Pennilesse, 91 Parry, Henry, 9, 10, 21 Pigman, G. W., 48, 187 n. 5 Elizabeth, 22, 23, 27, 171 n. 43 A Pithie Exhortation to her Majestie, succession, 28 39, 101, 199 n. 17 Pasqualigo, Luigi, 133 Plessis-Mornay, Phillipe du, 171 n. 43 “Passe on Religion,” 53 “A Poem in Praise of Queen Paulet, Amyas, 189–90 n. 63 Elizabeth,” 94 Peele, George, 197–8 n. 4 The Poores Lamentation, 49, 54, Percy, Charles, 32 59–60, 78 Percy, Henry (Earl of Popham, John (Chief Justice), 15 Northumberland) Portman, Hugh, 39 Elizabeth’s final illness: Pounde, Honora, 188 n. 49 melancholy, 10; preparations Pricket, Robert, 49, 52, 55, 58, for, 16; symptoms, 14 195 n. 100 and James, 17, 20, 38 Primrose, Diana, 159 and Privy Council, 15–16 Privy Council Percy, Mary (Countess of Cecil’s transgression ignored Northumberland), 97 by, 90 Persons, Robert depictions of royalty, objections A Discussion of the Answere, 83, to, 128 107–115 Elizabeth’s corpse, 31, 98 Elizabeth’s death: 107, 108, Elizabeth’s death: preparations 109–10 for, 1, 15–17; response to, 38; and Elizabeth Southwell, 83, 102, sorrow over, 33 106, 108, 109, 110–15 Elizabeth’s final illness: First Booke of Christian Exercise, discussion of succession, 26–9, 108 90; meeting as cause of, 26; and James I/VI, 39, 106 melancholy, 11; notified of, 14; Judgment of a Catholicke English- response to, 17, 21, 90; send man, 107–9, 110 Archbishop, 90; summon and Robert Cecil, 112–14 nobles, 17 A Treatise of Three Conversions, 107 Elizabeth’s funeral, 39, 40, 41, and William Barlow, 107–15 42–3 Petowe, Henry Elizabeth, loyalty to, 28 Elizabeth: as flower, 65; as God’s and James: consequences of not wife, 68; in heaven, 73; names accepting, 47; and Elizabeth’s successor, 75; subjects as funeral, 39, 40; named children, 73 successor, 90; proclaimed, Elizabeth’s funeral, 42, 43, 57–8; 29, 31 non-mourners’ disloyalty, 79 “A Proclamation Drawn,” 72 James, as England’s landlord, 60 Progresses and Public Processions of poets silenced by grief, 81 Queen Elizabeth, 83 234 Index

The Puritane, 200–1 n. 31, S., H. 201 n. 33 Elizabeth: coincidences, 64; as Puttenham, George, 49, 98–9 flower, 66; immortality, 76; virginity, 68 “Queene Elizabeths Teares,” England as wife, 55 181 n. 37, 182 n. 40 and James: loyalty to, 53; as savior, Queene El’zabeths Losse 79–80 Elizabeth: coincidences, 64; as poets criticized, 81 flower, 66; immortality, 76; threat of civil war, 55 virginity, 68 S., W., 200–1 n. 31, 201 n. 33 England as wife, 55 Sackville, Thomas, 42, 175 n. 79 and James: loyalty to, 53; Sappho and Phao, 197–8 n. 4 as savior, 79–80 Satiromastix, 130 poets criticized, 81 Scaramelli, Giovanni (Venetian The Queen’s Two Bodies, 100–1 ambassador) threat of civil war, 55 Elizabeth: audience with, 11; good health, 8; reputation, Radcliffe, Henry, 188 n. 49 43–4 Rainsford, Miles, 21, 170 n. 42, 171 Elizabeth’s corpse, 30, 97 n. 43 Elizabeth’s death: moment of, 29; Raleigh, Walter, 42 preparations for, 16, 28, 29 Ratcliffe, Alexander, 84, 183 n. 9 Elizabeth’s final illness: mental Ratcliffe, Margaret, 84, 96, 183–4 n. 9 state, 29; names successor, 28 Rawstorm, Richard, 170 n. 37, 175 Elizabeth’s funeral, 40, 43; n. 76 funeral cloth, 41 Raymond, Henry, 97, 180–1 n. 27, James: court’s response to, 37; 182 n. 40 public response to, 32, 