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Sediments and Pollution in the Northern Adriatic Seaa
Sediments and Pollution in the Northern Adriatic Seaa F. FRASCARI, M. FRIGNANI, S. GUERZONI, AND M. RAVAIOLI Zstituto di Geologia Marina Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche 40127 Bologna, Italy INTRODUCTION Most pollutants are known to have a strong tendency to interact with sus- pended organic and inorganic matter. Under certain conditions, the sediments may form deposits, where the sub- stances are stored and/or mineralized and removed from the external environ- ment. Various phenomena may, however, promote a pollutant release from the sediment towards the overlying waters. Molecular diffusion, bioturbation, resus- pension of bottom sediment and pumping due to low-intensity wave motion are phenomena that cause the transport of chemical species through the water-sedi- ment interface. The constituents that are mostly involved in these fluxes are the ones dissolved in the interstitial waters and those weakly linked to the solid. The fine mineral or flocculated sediments, which rapidly settle in the riverine prodelta,24 are the richest ones in easily exchangeable pollutants. On the other hand, the solid matter which sediments after a long transport attains a more stable equilibrium with the pollutants which are dissolved in the waters. The study of the sedimentation and transport processes of the particulate matter and associated pollutants is of great importance to understand the evolu- tion of the marine environmental quality. THE ADRIATIC SEA: GENERALITIES Problems of the open and coastal water pollution of the Adriatic Sea have been the concern of scientists and administrators for some time. Many national research programs, both related to the whole basin or with a more local concern, were called to study the Adriatic Sea, among which the applied program called “P.F. -
"A Most Dangerous Tree": the Lombardy Poplar in Landscape Gardening
"A Most Dangerous Tree": The Lombardy Poplar in Landscape Gardening Christina D. Wood ~ The history of the Lombardy poplar in America illustrates that there are fashions in trees just as in all else. "The Lombardy poplar," wrote Andrew Jackson may have originated in Persia or perhaps the Downing in 1841, "is too well known among Himalayan region; because the plant was not us to need any description."’ This was an ex- mentioned in Roman agricultural texts, writ- traordinary thing to say about a tree that had ers reasoned that it must have been introduced been introduced to North America less than to Italy from central Asia.3 But subsequent sixty years earlier. In that short time, this writers have thought it more likely that the distinctive cultivar of dominating height Lombardy sprang up as a mutant of the black had gained notoriety due to aggressive over- poplar. Augustine Henry found evidence that planting in the years just after its introduction. it originated between 1700 and 1720 in Lom- The Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra bardy and spread worldwide by cuttings, reach- ’Italica’) is a very tall, rapidly growing tree ing France in 1749, England in 1758, and North with a distinctively columnar shape, often America in 1784.4 It was soon widely planted with a buttressed base. It is a fastigiate muta- in Europe as an avenue tree, as an ornamental, tion of a male black poplar (P. nigra).2 As a and for a time, for its timber. According to at member of the willow family (Salicaceae)- least one source, it was used in Italy to make North American members of the genus in- crates for grapes until the early nineteenth clude the Eastern poplar (Populus deltoides), century, when its wood was abandoned for this bigtooth aspen (Populus granditata), and purpose in favor of that of P. -
Evaluating the Effects of the Geography of Italy Geography Of
Name: Date: Evaluating the Effects of the Geography of Italy Warm up writing space: Review: What are some geographical features that made settlement in ancient Greece difficult? Write as many as you can. Be able to explain why you picked them. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Give One / Get One Directions: • You will get 1 card with important information about Rome’s or Italy’s geography. Read and understand your card. • Record what you learned as a pro or a con on your T chart. • With your card and your T chart, stand up and move around to other students. • Trade information with other students. Explain your card to them (“Give One”), and then hear what they have to say (“Get One.”) Record their new information to your T chart. • Repeat! Geography of Italy Pros J Cons L Give one / Get one cards (Teachers, preprint and cut a set of these cards for each class. If there are more than 15 students in a class, print out a few doubles. It’s okay for some children to get the same card.) The hills of Rome Fertile volcanic soil 40% Mountainous The city-state of Rome was originally Active volcanoes in Italy (ex: Mt. About 40% of the Italian peninsula is built on seven hills. Fortifications and Etna, Mt. Vesuvius) that create lava covered by mountains. important buildings were placed at and ash help to make some of the the tops of the hills. Eventually, a land on the peninsula more fertile. city-wall was built around the hills. Peninsula Mediterranean climate Tiber River Italy is a narrow peninsula—land Italy, especially the southern part of The Tiber River links Rome, which is surrounded by water on 3 sides. -
History and Perspective of Air Quality in Milan and the Po Valley: Scientific and Management Challenges
