Land South of Horwood Lane Wickwar South Gloucestershire

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Land South of Horwood Lane

Wickwar

South Gloucestershire Archaeological Evaluation

for

Linden Homes Western

CA Project: CR0005

CA Report: CR0005_1

May 2019

Land South of Horwood Lane Wickwar South Gloucestershire

Archaeological Evaluation

CA Project: CR0005 CA Report: CR0005_1

Document Control Grid Reasons for Approved Revision Date Author Checked by Status revision by 29 May Paolo Alex Cliff A Draft Internal Review 2019 Guarino Thomson Bateman

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 3

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 5

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 5

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-7) ...... 6

6. THE FINDS ...... 8

7. DISCUSSION ...... 10

8. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 10

9. REFERENCES ...... 11

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 12 APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 18 APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 19

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1,250) Fig. 3 Trench 1: plan, section and photograph (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 4 Trench 3: plan, section and photograph (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 5 Trench 11: plan, sections and photograph (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 6 Trench 14: plan, section and photograph (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 7 Trench 28: plan, sections and photograph (1:200 & 1:20) Fig. 8 Historic maps

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

SUMMARY

Project Name: Land South of Horwood Lane Location: Wickwar, South Gloucestershire NGR: 372646 187428 Type: Evaluation Date: 23 April – 1 May 2019 Planning Reference: SGC ref: PK17/4552/O Location of Archive: To be deposited with Bristol’s Museum, Galleries and Archives Site Code: SHRW19

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between 23 April 2019 and 1 May 2019 on land south of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire. Thirty-eight trenches were excavated.

A number of ditches and amorphous pits were identified throughout the site, with a single ditch potentially dating to the Roman period. The majority of the recorded features dated to the post-medieval period and, coupled with the findings of preceding a geophysical survey and studies of historic mapping, it is likely that the features represent post-medieval field boundaries and agricultural activities.

2 © Cotswold Archaeology Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In April and May 2019 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for Linden Homes Western on land south of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire (centred at NGR: 372646 187428; Fig. 1). Outline planning consent for the construction of 90 residential dwellings with public open space, landscaping and associated infrastructure was granted by South Gloucestershire Council (SGC; ref: PK17/4552/O), conditional on a programme of archaeological work (Condition 15). Archaeological evaluation was required by Dr Paul Driscoll, Archaeology and Historic Environment Record Officer, SGC.

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA (2019) and approved by Paul Driscoll. The fieldwork also followed Standard and guidance: Archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014). It was monitored by Paul Driscoll, including a site visit on 25 April 2019.

The site 1.3 The proposed development area is approximately 5.83ha and comprises two open fields, currently under pasture. It is bounded to the west by Sodbury Road, to the north by Horwood Lane, to the south by Pincots Lane and to the east by further fields. The site lies at approximately 90m AOD and slopes gently to the east and to the west from the central part of the site.

1.4 The underlying bedrock geology in the western area of site is mapped as interbedded limestone and mudstone of the Langport and Wilmcote Members and as Cotham Member mudstone in the east of site, all formed during the Jurassic and Triassic Periods (BGS 2019). The natural geological substrate was identified within all excavated trenches and consisted of orange and blue clays with occasional stone outcrops.

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The site has been subject to archaeological desk-based assessment (AC 2017) and geophysical survey (AS 2019). These assessments are summarised briefly below.

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2.2 No evidence of prehistoric activity has been recorded within the site or wider study area, and the potential for encountering archaeological remains from this period within the site was deemed by the assessment to be low (AC 2017).

2.3 A small Roman roadside settlement has been identified from both geophysical survey and archaeological excavation at Hall End, on the west bank of the Ladden Brook, c.1.7km to the west of the current site (AAU 2009). The roadside settlement contained both timber and stone buildings, and covered an area of c.16ha. It was occupied between the 2nd & 4th centuries AD and appears to have overlain a corner of an earlier (1st century) Roman fort (AC 2017, 26). A villa and bathhouse of 2nd- century AD date have been identified within a clearing in Lower Woods, c.1.8km north-west of the application site (ibid.). The assessment concluded that during the Roman period, the current site is likely to have been part of the agricultural hinterland of the nearby roadside town and villa estates.

2.4 In 1086, at the time of the Domesday Book, Wickwar (‘Wichen’) was recorded as an agricultural community comprising 28 households. Medieval buildings survive within the centre of Wickwar, along the High Street, with the Holy Trinity parish church dating to the 12th century (ibid.). Notably, the B4060 (Sodbury Road), which forms the western boundary of the current site, follows a medieval salt route (saltway) linking the major production centre at Droitwich (Worcestershire) to the north with Old Sodbury and Pucklechurch. It is probable that the site lay in the agricultural hinterland of Wickwar from the medieval period onwards. The 1838 Wickwar Tithe Map shows small enclosed fields along the north side of Pincots Lane which may relate to small gardens with associated dwellings; these were no longer depicted on the 1886 First Edition Ordnance Survey mapping. Historic mapping also shows the site divided into four smaller fields, with the north-western area of the site in use as an orchard until the mid-20th century.

