Jews in Post-Holocaust Germany, 1945-1953 Jay Howard Geller Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521833531 - Jews in Post-Holocaust Germany, 1945-1953 Jay Howard Geller Index More information

Index

Abs, Hermann Josef, 233–235, 236, antisemitism, 79, 120, 124, 125–126, 127, 237–238, 254, 256 132–133, 137, 138, 142, 144–146, 147, Adenauer, Konrad: address to the 237, 245, 250, 264, 266; Communist Bundestag on reparations, 226–229;as antisemitism (see also East Germany, chancellor of West Germany, 14, 71, Communist attitude toward Jewish 79–83, 131, 135, 185, 186–188, 196, 197, communities), 19, 99, 112, 118–121, 162, 200, 205, 207, 213, 214–215, 218, 165–166, 167, 169–174, 181, 272, 275, 219–220, 221–223, 225–227, 231–232, 293; in Eastern Europe, 18, 28, 34, 38, 234–238, 243–244, 246–247, 249, 250, 43, 288 251, 253–254, 256, 258, 259, 263, 269, Arab denunciation of Israel, 225 290, 291–292, 293; as chairman of the Arab opposition to reparations, 239, CDU, 134, 136, 245–246; former 246–247, 249–250, 252 supporters of the Nazi regime and, 139, Arndt, Adolf, 193, 236 143; as mayor of Cologne, 19, 135–136; Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime motivation for supporting reparations, (VVN), 104–106, 192; Communist 253–254; religious faith, 136–137; inﬁltration of, 105–106, 154; Rosh Hashanah greetings from, 71, establishment of, 101–103; internal 187 debates, 114; Jewish membership in, 103, Adenauer, Max, 138 104–106 Adler-Rudel, Shalom, 195 Auerbach, Philipp, 47, 49, 50, 64, 65, 69, Allgemeine Wochenzeitung der Juden in 76, 81–82, 83–85, 132, 190, 194, Deutschland, 175, 194, 197–200, 214, 228, 208–211, 281 238, 265, 278 Austria, 62 Allschoff, Ewald, 282, 283 Axis Victims League, 80 Altmaier, Jakob, 131, 133, 186, 192–193, 204, 207, 217, 222, 225, 226, 232–233, Baden, Hermann, 177–178, 179, 181–182 239, 243, 255 Baden, Superior Council of Israelites in, 46 American Federation of Labor, 129 Baeck, Leo, 81, 228, 240, 265, 278 American Jewish Committee (AJC), 36, 83, Baer, Leonhard, 282 129–131, 151, 165–166, 170, 205, 228; Bartel, Walter, 103, 105 view of the Central Council of Jews in Bauer, Fritz, 131, 295 Germany, 86, 88 Baumgartner, Josef, 145 American Joint Distribution Committee Bavaria, 143–144 (AJDC), 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 31, 43–44, 55, Bavaria state government, 208 66, 107, 170, 172, 181, 241, 248, 273, Bavarian Party, 152, 155–156; stance on 276, 280 reparations, 156 American zone of occupation, 18, 22, Bebel, August, 125 30–31, 33, 38; overcrowding, 28, 35, 39, Bendit, Willi, 176 288 Ben-Gurion, David, 33, 138, 231, 249 Amitay, Joseph, 170 Berger, G¨otz, 115–116