History and perspective of air quality in Milan and the Po Valley: scientific and management challenges Guido Lanzani [email protected] Head of Air Quality Unit – Environmental Monitoring Area ARPA Lombardia Sandro Finardi [email protected] ARIANET Gian Luca Gurrieri [email protected] Head of Air Quality, Climate, Environ. sustainability Unit Lombardia Region 10 th International Conference on Air Quality: Science and application Milano March 15°, 2016 Milano and Lombardia: Where and how many Lombardia • Inhabitants: 9,9 milion Region • Population density: 419inab/km2 Milan • Inhabitants: 3,6 milion conurbation • Population density: 3.141inab/km2 – Po Valley: closed by mountains exceeding 2500 m a.s.l. on three sides – Meteorological conditions often adverse to air pollution dispersion History and perspective of air quality in Milan and the Po Valley – Important regional background (old and secondary). 2 Guido Lanzani – Sandro Finardi - Gian Luca Gurrieri Milano March 15 °, 2016 Meteorological conditions often adverse to air pollution dispersion Lack in wind Lack in wind comparisonFrequent 20 years very stable annualcomparison averagethermal wind 20 conditions years annual average wind Milano - Linate December 2015 Monthly mean temperature and humidity at 12:00 GMT Frequent very stable thermal conditions MI-Linate December 2015 Monthly mean temperature and History and perspective of air quality humidity at 12:00 GMT in Milan and the Po Valley 3 Guido Lanzani – Sandro Finardi - Gian Luca Gurrieri Milano -
Geodetic Monitoring of the Subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy)
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-4303, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Geodetic monitoring of the subsidence in the Po River Delta (Italy) Nicola Cenni (1), Massimo Fabris (2), Simone Fiaschi (3), Vladimiro Achilli (2), Mario Floris (1), Andrea Menin (2), Michele Monego (2), and Paolo Riccardi (4) (1) Dept. of Geosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, (2) Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, (3) UCD School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland, (4) Sarmap SA, Cascine di Barico, Purasca, Switzerland The Po is the largest river of Italy, it opens with a delta mouth in the Adriatic Sea and it is bounded by the Apennines to the South and by Alps to the North and West. The modern delta occupies a broad area of about 380 Km2, with a coastal extension of around 120 Km. Several industrial activities, intensive farming and important naturalistic areas are located in the Po delta. Most of this land lies below the mean sea level, factor that increases the flooding risk and endangers the human activities in the area and the delta ecosystem due to the combined effects of land subsidence and sea level rise. The subsidence in the Po delta can be considered as the combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The natural land subsidence is in the order of some millimetres per year and is given by both tectonic and sediment compaction processes. The anthropogenic subsidence reaches some tens of millimetres per year and results mainly from the groundwater and gas extraction activities that began in the second half of the past century during the economic boom of Italy. -
SWE PIEDMONT Vs TUSCANY BACKGROUNDER
SWE PIEDMONT vs TUSCANY BACKGROUNDER ITALY Italy is a spirited, thriving, ancient enigma that unveils, yet hides, many faces. Invading Phoenicians, Greeks, Cathaginians, as well as native Etruscans and Romans left their imprints as did the Saracens, Visigoths, Normans, Austrian and Germans who succeeded them. As one of the world's top industrial nations, Italy offers a unique marriage of past and present, tradition blended with modern technology -- as exemplified by the Banfi winery and vineyard estate in Montalcino. Italy is 760 miles long and approximately 100 miles wide (150 at its widest point), an area of 116,303 square miles -- the combined area of Georgia and Florida. It is subdivided into 20 regions, and inhabited by more than 60 million people. Italy's climate is temperate, as it is surrounded on three sides by the sea, and protected from icy northern winds by the majestic sweep of alpine ranges. Winters are fairly mild, and summers are pleasant and enjoyable. NORTHWESTERN ITALY The northwest sector of Italy includes the greater part of the arc of the Alps and Apennines, from which the land slopes toward the Po River. The area is divided into five regions: Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. Like the topography, soil and climate, the types of wine produced in these areas vary considerably from one region to another. This part of Italy is extremely prosperous, since it includes the so-called industrial triangle, made up of the cities of Milan, Turin and Genoa, as well as the rich agricultural lands of the Po River and its tributaries. -
Hydrogeologïcal Features of the Po Valley (Northern Italy)
