The Land Report A publication of / Number 90 / Spring 2008

Connecting Climate and Energy in Public Imagination David W. Orr: Optimism and Hope in a Hotter Time Herman E. Daly: From “Know How” to “Do Now” Contents The Land Institute Features Mission Statement When people, land and community are as one, all Climate & Energy Project three members prosper; when they relate not as The Land Institute’s work to connect climate and energy in members but as competing interests, all three are the public imagination. exploited. By consulting nature as the source and An Invitation—R.S.V.P...... 4 measure of that membership, The Land Institute seeks to develop an that will save soil Our Approach...... 5 from being lost or poisoned, while promoting a community life at once prosperous and enduring. Our Projects...... 6

What You’ll Find on Our Web Site...... 8 Land Institute Staff Land Institute Scott Allegrucci Board of Directors Want to Make a Difference Today?...... 9 Ron Armstrong Anne Simpson Byrne Christina Arnold Strachan Donnelley Conversation Starters...... 10 Martha Bryant Steve Ells Scott Bontz Terry Evans Carbon Dioxide Regulation: Not If, But How and When...... 12 Cindy Cox Pete Ferrell Sheila Cox Jan Flora Climate Policy: From “Know How” to “Do Know” Stan Cox Herman E. Daly...... 15 Lee DeHaan Eulah Laucks (emeritus) Liz Elmore Mary Laucks Optimism and Hope in a Hotter Time Jerry Glover Conn Nugent David W. Orr...... 19 Maril Hazlett Victoria Ranney Eileen Horn Lloyd Schermer Variation on the Theme: An Invited Response Stephanie Hutchinson John Simpson Conn Nugent...... 23 Joan Jackson Donald Worster Nancy Jackson Angus Wright Notes on the History of World Energy Use Wes Jackson Vaclav Smil...... 32 Patricia Johnson Ron Kinkelaar Glenn Laubhan Regulars John Mai Grant Mallett At the Land...... 3 Bob Pinkall Prairie Festival Recordings...... 13 Harris Rayl Thanks to Our Contributors...... 24 Steve Renich 2440 E. Water Well Road The Writers and Artists...... 31 John Schmidt Salina, KS 67401 Donation Form...... 31 Tiffany Stucky David Van Tassel Phone: 785-823-5376 Debbie Turner Fax: 785-823-8728 [email protected] Cover: Hay Rack, woodcut by Harry Shokler. From the Ste- Ken Warren ven Schmidt Collection, courtesy of the Spencer Museum of Darlene Wolf www.landinstitute.org Art, University of . ISSN 1093-1171

Want to share a story from The Land Report? Unless the The Land Report is published three times a year. writer objects, you may photocopy from the magazine or get Editor: Scott Bontz the piece by e-mail. Write to Scott at [email protected] Associate editor: Darlene Wolf or our street address in the column at right, or call him at 785-823-5376.

2 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute At the Land

Perennial Breeding rennial. Large seed can make for rapid establishment of a Breeder David Van Tassel is studying how the density of plant, will make harvesting easier, and will produce better plants in a given area affects their growth, including seed flour when milled. yield. Packing plants together allows the crop to cover the ground with leaves more quickly, gives more heads per acre New Staff Members and makes smaller plants on average—potentially good Maril Hazlett, Eileen Horn and Christina Arnold work for things. But packed plants might dry the soil too early. And our Climate & Energy Project, which is featured in the plants that are stunted—with small heads, thinner, weaker this Land Report. For more about them see page 5. The stalks and shorter roots—could be more vulnerable to wind project’s goal is to help Midwesterners understand how the or drought. Getting the most grain over five to 10 years, connection of energy and climate affects their lives, and some of them wet and some of them dry, might take a com- what they can do about it. promise density. Managing density could be a special challenge with New Board Member perennial , which is our mission and something new Steve Ells is founder and chief executive officer of Chipotle to farming. Unlike annuals, which start from seed each year, Mexican Grill, which makes fast food but aims for fresh herbaceous perennials usually reproduce clonally, increasing ingredients, and over its 15 years increasingly has applied root and stem density. Clonal species could eventually reach ethics to how the food is raised. The publicly traded, Den- a steady density, but it might be much higher than best for ver-based business has more than 640 restaurants. grain production. We want to know if we can breed perenni- als to control their own density, or if we’ll need to thin them. Presentations Made In addition to reading literature from past studies of Wes Jackson was among interview subjects in The 11th density and yield, David has begun a greenhouse experi- Hour, an ecological crisis documentary produced and nar- ment with sunflowers. rated by Leonardo DiCaprio, and released last fall. He’s also developing a database to track individual Filmmaker Aaron Lucich interviewed Jackson and plants, experiments, seed populations and pedigrees for all institute scientists Jerry Glover and Cindy Cox for We Are of our breeding. What We Eat, a documentary about the effects of how food Perennial sunflowers from cross-breeding different spe- is grown. For more, see wearewhatweeatthemovie.com. cies made seeds last year. Some plants made many, and in Wes also was interviewed for a project called YERT, a few cases there were many seeds larger than those in the Your Environmental Road Trip. For a year, Mark Dixon, perennial parent plant, though still small compared with Ben Evans and Julie Dingman Evans are visiting all 50 those from the annual parent. From this harvest we plan to states “with video camera in hand and tongue in cheek” to plant select seeds in early spring. report on Americans and environmental . See Sheila Cox found seed in about 40 new crosses she made www.yert.com. between annual sunflower varieties and several perennial Wes spoke at the Federal Reserve Bank in Chicago, in sunflower species. Some of these seeds have been planted in Charleston, South Carolina, for talks sponsored by Center the greenhouse. Sheila will try to cross results with proven for Humans and Nature, at the University of Florida in hybrids, ones that had good seeds and pollen production. Gainesville, and in Albuquerque, New Mexico, for The More than 95 percent of the hybrids that the Quivira Coalition. Managing Director Ken Warren spoke perennial wheat program made last winter, mostly by cross- for a sustainability seminar at Kansas State University. ing existing hybrids with the perennial intermediate wheat- grass, could not make pollen. Plant breeder Lee DeHaan’s Presentations Scheduled crew is crossing these with the few pollen producers to see April 7, Pitzer College, Claremont, California. if seeds form. Male-sterility is a common hurdle in cross- April 9, University of California, Santa Barbara. ing species, but over generations can be overcome to make April 22, International Symposium on Agroterrorism, fertile plants that don’t need such babying. Kansas City, Missouri. From a breeding nursery for wheatgrass, which he is The previous dates are tentative. Call to confirm. selecting from directly to make a grain crop, in addition May 3, Webster University, St. Louis. to crossing with wheat, Lee found a few extremely large August 5, North American Prairie Conference, Winona, seeds. They were about three times the size of the usual in Minnesota. wheatgrass grown only as forage. In the greenhouse, the September 5, Muddy Boot Organic Festival, Portland, young plants from these seeds appeared so robust the he Oregon. initially thought they were wheat plants, not the slower pe- For more, call or see Calendar at www.landinstitute.org.

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 3 On Climate and Energy, an Invitation—R.S.V.P.

ust over a year ago, my beloved father-in-law and your suggestions, and challenge you to employ your most I had what he calls a “spirited conversation” in the creative idea today with a skeptical co-worker, neighbor or kitchen. Wes had just testified in Topeka and Law- relative. rence against two large, coal-fired power plants Friends, we are in a race—to avoid the worst global Jproposed for western Kansas. I respectfully submitted that warming and to adapt creatively to the changes we’ve al- a successful fight against global warming would go well ready bought. We can and must win this one together, with beyond testimony in eastern Kansas—that it would require the likeminded supporting the otherwise-inclined. broad, deep engagement with the citizens of the Midwest Are you in? and would focus more on positive, can-do solutions than on crippling threats. As those who know me can well imagine, I got all impassioned and populist on him. So then Wes said, “How important is this issue to you?” Full of conviction, I replied, echoing our friend Da- vid Orr, that global warming has to be at the top of the list, that if we get this wrong, everything else I care about—so- cial justice, education, health care, ecological balance, and in the bargain our bountiful Kansas River valley and my girls’ future—is threatened. “Would you quit your job,” he asked, “to work on Nancy Jackson this full time?” I loved my job and the remarkable people Executive director, Climate & Energy Project I worked with. I had been at the for more than a decade, and had long chosen security over risk in virtually all things. But without hesitation I answered, “In a heartbeat.” And a few weeks later, I took a giant, in- The Climate & Energy Project works to develop credibly uncomfortable leap into the unknown and did just conversations about our state’s energy future. that. This past year, we’ve embarked on several Fair warning: That’s what climate change will do to programs that connect residents, legislators and you. The enormity of the risk—and the immediate avail- students with balanced and credible information ability of myriad solutions—dawns fully first in your mind, about climate change and energy in Kansas. then moves stealthily toward your heart. Once comfortably In addition to telling of our programs here, nestled in both head and heart, the issue proves impossible we’ve included tools for you, readers of the Land to dislodge—it colors each new consumer choice, every Report. In the following pages you’ll find actions vote and a surprising number of conversations. for combating climate change as individuals, and We at The Land Institute, an organization long dedicat- also tips for our collective action. In these criti- ed to the future of food and farmers, are determined to do cal times, we must work together to engage our all we can to get our friends and neighbors thinking, talking elected leaders, friends, families and neighbors in and learning about climate change and its solutions. conversation. As you will see in this Land Report, we are looking for To learn even more, please visit our Web site, every angle of entry: respectful, compassionate, creative www.climateandenergy.org. ways to begin conversations that foster dialogue rather than provoking knee-jerk reactions or dismissal. We welcome

4 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Our Approach

he Climate & Energy Project seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent by 2050 and avoid triggering the worst climate Climate & Energy Project Staff change. That’s a tall order. WithT a small staff, an urgent mission and a dedication to Nancy Jackson, executive director, holds a mas- spending charitable dollars wisely and well, our first task ter’s degree in environmental history and brings was to develop effective strategy. Put another way, we experience in scholarly publishing and equities needed to figure how we might most effectively support the research. She raises funds for the project and keeps deepest cuts, the fastest. Here is what we discovered. CEP engaged in the Governor’s Wind Working Today, much of the Midwest gets 75 percent of its elec- Group and work groups for the Midwest Gover- tricity from coal, a tremendous source of greenhouse gas nors Association Greenhouse Gas Accord and the emissions. The world’s coal reserves are five times larger Presidential Climate Action Plan. than oil and natural gas reserves combined. So, the electric As projects director, Scott Allegrucci manages industry appeared to present the opportunity for the greatest CEP’s relationships with press, as well as projects cuts. But could they be fast? including statewide wind workshops and energy That’s where things really got exciting. Because in fact, efficiency public service announcements. He was the electric industry expects that the federal government director of tourism for Kansas, has a degree in will act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, effectively anthropology, and has been an actor, writer and putting a price on carbon dioxide, whether through cap- director. and-trade or an outright tax. Many utilities are seeking to Maril Hazlett, who holds a doctorate in en- reduce their exposure to such financial risks. vironmental history, is research director. She also The in general and the Midwest in par- manages the project’s Web site, ticular have two relatively quick and cost-effective ways to www.climateandenergy.org. reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build a bridge to a re- Eileen Horn, community outreach coordina- newable energy economy in the 21st century. First, energy tor, works to foster discussion with communities efficiency and conservation can make speedy and often across Kansas. She has a master’s degree in natural permanent demand reductions at considerably lower cost resources. than new generation. Second, aggressive development of Helping keep all at the project in order is ad- renewable energy, which is increasingly cost competitive, ministrative assistant Christina Arnold, who has a provides alternatives to traditional, fossil-fueled generation. bachelor’s degree in journalism. Neither strategy is sufficient in itself, but together they have tremendous power to reduce emissions in the short term and create resiliency for the long haul. Energy efficiency means using less energy to power combined with voluntary, long-term behavior changes: con- our lives. It is the “first fuel” because it is often cheaper and servation. Many reading these pages will be familiar with easier to attain than new sources of electricity generation. Amory Lovins’ concept of the negawatt—the most power- Efficiency means using the best technology to get the most ful kilowatt hour is the one you don’t use. As above, these from energy. We get it with things like compact fluorescent are the toughest changes to make and to maintain—and lights, appliances with Energy Star certification and better should be pursued with vigor. building insulation and weather sealing. Renewable energy refers to electricity supplied from Utilities tend to like technological efficiency—smart sources that are continuously replenished. They include meters, programmable thermostats, building renovations. wind, sun, geothermal, water and various forms of biomass. That is because we humans are fallible animals. We want Kansas ranks third in wind energy potential, so much of our to do well, but in practice, those who change key behav- work at CEP focuses on supporting commercial, commu- iors—forego summer air conditioning, for example, turn nity and small-scale wind development. heat down at night in winter, abbreviate hot showers or We seek to foster conversations at every level, from hang clothes on the line—frequently revert to previous grass-roots to high policy. Change in either area without behaviors or adopt new ones. Nifty gadgets—and build- the other will prove difficult to implement. Yet together, ings that are tighter in the first place—allow utilities to grass-roots sentiment and ambitious policy will succeed in reduce demand dependably for fairly accurate resource producing speedy and permanent emission reductions, put- planning. ting us on track to meet our goal of 30 percent by 2030 and Of course, energy efficiency is most powerful when 60 to 80 percent by 2050.