323

324 Index

Berger, Hans, 259 258–263, 293; reorganization, 257, Berlin, 144, 239, 241 280–285 Berlin city-state government (including Central Welfare Office of Jews in Germany, West Berlin), 65, 94, 204 202–203, 205, 216–217, 262, 274–276, Bernstein, Philip, 38, 39, 44, 54, 64 277, 280, 294 Besarin, Nikolai, 92 Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 19, Bevans, J. M., 36–37 95, 134–143, 146, 225, 260, 291; in East Bevin, Ernest, 35 Germany, 165–166; establishment of, Blachstein, Peter, 133 134, 135; interconfessional basis, 134, black market activity, 40, 41, 77 135, 140, 141; Jewish participation in, Blankenhorn, Herbert, 139, 188, 195, 234, 140–141; on reparations, 220, 245–246, 243, 250, 254–255, 258 250–251, 252 Blaustein, Jacob, 36 Christian Social Union (CSU), 134, Blücher, Franz, 146, 223, 228, 234, 239, 143–145; American military government 246, 249, 250, 256 view of, 145; reparations and Jewish Böhm, Franz, 140, 143, 146, 232, 234, issues, 144–145, 220, 251 235–238, 243, 254–255, 256 Claims Conference, 219, 229–230, Bonn, 206, 216 240–244, 247–248, 260, 263, 276–280 Bott, Hans, 265 Clay, Lucius, 36, 42, 66, 70 Brandenburg state government, 121 Clichy, Everitt, 196 Brandt, Heinz, 99 Cohen, Henry, 41 Brandt, Willy, 224 collective guilt thesis, 62, 83, 190 Braunthal, Julius, 247 Cologne, 136–137, 138, 239 Brentano, Heinrich von, 225, 251 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 152, Breslau (Wroclaw), 263 153–154, 198, 252; founding of Party of British zone of occupation, 18, 29–30, Socialist Unity (SED) and, 109–110; 31–33, 37, 64–65, 120; policy regarding Jewish participation in, 153, 154; ties to Jewish DPs, 33, 35, 37, 38–39, 56–57, 58, East Germany, 153 288 Congress of Liberated Jews in the Brotman, A. G., 37 American Zone: first, 33; second, 55, Buchholz, Peter, 19, 94 145; third, 66 Congress of Liberated Jews in the British Cahn, Max, 63, 69 Zone: first, 31, 34; second, 57 Cappel, Walter, 112 Council of Jews from Germany, 248, Cars, Max, 177–178, 179 279–280 Center Party, 134, 135, 136 Central Committee of Liberated Jews in Dahlem, Franz, 96–97, 101 the American zone, 43–45, 57, 66–67, Dehler, Thomas, 151, 191, 200, 212–214, 73, 78, 88, 206; recognition by U.S. 222–223, 228, 230, 255 authorities, 44–45 Deutscher Sportbund and reparations, 267 Central Committee of Liberated Jews in Diel, Jakob, 143, 250 the British zone, 31, 37, 57, 66, 195, displaced persons (DPs): 5–7, 17–18, 19, 207 21, 22–23, 29, 51–52, 54, 71, 288; desire Central Council of Jews in Germany, 2, to emigrate, 17, 24, 29, 30, 33, 34, 38, 4–5, 189, 197, 202–203, 206–207, 50, 55, 57, 288; physical condition, 209–212, 216–217, 219, 226, 227–228, 22–23, 38; relations with relief agencies, 251, 257, 260, 263, 267, 273–275, 293, 31, 40, 43–44; and the U.S. army, see 294; Bavarian Jewish community and, United States army, relations with Jewish 281–282; establishment of, 75, 83–88, DPs. See also Eastern European Jews 289; participation of East German Jewry displaced persons camps, 17, 21, 23–26, 29; in, 84, 179–180, 276, 294; relations with Bergen-Belsen, 18, 29–30, 33, 67; Claims Conference, 240–243, 247–248, Föhrenwald, 41; Landsberg, 41; living 258, 276–277; relations with West conditions, 23–25, 26, 27, 28, 38, 57, German government, 87, 89, 185, 288; police and, 40–41, 55; political 204–206, 211–212, 214–215, 218, organization (see also Central Committee