HYDROGEOLOGÏCAL FEATURES OF THE PO VALLEY (NORTHERN ITALY) PARTICULARITÉS HYDROGÉOLOGIQUES DE LA VALLÉE DE LA RIVIÈRE PO (ITALIE DU NORD) C. BORTOLAMI1, G. BRAGA2, A. COLOMBBTTI3, A. DAL PRÀ4, V. FRANCANT5, F. FRANCAVILLA6, G. GIULIANO7, M. MANFREDINI7, M. PELLEGRINI3, F. PETRTJCCI8, R. POZZI5, S. STEFANINI9 1 Institute of Geology, University of Torino. 2 Institute of Geology, University of Pavia. 3 Institute of Geology, University of Modena. 4 Institute of Geology, University of Padova. 5 Institute of Geology, University of Milano. 6 Institute of Geology, University of Bologna. 7 Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Rome. 8 Institute of Geology, University of Parma. 9 Institute of Geology, University of Trieste. RESUME Cette note donne pour la première fois une synthèse des conditions hydrogéologiques de la Plaine du Pô (Italie du Nord) : en effet les études entreprises jusqu'à présent ne concernaient que des secteurs très limités. Un programme de recherche, organisé et financé par l'Institut de Recherche sur les Eaux du Conseil National des Recherches et réalisé avec la collaboration des Instituts de Géologie de la région du Pô, a permis d'étudier les aspects hydrogéologiques de vastes unités territoriales de la Plaine. Sur la base d'environ 10 000 coupes stratigraphiques de puits d'eau ainsi que des données hydrauliques et chimiques de 21 000 autres puits il a été possible d'arriver à une evaluation approximative satisfaisante des conditions structurelles des aquifères, qui se trouvent presque exclusivement dans les dépôts continentaux du Quaternaire (dépôts rnorainiques, fluviatiles et fluvio-glaciaires). La Plaine du Pô est en effet un grand bassin subsidant et qui a été caractérisé au Quaternaire par une grande vitesse de dépôt (épaisseur moyenne de.800 m); il est limité au Nord et à l'Ouest par les Alpes, au Sud par les Apennins et à l'Est par la Mer Adriatique. -
Local and Interregional Exchanges in the Lower Po Valley (Eighth–Ninth Centuries)
Local and Interregional Exchanges in the Lower Po Valley (Eighth–Ninth Centuries) sauro gelichi that trade relations completely ended, since valu- Beyond Pirenne able merchandise would in any case have continued ooking at the Mediterranean, but to circulate for a restricted elite.5 However, the crisis Lalso focusing much more locally on the north of would have been felt in terms of what may be called Italy and particularly on the Po Valley plain, histori- the intermediary systems, and trade relations would ans and archaeologists seem to agree that the popu- have been reduced to a very local and regional scale. lation was largely self-sufficient in its production and More recently even Michael McCormick, who sees distribution of commodities in the years between the flourishing of Venice at the end of the eighth the seventh and the tenth centuries. century as the turning point of the European and Whether one follows the view put forward by Mediterranean economy,6 pays no attention to the the great Belgian historian Henri Pirenne,1 or advo- features and the nature of earlier trade relations, cates the theory that signs of a crisis can be seen well even in those areas that contributed to the origins of before the advent of the Arabs,2 there is no doubt that the future Serenissima. even the most recent historiography tends to treat The analysis of those areas and of their econo- the eighth century as a period of stagnation,3 with mies, therefore, may be useful not only to estab- low vitality and little creation or use of medium- or lish more firmly the origin and fate of a unique city long-range trading networks.4 This is not to suggest like Venice but also to evaluate whether the eighth century should be seen as a sort of long, stagnant waiting period or as revealing, at least in certain sit- 1 As is well known, Henri Pirenne defined his theory at the beginning of the last century and published a synthesis in uations and specific places, more dynamic features. -
Relation of Air Mass History to Nucleation Events in Po Valley, Italy, Using Back Trajectories Analysis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 839–853, 2007 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/839/2007/ Atmospheric © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed Chemistry under a Creative Commons License. and Physics Relation of air mass history to nucleation events in Po Valley, Italy, using back trajectories analysis L. Sogacheva1, A. Hamed2, M. C. Facchini3, M. Kulmala1, and A. Laaksonen2,4 1Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 2Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland 3Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima – CNR, Italy Via Gobetti 101, 40 129 Bologna, Italy 4Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin´ aukio, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland Received: 29 September 2006 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 13 November 2006 Revised: 5 February 2007 – Accepted: 9 February 2007 – Published: 15 February 2007 Abstract. In this paper, we study the transport of air masses characterization is still hindered by our poor understanding to San Pietro Capofiume (SPC) in Po Valley, Italy, by means of the formation processes of secondary aerosols, which are of back trajectories analysis. Our main aim is to investigate formed via gas phase condensation, and contribute to the rel- whether air masses originate over different regions on nucle- ative abundance of primary aerosols formed via mechanical ation event days and on nonevent days, during three years or combustion processes. Sulphur, together with many nitro- when nucleation events have been continuously recorded at gen and carbon compounds, undergo gas-to-particle transi- SPC. The results indicate that nucleation events occur fre- tion, and they are ultimately removed from the atmosphere quently in air masses arriving from Central Europe, whereas via aerosol deposition processes. -
The Geography of Italian Pasta