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 5 Our Projects

he Climate & Energy Project works to connect missioned by an environmental group (true, Salina’s Land people, organizations and ideas for conversations Institute). ... But there’s nothing to indicate the poll was about our energy future. This past year, we’ve be- leading or biased. The wording was neutral and fair.” gun several projects to give residents, legislators andT students good information and get them talking about what to do. Community Wind Forums

Developing renewable energy is one of the ways we can re- CEP Poll duce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent further climate change. Wind power is a proven technology, operational What do Kansans really think about climate and energy? and profitable throughout the world, and the Midwest is Rather than accept the popular stereotypes, such as “Kan- rich in wind energy potential. sans support coal power and don’t want to develop wind Kansas ranks third in the nation for wind energy poten- energy,” the CEP commissioned an independent polling tial. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimates firm to establish a solid understanding of public opinion. that by 2030 the state could produce 7,100 megawatts of Our intent wasn’t to release results, but to use them for wind energy. Its peak summer demand is about 11,000 designing our educational programs. However, the findings megawatts. But Kansas lags other states, and by the end of were so contrary to conventional wisdom that we changed 2008 will field just over 1,000 megawatts. our minds. Wind developers of all sizes can fill this gap. We espe- Here is what the poll found: 62 percent of Kansans cially support community wind projects, to keep revenue agreed with the state Health and Environment secretary’s in the state and help rural economies. Minnesota, Iowa and decision to deny air quality permits for two proposed Texas boast numerous successful examples of community 700-megawatt coal burning plants. Thirty-one percent wind, including farmer-owned cooperatives, and wind in- disagreed, with 7 percent unsure. Support for the decision stallations at schools that provide both energy and a profit. rose to 70 percent in the Kansas suburbs of Kansas City. In To date, however, policy supports for community wind do western Kansas, where the plants would be built, a remark- not exist in Kansas. able 51 percent favored the decision, 40 percent disagreed. In an interview on blog.climateandenergy.org, Kansas In the rest of the state, 30 percent or less disagreed. The Rural Center’s executive director, Dan Nagengast, said, “I survey also found that an overwhelming 75 percent of Kan- would like to see a whole new layer of economy spread out sans favored a more aggressive pursuit of wind energy. over as much of rural Kansas as possible—with lots of op- The poll has been widely cited in state and national portunities, with people moving back out to rural Kansas. media to challenge stereotypes of Kansans’ opinions and People in cities trying to catch trains so they can move broaden conversation about climate and energy. A January out to rural Kansas, trying to figure out how they can be 14 Wichita Eagle editorial said, “The a part of the rebirth. There would be another whole level is gearing up for a potentially nasty and unproductive ses- of industry and jobs based on manufacturing energy tech- sion on energy, with some lawmakers vowing to overturn nologies that don’t have environmental or greenhouse gas the Sebelius administration’s denial of the Holcomb coal- implications. I’d like to see Kansas a much more prosper- plant expansion. Before they get too up in arms, though, ous place.” they might want to check with their constituents. … Some In spring CEP will work with the center to hold six lawmakers rushed to dismiss the survey, saying it was com- Community Wind Forums in western Kansas.

he prevailing theories were that civilizations collapsed because of political, military or Tmedical reasons—plagues. Climate was often factored out. And yet, indifference to the power of nature is civilization’s Achilles’ heel. —Heidi Cullen, host of the Weather Channel’s Forecast Earth, in an interview with The New York Times

6 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Take Charge! “What is your dream for Kansas’ Community Energy Forums energy future?”

That’s what we asked people at our energy forums. Concern over climate change has galvanized mainstream Here are some of their answers: public interest in the environment like never before. More than anything, the Climate & Energy Project finds that “A reliable and efficient source of energy that people are hungry for information. Learning about climate wouldn’t be damaging to the environment as well and energy from the popular media can be difficult and as our finances.” confusing—and learning about it from pundits is all but impossible. By sponsoring the Take Charge! Community “To be totally dependent on renewable energy, Energy Forums, CEP helped the public meet directly with while still protecting intact, native grasslands and specialists who can answer their questions. the wildlife that inhabit them.” The forums were held at Kansas Wesleyan University in Salina, Johnson County Community College in Over- “To become a major wind energy supplier to our land Park, Kansas, and Washburn University in the capital, nation.” Topeka. By working with universities, CEP hoped to foster dialogue among students, other residents and legislators. “A conservation consciousness among Kansans.” Four hundred people attended. They met panelists including energy utility executives, “A balanced set of energy options.” wind developers and researchers for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change who took scores of questions “Energy provided at an affordable price for poor about wind energy, energy efficiency, energy transmission, people as well as rich.” climate change and carbon regulation. Interest kept each event going well past its scheduled time.

From left, Wendell Nickell, Jerry Brown and Frank Costanza at the forum January 21 in Salina. Costanza is with wind developer Tradewind Energy. Scott Bontz photo.

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 7 What You’ll Find on Our Web Site

ven for people who closely follow news about the The Features environment, keeping up on climate and energy can be complex. For those just starting to take se- Exploring the Issues rious notice, finding simple, reliable information Succinct, comprehensive summaries of climate change, presentsE an even greater challenge. To help, the Climate & renewable energy, energy security, energy efficiency and Energy Project developed a Web site both extensive and energy transport. easily used, www.climateandenergy.org. Early results confirm that our strategy is working. For Digging Deeper A high proportion of users spend a long time browsing Fact sheets, glossary, library of resources and a timely blog. through our issue summaries, glossary and other features. How to Act They follow links to resources like the Intergovernmen- Practical steps for energy use, with pointers for farms, busi- tal Panel on Climate Change, Kansas State University nesses and congregations, and protecting natural resources. Extension’s Energy Conservation Tips, and Windpowering Pass It On America, which is a program of the Energy Department’s Tell someone else what you’ve learned about climate and Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. energy, and share your thoughts with legislators, too. Being able to link facts about climate and energy sci- ence to your daily life and environment makes you more Newsletter likely to act on what you know. One of the site’s goals is Provide your e-mail address to receive our quarterly news- to cultivate feelings of connection, belonging and steward- letter, Currents, for news about climate and energy, our ship. Ultimately, it is this sense of place that will make the work, interviews with climate and energy specialists and difference in addressing climate change. profiles of work by everyday people.

Stewardship. Resilience. Balance. Innovation. creating climate and energy conversations

Edward C. Robison III photo, as used on the Climate & Energy Project’s Web site.

8 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Want to Make a Difference Today?

y using efficient technologies that are already to charge them. When they are fully charged, unplug the available, the American Council for an Energy charger from the outlet. Efficient Economy says, we could slash by al- ■ At night during the winter, lower your thermostat 7 most 80 percent the cost of heating, cooling and to 10 degrees. lightingB our workplaces and homes. Even modest increases ■ Know that for every degree you raise an air condi- in energy efficiency could eliminate the need for 600 new tioner thermostat in summer, energy consumption falls 3 to power plants projected on current use patterns, growing 5 percent. population and replacement of old plants. ■ Myth: Once the air conditioner is on, you should From our Web site, here’s a sample of tips for efficien- leave it on all summer. Really, you can turn it on only at cy and conservation. For more, see www.climateandenergy. night to help you sleep. org/TakeStep/TakestepsOverview/Index/htm. ■ Use the microwave, Crock-Pot and toaster oven more often than the stovetop or oven, which use much more en- For Free ergy. ■ Appliances can draw power even when not in ■ Lower the temperature on the hot water heater to no use—an unseen drain called phantom load. Consider more than 120 degrees. Water heating can account for 14 to plugging your TVs, DVD players, computers, etc., into 25 percent of the energy consumed in your home. power strips, then pull that one plug when you turn them off. For $25 and Less ■ Small, rechargeable electronics like cell phones and ■ Use compact fluorescent lights, replacing first the iPods continue to draw up to 95 percent of the electricity incandescent bulbs in fixtures that you use most. If every even when fully charged. Only plug them in when you need U.S. household replaced their five highest-use fixtures with compact fluorescents, we would prevent the emission of greenhouse gases equivalent to the annual emissions from more than 8 million cars. You can also save up to $67 on energy costs over the lifetime of a single bulb. ■ Check your furnace or air conditioner filter every month, and clean and replace it as needed. Dirty filters in- crease bills and shorten appliance life. ■ Insulate hot water tanks, hot water pipes and exposed ductwork in basements, attics and crawlspaces. ■ Seal and weather-strip doors and windows.

From $25 to $500 Stewardship. Resilience. Balance. Innovation. ■ When buying any appliance, check not just purchase price, but what energy costs will be over the product’s life. creating climate and energy conversations Check for EnergyStar labels. ■ Get a home energy audit. Check with your utility company for someone who provides this service. ■ Install a programmable thermostat that will adjust the temperature automatically during hours no one is home. ■ Add extra insulation to your attic. Ideally, all U.S. homes should have between R-38 and R-49. Also seal and insulate basements and crawlspaces. ■ Do you need to replace your water heating sys- tem? Consider a tankless water heater, which provides on-demand hot water rather than keeping 40 gallons hot constantly.

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 9 Conversation Starters

o start and to continue a conversation about cli- The Economics mate change and energy is often challenging. The ideas are complex, and can invoke conflicting Taken largely from “Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas desires. Emissions: How Much at What Cost?” produced by TAt the Climate & Energy Project, we’ve found that McKinsey & Company. The report is at http://www.mck- because of the field’s complexity, there are several entry insey.com/clientservice/ccsi/greenhousegas.asp. points, including science, technology, economics, national ■ Annual greenhouse gas emissions in the United security and moral responsibility. On the next two pages States are projected to rise from 7.2 billion tons in 2005 to we’ve pulled together some of the most thorough research 9.7 billion tons in 2030—an increase of 35 percent. That in these areas and highlighted the main points. is the path to avoid. McKinsey says we can reduce green- So next time someone asks, “Why should I care about house gas emissions 3 to 4.5 billion tons at costs less than climate change?” you’ll be ready with an answer. $50 per ton. Nearly 40 percent of those reductions could be achieved at negative cost—that is, with positive economic The Science returns over the lifecycle of the investment. Achieving these reductions at the lowest cost to the economy will re- Due to rising concern about climate change, in 1988 the quire strong, coordinated action—and soon. United Nations established the Intergovernmental Panel on ■ McKinsey estimates the following savings by sec- Climate Change. The IPCC released reports in 1990, 1995, tor. Energy efficiency in building and appliances: 710-870 2001 and 2007. Here are the main points, taken from the million tons. Increasing fuel efficiency in vehicles and the 4th Assessment’s Executive Summary for Policymakers, at carbon intensity of transportation fuels: 340-660 million www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm. tons. Improvements in industry, including process changes, pdf. motor efficiency and combined heat and power: 620-770 ■ Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) rank among million tons. Increasing forest stocks and improving soil the 12 warmest in the record of global surface temperature management practices to sequester carbon in soil: 440-590 since 1850. million tons. Changing power generation to include more wind and solar, possibly nuclear, and eventually carbon ■ Evidence from all continents and most oceans shows capture and storage: 800-1,570 million tons. This is the that many natural systems are being affected by regional most capital-intensive category. climate changes, particularly temperature increases. Of ■ Much of the technology required to cut emissions particular concern are the melting of Arctic sea ice and ice dramatically is available today. To unlock that potential, sheets, which have historically acted to reflect substantial we need strong policy. For strong policy, we must recog- energy coming from the sun, and might now contribute to nize the collective effect of individual decisions, embrace accelerated warming. Similarly, the southern oceans, which paybacks in five to 10 years rather than the currently have historically absorbed carbon dioxide, are increasingly desired two to three years, and do away with traditional unable. mismatches between who pays the cost of reduction and ■ Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide today who gains the benefit—such as homebuilder vs. homeown- are more than 30 percent greater than at any other time in er, landlord vs. renter. As one energy efficiency specialist the past 700,000 years. Global increases in carbon dioxide in Kansas says, “We could have it really good. We just concentration are due primarily to fossil fuel use, with land- have to decide to have it really good.” Even the most use change—including the growth of cities, the clearing of economically beneficial options will require a new set of forests and the spread of agriculture—providing another aggressive policies. significant but smaller contribution. ■ Many of the most economically attractive abate- ■ Changes in extreme weather, together with sea level ment options are “time perishable”: Every year we delay rise, are expected mostly to hurt natural and human sys- producing energy-efficient commercial buildings, houses, tems. motor vehicles and so forth, the more negative-cost options ■ Many effects can be reduced, delayed or avoided we lose. The cost of building energy efficiency into any by reducing rapidly our global greenhouse gas emissions. product is typically a fraction of the cost of retrofitting it Many of those reductions are available at cost savings and later or retiring it before its useful life is over. In addition, could be achieved all but immediately. The longer we de- the earlier our savings are realized, the fewer new power lay, the more it costs, both to halt climate change and to plants need to be built. In short: Sooner is better and much deal with its effects. cheaper.