Index 325

of Liberated Jews), 17–18, 29, 30, 31, 51; Ferencz, Benjamin, 203, 217 St. Ottilien, 31; Stuttgart, 40 Filbinger, Hans, 143 Dobbert, Alfred, 126 Fran¸cois-Poncet,André, 213 doctors’ plot, 174 Frankfurt, 206, 239 Döring, Wolfgang, 151 Free Democratic Party (FDP), 72, 146–152, Dreifuss, Julius, 47, 76, 132, 229, 258–259, 291; establishment of, 146; internal 282 divisions, 146–148, 159; on reparations Dresden, 166 and Jewish issues, 146, 152, 191–192, Düsseldorf, 144, 216 201, 249–250, 252; right wing of, 150–151, 198 Easterman, Alexander, 73, 83, 220 French zone of occupation, 18, 58, 279 Eastern European Jews, 17, 20, 29, 30–31; Fried, Heinz, 166 relations with German Jews, see German Friedensburg, Ferdinand, 65, 141–142 Jews Friedländer, Kurt, 119 East German government: Finance Friedman, Michel, 140 Ministry, 161, 164; Interior Ministry, 164; Frowein, Abraham, 232, 234, 243, 278 Main Division for Ties to Churches, 161, 165, 166–168, 292; State Secretariat for Galinski, Heinz, 82, 84–85, 86, 95–96, 103, Church Matters, 168, 184 105, 106, 108, 142, 163, 179–180, 202, East Germany: Communist attitude toward 205, 206, 211, 215, 230, 241, 248, 261, Jewish communities in, 91, 118–119, 172, 272–275, 277, 281, 282–284, 290 292; condition of Jewish community in, Ganther, Heinz, 266–267 108–109; constitution of, 160–161, 164; George, Manfred, 265 establishment of, 160; flight of Jews German Conference of Rabbis, 285 from, 175–176, 272–276, 294; German Democratic Party, 147, 165, foundation of Jewish communities in, 183 90, 91–96, 119; religion in, 160–161, 184; German Democratic Republic, see East reparations to Jews in, see reparations, Germany debates in East Germany German Jews, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 29, 30–31, Ebert, Friedrich, 106, 161, 163–164, 179 37, 52, 53, 60–66, 213, 288; frustration Eife, Chaskiel, 76, 85 with political and economic situation, Eisler, Gerhart and Hilde, 175 60; political representation of German Eisenhower, Dwight, 25, 26–27 Jews (see also Central Council of Jews in Eisenstaedt, Leo, 108, 118, 164 Germany; Interest-Representation of the emigration: to Palestine, 2, 25, 28, 34–35, Jewish Communities), 45–51, 64, 73; 38, 49, 54, 67, 220; to the United States, relations with Eastern European Jews, 36, 67. See also displaced persons, desire 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 46, 48–49, 50–51, to emigrate 53–54, 57, 63, 73–78, 88, 197, 281–282, Enke, Helmut, 178–179 287, 289; relations with Jewish groups Epstein, Curt, 65, 73, 76 abroad, 62–63, 88–89. See also Jews in Equalization of Burdens policy, 157 Germany Erhard, Ludwig, 228–229, 234, 236 German Party (DP), 152, 154–155, 198, Eschwege, Helmut, 110, 169, 174, 175 224, 239, 252; stance on reparations, 155 Fabian, Hans-Erich, 61, 64, 96, 108 German People’s Party (DVP), 147 Falk, Bernhard, 136 German Reich Party (DRP), 198 Fechner, Max, 113, 116 Gerstenmaier, Eugen, 140, 246, 250, 252 Federal Compensation Law, 244, 267–272, Geschke, Ottomar, 103 276; deficiencies, 270–272 Globke, Hans, 82, 143, 189, 193, 198 Federal Republic of Germany, see West Gohr, Arnold, 166 Germany Goldhammer, Bruno, 175 Federation of Liberated Jews in the Goldmann, Nahum, 14, 21, 33, 83, 150, American Zone, see Congress of 203–204, 207, 212, 219, 226, 231, 234, Liberated Jews in the American Zone, 236, 237–238, 239, 241, 243, 248, 253, first 256, 264, 269, 275, 278

326 Index

Goldschmidt, Leopold, 215, 282 Horowitz, David, 233 Goldstein, Harry, 50, 278 Hyman, Abraham, 72, 78 Goldstein, Herbert, 42 Graubard, Baruch, 282, 284 Interest-Representation of the Jewish Greenstein, Harry, 70, 72–76 Communities and Religious Associations Greve, Otto Heinrich, 268 of the American, English, and French Grinberg, Zalman, 30, 33, 40, 43 Zones of Germany, 49, 50, 63, 64–65, 78, Grotewohl, Otto, 162, 170, 171; 80, 81–82, 209 Rosh Hashanah greetings from, International Refugee Organization 162 (IRO), 56, 67 Gr¨unbaum,Kurt, 167 Israel, 138, 188, 195, 196, 220, 227, 228, Gr¨unberg,Gottfried, 119 243–245, 251, 253, 263, 295; emigration Grunsfeld, Fritz, 117 to, 7, 69; establishment of, 2, 53, 66, 88, Gussone, Carl, 259, 261–262 289; Mapai Party, 233, 247; relations Gymnich, Louis, 153 with Jews in Germany, 221–222, 225, Gysi, Klaus, 175 226; trade mission in Germany, 239