2.5 A geophysical survey of the current site was undertaken by Archaeological Surveys Ltd in March 2019 (AS 2019; see Fig. 2 of this report). In summary, several linear and discrete anomalies were identified in the western part of the site interpreted as pits or ditches. Further anomalies seemingly representing former field boundaries, land drains and ridge and furrow agriculture were identified in the eastern parts of the site. A number of small rectilinear enclosures were also identified at the southern limit of the site.

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2.6 A geophysical survey (Stratascan 2016) and trial-trench evaluation (CA 2018), undertaken directly to the north of the current site, identified evidence of ridge and furrow cultivation and a single undated ditch (ibid.).

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the evaluation were to provide information about the archaeological resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality, in accordance Standard and guidance: Archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014). This information will enable the SGC to identify and assess the significance of any heritage asset, consider the impact of the proposed development upon it, and to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the development proposal, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 38 trenches, each measuring 25m in length and 1.9m in width, in the locations shown on the attached plan (Fig. 2). The locations of Trenches 11 and 13 were adjusted on site to account for their proximity to a pair of large trees. The trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co- ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual.

4.2 The trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. The machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.

4.3 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites but no deposits were identified that required

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sampling. All recovered artefacts were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation.

4.4 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with Bristol Museum, Galleries and Archives, along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix D, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-7)

5.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts and finds are to be found in Appendices A and B respectively.

5.2 The stratigraphic sequence identified during the course of the evaluation was broadly uniform; the natural geological substrate was identified within all excavated trenches at a typical depth of 0.4m below present ground level (bpgl). This was overlain throughout by subsoil, measuring an average of 0.2m in thickness, and topsoil, which measured a typical thickness of 0.25m.

5.3 Overall, there was a good correlation between the location of the archaeological features identified during the current works and the results of the preceding geophysical survey. Archaeological features were identified within Trenches 1, 3, 4, 6, 11, 14, 23, 28 and 35. Trenches 2, 5, 7-10, 12. 13, 15-22, 24-27, 29-34 and 36-38 contained no archaeological features excepting furrows.

Trench 1 (Figs 2 & 3) 5.4 In the central part of Trench 1, east/west aligned ditch 103 was identified (Fig. 3, Section AA). The ditch measured at least 1.9m in length, 1.2m in width and 0.35m in depth, containing one undated silty-clay fill, 104, and extended beyond the limits of the excavated trench. It was sealed by subsoil 101 and was truncated by a modern land drain. Ditch 103 correlated to a short curvilinear anomaly identified by the preceding geophysical survey.

Trench 3 (Fig 2 & 4) 5.5 Ditch 303 was identified in the western extent of Trench 3 (Fig. 4, Section BB) and was north/south aligned, measuring at least 1.8m in length, 1.3m in width and 0.6m

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in depth, extending beyond the limits of the excavated trench. It contained two silty- clay fills, 304 and 305, with three sherds of Severn Valley ware pottery, broadly dating to the Roman period, being recovered from within fill 304. Ditch 303 correlated to a linear anomaly identified by the preceding geophysical survey

5.6 A possible pit, 306, recorded in the centre of Trench 3, measured at least 1.9m in length, 2.8m in width and 0.8m in depth and contained silt fills 307, 308 and 309, from which artefactual material dating to between the late 17th and mid-20th centuries was recovered. Pit 306 correlates to an irregular discrete anomaly identified by the preceding geophysical survey.

Trench 4 (Fig. 2) 5.7 A further possible, pit 403, was recorded in Trench 4 and measured at least 2m in width and 0.6m in depth. It cut into subsoil 401 and contained silty-clay fills 406 and 407 that contained material dating to the late 16th to late 19th centuries. Pit , 306, did not correlate with any observed geophysical anomalies and the geophysical anomaly to the trenches southern limit was not identified during trenching.

Trench 6 (Fig. 2) 5.8 Irregular pit 603 was identified close to the western end of Trench 6. It measured 1.4m in length, 1.30m in width, 0.2m in depth and contained silty-clay fill 604 from which artefactual material dating to the late 17th to 18th centuries was recovered. Pit 603 correlated clearly to an irregular series of anomalies identified by the preceding geophysical survey.

Trench 11 (Figs. 2 & 5) 5.9 Three inter-cutting east/west aligned ditches were identified within Trench 11 (Fig. 5, Sections CC and DD), measuring at least 3m in length and extending beyond the limits of excavation. The earliest of the three ditches, 1110, measured 1.15m in width, 0.3m in depth and contained silty-clay fill 1111 from which no artefactual material was recovered. It was recut to the south by ditch 1106/1108, which measured at least 0.7m in width, 0.35m in depth and contained silty-clay fills 1107/1109 from which a single late 16th to late 19th-century clay tobacco pipe stem was recovered. This ditch was in turn cut by ditch 1103, which measured 0.6m in width and 0.4m in depth. It contained silt fills 1104 and 1105 that contained material dating to the late 16th to 18th centuries. This series of ditches correlate to a linear

7 © Cotswold Archaeology Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

anomaly identified by the preceding geophysical survey that most probably represent a former boundary in the south of site.