10 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute ■ Almost everything we do to cut greenhouse gas require cooperation and action by many agencies of gov- emissions will stimulate new businesses and economic op- ernment.” —from the report’s recommendations portunities. For example, in addition to the energy savings, every million dollars invested in energy efficiency also cre- The Moral Responsibility ates more than 20 jobs. Several religious traditions have spoken about moral re- National Security Implications sponsibility for addressing the threat of climate change: ■ “As a matter of stewardship and justice, Christians The nonprofit researcher CNA Corp. assembled 11 re- must take action now to reduce global warming pollution tired generals and admirals to prepare a report called and stand in solidarity with our brothers and sisters around “National Security and the Threat of Climate Change.” the world whose land, livelihood and lives are threatened It’s at securityandclimate.cna.org/report/. Following are by the global climate crisis.” —General Board of Church excerpts. and Society of the United Methodist Church ■ “Projected climate change poses a serious threat to ■ “At its core, global climate change is not about America’s national security.” —from the report’s executive economic theory or political platforms, nor about partisan summary advantage or interest group pressures. It is about the future ■ “We never have 100 percent certainty. We never have of God’s creation and the one human family. It is about it. If you wait until you have 100 percent certainty, some- protecting both ‘the human environment’ and the natural thing bad is going to happen on the battlefield …. The Cold environment. It is about our human stewardship of God’s War was a specter, but climate change is inevitable. If we creation and our responsibility to those who come after us.” keep on with business as usual, we will reach a point where —U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops some of the worst effects are inevitable.” —Army Gen. ■ “The same love for God and neighbor that compels Gordon R. Sullivan us to preach salvation through Jesus Christ, protect the un- ■ “Climate change will provide the conditions that born, preserve the family and the sanctity of marriage, and will extend the war on terror. You have very real changes take the whole Gospel to a hurting world, also compels us in natural systems that are likely to happen in regions of to recognize that human-induced climate change is a seri- the world that are already fertile ground for extremism. ous Christian issue requiring action now.” —Evangelical Droughts, violent weather, ruined agricultural fields—these Climate Initiative are the kinds of stresses we’ll see more of under climate ■ “For Jews, the environmental crisis is a religious change.” —Navy Adm. T. Joseph Lopez challenge. As heirs to a tradition of stewardship that goes ■ “Focus on conservation and on energy sources that back to Genesis and that teaches us to be partners in the aren’t based in carbon …. Solving the energy problem ongoing work of Creation, we cannot accept the esca- solves a real security problem. You get to choose your lating destruction of our environment and its effect on points of engagement. It’s like one of the things your human health and livelihood. Where we are despoiling grandmother told you. ‘Don’t go looking for trouble. If our air, land and water, it is our sacred duty as Jews to ac- you find trouble, you have to deal with it—but don’t go knowledge our God-given responsibility and take action looking for it!’” —Air Force Lt. Gen. Lawrence P. Farrell to alleviate environmental degradation and the pain and Jr. suffering that it causes. We must reaffirm and bequeath ■ “The path to mitigating the worst security con- the tradition we have inherited which calls upon us to safe- sequences of climate change involves reducing global guard humanity’s home.” —Coalition on the Environment greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving this outcome will also and Jewish Life

hundred years after we are gone and forgotten, A those who never heard of us will be living with the results of our actions. —Oliver Wendell Holmes

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 11 Carbon Dioxide Regulation: Not If, But How and When

Part of our work at the Climate & Energy Project includes These Fortune 500 companies believe they can “slow, fostering public dialogue by addressing timely issues. Late stop and reverse the growth of U.S. emissions while ex- last year, Kansas’ secretary of Health and Environment de- panding the U.S. economy.” Presumably, they know a little nied a permit to expand a coal-fired power plant. It was the something about economic success and regulatory certainty. first U.S. power plant denial treating carbon dioxide as a pol- They also know that if you’re not at the table when the lutant. The power company and legislators are fighting this. rules get set, you’re on the menu later. That is why they are CEP Executive Director Nancy Jackson addressed one of actively working to shape carbon dioxide regulations. Kan- their arguments in a January 17 essay for the Wichita Eagle. sas businesses should do the same. Kansas Health and Environment Secretary Rod n Kansas energy debates, we have heard a lot lately Bremby’s decision in October did not create regulatory un- about “regulatory uncertainty.” But what does that certainty; it reflected regulatory uncertainty: mean, exactly? Earl Watkins, chief executive officer ■ As of July 2007, members of the 110th Congress had of Sunflower Electric Power Corp., has asserted that introduced more than 125 bills, resolutions and amend- Iregulatory uncertainty is bad for business (“Regulatory pro- ments specifically addressing global climate change and cess needs to be certain, impartial,” January 15 Opinion). greenhouse gas emissions. Decisions made now under the So has Amy Blankenbiller, CEO of the Kansas Chamber specter of such regulations may be deemed imprudent un- of Commerce. They are right. Businesses do need a set of der law and subject retroactively to penalty. clear and consistent rules. ■ In the past 18 months, proposals for 20 coal plants Ironically enough, that is precisely why some of the have stalled nationwide because of public concerns about nation’s leading corporations—and largest greenhouse gas air pollution, increases in greenhouse gases, rapidly climb- emitters—are calling for carbon dioxide regulation. ing economic costs and future liability. As Duke Energy CEO Jim Rogers said last year, ■ Regional agreements between governors in the when elected to chair the Edison Electric Institute, “I’ve Northeast, West and, most recently, Midwest provide seen several surveys that say 70 or 80 percent of the clear targets for emission reductions and allow for a executives in our industry think there will be carbon cap-and-trade system that would put a price on carbon regulation. In a sense, we’re all building our business emissions. plans around the carbon scenario. The only issue is what Neither Bremby nor Gov. Kathleen Sebelius is “out the regulations will look like and when they’ll be imple- front” on this issue. They are, in fact, arguably behind—22 mented.” states already have climate action plans and another 14 are Duke and other corporate superstars, including Cater- creating plans. pillar, Deere & Co., Dow Chemical, General Electric and Regulatory certainty is needed, and in the wake of Shell, have formed the U.S. Climate Action Partnership. Bremby’s decision, Kansas has a historic opportunity to Together, they are working toward a cap-and-trade system lead the nation in creating it. Let’s stop considering false that would, in effect, put a price on carbon dioxide and choices between economic vitality and climate stability, other greenhouse gases. and start talking instead about how we achieve both.

he people that are opposed to the CO2 never talk about that (life-sustaining) aspect of it. I have yet to have any of them mention anything about CO being necessary T 2 for life. All they focus on is there’s too much CO2. —Jay Emler, chairman of the Utilities Committee, in the Salina Journal

12 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Prairie Festival Recordings September 28-30, 2007, The Land Institute

Quantity Price Title Speakers ______$10 The Tomorrow Show...... Land Institute research staff ______$15 Energy Conservation and the Climate and Energy Project (2 CD set)...... Nancy Jackson, Scott Allegrucci, Pete Ferrell, Blair Hamilton ______$10 The Long Emergency...... James Howard Kunstler ______$10 Planning for Local Foods...... Kamyar Enshayan ______$10 Food Integrity for the Masses...... Steve Ells ______$10 Changing Landscapes: Agriculture in the Climate and Energy Project...... Fred Kirschenmann ______$10 Another Look at Ethanol...... Bruce Babbitt ______$10 Where are We Now?...... Wes Jackson ______$70 Complete set

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t is most realistic to talk not of immediate solutions, but of comprehending problems Iwell enough that intervention does not make them worse. Each conflict is but the tail end of a long series of prior events and processes. In our historical arrogance, we fail to see the context of today’s dilemmas. —Joseph A. Tainter, On the Edge of Scarcity

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 13 Icon of industrial revolution, the spectacularly inefficient steam locomotive, meets icon of modern renewable energy, the wind turbine, at Altamont Pass in California. Union Pacific runs this 1943 oil-burner for public relations. Minutes later it skirted Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which harnesses nuclear energy for bombs. Scott Bontz photo.

14 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Climate Policy: From “Know How” to “Do Now”

Herman E. Daly

he recent increase in attention to global warming is very welcome. Most of the attention seems to be given to complex climate models and their predictions. That too is welcome. However, it isT useful to back up a bit and remember an observation by physicist John Wheeler: “We make the world by the ques- tions we ask.” What are the questions asked by the climate models, and what kind of world are they making, and what other questions might we ask that would make other worlds? Could we ask other questions that would make a more tractable world for policy? The climate models ask, “Will carbon dioxide emis- sions lead to atmospheric concentrations of 450-500 parts per million, and will that raise temperatures by 2 or 3 de- grees Celsius, by a certain date, and what will be the likely physical consequences in climate and geography, and in what sequence, and according to what probability distri- butions, and what will be the damages inflicted by such changes, as well as the costs of abating them, and what are the ratios of the present values of the damage costs compared with abatement expenditures at various discount rates, and which discount rate should we use, and how likely is it that new information learned while we are con- structing the model will invalidate the results?” What kind of world is created by such questions? Per- haps a world of such enormous uncertainty and complexity as to paralyze policy. Scientists will disagree on the an- swers to every one of these empirical questions. Could we ask a different question that creates a differ- ent world? Why not ask, “Can we systematically continue

to emit increasing amounts of CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere without eventually provoking un- acceptable climate changes?” Scientists will overwhelmingly agree that the answer is no. The basic science, first principles, and directions of causality are very clear. Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius

discovered a century ago that CO2 could act as a green- house gas. Focusing on the principles creates a world of relative certainty, at least as to the thrust and direction of Icon of industrial revolution, the spectacularly inefficient steam locomotive, meets icon of modern renewable energy, the wind turbine, at Altamont Pass in California. Union Pacific runs this 1943 policy. oil-burner for public relations. Minutes later it skirted Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which harnesses nuclear energy for bombs. Scott Bontz photo. True, the rates, sequences, and valuations are uncertain and subject to debate. But as long as we focus on measur- ing these inherently uncertain empirical consequences, rather than on the certain first principles that cause them, we will overwhelm the consensus to “do something now” with ditherings about what we might someday consider

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 15 doing if ever the evidence is sufficiently compelling. I am equivalent to, or even leads to, a sustainable aggregate level afraid that once the evidence is really compelling, then our of energy consumption. response will also be compelled, and policy choice will be But if we go for “frugality first”—sustainability irrelevant. To make the point more simply, if you jump out first—as our direct policy variable, with something like a of an airplane you need a crude parachute more than an ac- carbon tax or a cap-auction-trade system, then we will get curate altimeter. And if you also take an altimeter with you, “efficiency second” as an adaptation to more expensive car- at least don’t become so bemused in tracking your descent bon fuels. “Frugality first gives efficiency second, not vice that you forget to pull the ripcord. We should be thinking in versa” should be the first design principle for energy and terms of a parachute, however crude. climate policy. Efficiency is an adaptation to scarcity that The next question we should ask is, “What is it that is makes it less painful; it is not the abolition of scarcity, the causing us to systematically emit ever more CO2 into the at- so-called “win-win” solution beloved by politicians. mosphere?” It is the same thing that causes us to emit more The second thing wrong with our misleading question and more of all kind of wastes into the biosphere, namely is its assumption that we need to maintain current growth our irrational commitment to exponential growth forever on rates in gross domestic product. There is a lot of evidence a finite planet subject to the laws of thermodynamics. that GDP growth at the current margin in the United States If we overcome the growth idolatry we could then go is in fact uneconomic growth—that is, growth that increas- on to ask an intelligent question like, “How can we design es social and environmental costs faster than it increases and manage a steady-state economy, one that respects the production benefits, growth that accumulates “illth” faster limits of the biosphere?” Instead we ask a wrongheaded, than it accumulates wealth. I know that there is still poverty growth-bound question: “By how much will we have to in the world and that GDP growth in some countries is still increase energy efficiency, or carbon efficiency, to main- economic. That is all the more reason to stop uneconomic tain customary growth rates in gross domestic product?” growth and free up resources and ecological space for truly Suppose we get as an answer, “We need to double ef- economic growth by the poor. That should be the second ficiency in 10 years,” and we actually achieve this. So design principle. what? We will then just do more of all the things that You will not find the term “uneconomic growth” in have become more efficient and therefore cheaper, and the index of any economics textbook. My word processing will then emit more wastes, including greenhouse gases. program even underlines it in red warning me that I prob- A policy of “efficiency first” does not give us “frugality ably made a syntactical error! But it is not hard to see how second”—it makes frugality less necessary. In the 19th the reality of uneconomic growth sneaks up on us. We have century words of William Stanley Jevons, “It is wholly a moved from a world relatively empty of us and our stuff, confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of to a world relatively full of us, in just one lifetime. The fuel is equivalent to a diminished consumption. The very world population has tripled in mine, and the populations contrary is the truth.” of cars, houses, livestock, refrigerators, TVs, etc., have And further, “Now, if the quantity of coal used in a increased by much more. As we transform natural capital blast-furnace, for instance, be diminished in comparison into manmade capital, the former becomes more scarce and with the yield, the profits of the trade will increase, new the latter more abundant—an inversion of the traditional capital will be attracted, the price of pig-iron will fall, but pattern of scarcity. This inversion is furthered by the fact the demand for it increase; and eventually the greater num- that manmade capital is often private property while natural ber of furnaces will more than make up for the diminished capital frequently is an open-access commons. consumption of each.” In the empty world economy the limiting factor was In modern words, if we increase miles per gallon we manmade capital; in the full world it is remaining natural are likely to travel more miles because it is cheaper. capital. For example, the annual fish catch used to be lim- Or suppose instead of driving more we save the money. ited by the number of fishing boats; now it is limited by What then do we do with it? Travel by airplane? Buy a sec- the remaining stocks of fish in the ocean and their capac- ond house? Invest in nuclear power or ethanol production? ity to reproduce. Barrels of petroleum extracted used to Better to pay it to our psychiatrist for the low-energy ser- be limited by drilling rigs and pumps; now it is limited by vice of listening while we confess our sins. Yes, but doesn’t remaining deposits in the ground, or by capacity of the at- that help him pay for his airplane trip or second house? mosphere to absorb the products of its combustion. Jevons has us by the tail: “It is wholly a confusion of ideas There seems to be a race between peak oil and global to suppose that the economical use of fuel is equivalent to a warming, between source and sink limits—but both are diminished consumption. The very contrary is the truth.” natural capital, so for my point it does not matter which Our energy policy is all about “efficient patterns of proves more limiting. Economic logic stays the same—it consumption” and not at all about “sustainable aggregate says invest in and economize on the limiting factor. But the levels of consumption.” It is wholly a confusion of ideas to identity of the limiting factor has changed, and we have not suppose that an efficient pattern of energy consumption is adapted. We continue to invest in manmade capital rather