36; The Revenger’s Tragedy, 102, 132, refuses to see Elizabeth, 39–40 143–5, 149, 193 n. 87 Schiesari, Juliana, 48 Richard II, 116 Scot, Reginald, 93 Richard II (King of England), 64, Screven, Thomas, 169 n. 20 97, 104–5, 194 n. 96 Scrope, Philadelphia, 22, 36, 89, 92, as dramatic character, 116 110–11 Richard III, 49, 130 The Second Maiden’s Tragedy, 143, Rivers, Antony, 11, 12 145–50 Romeo and Juliet, 129, 130 Secretary to Robert Cecil, 14, Rowlands, Samuel, 80 26–9, 95 Rudd, John, 11, 169 n. 19 Seymour, Edward (Lord Russell, Anne (Countess of Beauchamp), 18, 37, 38 Warwick), 19, 37, 42 called “rascal,” 26, 28, 90, 95–6 Russell, Anne (Countess of name used to test Elizabeth’s Worcester), 85 mental state, 90, 95–6 Russell, Margaret (Lady negotiates marriage with Arbella Cumberland), 19, 37, 42, 99 Stuart, 10 Index 235

succession, 10, 26, 28, 37–8, 61, “A Short and Sweet Sonnet,” 160–1 90, 95–6 Shrewsbury, Countess of, see Shakespeare, William, 2, 33, 80, 82, Hardwick, Elizabeth, Talbot, 153, 156, 178 n. 5 Mary All’s Well that Ends Well, 131 Shrewsbury, Earl of, see Talbot, Anthony and Cleopatra, 44–5, 137, Gilbert 199 n. 17 Sidney, Frances, 188 n. 49 As You Like It, 128, 129, 136 Sidney, Philip, 49, 125 Cymbeline, 131 Sidney, Robert, 85, 86, 173 n. 66, Hamlet, 32, 34, 68–9, 78, 92, 95, 183 n. 9 116, 119, 129, 130, 146, 173 n. 63 “Since that to Death is Gone,” 53, Henry IV Part 1, 134 80 Henry IV Part 2, 188 n. 53 “Singultientes Lusus,” 67, 72, 73, Henry V, 106 76, 79 Henry VI Part 1, 106, 193 n. 90 Slingsby, Henry, 15–16, 166 n. 3 Henry VI Part 2, 171 n. 44, Smith, Thomas, 173–4, n. 68 188 n. 50, 188 n. 53 Somerset, Edward (Earl of Henry VIII, 5, 121, 154–5, 159 Worcester), 175 n. 79 Julius Caesar, 129 Somerset, Thomas, 32, 36 King Lear, 94, 132, 140 Sophonisba, 132, 140–2, 143, 145, 149 Macbeth, 53, 95, 140, 150–1, “Sorrowes Joy,” 70, 76, 78–9 186 n. 29 Sorrowes Joy, 50–81 passim, 178 n. 5 Measure for Measure, 131 Sorrowful Verses, 65 Merchant of Venice, 128, 129 A Souldiers Wish, 49, 52, 55, 58 Merry Wives of Windsor, 129 Southampton, Earl of, see A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 129, Wriothesley, Henry 134, 197 n. 4 Southwell, Elizabeth Much Ado about Nothing, 128, and Charles Howard, 84, 89, 129, 130 93–4, 111, 112 Othello, 132 death, 87–8 Pericles, 131, 149 dedications to, 85, 184 n. 11 Richard II, 116 and Edward Seymour, 90, 95–6 Richard III, 49, 130 efforts to return to England, 87 Romeo and Juliet, 129, 130 Elizabeth’s corpse: explosion of, Sonnets, 82, 97, 153, 180 n. 24, 5, 90, 99–100, 112–14; ladies’ 182 n. 39 “verdict,” 90, 99–100; opened, Taming of the Shrew, 129 90; order regarding, 90, 96–9; Titus Andronicus, 130, 132 watched, 31, 37, 58, 90, 99, 112, Twelfth Night, 67, 129 115, 172 n. 58, 191 n. 67, 191 n. 69 The Winter’s Tale, 149–54 Elizabeth’s death: and Robert Sharpham, Edward, 132 Cecil, 90–1, 100–1, 112–13; “Shee was why all the world doth coffin, 90, 99–100; described, know,” 58 88–91; present at, 5, 88–9; Privy Shelley, Jane, 187 n. 47 Council’s presence, 90 236 Index