Trenches 14 and 23 (Figs 2 & 6) 5.10 Ditch 1402 was identified centrally within Trench 14 and was north-east/south-west aligned (Fig. 6, Section EE). It measured over 2m in length, 1.65m in width, 0.6m in depth and contained fills 1403 and clay 1404, from which post-medieval artefactual material was recovered. Ditch 1402 correlated with linear geophysical anomaly and a field boundary depicted on historic mapping from the mid-18th century (see Fig. 8) until the late 20th century. A continuation of ditch1402 was identified further to the east in Trench 23 as ditch 2302.

Trenches 28 and 35 (Figs 2 & 7) 5.11 Ditch 2802 was identified close to the northern extent of Trench 28 (Fig. 7, Section FF) and measured 1.7m in width and 0.55m in depth. The ditch correlates to a linear geophysical anomaly and is also depicted on historic cartographic sources from the early 19th century (see Fig. 8), until the late 20th century. At the base of the ditch a water pipe and a modern plastic land drain were identified and material dating to the later post-medieval period was recovered from the fill. A continuation of this ditch was recorded in Trench 35 as ditch 3502.

6. THE FINDS

6.1 Artefactual material was hand-recovered from 13 deposits (including ditch fills, a silting deposit and subsoil). The recovered material dates to the Roman and post- medieval/modern periods. Pottery fabric codes (in Appendix B and in parenthesis in the text) are equated to the Gloucester online pottery type series (Potsherd 2019)

Pottery: Roman 6.2 The only Roman pottery recovered consists of three unfeatured bodysherds (12g) of Severn Valley (oxidised) ware (TF11b) from fill 304 of ditch 303. This ware type was manufactured throughout the Roman period and is commonly found in South Gloucestershire.

Post-medieval/modern 6.3 Pottery from this date range totals 36 sherds (357g). The post-medieval ware types consist of Malvern Chase glazed ware (TF52), dating to the 14th to 16th centuries,

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unsourced glazed earthenwares (TF50, mid 16th to 18th centuries), North Devon gravel-tempered ware (TF70) and South Somerset glazed earthenware with sgraffito decoration (TF57), both 17th to 18th centuries, yellow slipware (TF72) and tin-glazed earthenware (TF62), both late 17th to 18th centuries, white salt-glazed stoneware (TF67, 18th century) and Creamware (TF69, mid to late 18th century). The modern pottery types are refined whiteware (TF69, late 18th to 19th centuries) and ‘late’ English stoneware (TF96, mid 19th to mid 20th centuries).

Ceramic building material 6.4 A total of nine fragments of ceramic building material (205g) was retrieved, most of which are heavily abraded, unclassifiable fragments. The fragment from fill 1403 within ditch 1402 derives from a post-medieval roof tile.

Other finds 6.5 Glass of post-medieval date totals four fragments (25g). One is from the base of a wine/spirits bottle made in dark green-coloured glass and the remainder derive from windows. An intact, modern Codd bottle was recorded from fill 1403 from ditch 1402, which retained the rubber seal inside the rim. Moulded markings identified the distributor of the contents, “Arnold Perrott & Co Ltd, Wickwar” on the front. The bottle manufacturer, on the back, is “South Wales Glass Co Ltd, Newport, Mon”. The Codd bottle, which utilised a glass or ceramic ‘marble’ within its constricted neck to seal the carbonated liquid contents, was invented by Hiram Codd in 1872 (Grace’s Guide 2019).

6.6 A total of 18 fragments of clay tobacco pipe were recovered (64g). The majority are stem fragments which are only broadly dateable to the late 16th to late 19th centuries. A fragment from a bowl with a thin spur, from fill 2803 within ditch 2802, features the maker’s mark “E” in a cartouche on the side of the bowl. The form most closely matches Oswald’s Types 22–24, which date to the mid 18th to mid 19th centuries (Oswald 1975, 40–1). It has not been possible to identify the maker.

6.7 Two iron objects (23g) were retrieved, with one item recovered from fill 1403 of ditch 1402 being a nail of uncertain date. The item from fill 308 within pit 306 is a fragment of a flat strip measuring 82mm long, 8mm wide and 5mm thick. One end is tapered, suggesting it may have functioned as a chisel.

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7. DISCUSSION

7.1 The archaeological evaluation demonstrated that there was good correlation between the identified geophysical anomalies and the archaeological features that were subsequently revealed during the current trenching. Only a small number of features were identified during the current trenching that were not highlighted during the geophysical survey. The majority of the identified features date to the post- medieval period, whilst a single feature of possible Roman date was also recorded.

Roman 7.2 Ditch 303, identified within Trench 3, yielded a small assemblage (12g) of pottery broadly dateable to the Roman period. However the small quantity of recovered material, coupled with the lack of Roman finds from features across the rest of the site, raises the possibility that this pottery is residual.

Post-medieval/modern 7.3 Except for ditch 303 and two further undated ditches, all identified features have consistently returned post-medieval dating. The majority of the ditches identified during the evaluation correspond to field boundaries visible on the historic mapping.