16 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute than in restoration of natural capital. This further depletes compensate by taxing income lightly, especially low in- natural capital and eventually drives down the value of comes? More generally, tax the resource throughput—that complementary manmade capital, while spewing external to which value is added—and stop taxing value added. costs all over the place. Whether you tax the throughput at the input or output end The reason that mainstream economists do not see this is a matter of convenience, although I generally prefer the is that they think manmade capital and natural capital are input end because depletion is spatially more concentrated substitutes rather than complements. With substitutes you than pollution. Also, higher input prices induce efficiency at don’t have a limiting factor, so economists can overlook all subsequent stages of the production process, and limit- effects on scarcity. I am not sure why they do this, but sus- ing depletion ultimately limits pollution, at least in a gross pect that they prize substitution’s mathematical tractability aggregate sense. more than complementarity’s conformity to the first law of Tax bads—depletion and pollution—not goods—in- thermodynamics. Furthermore, conformity to that finitude is come. Does anyone imagine that we currently tax income ideologically inconvenient, because it slows down growth. at the optimal rate? Better first to tax the right thing and Some of you may have a better explanation, but the fact later worry about the “optimal” rate of taxation, etc. People remains that natural resource flows and capital funds are don’t like to see the value added by their own efforts taxed treated as substitutes—when natural resources are included away, though we accept it as necessary up to a point. But in the production function at all, which usually they are not! most people don’t mind seeing resource scarcity rents, In addition to this monumental error on the produc- value that no one added, taxed away. And the most impor- tion or supply side, we have an equally monumental error tant public good served by the carbon tax would be climate on the utility or demand side—the failure to take seriously stability, a benefit in which everyone shares, but whose that beyond a threshold of absolute income already passed loss would be regressively distributed. The revenue from in the United States, welfare or self-evaluated happiness the carbon severance tax could be rebated to the public by becomes a function of relative income rather than absolute abolishing other taxes, especially regressive ones. And even income. Since it is impossible to increase everyone’s rela- though the incidence of the tax by itself is regressive to in- tive income, further absolute growth in GDP becomes a come, it has the advantage that it is paid by all consumers, self-canceling arms race. including the income tax evaders and avoiders. Enough of what is wrong. Can one offer a reasonable Setting policy in accord with first principles allows us policy based only on first principles? Yes—one such policy to act now without getting mired in endless delays caused is called ecological tax reform, a stiff severance tax on car- by the uncertainties of complex empirical measurements bon, levied at the well head and mine mouth, accompanied and predictions. Of course the uncertainties do not disap- by equalizing tariffs on carbon-intensive imports, and by pear. We will experience them as surprising consequences, rebating the revenue by abolishing regressive taxes on low both agreeable and disagreeable, requiring midcourse incomes. Such a policy would reduce total carbon use, give correction. Recognizing the need for midcourse correc- an incentive for developing less carbon-intensive technolo- tions should be a third policy design principle. But at least gies, and redistribute income progressively. Yes, but how we would have begun a process of moving in the right do we know what is the optimal tax rate, and wouldn’t it direction. To continue business as usual while debating be regressive, and is there really a “double dividend,” as the predictions of complex models in a world made even some have claimed, etc.? Once again we make the world more uncertain by the questions we ask is to fail to pull the by the questions we ask. We need to raise public revenue ripcord. The empirical consequences of this last failure, un- somehow, so why not tax carbon extraction heavily and fortunately, are all too certain.

he attempt to blame the other man for finity will be one of Tthe defining themes of the politics of the next few decades. —George Monbiot in Britain’s The Guardian.

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 17 Summer Shadows, by Samuel Chamberlain. Etching, 11 by 8½ inches. Courtesy of The Birger Sandzen Memorial Gallery, Lindsborg, Kansas.

18 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Optimism and Hope in a Hotter Time

David W. Orr

e like optimistic people. They are fun, of- ten funny, and very often capable of doing amazing things otherwise thought to be im- possible. Were I stranded on a life raft in the middleW of the ocean and could have either an optimist or a pessimist as companion, I’d want an optimist, providing he did not have a liking for human flesh. Optimism, however, is often rather like a Yankee fan believing that the team can win the game when it’s the bottom of the ninth, they’re up by a run, with two outs, a two-strike count against a .200 hitter, and Mariano Rivera in his prime is on the mound. The optimist is optimistic for good reason. Red Sox fans, on the other hand, believe in salvation by small percentages and hope for a hit to get the runner home from second and tie the game. Optimism is recognition that the odds are in your favor; hope is faith that things will work out whatever the odds. Hope is a verb with its sleeves rolled up. Hopeful people actively defy or change the odds. Optimism leans back, puts its feet up and wears a confident look, knowing that the deck is stacked. I know of no good reason for anyone to be optimistic about the human future, but I know lots of reasons to be hopeful. How can one be optimistic, for example, about global warming? First, it isn’t a “warming,” but rather a total destabiliza- tion of the planet brought on by the behavior of one spe- cies: us. Whoever called this “warming” must have worked for the advertising industry or the Siberian Bureau of Eco- nomic Development. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—the thousand-plus scientists who study climate and whose live- lihoods depend on authenticity, facts, logic and repeatabil- ity of experiments—put it differently: A hotter world means rising odds of ■ More heat waves and droughts. ■ More and larger storms. ■ Forest dieback. ■ Changing ecosystems. ■ More tropical diseases in formerly temperate areas. ■ Sea levels rising much faster than once expected. ■ Losing many things nature once did for us. ■ Lots of things becoming rare, such as Vermont maple Summer Shadows, by Samuel Chamberlain. Etching, 11 by 8½ inches. Courtesy of The Birger Sandzen Memorial Gallery, Lindsborg, Kansas. syrup. ■ More and nastier bugs. ■ Food shortages due to drought, heat and more and nastier bugs. ■ More death from climate-driven weather.

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 19 ■ Refugees fleeing floods, rising seas, drought and -ex officer Jack Nicholson tells defense attorney Tom Cruise: panding deserts. “You can’t handle the truth!” T. S. Eliot less dramatically ■ International conflicts over energy, food and water. noted the same tendency in Four Quartets: Burnt Norton: ■ And, eventually, runaway climate change to some “Human kind cannot bear very much reality.” new stable state most likely without humans. Authentic hope, in other words, is made of sterner stuff Some of these changes are inevitable, given the vol- than optimism. It must be rooted in the truth as best we can ume of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases we’ve see it, knowing that our vision is always partial. Hope re- already put into the atmosphere. There is a lag of several quires the courage to reach farther, dig deeper, confront our decades between the emission of greenhouse gases and the limits and those of nature, work harder and dream dreams. weather headlines, and still another lag until we experience Optimism doesn’t require much effort, since you’re likely their full economic and political effects. The sum total of to win anyway. Hope must hustle, scheme, make deals and the opinions of climate experts goes like this: strategize. ■ We’ve already warmed the planet by 1.4 degrees How do we find authentic hope in the face of climate Fahrenheit. change, the biological holocaust now under way, the spread ■ We are committed to another degree of warming. of global poverty, seemingly unsolvable human conflicts, ■ It’s too late to avoid trauma. terrorism and the void of adequate world leadership? ■ But it might not be too late to avoid global catastro- I’ve been thinking about the difference between opti- phe including runaway climate change. mism and hope since being admonished recently to give a ■ There are no magic bullets. “positive” talk at a gathering of ranchers, natural resource ■ It is truly a global emergency. professionals and students. Presumably the audience was The fourth item above is anyone’s guess, since the incapable of coping with the bad news expected from me. level of heat-trapping gases is higher than it has been in the I gave the talk that I intended, a mixture of good and bad past 650,000 years and quite likely for a great deal longer. news. The audience survived, but the experience caused me We are playing a global version of Russian roulette, and no to think more about what we say and what we can say to one knows for certain what the safe thresholds of various good effect about the kind of news that readers of this jour- heat-trapping gases might be. nal reckon with daily. Scientific certainty about the pace of climate change The view that the public can only handle happy news over the past three decades has a brief shelf life, but the pat- rests on a chain of reasoning that goes like this: tern is clear. As scientists learn more, it’s mostly worse than ■ We face problems that are solvable, not dilemmas they previously thought. Ocean acidification went from that can be avoided with foresight but are not solvable, and being a problem a century or two hence to being a crisis in certainly not losses that are permanent. a matter of decades. Melting of the Greenland and Antarc- ■ People can’t handle much truth. tic ice sheets went from being possible hundreds of years ■ So resolution of different values, and significant hence to a matter of decades in one case and a century or improvement of human behavior otherwise necessary, are two in the other. The threshold of perceived safety went impossible. down from perhaps 560 parts per million carbon dioxide in ■ Greed and self-interest are in the driver’s seat and the atmosphere to perhaps 450 ppm. And so forth. always will be. Optimism in these circumstances is like whistling as ■ So the consumer economy is here to stay. one walks past the graveyard at midnight. There is no good ■ But consumers sometimes want greener gadgets. case to be made for it, but the sound of whistling sure beats ■ Capitalism can supply these at a goodly profit and the sound of the rustling in the bushes beside the fence. It itself be greened a bit, but not improved otherwise. doesn’t change the probabilities one iota, nor does it much ■ So matters of distribution, poverty and political influence lurking goblins. Nonetheless, we like optimism power are nonstarters. and optimistic people. They soothe, reassure and sometimes ■ Therefore, the focus should be on problems solvable motivate us to accomplish a great deal more than we other- at a profit by technology and policy changes. wise might. But sometimes optimism misleads, and on oc- ■ Significant improvement of politics, policy and gov- casion badly so. This is where hope enters. ernance are unlikely and probably irrelevant, because better Hope requires us to check our optimism at the door design and market adjustments can substitute for govern- and enter the future without illusions. It requires a level mental regulation and thereby eliminate most of the sources of honesty, self-awareness and sobriety that is difficult to of political controversy—rather like Karl Marx’s prediction summon and sustain. I know a great many smart people and of the withering away of the state. many very good people, but I know few people who can Disguised as optimism, this approach is, in fact, pes- handle hard truth gracefully without despairing. We seize simistic and condescending about our capacity to face on anything that distracts us from the unpleasant. It’s rather the truth and act creatively, courageously and even nobly like in A Few Good Men when beleaguered Marine Corps in dire circumstances. So we do not talk about limits to

20 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute growth, unsolvable problems, moral failings, unequal can win the game of climate roulette at a profit and never distribution of wealth within and between generations, have to confront the nastier realities of global capitalism emerging dangers, impossibilities, technology gone awry and inequity, or confront the ecological and human violence or necessary sacrifices. “Realism” requires us to portray that we’ve unleashed in the world. climate change as an opportunity to make a great deal of But I wouldn’t bet the earth on it. money, which it may be for some, but without saying that For one, the big numbers give us no margin for safety it might not be for most, or mentioning its connections to and none for delay in reducing carbon dioxide levels before other problems, or the possibility that the Four Horsemen we risk triggering runaway change. “Climate,” as Wallace are gaining on us. We are not supposed to talk about com- Broecker once put it, “is an angry beast, and we are poking ing changes in our “lifestyles,” a telling and empty word it with sticks.” So call it prudence, precaution, insurance, implying fashion, not necessity or conviction. common sense or what you will, but this should be regard- Instead, solving climate change is reduced to a series ed as an emergency like no other. Having spent any margin of wedges supposed to eliminate so many gigatons of car- of error we might have had 30 years ago, we now have to bon without any serious changes in how we live. There is respond fast and effectively or else. no wedge called “suck it up,” because that is considered That’s what the drab language of the fourth report from too much to ask of people who have been consuming way the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is saying. too much, too carelessly, for too long. The “American way What is being proposed, I think, is still too little, too late— of life” is thought to be sacrosanct. In the face of a global necessary but not nearly sufficient. And it is being sold as emergency, brought on in no small part by the profligate “realism” by people who have convinced themselves that to American way of life, few are willing to say otherwise. be credible they must understate the problem. So we are told to buy hybrid cars, but not asked to Second, climate roulette is part of a larger equation walk, travel by bikes or go less often, even at the end of the of violence, inequity and imperialism, of exploitation of era of cheap oil. We are asked to buy compact fluorescent nature and people, even across generations. In other words, light bulbs, but not to turn off our electronic stuff or not heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere are a symptom of buy it in the first place. We are admonished to buy green, something a lot bigger. To deal with the causes of climate but seldom asked to buy less, repair what we already have change we must look deep for what took us to the brink of or just make do. We are encouraged to build green build- destroying the human prospect and much of the planet. It ings that are used for maybe 10 hours a day for five days did not happen accidentally but is, rather, the logical work- a week, but we are not told that we cannot build our way ing out of long-standing assumptions, philosophy, world- out of the mess we’ve made, or to repair existing buildings. view and unfair power relations. We are not told that the consumer way of life will have to The wars, gulags, ethnic cleansings, militarism and be rethought and redesigned to exist within the limits of destruction of forests, wildlife and oceans throughout the natural systems and better fitted to our human limitations. 20th century were earlier symptoms of the problem. We’ve And so, as Peter Montague once put it, we continue to walk been playing fast and loose with life for some time, and north on a southbound train. must discuss the changes needed to conduct public business And maybe, told that its hindquarters are caught in a fairly and decently over the long haul. ringer, the public would panic, or would despair from doing What do I propose? Simply this: that those of us con- what could save us from the worst outcomes possible. This cerned about climate change, environmental quality and is an old view of human nature epitomized in the work of equity treat the public as intelligent adults who can under- Edward Bernays, a nephew of Sigmund Freud and founder stand the truth and act creatively and courageously in the of modern public relations. Public order, he thought, had face of necessity. Act like a doctor talking to a patient with to be engineered by manipulating people to be dependent a potentially terminal disease. and dependable consumers. People who think too much or There are many good precedents for telling the truth. know too much were in his view a hazard to social stability. Abraham Lincoln did not pander, condescend, evade or Maybe this is true and maybe gradualism is the right reduce moral and political issues to economics, jobs and strategy. Perhaps the crises of climate, equity, security and happy talk. Rather, he described slavery as a moral disaster economic sustainability will yield to the cumulative effects for slaves and slave owners alike. Winston Churchill in of many small changes without any sacrifice at all. Maybe the dark days of the London blitzkrieg in 1940 did not talk changes now under way are enough to save us. Maybe about defeating Nazism at a profit and the joys of urban small changes will increase the willingness to make larger renewal. Instead he offered the British people only “blood, changes in the future. And state-level initiatives in Califor- toil, tears and sweat.” nia, Florida and the Northeast are changing the politics of And they responded with heart, courage, stamina and climate. Wind and solar energy are growing more than 40 sacrifice. At the individual level, faced with a life-threaten- percent per year, taking us toward a different regime. May- ing illness, people more often than not respond heroically. be a carbon cap and trade bill will be enough. Maybe we Every day, soldiers, parents, citizens and strangers do brave