Haber, Sam, 86, 88, 206, 241 Jacoby, Gerhard, 83–84, 88 Haber, William, 66, 69 Javits, Jacob, 265 Hagen, Louis, 136 Jewish Brigade, 31 Hallstein, Walter, 196, 220, 232, Jewish Communities: Augsburg, 51, 63; 234, 238, 243, 246–247, 248, 250, Berlin (see also State Association of 256 Jewish Communities in the GDR), 19, Hamburger, Siegfried, 204 92–95, 96, 106, 204, 260–261, Harlan, Veit, 86, 206 272–275, 290, 294; Berlin, East (after Harrison, Earl G., 23–27 division), 163, 176–177, 178, 179–181, Hartmann, Alfred, 201 182, 276, 281; Bernburg, 106; Chemnitz, Hasemann, Walther, 252 96, 106; Cologne, 18, 136, 137, 216, 275; Haußleiter, August, 144 Dresden, 96, 106, 168, 175;D¨usseldorf, Hedler, Wolfgang, 155, 192–193 49, 112; Eisenach, 106; Erfurt, 96, 106, Heidelberg conferences on the future of 175; Frankfurt, 50, 60, 63, 80, 276, 279; the Jews in Germany; March 1949, 73; Halle, 96, 106; Hamburg, 47; Hanover, July 1949, 73–77, 89 37, 47; Kiel, 47; Leipzig, 96, 106; Heilbrunn, Georg, 176 L¨ubeck, 47; Magdeburg, 96, 106, 168, Heimberg, Siegfried, 46 182; Mecklenburg, 96, 182; Munich, 51; Heine, Fritz, 128, 129, 131 Stuttgart, 51, 215, 275 Heineman, Dannie, 137–138 Jewish Relief Unit, 21, 31, 80 Hellwege, Heinrich, 155 Jewish remigration to Germany, 61, 128, Hesse, Hermann, 224 136 Heuss, Theodor, 13, 78, 146, 148–150, 152, Jewish Restitution Successor Organization 185, 189–190, 194–196, 205–206, 211, ( JRSO), 67, 72, 87–88, 203, 211, 217, 214–215, 218, 223, 224, 226, 254, 256, 248, 258, 260–261, 263, 277–280, 289 257, 259, 263–268, 290, 291; analysis of Jewish Trust Corporation, 203, 212, 258, National Socialism, 149, 264; contacts 279 with prewar German Jews, 47, 148–149; Jews in Germany: relations with Jewish “Courage to Love” speech, 190; groups abroad, 124, 202, 203, 211–212, dedication of monument at 217, 218, 219, 221, 229–230, 239–243, Bergen-Belsen, 264–265; Rosh 244–245, 258, 261, 276–280, 287, 293; Hashanah greetings from, 189; vote for relations with West German government, the Enabling Act, 149 124, 158, 287, 290; as voters,. 123, 127, Heymann, Stefan, 104 134–135, 147. See also Central Council of Himmelfarb, Milton, 129 Jews in Germany Hirsch, Albert, 167–168, 176 Josephthal, Giora, 233 Hirschfeld, Fritz, 92 Juden in Deutschland, Die, 266