7.4 The probable pit features identified in Trenches 3, 4 and 6 may relate to the use of the north-western part of the site as an orchard during the post-medieval period and may represent tree-throw pits or similar.

8. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Paolo Guarino, assisted by Kinga Werner, Matt Coman, Christian Day, Jonathan Orellana, Jake Godfrey and Tim Brown. The report was written by Paolo Guarino. The finds report was written by Jacky Somerville. The illustrations were prepared by Amy Wright. The archive has been compiled by Paolo Guarino and prepared for deposition by Hazel O’Neill. The project was managed for CA by Alex Thomson and Steve Sheldon.

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9. REFERENCES

AAU (Avon Archaeological Unit Limited) 2009 A Roman Roadside Settlement at Hall End, South Gloucestershire: Survey & Trial Excavations 2001-2004

AC (Archaeology Collective) 2017 Land off Sodbury Road, Wickwar, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Desk Based Assessment, AC Project ref.: AC00493A

AS (Archaeological Surveys) 2019 Land south of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Magnetometer Survey Report, AS report: J778

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2019 Geology of Britain Viewer http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 9 May 2019

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2018 Land South of Poplar Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report: 18317

CA 2019 Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation

Grace’s Guide 2019 Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Hiram_Codd Accessed 8th May 2019

Margary, I. D. 1973 Roman Roads in Britain

Potsherd 2019 http://glospot.potsherd.net/table/med Accessed 8th May 2019

Oswald. A. 1975 Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist. Oxford. British Archaeological Reports, British Series, 14

Stratascan 2016 Wickwar, Gloucestershire: Geophysical Survey Report

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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench Contex Context Spot- Type Fill of Description L (m) W (m) D (m) No t No interpretation date Dark grey; sand silt; friable; 1 100 Layer Topsoil frequent stone inclusions >23.8 >1.8 <0.28

over 103 Light grey-brown; silt clay; 1 101 Layer Subsoil compact; occ charcoal >23.8 >1.8 <0.25

flecks Natural Light yellow-grey silt clay; 1 102 Layer >23.8 >1.8 substrate compact/plastic E/W aligned linear with >1.8/0. 1 103 Cut Linear moderately sloping concave 1.23 0.33 66exc sides and concave base Light brown grey silt clay; >1.8/0. 1 104 Fill 103 Fill of Linear compact with occ charcoal 1.23 0.33 66exc flecks Dark grey sand silt; friable; 2 200 Layer Topsoil frequent stone inclusions >25 >1.8 <0.35

over 103 Light grey-brown silt clay; 2 201 Layer Subsoil compact; occ charcoal >25 >1.8 <0.35

flecks Natural Light yellow-grey silt clay; 2 202 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate compact/plastic N/S aligned post-med furrow with gently sloping sides and 2 203 Cut Furrow >1.8 2.8 0.23 concave base. Cut by field drain. Dark grey-brown silt clay; soft; occ charcoal flecks and 2 204 Fill 203 Fill of furrow >1.8 2.8 0.23 small to medium sub angular stones Dark grey sand silt; friable; 3 300 Layer Topsoil frequent stone inclusions >25 >1.8 <0.36

over 103 Light grey-brown; silt clay; 3 301 Layer Subsoil compact; occ charcoal >25 >1.8 <0.28

flecks Natural Light yellow-grey silt clay; 3 302 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate compact/plastic N/S aligned ditch with steep >1.8/0. 3 303 Cut Ditch concave sides and flat base. 1.3 0.58 4 exc Cuts subsoil. 1st fill of Light yellow brown silt clay; 3 304 Fill 303 >0.4 >0.9 0.32 RB ditch compact 2nd fill of Mid brown-grey silt clay; 3 305 Fill 303 >0.4 >1.3 0.36 ditch compact Linear in plan with moderately sloping convex >1.8/0. 3 306 Cut Ditch/pit 2.8 0.82 sides and flat base. Cut by 6 exc field drain. Light grey-brown silt clay; 1st fill of LC17- 3 307 Fill 306 compact; occ small sub >0.6 2.8 0.82 ditch/pit C18 angular stones Mid brown clay-sand; friable; 2nd fill of MC19- 3 308 Fill 306 occ small stones and >0.6 2.05 0.47 ditch/pit MC20 charcoal flecks Mid grey-brown sand clay; 3rd fill of MC18- 3 309 Fill 306 compact; frequent stone >0.6 1.44 0.2 ditch/pit LC18 inclusions