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 21 and improbable things in the full knowledge of the price ■ Windmills and solar collectors. they will pay. ■ Locally owned farms and better food. Telling truth means that the people must be summoned ■ Bike trails. to a level of extraordinary greatness appropriate to an ex- ■ Summer baseball leagues. traordinarily dangerous time. People, otherwise occupied ■ Community theaters. with trivial celebrity foibles, must be asked to again be citi- ■ Better poetry. zens, to know more, think more, take responsibility, partici- ■ Neighborhood book clubs. pate publicly, and, yea, suck it up. They will have to see the ■ Bowling leagues. connections between what they drive and the wars we fight, ■ Better schools. the stuff they buy and crazy weather, the politicians they ■ Vibrant and robust downtowns with sidewalk cafes, elect and the spread of poverty and violence. They must be great pubs serving microbrews, and more kids playing out- taught to see connections between climate, environmen- doors. tal quality, security, energy use, equity and prosperity. As ■ Fewer freeways, shopping malls, sprawl, television. quaint and naive as all this might sound, people have done ■ No more wars for oil or anything else. it before, and it has worked. Nirvana? No! Humans have a remarkable capacity to Telling the truth means that we will have to speak screw up good things, but we can still create a future a great clearly about what led us to the brink of disaster. If we fail deal better than what is now in prospect. And what we must to deal with causes, no Band-Aid will save us for long. do to avert the worst effects of climate change are mostly The problems can in one way or another be traced to the the same things we would do to build sustainable commu- irresponsible exercise of power that has excluded the rights nities and economies, and to improve environmental quality of the poor, the disenfranchised, and every generation af- and prospects for our children. ter our own. This is in no small way because of political Finally, I am an educator and earn my keep by perpetu- money aiding and abetting theft of the public commons, ating the quaint belief that if people only knew more, they including the airwaves, where deliberate misinformation would act better. Some of what they need to know is new, is a growing industry. Freedom of speech, as Lincoln said but most of it is old, very old. On my list of things people in 1860, does not include “the right to mislead others, who ought to know: have less access to history and less leisure to study it.” But ■ The laws of thermodynamics, which tell us that eco- the rights of capital over the media now trump honesty and nomic growth only increases the pace of disorder, the tran- fair public dialogue, and will continue to do so until the sition from low entropy to high entropy. public reasserts its legitimate control. ■ The basic sciences of biology and —how the Telling the truth means summoning people to a higher world works as a physical system. vision than that of the affluent consumer society. Consider ■ The fundamentals of carrying capacity, which apply the well studied but little noted gap between the stagnant to yeast cells in a wine vat, lemmings and humans alike. or falling trend line of happiness in the last half-century But they ought to know, too, about human fallibility, and that of rising gross domestic product. That gap ought gullibility and the inescapable problem of ignorance. So I to have reinforced the ancient message that, beyond some propose that schools, colleges and universities require their point, more is not better. If we fail to see a vision of a liv- students to read Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, Mary Shelley’s able, decent future beyond the consumer society, we will Frankenstein and Melville’s Moby Dick. I would hope that never summon the courage, imagination or wit to get there. they would learn to distinguish things that we can do from So, what does a carbon-neutral, increasingly sustain- those that we should not. able society look like? My picture is communities with Hope, authentic hope, can be found only in our capac- these things: ity to discern the truth about our situation and ourselves and ■ Front porches. summon the fortitude to act accordingly. In time the truth ■ Public parks. will set us free from illusion, greed, ill will and self-im- ■ Locally owned businesses. posed destruction.

can think of 40 reasons why none of their projects can possibly succeed and 40 different I tones of wry cynicism in which to express my well-documented doubts. But I also know it is more humanly beautiful to risk failure seeking for the hidden springs than to resign to the futurelessness of the wasteland. —Theodore Roszak, Where the Wasteland Ends

22 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Variation on the Theme: An Invited Response

Conn Nugent

was intrigued and absorbed by David Orr’s examina- the relationships between consumer behavior and climate tion of optimism versus hope. He skillfully draws us change ratifies the more astonishing assertion that burning into an enjoyable opportunity to argue about the shift- oil and coal implies more “violence, inequity and imperi- ing meanings of American English. Orr favors hope. alism” than relying on human and animal muscle power. I“Hope is a verb with its sleeves rolled up,” Orr writes. I That’s not what I read in human history. I would say that suppose so. But hope is also a verb in pajamas, gazing the Petroleum Age has just made the scale of everything longingly out the window for somebody to come over and bigger: more poverty but more wealth, more disease for rescue it. Hopeful lives near wistful. Personally, I like being some and greater longevity and less suffering for others, optimistic. Optimism—which Orr describes as “the recog- more brutality and more erudition, greater eruptions of nition that the odds are in your favor”—also connotes a cer- violence and more regimes of peace and security. It is dif- tain plucky chin-up-ness that defies those odds. “Optimism ficult—to say the least—to persuade the billion bourgeois is an historical duty,” Bernard Lown once said. grandchildren of landless peasants that their family history Whatever. Really, it’s just potaytoe versus potahtoe, is embedded in the darker narrative of “the ecological and another occasion for fun with our hypermutable vernacular. human violence that we’ve unleashed in the world.” Sure, The really tough challenge Orr poses is found a little deeper maybe so, but it’s been enjoyable. And way more comfort- into his piece: how to talk to our nonspecialist fellow able. citizens. Orr was prompted to think about appropriate lan- In a way, I am more simpleminded about our human guage after “being admonished recently to give a ‘positive’ dilemma. I believe that the ecological and social dam- talk.” Who among public speakers has not been urged to age wrought by the emission of greenhouse gases will be avoid gloom? Who doesn’t try to strike a balance between contained and mitigated when the prices of carbon fuels the dismal facts of global change and a desire to engage are considerably more expensive—say four times more the audience? As Orr wisely observes, it is hard—and mor- expensive—than they are today. Many argue that such a ally dubious—to elaborate on the “total destabilization of rise is already well under way, and that a fourfold increase the planet” and then pitch 10 Easy Things You Can Do at in the price of a barrel of oil, adjusted for inflation, will be Home. “Telling truth means that the people must be sum- reached within two decades. I believe that projection griev- moned to a level of extraordinary greatness appropriate to ously underestimates: an extraordinarily dangerous time,” Orr writes. “They will ■ Russian oil reserves and Russian national ambitions. have to see the connections between what they drive and ■ The ingenuity of petroleum geologists and engineers. the wars we fight, the stuff they buy and crazy weather, ■ The stimulating effect of higher prices on exploration the politicians they elect and the spread of poverty and and development. violence.” He concludes: “… Authentic hope can be found I think humans will burn petroleum at high levels for only in our capacity to discern the truth about our situation many years to come, and that the conservation of oil in and ourseleves and summon the fortitude to act accord- Country X will allow Country Y to burn more, thanks to an ingly. In time the truth will set us free from illusion, greed, already-integrated global market. And don’t forget those and ill-will and self-imposed destruction.” centuries’ worth of coal seams and tar sands. I would be happy if the laws of this republic were I am for speaking truth to power. Moral suasion can written by David Orr and people who see the world as he work. I want David Orr on the hustings, ceaselessly. But sees it. I admire their values, and could depend on their nothing matters nearly so much as prices and costs. Those characters. Their public policies would be generous and of us whose lives have profited from the Age of Petroleum farsighted. can best serve our descendents and their planet by speeding But I am wary of “the truth” in general. And I do not the rate of carbon price increases through changes in fiscal believe that an appreciation of a particular set of facts about public policy. Carbon tax, anyone?

uman history becomes more and more a race between education and Hcatastrophe. —H. G. Wells, The Outline of History

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 23 Thanks to Our Contributors October 2007 Through January 2008

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Martin James R. and Katherine V. Smith Clifford P. and Rebecca K. R. Ambers Elizabeth Granberg Peter Mason and Paula Wenzl Lea Smith Angela A. Anderson Daniel G. and Norma A. Green Thomas R. and Nina L. Mastick Andrew Stepnick Christopher E. Anderson and Suzan Timothy and Lindsey Gustafson William A. and Julia Fabris McBride George C. and M. Rosannah Stone Fitzsimmons H R. Michael and Debra L. Medley Bianca Storlazzi William M. and Dorothy Anderson Patricia C. Harryman-Buschbom Tom Melia Gail E. Stratton Alan G. Arnold David Haskell and Sarah Vance Sara Michl Brad R. Stuewe, M.D., and Paula A. Jennifer R. Atlee Bjorn and Leanne Helgaas Howard Walter Mielke Fried, Ph.D. Patricia A. and Tim C. Ault-Duell James F. Henson Bart P. Miller and Lisa Seaman Persis B. Suddeth B Bette J. Hileman Robin E. Mittenthal Gerald R. and Sandra P. Swafford Susan M. Baker David J. and Yvonne M. Hileman Suzanne Meyer Mittenthal Toby Symington William C. and Terry B. Baldwin Frederick T. Hill III Bonny A. 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24 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Robert V. Adams David M. Beck and E. Lynette Joe- John A. Brennan, M.D., and Regina Professor Edward S. Casey, Ph.D. D. Wallace and Gena D. Adams-Riley Beck Voss Brennan Dr. Michael F. and Marcia N. Cassidy Arllys G. and Lorado S. Adelmann Thomas A. and Kimeri Swanson Beck Susan and Martin Brenner Cheryl Caster Steven A. Aftergood C. Dustin Becker Robert T. and Carolyn Breyfogle Addison S. and Jean G. Cate Marian Aikman Janice K. Becker and David A. Shaw Michael E. and Grace I. Brincefield James C. Cavender Dean B. and Renae J. Alison Frances L. Beckman Ronald L. and Judith A. Britt Bert S. and Harriet A. Chamberlain Carol Lee Allen Robert E. Beers and Danicia A. David A. and Carolyn S. Brittenham Barry Chapman and Jessie P. Norris Deidre G. and Cameron R. Allen Ambron H. Keith H. Brodie, M.D., and Reuben Chapman Gregory S. and Jill Allen George R. Beggs Brenda Brodie Roland R. and Jacqueline L. James R. 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The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 25 Barbara Maier John Edgerton Janelle Larson Memorials from Charles R. Maier from James H. Koplin from Lynn R. and Jacqueline Charles Marsh David Engelken and Tricia Huth Lovelace Johnson Jan Baldwin from Wayne and Claudia Smith from Celeste J. Rossmiller, Ph.D. Marissa Larson from Brown & Vogel Chartered Walt Niemann Kathy Germann from Lynn R. and Jacqueline Edwin A. and Laura M. Brownell from Paul W. Neukirch from John and Dorothy Priske Lovelace Johnson Robert I. Clubine Tensie Oldfather Max Gitlen Nancy and Lel Larson Connie M. Conyac from Professor James E. and Virginia from Cassie Tharinger from Lynn R. and Jacqueline Robert D. Householter Seaver Phil Gitlen Lovelace Johnson Jay D. and Wilda R. Langley Ben and Mary Smith from Maxwell Gitlen Teresa Larson Wanda Macy from Marcia S. and Michael W. Mayo Kendal William Hall from Lynn R. and Jacqueline Elizabeth L. Marietta Bill and Ellen Straus from Dr. Betty A. Hall Lovelace Johnson Marilyn Marietta from Alan R. Berkowitz Don Heline Dorothee and Eric Leifer Patricia Marietta Carl, Gus and Mary from Adele Bonney from S. Loring Leifer Rex R. and Jean McArthur from Susan Pokorny Julie Henderson Mary McCord Annabelle Nordboe from Dr. John Brand French Jr. from Ken and Nina Warren Cynthia L. and Randy Oetting Missy Hopkins and Alden Smith Thomas C. Mersmann and Robin Chuck and Barbara Powell from Bjorn and Katherine S. Borgen Anne Gingerich Brad Rettele and family Honorary Gifts Jean-Luc Jannink from Louis J. and Harriet G. Caplan Dr. Garrick Rettele and family from Cheryl Caster Luis Montaner Arnold and Donna M. Richards Kirk Barrett and Peg McBrien Cindy Johnson from Lynn R. and Jacqueline Ted J. and Corinne Schur from Bradley H. and Mary K. Barrett from Lynn R. and Jacqueline Lovelace Johnson Sink, Gillmore & Gordon L.L.P. Bill Berg Lovelace Johnson Matthew Peters and Sacha Pealer Gregory F. and Julie Stephens from Adele Bonney Chad and Brandy Johnson from Lisa Peters Bruce H. and Margaret Palm Wyatt Adrienne Birt from Lynn R. and Jacqueline Juanita Wright Potter Lilly-Bell from Molly Bunch Lovelace Johnson from Linda Williams from Chelle, Daniel, Tater and Jesse Shirley and Robert Bodmer Chris and Macy Johnson Raymond and Gladys Regier Marty Bender from Andy and Betsy Finfrock from Lynn R. and Jacqueline from Patrice I. and James R. Krause from Karen P. McCoy Michael Bratton Lovelace Johnson Wedding of Jennifer Richards and David Bradley and Margarette V. from Lynn R. and Jacqueline Chuck Johnson Gregory Garbos Wristen Lovelace Johnson from Lynn R. and Jacqueline from Jennifer and Gregory Garbos Marion Binford Tom and Brenda Cox Lovelace Johnson The Charles Sloop Family from Ann B. Simpson from Greg Cox Stephen Jones and Hannelore from William Mark and Denise W. George Bramhall Douglas G. Curry Sudermann Andrews from Elizabeth Bramhall from Bill Curry from David Sudermann and Mary Richard G. and Mary Stutz Rocky Mountain Orienteering Club Kurt Dahle and Coco Culbertson A. Cisar from John W. Day Jr. Clarence Christiansen from Gayle Kosh Martin Kimm Matthew Van Dyke from Wayne A. and Judith M. Howard Kosh-Redekopp from Michael B. Lubbers, Ph.D. from Nancy B. Van Dyke Christiansen Barbara Day Davis Ron and Sherry Kuglin Jay Warren Joan Dolan from John W. Day Jr. from Rob and Cheryl Harber from Ken and Nina Warren from Lawrence L. Dolan Jr. Rosemary and Bob Day Bob and Laura Larson Ken Warren George Phillip Durkee from John W. Day Jr. from Lynn R. and Jacqueline from David Bradley and Margarette from Robert T. and Carolyn Breyfogle Nath Dresser Lovelace Johnson V. Wristen First United Methodist Church of St. from Everett L. and Dorothy A. Rodney Willis Cloud, Minnesota Bullock from Nicholas Willis Edward D. D. Lalor and Paula S. Tompkins Tony S. Rohs and Karen J. Sherper Rohs Kenneth and Julieanna Sherper Martha F. Epler from Dr. Paul G. Epler Gus Forsberg from Wayne E. and Mary Ellen Lander Professor Harry R. Highkin from John Highkin and Cindy Zimmerman Air Force Lt. Col. James G. Hintz from Basil H. and Phyllis A. Ash Bill and Karen Belcher Jeff Brunskill Bert S. and Harriet A. Chamberlain Kathryn E. Ciscola Antoinette Kuehn Jerri L. Patterson J. R. “Bob” Hood from Michael G. and Catherine M. Rogers Donna Lesh from Jennifer, Gary, Caleb and Gabe Goldstein Geese, by Herschel Logan. Woodcut, 6 by 4 inches. Courtesy of The Birger Sandzen Memorial Gallery, Lindsborg, Kansas.