Index 327

Judisches¨ Gemeindeblatt fur¨ die Lüth, Erich, 224 Nord-Rheinprovinz und Westfalen, 47–48, Lütsches, Peter, 78 61, 126, 153 Luxembourg Agreement, 181, 219–220, 243–256, 258, 260, 270, 277, 293; Kaethner, Georg, 177 negotiations leading to, 232–238; Kaisen, Wilhelm, 249 ratification of, 220, 245–253, 268; Kaiser, Jakob, 135, 165 signing ceremony, 243 Kantorowicz, Richard, 141 Kasperkowitz, Karl, 133, 142 Maccabi World Union, and reparations, Katten, Fritz, 94 267 Katz, Carl, 50, 279, 282–283, 284–285 McCloy, John J., 70–72, 75, 88, 187, 190 Katz, Rudolf, 131, 192 McNarney, Joseph, 27, 39, 41 Keyes, Geoffrey, 40–41 Maron, Karl, 93 Klausner, Abraham, 30 Marx, Karl (19th-century socialist Klemperer, Victor, 119 philosopher), 125 Klibansky, Josef, 83–85 Marx, Karl (20th-century German Jewish Kopf, Hermann, 268 leader), 13, 47, 64, 65, 78–81, 83, 86, Korperschaft¨ des offentlichen¨ Rechts, 94, 204, 88, 128, 132, 137, 142, 150, 188, 190, 283 195–196, 197–200, 205, 206, 211, 212, KPD, see Communist Party of Germany 214, 218, 222–223, 229, 230, 232–233, Kraft, Waldemar, 156, 266 256, 265–268, 290 Kraus, Werner, 86 Marx, Lilli, 140, 199 Kubowitzki, A. Leon, 62 Marx, Wilhelm, 134, 136 Küster, Otto, 232–233, 234, 235, 237, 255, Matern, Hermann, 99, 116, 171–173 268 Matern, Jenny, 99, 100 Mayer, Ernst, 249 Laforet, Wilhelm, 268 Mecklenburg state government, 119 Lamm, Hans, 48 Mende, Erich, 150 Länderrat, 58 Merkatz, Hans-Joachim von, 239, 252 Leavitt, Moses, 241, 277 Merker, Paul, 108, 112–113, 116–117, 118, Lehmann, Helmut, 113, 117–118 122, 171–173, 183, 292, 293 Lehr, Robert, 49, 189, 213, 214, 222, 228, Messec, Harry, 35 258–259 Meyer, Arthur, 151 “Lehren aus dem Prozeß gegen das Meyer, Julius, 64, 86, 100, 103, 105, 106, VerschwörerzentrumSlánský,” 171–173, 107–108, 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 174 163, 164, 166, 170, 173–175, 176–178, Lemmer, Ernst, 47, 141–142, 224, 261 182, 272, 273, 290 Lerner, Harry, 40 Mickelsen, Stanley R., 21 Levinson, Nathan Peter, 272–274 Middelhauve, Friedrich, 146, 150 Levinthal, Louis, 59 Morgenthau, Henry, 23 Lewin, Herbert, 19, 50, 132–133, 142 Müller, Josef, 144, 208–210 Lex, Hans Ritter von, 261 Müller, Oskar, 252 Livneh, Eliahu, 76, 83, 205, 212, 222, 225, Munich, 71, 144, 206 229, 239–240, 241 Murphy, Robert, 67 Löbe, Paul, 223, 227 London Conference for the Settlement of Nadich, Judah, 27 Germany’s External Debts, 233–235, National Conference of Christians and 236 Jews, 196 Löwenkopf, Leon, 100, 106, 113, 115, 121, Naumann, Werner, 150 174–175 Nelhans, Erich, 94 Löwenthal, Ernest G., 80, 81 Netball, Kurt, 108, 116–117 Lübke, Heinrich, 143 Neues Deutschland, 120, 174, 175 Lukaschek, Hans, 196 New School University, 149 Lustig, Walter, 93–94 New York Times, 235