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Dark grey sand silt; friable; 4 400 Layer Topsoil frequent stone inclusions >25 >1.8 <0.22

over 103 Light grey-brown; silt clay; 4 401 Layer Subsoil compact; occ charcoal >25 >1.8 <0.23

flecks Light yellow-grey silt clay Natural 4 402 Layer with blue clay mottle; >25 >1.8 substrate compact/plastic N/S aligned linear with 10/>0.4 4 403 Cut Ditch gently sloping sides and flat 1.95 0.58 exc base 1st fill of Mid grey brown silt clay; 4 404 Fill >0.4 0.5 0.41 ditch compact; occ small stones 1st fill of Mid grey brown silt clay; 4 405 Fill >0.4 0.65 0.2 ditch compact 2nd fill of Mid brown grey silt clay; LC17- 4 406 Fill >0.4 1.7 0.57 ditch compact; occ small stones C18 Deposi Dark grey-brown silt clay; LC16- 4 407 Colluvium >0.4 0.25 0.1 t friable LC19 Deposi Dark grey-brown silt clay; 4 408 Colluvium >0.45 0.45 0.14 t friable Dark grey sand silt; friable; 5 500 Layer Topsoil frequent stone inclusions >25 >1.8 0.25

over 103 Light grey-brown; silt clay; 5 501 Layer Subsoil compact; occ charcoal >25 >1.8 0.22

flecks Light yellow-grey silt clay Natural 5 502 Layer with blue clay mottle; >25 >1.8 substrate compact/plastic Dark grey sand silt; friable; 6 600 Layer Topsoil frequent stone inclusions >25 >1.8 <0.41

over 103 Light grey-brown; silt clay; 6 601 Layer Subsoil compact; occ charcoal >25 >1.8 <0.23

flecks Light yellow-grey silt clay Natural 6 602 Layer with blue clay mottle; >25 >1.8 substrate compact/plastic Irregular in plan with 6 603 Cut Pit moderately sloping straight 1.29 1.38 0.21

sides and flat base Mid brown-grey silt clay; LC17- 6 604 Fill Fill of pit compact; occ charcoal 1.29 1.38 0.21 C18 flecks 7 700 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; friable >25 >1.8 0.3

Mid green-brown silt clay; 7 701 Layer Subsoil >25 >1.8 0.1 friable Natural Light grey orange clay; 7 702 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate compact 8 88 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; friable >25 >1.8 0.3

Mid green-brown silt clay; 8 801 Layer Subsoil >25 >1.8 0.15 friable Natural Light grey orange clay; 8 802 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate compact 9 900 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; friable >25 >1.8 0.3

Mid green-brown silt clay; 9 901 Layer Subsoil >25 >1.8 0.15 friable Natural 9 902 Layer Light blue-orange clay >25 >1.8 substrate

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Dark grey-brown clay silt; 10 1000 Layer Topsoil loose with small sub angular >25 >1.8 0.25

stones Natural Light grey brown clay; 10 1001 Layer >25 >1.8 0.22 substrate compact Dark grey brown sand clay; 11 1100 Layer Topsoil >24.1 >1.8 0.23 friable Light grey brown silt clay; C17- 11 1101 Layer Subsoil >24.1 >1.8 compact C18 Mid brown-yellow silt clay Natural 11 1102 Layer with blue grey mottle; >24.1 >1.8 substrate compact Linear in plan with 11 1103 Cut Ditch moderately sloping concave >0.8 0.59 0.37

sides and concave base Mid grey brown sand clay 2nd fill of with freq inclusions of burnt MC16- 11 1104 Fill 1103 >0.8 0.59 0.14 ditch wood and small fragments C18 of pottery 1st fill of Mid yellow grey silt clay; 11 1105 Fill 1103 >0.8 0.45 0.22 ditch friable E/W aligned linear in plan, 11 1106 Cut Ditch >0.8 0.38 0.27 sides unseen; concave base Mid brown grey silt clay; 11 1107 Fill 1106 Fill of Ditch >0.8 0.38 0.27 compact E/W aligned linear in plan moderately steep sloping 11 1108 Cut Ditch >0.6 0.65 0.36 concave sides with concave base Mid brown-grey silt clay; LC16- 11 1109 Fill 1108 Fill of Ditch >0.6 0.65 0.36 compact LC19 E/W aligned linear with 11 1110 Cut Ditch moderately sloping concave >0.6 1.14 0.3

sides and concave base Mid brown grey silt clay; 11 1111 Fill 1110 Fill of Ditch >0.6 1.14 0.3 Modern compact 12 1200 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; loose >0.25 >1.8 0.3

12 1201 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silt clay; friable >0.25 >1.8 0.15

Natural Mid blue grey clay with 12 1202 Layer >0.25 >1.8 substrate stone outcrops Dark grey brown clay silt; 13 1300 Layer Topsoil >0.25 >1.8 0.3 loose Mid brown grey with yellow 13 1301 Layer Subsoil >0.25 >1.8 0.2 orange mottle clay; friable Natural Mid brown grey and light 13 1302 Layer >0.25 >1.8 substrate orange yellow clay Dark grey brown sand silt; 14 1400 Layer Topsoil loose; occ small sub angular >0.25 >1.8 <0.33

stones Light yellow grey clay with Natural 14 1401 Layer occ large sub angular >0.25 >1.8 substrate stones NE/SW aligned ditch with 14 1402 Cut Ditch moderately steep sloping >1.8 1.65 0.58

sides and tapered base Dark grey brown sand silt; 1st fill of Post- 14 1403 Fill loose; occ small sub angular >1.8 1.65 0.58 ditch med stones 2nd fill of Light yellow grey sand clay; 14 1404 Fill 0.58 0.07 ditch loose