The Geography of Italian Pasta David Alexander University of Massachusetts, Amherst Pasta is as much an institution as a food in Italy, where it has made a significant contribution to national culture. Its historical geography is one of strong regional variations based on climate, social factors, and diffusion patterns. These are considered herein; a taxonomy of pasta types is presented and illustrated in a series of maps that show regional variations. The classification scheme divides pasta into eight classes based on morphology and, where appropriate, filling. These include the spaghetti and tubular families, pasta shells, ribbon forms, short pasta, very small or “micro- pasta” types, the ravioli family of filled pasta, and the dumpling family, which includes gnocchi. Three patterns of dif- fusion of pasta types are identified: by sea, usually from the Mezzogiorno and Sicily, locally through adjacent regions, and outwards from the main centers of adoption. Many dry pasta forms are native to the south and center of Italy, while filled pasta of the ravioli family predominates north of the Apennines. Changes in the geography of pasta are re- viewed and analyzed in terms of the modern duality of culture and commercialism. Key Words: pasta, Italy, cultural geography, regional geography. Meglio ch’a panza schiatta ca ’a roba resta. peasant’s meal of a rustic vegetable soup (pultes) Better that the belly burst than food be left on that contained thick strips of dried laganæ. But the table. Apicius, in De Re Coquinaria, gave careful in- —Neapolitan proverb structions on the preparation of moist laganæ and therein lies the distinction between fresh Introduction: A Brief Historical pasta, made with eggs and flour, which became Geography of Pasta a rich person’s dish, and dried pasta, without eggs, which was the food of the common man egend has it that when Marco Polo returned (Milioni 1998). -
1 Logboats and the River: Utilisation of the Po Valley in Early Medieval
1 Logboats and the river: utilisation of the Po Valley in Early Medieval times Alice Lucchini Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia Resumo Desde o fim do siglo XIX, as numerosas descobertas de pirogas monóxilas destacam-se pela quantidade entre os raros achados arqueológicos que dizem respeito à utilização dos rios da planície Padana da Alta Idade Média. Este estudo quer chegar a uma melhor compreensão global destes artefactos, através da recolha de resultados de análises arqueométricas desenvolvidas anteriormente nos ditos artefactos e da promoção de novas análises. No futuro, os dados irão confluir em reconstruções 3D, com o propósito de determinar as características destas embarcações, quer em termos de navegação quer a nível de capacidade de carga. Este trabalho visa também delinear algumas hipóteses sobre o uso das embarcações, tendo em consideração as fontes escritas contemporâneas e as mudanças ambientais dos rios ao longo dos séculos. Palavras-chave: Pirogas monóxilas, Alta Idade Média, planície Padana, portos fluviales Abstract Since the end of the XIX century, the numerous logboat findings have stood out for their consistency from the scarce archaeological evidence about the utilisation of the Po valley rivers in the Middle Ages. This study aims to reach a better understanding of early medieval logboats, collecting previous studies of archeometry and providing new analyses. In the future, the data will be brought together in a 3D reconstruction to assess the performance of these boats in terms of navigation and cargo capacity. It also aims at suggesting hypotheses on the uses of logboats, considering written sources from medieval times, studies from the past and environmental changes of the river system over time. -
High Levels of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Found in Sediments and Fish from the Italian River Po and Its Lambro Tributary
High levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals found in sediments and fish from the Italian River Po and its Lambro tributary Researchers have recommended that fish from some sections of the River 21 January 2016 Po and the River Lambro, one of the Italian River Po tributaries, should not be Issue 443 eaten due to high levels of some endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the river Subscribe to free sediments and fish. This recommendation is based on an extensive update weekly News Alert regarding pollution levels of such substances in the rivers. Source: Viganò, L., The River Po is Italy’s longest river. Some areas of the Po basin are densely populated Mascolo, G. & Roscioli, C. and the river has suffered pollution from municipal wastewater discharges, stormwater (2015) Emerging and runoff, sewer overflows, agricultural runoff and industrial waste discharges. However, priority contaminants with substantive information on most priority pollutants and contamination trends is lacking. endocrine active potentials in sediments and fish from To ensure all types of waters across Europe are clean and healthy, the European the River Po (Italy). Commission’s Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) requires countries to identify Environmental Science and chemical pollutants in the aquatic environment and take action to prevent damage. Directive Pollution Research. 2008/105/EC, recently amended by Directive 2013/39/EU, sets environmental quality 22:14050–14066. DOI: standards (EQSs) for 45 so-called priority substances, which pose a significant risk to 10.1007/s11356-015- freshwater environments and/or to human health via those environments. 4388-8 A number of these priority substances have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which interfere with wildlife and human hormones, affecting their normal Contact: development and functioning.