26 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Derek Dahlen Paul R. and Anne H. Ehrlich Dr. John Brand French Jr. H Vernon L. Dahlheimer Chris and Carol Eisenbeis Charles Frickey Charles C. Haffner III and Ann DAK Inc., Doug’s Optical Dispensers Nelda Jo Elder SuEllen and Harvey Fried Family Haffner Orren Dale and Rita Kunkel Julie B. Elfving Fund George D. and Joann K. Hagen Dr. Robert F. and Anna-Margaret C. Dr. William L. and Helen Elkins Friends of the Kaw Philip M. and Patricia A. D. Hahn Dale Myron L. and Deborah L. Elliott Fry Masonry Dr. Betty A. Hall Mary Carolyn Damm Neil W. and Barbara Lee Elliott Thomas A. and Polly A. Fry Deborah E. Hall Dancing Leaf Earth Lodge Eldon L. and Susan G. Elmore Cyril R. and Donna B. Funk John Hall Joan and Richard G. Darrow David Engman Stephen Furey Larry L. and Patricia A. Hall Barbara Day Davis Douglas D. and Catherine C. G Margaret M. and James M. Hall Helen M. Davis Engstrom Brenda Gadd Paula R. and Van B. Hall Lawrence C. and Linda W. Davis Richard Todd and Kimberly Kelling John W. and Judith M. Gallman Dr. M. Martin and Josephine A. John W. Day Jr. Engstrom Jennifer and Gregory Garbos Halley Peter R. and Lois Elizabeth Day Kristi Ennis Jean Gardner Sharon Hide and James R. Hamil Mark and Georgia R. De Araujo Philip J. Enquist and Joanna Karatzas Lydia Garvey John A. Hamilton Frank J. Dean III Dr. and Mrs. Paul G. Epler Janice H. Gaston James B. and Sally Hammerman Robert V. Debellis Marjorie Lakin Erickson and Wesley David Gates and Diane Gumz Joyce L. Hanes Rodney T. and Jeannette M. Debs Roe Brant and Mary Ellen Gaul Hanging Dog Valley Nursery Sherri L. DeFauw and Patrick J. Eldon E. Esau and Janice L. Regier Karl Geislinger Don and Nathalie Hanhardt English Mary Eubanks Gentle Harvest Ruth N. and William B. Hannum Alice Jo and Stanley L. DeFries Wendy and Christopher Evans John Edward Gerber III Ellen R. Hansen Sabino L. and Janice C. DeGisi Drs. John J. and Katherine C. Ewel Kendall A. and Karen M. Gerdes Lloyd B. Hansen Susan B. Delattre Margaret S. and S. A. Ewing The Gessert Family Charitable Fund Art and Natalie Hanson Gwen O. Demeter and Gail R. Atkins Robert and Kelli Exline Christopher and Toddie Getman Rob and Cheryl Harber Dennis and Ruth Demmel F Elisabeth Gibans Randall R. and Saralyn Reece Hardy B. Marion and Joan Den Hartog Judy K. Fabry Bob Gibney Eric and Ellen Harris-Braun Guy L. Denny David L. and Patricia L. Fancher Julia K. Gibson Gail J. Harshaw Erik M. Denzer and Hannah Field The Fanwood Foundation/West Gladys C. Gifford and Alvin J. Richard C. Haskell and Nancy V. Derek Porter Studio Inc. Jean E. Fargo Schuster Hamlett Joseph E. and Jacqueline M. Detelj Elizabeth F. Farnsworth Jack N. and Kim D. Gillam Delmar and Laverna Hatesohl Mari Sorenson and Ed Detrixhe John Feffer and Karin J. Lee Charles N. Giller and Jenny R. Bert and Dawn Haverkate-Ens Calvin B. and Ruth Ann DeWitt Betsy B. and Fred Fehsenfeld Sorensen Hawai’i-La’ieikawai Association Inc. Consuelo Choca Diaz Pauline R. and Norman Miles Fellows Gerald L. and Mineko S. Gillespie Lois F. Hayes Will Dibrell and Beverly Bajema Lisa S. Ferentinos and Solomon W. Eric G. and Emma Gimon Marilla P. Hazlett and Brian O. Trigg Martha Dickinson Kaahaaina Nathan Gingerich Heartland Presbytery M. Cassandra Dickson and Richard A. and Miriam L. Ferrell Maxwell Gitlen Don and Mary Jo Heath Christopher D. Larson R. Lowell Fey Dr. Marilyn Franck Glenn Daniel L. and Margaret A. Hebert Steve Dinneen John W. Fichtner Michael A. and Karma E. Glos Andrew M. and Denise E. Hedberg Sandra A. DiSante G. Matthew Fick John J. and Kathryn L. Glovack Hedge Haven Farm Noel and Diane Ditmars Lisa A. Fields William S. and Barbara N. Goebel Linda and Jeffrey P. Hedquist John and Debbie Divine Donor Jay Fier Wayne R. Goeken Peter Ridgaway Hegeman and Advised Fund Jeffrey M. Filipiak Mary Helen M. and Timothy H. Patricia Egan Jan E. and Deborah Robin Dizard First United Methodist Church Goldsmith Heide Enterprises Inc. Otto C. Doering III and Barbara W. Emily T. Fisher and Evan S. Griswold Jennifer, Gary, Caleb and Gabe Jerry and Rosemary A. Heidrick Doering Professor Susan L. Flader Goldstein Heine Brothers’ Coffee Inc. Lawrence L. Dolan Jr. Dr. David R. and Nancy C. Flatt James T. and Margaret E. Good Jeffrey K. Helkenn Sister Mary Lou Dolan Jeffrey A. and Mary S. Fleming Tate T. and Audra J. Gooden Dr. Paul Gregory Heltne Joan Donaldson Laurence B. Flood James P. and Rebecca A. Goodman Rollie Henkes Dr. Kelley J. Donham The Flora Family Foundation Mark and Jennie Gordon Helen L. Hennon William A. and Pat L. Dorman Scott Florence Michael R. Gore and Betsy Crawford- Sally S. Henry Gordon K. and Jane Dempsey Bernd and Enell Foerster Gore Frederick G. and Cheryl A. Heppner Douglass Karen Foley David Gorsline Dr. Robert A. Herendeen Frank and Kate Draper Brian E. Ford Oscar A. and Margaret F. Gottscho Eric W. and Mary Herminghausen Henry S. and Linda A. Dreher Mr. and Mrs. Theodore J. Forke Kenneth E. and Shirley A. Gowdy Felicia L. Hermosillo Alan R. Drengson and Victoria Merle A. and Mavis C. Fossum Grace Jones Richardson Testamentary Marie K. Hernandez Stevens Jeremy and Angela Foster Trust Peter J. Hetzel Merlin D. and Sandra K. Dresher Carol and James Fox Schott Rebecca Graff and Thomas J. Ann Heywood Marjorie Thompson Duck The Fox Fund Ruggieri Amy M. Hiatt R. Michael Duffy and Jacqueline Nicolas T. and Gisela Franceschelli Jack Gray and Mary Jo Wade Eleanor C. and Kenneth J. Hiebert Guidry Charles A. and Barbara L. Francis Great Plains Earth Institute Abigail Higgins Myrl L. Duncan Barbara J. Francisco Laurie C. and G. Garner Green Darren and Emily H. Higgins David M. Dunfield and Patricia J. Marcia A. Francisco and Joe R. Pastor Mark F. Greiner and Kolya John Highkin and Cindy Zimmerman Graham Bickford Braun-Greiner Judith A. Hill Dick Dunhaupt and Patti Hackney Franklin Conklin Foundation Ms. Marion B. Griswold Tresa C. Hill and Don R. Mayberger Gail Ellen Dunlap John A. and Mary H. Frantz Marian D. Griswold Fund William H. and Kathy Hill David Durand Barbara A. Frase Carol Gross Deborah Brooks Hill, Ph.D. Naomi F. and Dirk D. Durant Chris E. and Leanna Kirchoff Frasier Jonathan F. and Lois A. Grothe Gerald L. and Gloria Ann Hiller James N. and Teresa H. Dusic Mr. and Mrs. Edward C. Frederick Dean and Betty Groves Joe K. and Virginia N. Hillers Peter K. Duval The Rev. Jim L. and Annabel K. Daniel J. and Ana Gliceria Gudahl J. R. Hilliard Selma N. Duvick Fredrickson Doug and Ruth Ann Guess Steven A. and Annabeth Hind E Leif S. Freeman Wendell D. and Nancy I. Gugler William E. Hine Jr. Byron and Mary Eatinger Steffan Freeman Phyllis L. Gunn Clinton R. and Nancy C. Hinman L. G. Eddy James M. and Lisa J. French Pete A. and Elizabeth E. Gunter Hirschi Donor Advised Fund, Wichita Rodney L. Edington Jean W. French and Benjamin R. Gustafson Law Office P.L.L.C. Falls Area Community Foundation David A. and Susan T. Egloff Fischler Jerry and Amanda Gutierrez