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Dark grey brown clay silt; 15 1500 Layer Topsoil loose with occ small sub >25 >1.8 0.3

angular stones Light grey brown clay; Natural 15 1501 Layer compact; occ medium to >25 >1.8 substrate large sub angular stones 16 1600 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; loose >25 >1.8 0.3

16 1601 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silt clay; friable >25 >1.8 0.1

Natural Mid blue grey clay with 16 1602 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate stone outcrops 17 1700 Layer Topsoil Dark grey sand silt; loose >25 >1.8 0.3

Mid green-brown silt clay; 17 1701 Layer Subsoil >25 >1.8 0.1 friable Natural 17 1702 Layer Mid blue clay; compact >25 >1.8 substrate Dark grey brown sand clay; 18 1800 Layer Topsoil >23.6 >1.8 0.27 friable Light grey brown silt clay; 18 1801 Layer Subsoil >23.6 >1.8 0.3 compact Mid brown-yellow silt clay Natural 18 1802 Layer with blue grey mottle; >23.6 >1.8 substrate compact 19 1900 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; loose >25 >1.8 0.3

19 1901 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silt clay; friable >25 >1.8 0.1

Natural Mid blue grey clay with 19 1902 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate stone outcrops 20 2000 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; loose >25 >1.8 0.3

20 2001 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silt clay; friable >25 >1.8 0.1

Natural Mid orange blue clay; 20 2002 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate compact 21 2100 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; loose >25 >1.8 0.3

21 2101 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silt clay; friable >25 >1.8 0.1

Natural Mid blue grey clay with 21 2102 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate stone outcrops 22 2200 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; friable >25 >1.8 0.3

Mid green-brown silt clay; 22 2201 Layer Subsoil >25 >1.8 0.1 friable Natural 22 2203 Layer Light blue-orange clay >25 >1.8 substrate Dark grey brown clay silt; 23 2300 Layer Topsoil loose with occ small sub >25 >1.8 0.24

angular stones Light grey brown clay; Natural 23 2301 Layer compact; occ medium to >25 >1.8 substrate large sub angular stones NE/SW aligned ditch. Not 23 2302 Cut Ditch >1.8 1.8 excavated Dark grey brown clay silt; 23 2303 Fill Fill of Ditch occ small sub angular >1.8 1.8

stones 24 2400 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; loose >25 >1.8 0.3

24 2401 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silt clay; friable >25 >1.8 0.1

Natural Mid orange blue clay; 24 2402 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate compact 25 2500 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; loose >25 >1.8 0.3

25 2501 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silt clay; friable >25 >1.8 0.1

Natural Mid blue grey clay with 25 2502 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate stone outcrops

15 © Cotswold Archaeology Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

26 2600 Layer Topsoil Mid grey sand silt; loose >25 >1.8 0.35

26 2601 Layer Subsoil Mid brown silt clay; friable >25 >1.8 0.1

Natural Mid orange blue clay; 26 2602 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate compact Mid brown grey sand silt; 27 2700 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.3 loose Mid grey blue clay; compact Natural 27 2701 Layer with occ brown yellow clay >25 >1.8 substrate mottle Dark grey brown clay silt; 28 2800 Layer Topsoil loose; occ medium sub >25 >1.8 0.24

angular stones Mid orange yellow clay with Natural 28 2801 Layer grey mottle; occ sub angular >25 >1.8 substrate stones NE/SW aligned linear with >1.8/0. 28 2802 Cut Ditch steep sloping straight sides 1.7 0.52 8 exc and flat base Dark grey brown silt; loose 1st fill of >1.8/0. MC18- 28 2803 Fill 2802 and occ small sub angular 1.28 0.38 ditch 8 exc MC19 stones Mid yellow brown silt clay; 2nd fill of >1.8/0. 28 2803 Fill 2802 compact with small sub 1.7 0.42 ditch 8 exc angular stones Mid brown grey sand silt; 29 2900 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.35 loose Mid blue grey clay; compact Natural 29 2901 Layer with occ brown yellow clay >25 >1.8 substrate mottle Mid grey brown sand silt; 30 3000 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.3 loose Natural Mid yellow brown sand clay 30 3001 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate with blue grey clay mottle Mid grey brown sand silt; 31 3100 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.3 loose Natural Mid grey blue clay with occ 31 3101 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate brown sand clay mottle Mid grey brown sand silt; 32 3200 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.3 loose Natural Mid grey blue clay with occ 32 3201 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate yellow brown clay mottle Mid grey brown sand silt; 33 3300 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.3 loose Natural Light brown yellow sand clay 33 3301 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate with occ limestone outcrops Mid grey brown sand silt; 34 3400 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.3 loose Natural Mid grey blue clay with occ 34 3401 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate yellow clay mottle Mid grey brown sand silt; 35 3500 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.3 loose Natural Mid grey yellow clay with 35 3501 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate occ blue clay mottle Modern ditch. Not 35 3502 Cut Ditch excavated. Same as 2802 Modern ditch fill. Same as 35 3503 Fill 3502 Fill of Ditch 2803. Not excavated. Mid grey brown sand silt; 36 3600 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.35 loose