Southwell, Elizabeth—Continued Southwell, Robert (Jesuit and poet), Elizabeth’s final illness: 84, 167 n. 10, 187 n. 45 complaints, 89, 94; eats broth, Southwell, Robert (of Woodrising), 89; hallucinations, 89, 92, 93–4, 84, 113 111–12; mental state, 90–1, 94; The Spanish Tragedy, 130 mirror, 89, 92–3; onset, 88; “A Speech Delivered,” 74 playing card, 89, 94; prelates, Spenser, Edmund, 80, 94, 97 90, 91, 95, 112; rebukes Cecil, Stafford, Douglas Howard 89, 94, 100; receives talisman, Sheffield, see Howard, Douglas 88, 91, 111; rejects successors, Stafford, Sheriff of, 15 90, 95–6; sleeplessness, 89, Stanhope, John, 19, 42, 88, 91, 110 93–4; sleepwalking, 90, 95 Stanley, A. P., 30–1, 99 Elizabeth’s funeral, 85 Stewart, James (Earl of Carrick), 84 Elizabeth’s good health, 88, 91 Stewart, Margaret, 84 and Elizabeth Guilford, 90, 95, Stow, John 110–11 corpses, 133, 200–1 n. 31 Howard family status, 84 Elizabeth’s death: preparations in Italy, 87–8 for, 15; tomb, 177 n. 95 James proclaimed, 90, 96 Elizabeth’s funeral, 43 and John Stanhope, 88, 91, 110, Elizabeth’s long reign, 1 111, 113 succession, 31, 33 as maid of honor: to Elizabeth, Strickland, Agnes, 106, 196–7 n. 112 84; to Anne, 85 Strong, Roy, 3 manuscript account of Stuart, Arbella, 17 Elizabeth’s death, 5, 82, 88, Elizabeth: cause of melancholy, 91–106, 110–14, 115–17, 125, 159, 10, 11; gossip about, 45; refuses 172 n. 58, 185–6 n. 26 to serve as chief mourner marriage to Robert Dudley: for, 41 elopement, 86; disguises self as succession: 2, 10, 15, 61, 102, 106, man, 86; in France, 86; rumors 195 n. 102 regarding, 87; in Italy, 87–8 Stuart, Elizabeth (Princess meets Persons, 88 Elizabeth), 140, 152, 198 n. 6, motive for writing, 115–16 202–3 n. 48 and Philadelphia Scrope, Stuart, Henry (Prince Henry), 84, 92, 110 86, 127, 175 n. 79 pregnancies, 87 corpse of, 98, 190–1 n. 64 Privy Council, 90, 96 death of, 155, 198 n. 6 and Robert Cecil, 89, 90–1, 94, Stuart, Mary (Queen of Scots), 100–1, 112–13 36, 37 and Robert Persons, 88, 110, corpse, 98, 189–90 n. 63 110–14, 115 as dramatic character, 126 Southwell, Elizabeth Howard, 84, and Elizabeth: death, 36; 91–2, 113 imperforate hymen, 188–9 n. 55 Southwell, Elizabeth (Lady Mullens execution, 10, 40 or Moleyns), 84 and James, 37, 40, 73 Index 237 succession of James I/VI, 4, 20, 24, Tootell, Hugh, 182–3 n. 3, 25, 26, 28–35, 37, 58, 61 196–7 n. 112 contenders for the throne: Tourneur, Cyril, 139–40 Infanta Isabella of Spain, 61, Tragedy of Mariam, 140, 142–3, 102; Edward Seymour, 10, 26, see also 147 28, 37–8, 61, 90, 95–6; Arbella The Translation of Certaine Latine Stuart, 10, 15, 61, 106, 195 n. 102 Verses, 50, 53, 70, 75 discussions of, 25–6, 39, 101, 102, Traub, Valerie, 156, 180 n. 24, 106, 172 n. 53, 175 n. 75, 193 n. 86 200 n. 26 by divine sanction: 14, 28, 34, 44, A Treatise of Three Conversions, 107 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59–60, 70, Tresham, Thomas, 173 n. 61 75, 179–80 n. 17 Triplici NodoTriplex Cuneus, 107 linked to natural events, 4, 49, 52, Tudor, Arthur, 106 56–7, 62–3, 74, 149–50, 179 n. 16 Tudor, Margaret, 64 in poetry, 56, 73–5 Tudor, Mary (Queen of England) proclaimed: 16, 29, 31–5, 37, 38, death, 29–30, 45, 98, 172 n. 58, 47, 51, 54, 90, 96, 113, 157–8, 175 n. 78, 189–90 n. 63 173 n. 60, 173 nn. 60, 61, 64, 66, as dramatic character, 120–2, 155 174 n. 72, 177–8 n. 4 reign, 23, 56, 78, 106, 199 n. 18 by right, 25, 28, 31, 38, 44, 47, 61, The Turke, 202 n. 44 75–6 Twelfth Night, 67, 129 Sussex, Old Lady of, 