328 Index

Niebel, Fritz, 249 reparations, see Federal Compensation North Rhine-Westphalia, Jewish State Law; West German political parties’ Association of, 275 support for, see individual political parties. North Rhine-Westphalia state government, See also Luxembourg Agreement 204 restitution, 18, 50, 60, 164, 269;in Nuremberg, 144 American occupation zone (law no. 59), Nuschke, Otto, 165, 166–168, 179, 183, 58–59, 72, 244, 251; in French 292; Rosh Hashanah greetings from, occupation zone (decree no. 120), 58; 167 in Saxony, 113; in Soviet occupation zone (order no. 82), 114, 117;in Oberländer, Theodor, 266 Thuringia, 112 Oellers, Fritz, 201 Reuter, Ernst, 224, 239, 260 Offenbach, 132 Riesenburger, Martin, 181 Office of the High Commissioner for Rifkind, Simon, 28, 36 Germany (HICOG), 70, 72 Rosenberg, Alexander, 42 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 20 Rosenberger, Nathan, 64, 76 Ohrenstein, Aaron, 81, 87, 189, 281 Rosensaft, Josef, 29, 31, 57, 76, 85 Ollenhauer, Erich, 132, 247, 254, 269 Rothmann, Israel, 176 Olympiew, 121 Ostertag, Benno, 76, 85, 204, 206, 270 Sabath, Adolph, 41 Ostrowski, Otto, 61 Salit, Norman, 266 Schäfer, Hermann, 239 Party of Socialist Unity (SED), 90–91, 110, Schäfer, Norbert, 261–262, 284 121, 122, 123, 290; Central Party Control Schäffer, Fritz, 143, 145–146, 202, 233, 235, Commission (ZPKK), 116, 171–175; 237, 238–239, 249, 254–255, 268–269 establishment of, 109–110; politburo, Schindler, Max, 196 120, 163; position on Israel, 111, 162, Schmid, Carlo, 201, 202, 203, 223–224, 172–173; self-identity of, 90, 97, 122; 225, 251, 252 support for reparations, 113, 114–115; Schreiber, Walter, 260–261 Taskforce for Church Matters, 164 Schumacher, Kurt, 14, 61, 126–131, 133, Patterson, Robert, 42 187, 192, 193, 197, 199–200, 204, 212, Patton, George S., 22, 23, 26 218, 229, 236, 290, 291; before 1945, Pauls, Rolf, 80–81 126–127; Rosh Hashanah greetings “Peace with Israel” movement, 224 from, 187; trip to America, 129–131 Pieck, Wilhelm, 166, 170, 171, 174 Schwartz, Joseph, 21, 24 Piekatsch, Pessach, 73, 76, 85 Schwarz, Leo, 44 Pius XI, 137 Schwarz, W., 205, 206 Pius XII, 39, 137 Scithers, George, 45 Prinz, Joachim, 75 SED, see Party of Socialist Unity Prussian Federation of Jewish Seebohm, Hans-Christoph, 154–155, Communities, 46 212–213, 239, 256 Putzrath, Heinz, 128 Seelig, Siegfried, 79 Senerclens, Aymon de, 225 Raddatz, Karl, 98, 101–103, 117 Sharett, Moshe, 233, 243 Rebholz, Johannes, 133 Shinnar, Felix, 233, 236, 238, 239, 249 Refugee Party (BHE), 152, 156–158; effect Simonsohn, Berthold, 203, 273, 277, 279 on the CDU, 153, 158 Six Day War, 295 Regierungserklarung¨ , 186–187; American Slánský,Rudolf, 169–170, 171–172, 272 response to, 71; Social Democratic Slawson, John, 129–131 response to, 186–187 Social Democratic Party of Germany Reich Union of Jews in Germany, 34, 93, (SPD), 124–133, 139, 158, 212–213, 218, 260 225, 227, 233, 249, 271; founding of reparations, 18, 63, 188, 191, 196, 200–202, Party of Socialist Unity (SED) and, 219–256, 282; debates in East Germany, 109–110; on Jewish issues, 124–126, 112–118, 122, 292; individual 192–193, 199–201, 291; Jewish