16 © Cotswold Archaeology Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

Light yellow brown clay with Natural 36 3601 Layer occ light blue grey clay >25 >1.8 substrate mottle Mid grey brown sand silt; 37 3700 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.4 loose Natural Light brown yellow sand clay 37 3701 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate with occ limestone outcrops Mid grey brown sand silt; 38 3800 Layer Topsoil >25 >1.8 0.3 loose Natural Light blue grey clay with occ 38 3801 Layer >25 >1.8 substrate yellow sand clay mottle

17 © Cotswold Archaeology Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Table 1: Finds concordance Context Category Description Fabric Count Weight Spot-date Code ( 304 Roman pottery Severn Valley TF11b 3 12 RB (oxidised) ware 307 Post-medieval pottery Malvern Chase TF52 1 6 LC17-C18 glazed ware Post-medieval pottery Glazed earthenware TF50 1 16 Post-medieval pottery Yellow slipware TF72 1 18 Post-medieval ceramic building Fragment 2 5 material Coal 1 6 308 Post-medieval pottery North Devon gravel- TF70 2 67 MC19-MC20 tempered ware Post-medieval pottery Yellow slipware TF72 2 9 Post-medieval pottery White salt-glazed TF67 1 1 stoneware Post-medieval pottery Creamware TF69 1 5 Modern pottery Refined whiteware TF69 1 3 Modern pottery ‘Late' English TF96 1 8 stoneware Post-medieval ceramic building Fragment 1 36 material Post-medieval glass Bottle 1 22 Clay tobacco pipe Stem 3 7 Iron Object 1 19 Mortar 2 3 309 Post-medieval pottery Glazed earthenware TF50 2 13 MC18-LC18 Post-medieval pottery Yellow slipware TF72 1 6 Post-medieval pottery White salt-glazed TF67 1 1 stoneware Post-medieval pottery Creamware TF69 1 3 Post-medieval ceramic building Fragment 2 23 material Clay tobacco pipe Stem 3 10 406 Post-medieval pottery Tin-glazed TF62 1 3 LC17-C18 earthenwa re Post-medieval ceramic building Fragment 2 6 material Clay tobacco pipe Stem 2 6 Mortar 10 56 407 Clay tobacco pipe Stem 1 2 LC16-LC19 604 Post-medieval pottery Yellow slipware TF72 1 4 LC17-C18 Post-medieval ceramic building Fragment 1 17 material Clay tobacco pipe Stems, bowl 4 12 Post-medieval glass Window 2 3 Coal 2 3 1101 Post-medieval pottery South Somerset TF57 2 76 C17-C18 glazed earthenwa re 1104 Post-medieval pottery Glazed earthenware TF50 17 118 MC16-C18 Clay tobacco pipe Stem 1 4 Post-medieval glass Window 1 1 Fired clay 1 8 1109 Clay tobacco pipe Stem 1 6 LC16-LC19 1111 Animal bone 42 163 Modern

18 © Cotswold Archaeology Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

1403 Post-medieval ceramic building Roof tile 1 118 Post-med material Clay tobacco pipe Stem 2 10 Iron Nail 1 4 Modern glass Codd bottle 1 812 2803 Clay tobacco pipe Bowl 1 8 MC18-MC19

APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire, Project Name Archaeological Evaluation An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between 23 April 2019 and 1 May 2019 on land south of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire. Thirty-eight trenches were excavated.

Short description A number of ditches and amorphous pits were identified throughout the site, with a single ditch potentially dating to the Roman period. The majority of features recorded dated to the post-medieval period and, coupled with the findings of preceding geophysical survey and studies of historic mapping, it is likely that the features represent post-medieval field boundaries and agricultural activities. Project dates 23 April – 1 May 2019 Project type Field evaluation Previous work DBA (AC 1017) Geophysical survey (AS 2019) Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire Study area 5.8ha Site co-ordinates 372646 187428 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator South Gloucestershire Council Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology Project Manager Alex Thomson/Steve Sheldon Project Supervisor Paolo Guarino MONUMENT TYPE None SIGNIFICANT FINDS None PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content Ceramics, animal bone, Physical Bristol Museum Galleries and Archives glass Trench sheets, context Paper Bristol Museum Galleries and Archives sheets, registers, field drawings Digital Bristol Museum Galleries and Archives Digital photos BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2019 Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report CR0005_1

19 372000 374000

189000

187000

185000

N Andover 01264 347630 Cotswold Cirencester 01285 771022 MONMOUTHSHIRE GLOUCESTERSHIRE Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 TORFAEN w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk CAERPHILLY RHONDDA, CYNON, TAFF e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE

NEWPORT SOUTH GLOUCESTERSHIRE Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, CARDIFF South Gloucestershire THE VALE CITY OF BRISTOL OF GLAMORGAN BOUROUGH OF NORTH SWINDON FIGURE TITLE SOMERSET BATH AND NE SOMERSET WILTSHIRE Site location plan 0 1km