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 27 Douglas L. and Shirley U. Hitt Eric R. Johnson and Michele Roesch- Theodore J. Kooser Louise N. Lidicker and Dr. William Giving Fund F.A.F.N. Johnson James H. Koplin Z. Lidicker Jr. Thomas Hittle Larry L. and Pamela J. Johnson George J. and Mary Helen Korbelik Matthew Z. Liebman and Laura C. Anton Hodgers and Carol L. Statland Lynn R. and Jacqueline Lovelace Nic and Mary Korte Merrick Joseph O. and Pamela J. Hodges Johnson Gayle Joy Kosh and Howard Kosh- Curt Liesenfelt Father Phil Hoebing Marlin P. Johnson Redekopp Leslie Lihou Dr. Stanton F. and Carol Hoegerman Mina Fields Johnson Dennis Michele and Stephen P. Koski Judy and Dennis R. Lilly David A. Hoff Paul D. Johnson Mark E. Kossler Nancy R. Lindbloom John and Mary Hoffman Raymond N. and Lola A. Johnson Christopher P. Kowal Joseph G. and Beatrix U. Lindquist Joyce M. Hofman Stephan H. Johnson and Patricia A. Verna M. and Conrad O. Krahling Paul E. and Carol G. Lingenfelter Bridget Lee Holcomb Termini Elizabeth Krase Donald N. and Nancy M. Link Hunter Hollins Vernon L. and Betty M. Johnson Patrice I. and James R. Krause Lucy R. Lippard Jenny E. Holmes W. C. Johnson Connie S. Kreider Bruce and Rochelle W. Lipschultz Robert D. and Lynne Weisomann C. Lee Jones Keith W. Krieger Charitable Fund Lee C. and Ann Parker Littlewood Holt Clain A. Jones U. Beate and Douglas M. Krinke Leslie P. Livingston and David D. Gary Holthaus Gary and Marilyn Jones Wesley J. and Elaine E. Kroeker Miller, M.D. William J. and Leslie G. Hooks Nathan Jones David E. and Roberta J. Kromm Gerald D. and Janice Lockhart James C. Hormel The Rev. W. Paul Jones Gary W. and Patricia F. Kubly Ann R. Loeffler Hospira Allard Jongman and Joan A. Sereno Antoinette Kuehn Robert and Rachel Loersch Gregory L. Hostetler Charles R. and Sally B. Jorgensen Gregg C. and Gretchen P. Kumlien Robert and Janet London Nina Rodale Houghton Maya Joseph Katharine Kunst and Katherine Fulton Bernard E. and Diana C. Long Robert D. Householter, Public Scott D. Jost and Kathleen A. Holm Juliana and Sandra Caston Kunz Peter E. Looker Accountant Walter and Mary Ann Jost Wendell D. and Judith A. Kurr Kristen Lopez Keim T. and Sylvia R. Houser JRC Architect, Planner Inc. David S. and Carol J. Kyner Lelain Lorenzen and J. Michael Bruce F. and Debra K. Howard Justice & Peace Center L Downey June P. Howard William Justice H. Lawrence Lack and Lee Ann Ward Marilyn D. Loveless James F. and Catherine J. Hoy K Charlotte E. Lackey and Donald L. Paul M. and Jeanine M. Lovell Richard E. Hoye Kansas State Historical Society Barnett Betty L. Lovett Jerold and Bonnie Hubbard Klaus G. Karbaumer Brent Thomas and Elizabeth A. Ladd Alice M. Loyd Karl Fred Huemmrich Elisabeth Karpov and Michael G. Duane D. and Christine D. Lahti Anne E. Lubbers Wellington B. and Marcy Huffaker Schatzberg Lakeside Corporation Michael B. Lubbers, Ph.D. E. DeEtte Huffman Gordon D. Kaufman Edward D. D. Lalor and Paula S. Robert E. Lucore and Nora Carroll Emily B. Hughes Maynard Kaufman and Barbara Tompkins John P. and Lee Luebbe Benjamin Eason Huizenga and Seana Geisler Sylvia Lambert Dr. Becky Lynch M. Harned Tim and Sharon Keane Michelle Lambson M Jean E. Hulbert Jim and Sue Keating Robert K. and Mary G. Lancefield William H. MacLeish and Elizabeth Lauren M. and Daniel L. Hunt The Rev. Nazirmoreh K. B. Kedem Paul W. and Pamela P. Lander Libbey Margie and Nick Hunter Joyce Keene and Norman Danielson Wayne E. and Mary Ellen Lander Wanda Macy Daniel P. Hunz Dr. Carl S. and Gladys E. Keener Cheryl F. and Donald M. Landes Thomas M. Magstadt Linda S. and Terry A. Hurst Andy and Nan Fullerton Kegley Harriet Dove Landon Thomas Mahoney and Madeline Logan L. Hurst John R. Keller and Cheryl Ann Melissa A. Landon and Denise R. Maxeiner James A. and Sara Lou Hutchison Hickey Culver Charles R. Maier Peter H. and Julie D. Hyde Richard W. Keller The Landscape Studio Erin Malloy-Hanley and Richard T. I John E. Kellogg M. Daniel and Judi S. Lane Hanley Dr. Gilford J. and Nelda B. Ikenberry Sally M. Kendall Jay D. and Wilda R. Langley Michael F. Maniates and Kathleen M. Hunter Ingalls and Mary Emeny E. Dale Kennedy and Douglas W. Lloyd H. Larsen Greely C. J. Iremonger and C. C. van Schaik White David and Kathy Larson Charles F. Manlove Gerald J. and Kristin L. Irissarri Taryn Kennedy Mark C. Larson Clay H. and Kimberly S. Marcusen Charles W. Isenhart Thomas L. Kennedy John E. and Martha J. Laubach Philip S. Margolis Debra K. Israel James C. and Virginia S. Kenney Dr. Leo E. Lauber Marianist Novitiate Mount St. John J Alissa and Neal Keny-Guyer Laucks Foundation Inc. Elizabeth L. Marietta Dr. and Mrs. J. H. and Franchon Kenneth J. and Sue K. Kerchenfaut Louis J. and Ann K. Laux John C. and Michael Marietta Jackson Edwin Kessler III Jeannine Laverty Marilyn Marietta Martin A. Jacobs Stephan M. and Dawn F. Kettler Tim and Jacquilyn S. Lawler Patricia Marietta M. Allen Jacobson J. D. Key Edward J. Lawrence Kevin L. Markey and Candice Miller Jacobson & Schmitt Advisors L.L.C. Helen Kiefer Peter W. Leach Joyce Markle Ronald A. and Grace Jager Bradley and Amanda Kik Marietta and Alden K. Leatherman David A. Marks Margaret Jagger Dr. Thomas R. and Lorna J. Kilian Leawood Garden Club Marcia Fisher and John Bradley Paul G. and Elaine D. Jantzen Kelly Kindscher Arlene Lee Marston Drs. John M. and Reinhild G. Janzen Pamela D. Kingsbury Barbara Lee and Nancy Allen Bill Martin and Kathleen League Mitchell Japp Forrest and Nancy Kinzli Jin Lee Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Dr. Charles D. and Gerry Jennings Kirchhoff Farms Jan Leeman G. Fabos Irene C. Jennings M. B. Kirkham Eleanor M Leeper David L. Martin Jon Jensen and Rachel Sandhorst James L. Kirkland Jr. Grace T. Lefever John R. and Ann E. Martin Joan Jerkovich Donor Advised Fund Frederick L. Kirschenmann and S. Loring Leifer Roger Martin Ann L. and Norman S. Jessop Carolyn E. Raffensperger Leighty Foundation Tony Carl and Patsy A. Martin Harry and Ann Jett Donor Advised Ingrid H. Kirst Christian F. Lenhart James Mason Fund Kenneth T. and Marlena D. Kirton Professor Carl Leopold Nancy Ambers and George S. Massar Barbara Johnson Jay C. Klemme and Anne S. Wilson Laura A. Lesniewski Ernest L. and Kathy M. Massoth Bruce A. Johnson and Barbara M. Mark C. Klett Anne Lesser and Thom Lipiczky Moses and Sadie Mast Hagen Bruce L. and Kay Kline Jeffrey S. and Lea Steele Levin John C. and Susan K. Maus Bruce L. Johnson Paula Kline and Alan J. Wright Charles A. and Jennifer Lewinsohn Jean Maust Carl L. and Linda K. Johnson Gerald E. and D. Eileen Klonglan Daphne B. Lewis Gordon E. and Evelyn M. Maxwell Duane E. Johnson Jeffrey W. and Susan D. Knight Sandra E. Lewis Matthew L. Mayers Ulrich Koester and Beth Kautz Frances Schneider Liau Carey and Steven Maynard-Moody

28 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Marcia S. and Michael W. Mayo Henry W. and Helen J. Moyer Alan L. Parker II and Rebecca Ann Michael A. and Caryn A. Rains John D. Mayronne Dr. Samuel E. Moyer Zerger Raney Properties L.P. Joe Mazour Diane M. and Robert L. Muelleman Donald G. Parker Victoria Post and George A. Ranney Karin A. McAdams Robert V. Mulch Mary Thorpe Parker Joan Ratzlaff Rex R. and Jean McArthur Cornelia F. and Robert L. Mutel Joan Bennett and John C. Parsons Neal S. and Izen I. Ratzlaff Gary McBee Sheila Myers Jerri L Patterson Robert H. and Agnes V. Raymond McBride Family & Aspen Business N Larry R. and Vicki L. Patton Realan Foundation Inc. Center Foundation Ms. Annette S. Naegel Lowell C. Paul Donald E. and Kathy Stillson Reck Mary Gayle McCall Joane Nagel Norman S. Paul Jr. and Elizabeth J. Andrea Redman and Matthew Loeser Karen P. McCoy The Rev. and Dr. Koji F. and Susan Peckham L. David and Ann Redmon Mary Ann and Charles R. McCoy L. Nakao Pauline-Morton Foundation Patricia K. and Jerry D. Reece Harry and Charlotte McDonald Native Habitat Developers L.L.C. Lisa and Belden H. Paulson Michael and Susan K. Reed Edward D. and Norma J. McDowell David P. and Nancy A. Nedveck Ellen Pearson Jerry D. Rees and Sallie L. Veenstra J. Kyle McDowell Marcia Neely Judith S. and Francis B. Pease Don T. and Barbara Reeves Christopher J. and Lynda A. McElroy Thomas R. Neet Jr. Richard H. Peckham and Maureen J. Raymond and Gladys Regier Alec F. McErlich Andrew J. and Beth A. Neill Nowlan David S. and Wendy S. Reinhardt James Patrick McFadden Frank Neitzert Alicia L. Peden Rembe Enterprises Alberta J. McGrath Alice C. Nelson Zachary and Laura Peek E. J. Remson Elizabeth McGuinness John Nelson Penn State University Pattee Library Nancy W. and John C. Rennie McKay Co. Inc. Michael L. Nelson George J. Perkins Brad Rettele and Family Deborah K. McKinley Robert Nelson Joy B. and James W. Perry Dr. Garrick Rettele and Family McLarney Foundation Fund Arthur K. and Connie S. Neuburger Dr. Robert T. and Anne Perschel J. B. Reynolds Foundation Jennifer McMullen Paul W. Neukirch John T. Pesek Jr. Stanley Rice Dorothy F. McNeil and Dennis M. Bill Neumann Lisa Peters Judith A. and Amy C. Rice-Jones Koski Herbert and Pamela Neumann Paul J. and Karla V. Peters David G. Rich James C. and Diana N. McWilliams Joseph F. Neumann Carol Jean and Brian Douglas Deborah K. Rich Curt D. Meine New Seasons Market Petersen Justin W. Rich Roger K. Meitl Richard D. and Shirley A. Newsome Anna Peterson and Manuel Vasquez Arnold and Donna M. Richards Rachel L. Melis Dr. Thomas A. and Jane W. Newton K. C. and Stanley Peterson Stephen C. Richards Margaret G. Mellon Jay and Loretta Nichols Peter L. and Rita E. Peterson Mabel C. Richardson Nathan and Ellen E. Melson Mike Nichols Petrel Mark International Inc. Margaret G. and John P. Richey Drs. Manfred and Susan M. Menking Wendell K. Nickell Katharine M. and Harry J. Petrequin Muriel A. and James R. Ricketts Thomas E. and Mary Mertz Ada Niedenthal Bernard L. Peuto and Anne Bertaud- Curtis C. Ridling Anne D. Meyer Sara Nienow Peuto Thomas F. Riesing and Christie Karl H. Meyer Trix L. Niernberger and Bill Preston William J. and Cynthia S. Berven Lauree Hersch Meyer Paul F. and Elaine Nighswonger Pfannenstiel Peter W. Riggs Ronald R. and Jan R. Michael Dale and Sonya Nimrod The Philanthropic Collaborative Michael E. and Kathleen F. Riordan Rebecca D. Mickelberg Bruce J. and Amy W. Noble Leroy C. Philippi Theresa M. Ripley and John W. Gerald E. Mikkelson Jorge L. and Patricia O. F. Nobo Jennifer G. Phillips Loughary Allan and Jan Milbradt Douglas Nopar and JoAnn Thomas Michael D. Phillips Gordon T. and Barbara A. Risk Miles Family Fund Annabelle Nordboe Paolo Piacentini Griffith M. and Mary Roberts Kathy L. and Preston Miles Karl S. and Jane B. North Diana Carlin and G. Joseph Pierron Leslie G. Robertson and Janet L. Elizabeth J. Miller North Slope Enterprises Karen Odessa Piper Rucker Eric R. and Mary B. Miller Frank C. and Jeanne Norton John R. and Tari Ann Piskac Drs. Lila W. and Albert Robinson John and Mary Ann Miller Charles K. Novogradac and Deborah The Plank Fund Nancy Roca and Phillip W. Schneider Lois Miller Milks Dwight R. and LaVonne Platt Rockhill Charitable Gift Fund Matthew L. and Jennifer D. Miller Janet A. and John C. Nybakke Jim and Bethany Plyler Rocky Mountain Orienteering Club Ross J. and Nancy L. Miller O Susan E. Pokorny Michael G. and Catherine M. Rogers Thomas A. and Zora E. Milne Oak Lodge Foundation David P. and Jill Pollock Tony S. Rohs and Karen J. Sherper David V. and Florence Minar Paul A. Oberbroeckling and Rebecca Frank R. Pommersheim and Anne G. Rohs Craig and Susan Miner A. Orr Dunham Lenton D. Roller James D. and Sarah D. Minick Cliff Ochs and Lucille McCook Frank J. and Deborah E. Popper Adam W. Rome and Robin G. Gael Rockwell and Ty G. Minton Michael D. and Colleen M. Portland General Electric Schulze Mark Mitchell, D.D.S. O’Connell George D. and Alice M. Potts Rex S. and Carol L. Romeiser Richard W. and Susan H. Mitchell David J. and Jeanne K. Ode Nora Pouillon Celeste J. Rossmiller, Ph.D. Rick Mitchell Joe O’Dea Chuck and Barbara Powell Philip Roudebush Dennis E. and Beverly S. Mohler Cynthia L. and Randy Oetting Rex R. Powell James A. Rousmaniere Jr. and Sharon Robert T. Mohler Ohio Prairie Nursery Alison G. Power and Alexander S. Ostow Judith A. Mohling Michael and Kathleen J. Oldfather Flecker Roy Ronald and Marie Ruhnke Norris R. Moklestad Jane F. and Charles R. Olsen Prairie Moon Nursery Inc. Michael P. and Regula Russelle Jeffrey L. Moline and Kristin Groth Lawrence R. Olsen Dan Pratt Christopher W. and Rochelle Ryan Robert T. and Kay L. Moline Debra O’Quinn Dana Price Janyce M. Ryan Donald M. and Ann E. Morehead Marian O’Reilly and Stephen M. Anne W.B. Prichard S John N. Moreland Jr. Lockwood John and Dorothy Priske Paul E. Sabin and Emily C. Bazelow Carol J. and Kevin E. Morgan Todd A. Osborn Marvin P. and Allison Pritts Niklaus N. Salafsky and Julia A. Jerome Morgan Jeffrey P. and Maria Lehman Osborne Donna Prizgintas Segre Minor L. Morgan Jr. and Sylvia Shoshana B. Osofsky Professional Soil Consulting L.L.C. T. A. Sampson Alvarez Dennis A. O’Toole Family Provident Organic Farm John F. and Dori Samson Mark A. Morgenstern and Sally A. Foundation Q Andy and Jill Sandler Meyer John S. and Lee Sayre Overton Trucia Quistarc Wayne E. and Lou Ann Sangster Kenneth A. and Faye Morley Jim and Katie Owens R Marjorye Savage-Heeney and Barney Dr. Harold J. and Lucille S. Morowitz Owen D. Owens Radiant Health Chiropractic L.L.C. J. Heeney Jr. LuAnn M. and Larry D. Morris P Ken Radtkey and Susan VanAtta E. Wayne Say Doug Mosel John D. and Sharon M. Palmquist Robert B. Ragland Foundation, Inc. Kathleen Sayce and Frank Wolfe Donna and Richard Mowry Ruth H. Ragucci, M.D. Robert F. and Hutha R. Sayre