Index 329

participation in, 128, 131–132, 158; United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation support for reparations, 127, 128, 129, Administration (UNRRA), 19–21, 22, 26, 131, 203, 220, 236, 247, 252, 268–269; 27, 36–37, 40, 54 ties to American Jewish groups, 129; United States army: adviser for Jewish during the Weimar Republic, 125–126 affairs, 27, 28, 66, 288; Civil Affairs Socialist International, 247 Division, 19, 26; cooperation with Socialist Reich Party (SRP), 198 nongovernmental organizations, 21, Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation, 27–28, 36–37, 51, 55; policy on religious 139, 190 groups in Germany, 42; relations with Soviet Military Administration of Germany, German Jews, 20, 67, 72; relations with 92–93, 107, 114, 121 Jewish DPs, 19, 24–28, 33, 34, 38, 39–45, Spanier, Julius, 83 51, 53, 54–56, 59, 64, 67, 288; relations SPD, see Social Democratic Party of between soldiers and displaced persons, Germany 22–23, 54; repatriation project, 20, Spreti, Karl von, 252 21–22 Stalin, Joseph, 93, 115, 162, 172, 174, 183, 294 van Dam, Hendrik George, 13, 21, 58, 82, State Association of Jewish Communities in 85–86, 88, 131, 173, 202, 205, 206–207, the German Democratic Republic, 3, 5, 209–210, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 122, 163, 164, 166, 170–171, 176, 290, 221, 230, 240–243, 247, 256, 258–259, 292, 293–294; advocacy of Jewish 261, 262, 268, 269, 271, 277–278, interests, 107, 114, 117, 119, 166–168; 279–280, 281, 282–285, 290 American organizations and the, 107, “victim of fascism” status, 98–101, 108 110–111; autonomy and independence, victimhood, 91, 122, 292; debates on, 13, 109, 171, 178, 182, 183, 294; Berlin as a 96–106, 122, 124, 158, 291 member of, 108; establishment of, Viteles, Harry, 37, 38 106–108, 289; Israel and the, 111–112; Vockel, Heinrich, 140, 260 reorganization after purge, 177–178; structure and mission, 106–108, 121–122 Warburg, Edward, 43 Stayer, M. C., 36 Warscher, Josef, 34 Storch, Anton, 239 Weg, Der, 170 Strauss, Franz Josef, 251 Weil, Bruno, 80 Strathmann, Hermann, 144 Weinberg, Wilhelm, 82 Streicher, Julius, 133, 144 Weinberger, Maurice, 278, 282 Stresemann, Gustav, 147 Weizmann, Chaim, 24, 220, 278 subsidies for Jewish organizations, 290;in Weizmann Institute, 138 East Germany, 163, 164–165, 167–168, Weltbuhne¨ , Die, 114 178–179; in West Germany, 215, 216, Weltlinger, Siegmund, 19, 47, 61, 65, 82, 241, 257, 258–262 93, 94–95, 140, 141, 142, 260, 290 successor organization, 59, 67, 204, 258, Wende, Erich, 259 260, 288. See also Jewish Restitution Werz, Luitpold, 81, 194–195, 205, 265, Successor Organization 267 Suddeutsche¨ Zeitung, 71 West German government: Economics Synagogue Council of America, 266 Ministry, 232; Finance Ministry, 196, 232, 234, 268; Foreign Ofﬁce, 196, 232, 246, Thadden, Adolf von, 252 264; Interior Ministry, 5, 81, 87, 189, Tibertius, Joachim, 140 203, 205, 259, 261–262; proposed Jewish Tillmanns, Robert, 225 adviser, 78–82, 87, 89, 188–189, 259, Times, The (London), 235 289; Refugees Ministry, 262 Triebe, Josef, 173 West Germany: election of 1949, 128, 134, Truman, Harry S., 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, 42 146; election of 1953, 134, 146, 157, Trutzschler ¨ von Falkenstein, Heinz, 255 269; expellees in, 124, 156, 157, 186, 252, 263; political parties and Jewish Ulbricht, Walter, 103, 112–113, 116, 120, issues (see also individual political parties), 171, 183, 292 123, 124, 158, 227, 287

330 Index

Westphalia, Jewish State Association of, 46, Working Alliance of Jewish Communities 204 in the Northwestern German Area, Weyer, Willi, 151 46 Wolff, Bernhard, 234 World Jewish Congress, 31, 62, 83–84, 140, Wolff, Jeanette, 103, 105, 110, 131 185, 212, 278, 287 Wollheim, Norbert, 29, 31, 46, 57, 61, 62, 64, 76, 84, 86, 194–195, 204, 206–207, Zietlow, Carl, 196 218, 224 Zuckermann, Leo, 113, 114–115, 116, 117, Working Alliance of Jewish Communities 120, 121, 122, 170, 173, 175, 176, 183, in Germany, 64–65 292, 293