DRAWN BY AW PROJECT NO. CR0005 FIGURE NO. SOMERSET © Crown copyright and database rights 2018 CHECKED BY DJB DATE 08/05/19 Ordnance Survey 0100031673 APPROVED BY PG SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 372450 372600 372750 N

T37

T33 Horwood Lane Site boundary Evaluation trench T16 T24 Archaeological feature 187500 T4 Modern T27 T32 Furrow pit 403 T10 Field drain

T21 Service and buffer

T29 ditch T35 3502 Geophysical survey (Archaeological Surveys Ltd. 2017) T23 Positive linear anomaly - T9 possible ditch-like feature/ T14 T28 magnetic enhancement (see fig. 6) (see fig. 7) ditch 2302 Negative linear anomaly - material T6 with low magnetic susceptibility T36 Linear anomaly - ridge and furrow pit Weak multiple dipolar linear 603 T30 anomaly - land drain Positive linear anomaly - T19 T25 former field boundary T38 T12 Discrete positive response - T3 possible pit-like feature/ (see fig. 4) T20 magnetic enhancement T31 Magnetic debris - spread of magnetically thermoremnant/ ferrous material

187350 T8 Magnetic disturbance from T26 ferrous material T1 Strong diplor anomaly - (see fig. 3) T15 T34 ferrous object

B4060

T22 1:1250 T2 0 50m T7 T17

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 T13 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 ane ith L w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk Fr e [email protected] T5 T18 PROJECT TITLE T11 Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, (see fig. 5) South Gloucestershire

FIGURE TITLE Trench location plan showing Lane ots archaeological features and Pinc geophysical survey results

DRAWN BY AW PROJECT NO. CR0005 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 08.05.19 APPROVED BY PG SCALE@A3 1:1250 2 Section AA

NSEvaluation trench 90.9m AOD Archaeological feature topsoil (excavated/unexcavated) 100 Field drain modern stone consolidation A A Section location subsoil subsoil land 101 N 101 drain

104 104 ditch 103

terracotta pipe

011:20 m

ditch 103 A

0 1:200 10m Trench 1Trench 1

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk Ditch 103, looking east (1m scale) e [email protected] PROJECT TITLE Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 1: plan, section and photograph

DRAWN BY AW PROJECT NO. CR0005 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 08.05.19 APPROVED BY PG SCALE@A3 1:200,1:20 3 N Evaluation trench ditch 303 Archaeological feature (excavated/unexcavated) pit 306 Field drain A A Section location B B

0 1:200 10m Trench 3Trench 3

Section BB

SE NW 90.8m AOD

topsoil 300

subsoil 301

305

304 ditch 303 Ditch 303, looking south (1m scale)

Andover 01264 347630 1:20 Cirencester 01285 771022 01m Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 3: plan, section and photograph

DRAWN BY AW PROJECT NO. CR0005 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 08.05.19 APPROVED BY PG SCALE@A3 1:200,1:20 4 N

Evaluation trench D Section CC Archaeological feature ditch (excavated/unexcavated) 1106/1108 SN 90.4m A A Section location C ditch AOD D 1110 1104

C 1107 ditch 1103 1105

ditch ditch 1106/1108 1103

011:20 m

0 1:200 10m Trench 11Trench 11

Section DD

S N 90.3m AOD

1109 1111

ditch ditch 1106/1108 1110

1:20 01m Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, Trench 11 showing intercutting ditches 1103, 1106/1108 and 1110, looking south-west (1m scale) South Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE Trench 11: plan, sections and photograph

DRAWN BY AW PROJECT NO. CR0005 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 08.05.19 APPROVED BY PG SCALE@A3 1:200; 1:20 5 Section EE

SE NW Evaluation trench 90.0m AOD Archaeological feature (excavated/unexcavated) topsoil 1400 A A Section location

1404

N 1403

ditch 1402

011:20 m

ditch 1402 E

0 1:200 10m Trench 14Trench 14

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk Ditch 1402, looking south-west (1m scale) e [email protected] PROJECT TITLE Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 14: plan, section and photograph

DRAWN BY AW PROJECT NO. CR0005 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 08.05.19 APPROVED BY PG SCALE@A3 1:200; 1:20 6 Section FF

S N 87.7m AOD Evaluation trench

topsoil Archaeological feature 2800 (excavated/unexcavated) Field drain A A N 2804 Section location ditch F 2802 ditch 2802 2803

F pipes

011:20 m

0 1:200 10m Trench 28Trench 28

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk Ditch 2802, looking west (1m scale) e [email protected] PROJECT TITLE Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 28: plan, section and photograph

DRAWN BY AW PROJECT NO. CR0005 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 08.05.19 APPROVED BY PG SCALE@A3 1:200; 1:20 7 Richard Hall’s 1759 map of the Parish of Wickwar

1838 Wickwar Tithe Map

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 573970 Cotswold Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Site boundary Archaeology Suffolk 01449 900120 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Land South of Horwood Lane, Wickwar, South Gloucestershire

FIGURE TITLE Historic maps

DRAWN BY AW PROJECT NO. CR0005 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 08.05.19 APPROVED BY PG SCALE@A4 NA 8