The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 29 Henry E. and Dianne M. Schaffer John A. and Beverly Sluss Timothy R. and Karen L. Sullivan Thomas von Geldern and Cynthia L. Richard C. and Elizabeth C. Schaffer Dennis R. and Peggy Smart Patrick Sullivant Skrukrud Jeff J. and Celia M. Schahczenski Fred Smeds Sunflower Sundries Ronald J. and Nancy A. Vos W. Neill and Karen M. Schaller Barrie Smith Robert A. and Mary F. Super W Gregory Scharf Beth K. Smith Harold R. Supernaw Diane and Robert Waddell William D. Scharf Boyd E. and Heather M. Smith Alice and Willis Sutton David Wadsworth and Heidi Betz James E. and Louise G. Schatz Daniel and Yen-Ling Smith Representative Joshua and Kimberly A. Paul and Mary Wagoner Richard A. and Dorothy T. Scherer Lola and John G. Smith Svaty David E. Wagoner and Arwen Megan Schipanski Mark and Sara Wilson Smith Edward C. and Janice C. Swab Donahue Shelley D. and Greg H. Schlender Vanessa Smith Connie S. Swan and Robert A. Alvin Wahl Dennis and Linda Schlicht Wayne and Claudia Smith Klunder Elizabeth C. Walbridge Don Schlick Carpentry Sue Smith-Heavenrich and Lou D. David K. and Shelli A. Swanson Patricia J. and Samuel H. Walker Robert E. Schlick Heavenrich Mr. Christopher J. Sweeney Robert C. Wallis Joel A. Schmidt and Amanda L. Dr. Robert B. and Marianne K. Sharon Sweeney K. T. Walsh Raetzman Smythe Loren Swift Christel and Manfred A. Walter Tom Schmiedeler Vada Snider L. F. Swords Janeen A. Walters Steffen A. and Rachel Schneider Seymour and Sara H. Sohmer Lisa Symons Dr. Steven G. and Elaine A. Waltz B. John Schole Armando Solano T Dan Wancura Kathlyn J. Schoof David R. and Susan Burford Antoinette M. Tadolini and Charles Richard T. and Barbara R. Ward Jeffrey J. Schruben Solenberger R. Clack Dr. Louise O. Warner and Clyde Ted J. and Corinne Schur Larry Soll and Nancy C. Maron Kelly G. and Angela M. Tagtow Gosnell John S. and Ann M. Schuster Solomon State Bank Constance Taylor Thomas J. Warner Michael L. Schwab and Rebecca Sidney L. Sondergard Gary E. Tegtmeier Nancy E. Warner, M.D. Rose Carol S. Sonnenschein and Stuart H. Ruth Terrill David and Teri A. Warners A. J. and Jane E. Schwartz Feen Bruce E. and Sharon J. Texley Ken and Nina Warren Amy D. Schwartz Martin L. and Theresa M. Sonnet Cassie Tharinger Brian C. Wass Chris A. Schweitzer South Carolina Coastal Conservation Richard Thieltges C. Edwin Waters Diana M. Scott League Inc. Robert W. and Linda B. Thomas Deborah R. and David M. Watson Katherine L. Scott John T. Spargo Ed Thompson Richard S. Waxman Kent Scott James H. and Carol Sue Spence John W. Thompson David J. Waxse and Judy C. Professor James E. and Virginia James Gustave Speth Fund for the Craig D. Thomsen Pfannenstiel Seaver Environment William M. Throop III and Meriel Jim Weaver Darren C. Seirer and Dominique Marianne Spitzform, Ph.D. Brooks Mark Weaver Schulte Robert Staffanson Thummel Real Estate and Auction Phillip B. Weaver and Kathleen E. Scott Seirer Julia Stafford Dr. Frank R. and Judy K. Toman Leenders Raymond F. and Mary C. Sell Eric A. and Mary Louise Stahl Amy L. Tomson Suzanne Webber and William A. Charles Sesher and Phyllis A. Shesher Clayton D. Stalling Richard and Marney Toole Miller Cecil E. and Gloria C. Settle Sylvia and Donald F. Stanat Andre and Ruth Anne Toth Monsignor John George Weber Ellie C. Shacter Linda Wellman Stansfield Douglas Clark Towne Leonard J. and Margaret M. Weber Kay A. and R. O. Shanks Raymond H. Starrett Karen M. Trifonoff Wallace N. Weber Charles A. and Joan Sudmann G. K. and Gail W. Stearman Sarah Chappell Trulove and James W. Daniel W. and Randi M. Weeks Shapiro Helen and Daniel Stechschulte Woelfel Jeffrey A. Weih Julianna Shaull and Eric W. Howland David B. and Claudia B. Steckel Bruce C. Tsiknas Marc and Kathleen H. Weinberger Martha J. Shaw John W. Steggall Jr. and Martha L. Mary Evelyn Tucker and John A. Georgette M. Weir and Jean Claude Michael and Janet W. Shay Quenon Grim Fouere Lynn Corey Sheldon and Daniel H. Robert J. and Lyda L. Steiert Turtle Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Charles R. Wesner Hudnut Dr. Joseph M. and Lucy N. Stein U Howard B. and Dorothy D. Westley Stuart L. and Scott Shell Rabbi Peter Stein Charles E. and Hendrika Paula S. Westmoreland Jim and Sara Shelton Claude Edmund Stephens Umbanhowar Warren and Geneva Weston Eric S. Sheppard Gregory F. and Julie Stephens Cork and Ella Umphrey Todd A. Wetzel and Sara Stahl Richard B. and Audrey M. Sheridan Michael J. Stephenson and Alexandra University of Kansas/Watson Library Orval L. and Mary C. Weyers Kenneth and Julieanna Sherper Aurilia Wes and Ellie Unruh Valerie Wheeler and Peter Esainko Dorothy F. and William B. Shore Timothy Steury and Diane S. Noel V Arthur P. and Jody Whipple Fund Dean Stevens Robert Himmerich y Valencia, Ph.D., James M. White and Martha A. Liston Deborah L. and John D. Shortess Keith Stevens and Eva Valencia de Himmerich Sandra and David Whitmore Mary Helen Shortridge Elizabeth J. Stickney Marjorie and Lynn Van Buren Duncan Whittier and Connie Corbett- Diana L. Siegal Paul D. Stolen and Deborah K. Amazi Michael and Paula M. Van Clef Whittier Ann B. Simpson Robert Stolzle Matt Van Dyke Rebecca Wiebe and Michael Freed John M. Simpson and Sondra L. Pablo and Jenean Stone Nancy B. Van Dyke Paula J. Wiech Goodman Russell H. and Dorothy N. Stone Al Van Maren Amy J. Wildermuth and Guenevere William A. and Janice D. Simpson Jim Stowers III Gregory A. Vanderbilt J. Foster Professor Charles F. and Janet S. Sing Muriel Strand Bettina H. Vandewater Wilderness Community Education E. Crichton and Martha M. Singleton Palma J. Strand Marcia and David VanLandingham Foundation Sink, Gillmore & Gordon, L.L.P. Verner E. and Marlys Strand Dr. Gary E. and Janice Vaughn Brook Jonathan and Emily Wilke Dudley Sisk E. Malcolm Strom Donald and Joan Veldkamp The Rev. Cynthia C. Willauer Mary K. Sisson and R. Douglas Steven Stucky Gary A. and Madelyn P. Verhaeghe Dr. Julia Willebrand Ackley Joyce R. and Greg E. Studen The Vervane Foundation Roslyn Willett Lee R. Skabelund John Carl and Virginia A. Stuhr Carol B. Vesecky Judith E. Williams Laura E. Skelton and Thomas A. G. M. Stunkel Sidney L. Vetter Linda W. Williams Buford Brian J. and Jonita L. Suderman Gary Allen and Donna June Via Smith Williams Jr. Martha S. Skillman David P. Sudermann and Mary A. Eve Vogel Nicholas Willis Donald E. and Elvera W. Skokan Cisar Heidi Vogel Phillip J. Wilmore Kathy Lynn and Joshua Skov Matthew and Elaine Brown Sullivan Curt and Sue Volkmann Leni A. Wilsmann and Andrea M. Tim Skwiot Preston G. Sullivan Elizabeth J. Vollbrecht Poniers Benjamin H. and Susan G. Slote Sharon L. Sullivan John O. and Anne B. Wilson

30 The Land Report www.landinstitute.org The Land Institute Peter H. Wirth and Ann Fisher-Wirth Dr. William M. and Dorothy A. Zales Professor Norman Wirzba Ruth R. and Mark W. Zalonis The Writers and Artists Klaus H. and Karin Wisiol Jon and Bette Simon Zehnder Franklin P. and Jean Howell Witte Kirsten L. Zerger and Sanford N. Dorothy P. Wonder Nathan Richard Wood Larry and Sylvia Zevenbergen Harry Shokler, 1896-1978, helped develop silk screen Tandy C. Wood Dr. Dewey K. Ziegler printmaking, and made oil paintings, etchings and wood Mark and Pam Woodard Karl S. Zimmerer and Medora D. Nelson P. and Deborah Woodard Ebersole engravings. Kevin J. and Diana L. Woods Ann M. Zimmerman and Dexter Edward C. Robison III is a photographer in Douglas George M. and Katharine R. Eggers County, Kansas. He is co-author of The Kansas Landscape: Woodwell John M. and Mary M. Zinkand Work Family Estate Trust Mrs. Anne Zinsser Images from Home. More of his photos are at ECR3.com. Dr. William S. and Kathryn E. Worley Dr. Uko and Jane Zylstra Herman E. Daly is an ecological economist and professor Catherine A. Worster and David Beran of public policy at the University of Maryland. His books Donald E. and Beverley J. Worster include Beyond Growth and Ecological Economics. Alice Wozniak Donors of Time David W. Orr is a professor of environmental studies and Angus Wright Austin C. and Ramona M. Wright and Goods politics at Oberlin College. His books include Earth in Mind Bruce H. and Margaret Palm Wyatt People and groups help us and The Nature of Design. Nancy L. Wygant by giving materials and their Conn Nugent is executive director of J. M. Kaplan Fund Y George and Margaret Yarnevich time. in New York City, and chairman of The Land Institute’s Carolyn B. Young Board of Directors. J. Lowell and Ruth Ann Young Martha Bryant, Ph.D. Samuel Chamberlain, 1895-1975, was an artist and Rebecca Young Clubine and Rettele Chartered Walter Youngquist Patricia S. Melander teacher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Z Daniel L. Watkins Herschel Logan, 1901-87, grew up on a farm near David E. and Linda M. Zahrt Winfield, Kansas, and helped found Prairie Print Makers.

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The Land Institute www.landinstitute.org The Land Report 31 Notes on the History of World Energy Use

aclav Smil is a professor at the University of rise, but because prevailing energy conversion efficiencies Manitoba, and explores energy in many books. in 1850 averaged around just 15 percent, whereas now Here are bites from a trim one efficiently they reached about 40 percent, the average per capita packed with information, Energies: An consumption of useful energy was about 20 times higher, VIllustrated Guide to the Biosphere and Civilization. an unprecedented change after centuries of stagnation or ■ “Energy is the only universal currency: One of marginal growth. its many forms must be transformed to another in order ■ Global per capita consumption of electricity has for stars to shine, planets to rotate, plants to grow, and grown roughly sixfold between 1950 and 2005. civilizations to evolve. Recognition of this universality was ■ “Since 1900 the world’s cultivated area increased one of the great achievements of 19th century science, but, only by about a third, but with more than a fourfold surprisingly, this recognition has not led to comprehensive, increase of average yields the total crop harvest rose systematic studies that view our world through the almost sixfold. This gain has been due largely to more powerful prism of energy.” than eightyfold increase of energy inputs to crop ■ The total mass of domestic animals, dominated by cultivation.” large ungulates, is now perhaps as much as 20 times the ■ Synthetic ammonia, made with natural gas, now total of all wild vertebrates, and the mass of our species provides nearly half of the nitrogen taken up by the world’s is an order of magnitude larger than the total for all wild crops. Because crops supply about three-fourths of all mammals. nitrogen in metabolized proteins—the rest coming from ■ By the 1850s wood, charcoal and straw were still oceans and grazing—at least every third person worldwide, dominant fuels everywhere except in a few European and perhaps two out of every five people, gets his dietary countries, and the total annual per capita combustion of all protein from synthetic nitrogenous . fuels was less than 1,100 pounds of wood equivalent. By ■ “We will never know the exact figure, but the the mid-1990s the global per capita annual output of fossil development and deployment of nuclear weapons and fuels and primary electricity was about 3,300 pounds of oil associated delivery systems has consumed at least one-tenth equivalent. In gross energy terms this is a nearly eightfold of all commercial energy used worldwide since 1945.”

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