89, 95 “Twixt King and Queene,” 53 Sutton, Christopher, 85, 91–2 Tyrone, Earl of, see O’Neale, Hugh Swinburne, Henry, 172 n. 53 union of England and Scotland, 63, Talbot, Gilbert, 15, 175 n. 79 72, 101–2, 149, 179 n. 16 Talbot, Mary, 45 “Upon the Day of our Queenes Tamburlaine the Great, Part 2, 130, Death,” 64 199–200 n. 19 “Upon the Death of Queen Taming of the Shrew, 129 Elizabeth,” 50 Tate, Francis, 191 n. 69 “Upon Occasion Offered. . .,” 57 tears, 18, 35, 43, 53, 57–8, 76–7, 78, 79, 123, 191 n. 67, 194 n. 97, 203 Vavasour, Frances, 86 n. 48; see also weeping Vavasour, Thomas, 84 The Terrors of the Night, 92 Vere, Francis, 1, 169 n. 30 Theatre of Gods Judgements, 193 n. 90 Verstegan, Richard, 104, 167 n. 10 Theolal, Simon, 170 n. 35 Vertue Triumphant, 52, 53, 56, 58, Three Treatises, 51, 52, 80 60–1, 77 Elizabeth: as mother, 70–1; Vicary, Thomas, 97 as Phoenix, 74–5; source of virginity prosperity, 58 in Elizabethan drama: 128–9 succession, 74–5 Elizabeth’s: 4, 8, 45, 46, 50, 55, Time is a Turn-coate, 53, 59, 61, 66, 64, 68, 69, 96–7, 98–9, 114, 116, 74, 76 120, 121, 128–9, 142, 155, Titus Andronicus, 130, 132 177 n. 93, 188–9 n. 55 238 Index virginity—Continued Wilbraham, Roger, 7 Elizabeth’s in drama: 121, Elizabeth: character, 41–2; 128–9, 155 fails to reward servants, 44; in Jacobean drama: 131–3 financial habits, 176 n. 89 Volpone, 131–2 Elizabeth’s final illness: last audience, 91; lack of appetite, W., T., 51, 53–4, 66, 70, 77, 78 21–2; melancholy, 9;refuses Wadsworth, James, 185 n. 23 medicine, 21–2 Walker, Julia, 177 n. 94, 177 n. 95 James: proclaimed, 31; first acts Walkington, Thomas, 52 as king, 36 Walsingham, Francis, 104 Wilkins, George, 132 War of the Roses, 4, 60–5, 66, Wilkinson, Edward, 60, 61, 63 180 n. 22 The Winter’s Tale, 149–54 A Warning for Faire Women, 130 witchcraft, 91, 95, 187 n. 47 Warwick, Countess of, see Russell, image magic, 88, 89–90, 94, 129 Anne statute against, 133 Warwick, Earls of, 187 n. 44 The Woman Hater, 132, 200 n. 24 watch candles, 99 A Woman Killed with Kindness, Watkins, John, 178 n. 5, 198 n. 7, 120–1 199 n. 15, 202 n. 45 The Wonderfull Yeare Watson, Anthony (Bishop of Elizabeth: as death’s lover, 67; as Chichester), 22, 23, 43 mirror, 161; as mother, 70; as Watson, Nicola, 178 n. 5, 202 n. 45 source of prosperity, 60 Webster, John, 189 n. 57 Elizabeth’s death: coincidences, Weepe with Joy, 51, 58, 70 64; effect on subjects, 157; need weeping, 17, 36, 43, 51, 53, 54, 57, 58, to shift loyalty to James, 32 61, 67, 79, 81, 174 n. 68, 191 n. 67; England’s corruption, 101 see also tears threat of civil war, 62 Weir, Alison, 181 n. 28 Worcester, Countess of, see Russell, Wentworth, Peter, 39, 101, 199 n. 17 Anne Weston, William, 17, 31, 32 Worcester, Earl of, Westward Ho, 117, 201 n. 34 see Somerset, Edward White, John, 195 n. 107 Wotton, Henry, 85, 87 Whitgift, John (Archbishop of Wright, Thomas, 169 n. 21 Canterbury) Wriothesley, Henry (Earl of at Elizabeth’s deathbed, 14, 22, Southampton), 2, 33, 24, 27, 29, 46, 90, 108, 109, 112, 173 n. 64 171 n. 46 Wyngfield, Robert, 189–90 n. 63 in funeral procession, 42 named by Persons, 111 Yates, Frances, 3, 178 n. 5, 181 n. 33 The Whore of Babylon, 120, 124–8, 135 “You Orphane Muses,” 53, 65, 81 The Widow’s Tears, 138–9 Young, Richard, 187 n. 47