DOCSLIB.ORG

The Problems and Policies of Economic Development: an Appraisal of Recent Experience

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE PROBLEMS AND POLICIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN APPRAISAL OF RECENT EXPERIENCE World Economic Survey 1967-Part One UNITED NATIONS T L S P C T COiIOfllJCm UHITED HATIOHS NewYerk, 1968 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters com- bined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. E!4488/Rev.1 ] ST/E'CA/104 FOREWORD This report, World Economic Survey, 1967, is provide a helpful background to discussions in the twentieth in a series of comprehensive reviews United Nations forums on designing a concerted of world economic conditions published by the programme of action for the 1970%o lJnited Nations. It is issued in response to General Part One of the Survey consists of an introduction Assembly resolution 118 (II), in which the Secre- and five chapters. The first chapter contains an em- tary-General was requested to prepare an annual pirical examination of the dimensions and diversity review and analysis of world economic conditions of recent achievements and problems. The second and trends. The report is intended to meet the re- quirements of the Economic and Social Council chapter examines in some detail progress and prob- and other organs of the United Nations for an lems encountered by developing countries in the principal sectors of economic activity, particularly in appraisal of world economic conditions which may agriculture and industry. The third chapter is de- serve as a basis for recommendations on economic voted to a consideration of problems of mobilizing matters. It is also intended to stimulate interest both human 'and financial resources for accelerating in and discussion of international economic prob- economic development. The fourth chapter considers lems anaong a more general public audience. the recent planning experience of developing coun- Each year .since 1955, the World Economic Sur- tries, with special emphasis on the use of the various vey has contained a study of a particular problem policy instruments available for implementing plans. concerning economic development. Among the sub- The final chapter examines some of the features of jects examined have been economic growth in the the international economic environment in which first post-war decade, balance of payments problems efforts to promote development are taking place. in relation to economic growth, inflation, post-war commodity trade and policies, experience and poli- Par.t Two of the Survey, which is issued as a cies relating to investment and saving, industrializa- separate volume, deals with the main features of the world economic situation, tt consists of three chap- tion and economic development, foreign trade and economic development, the appraisal of development ters. The first covers the growth of output and trade plans, the financing of economic development, and and changes in the allocation of resources in 1967 problems in the implementation of development and early i968. The second chapter examines in some depth several topics of current ,concern in the plans. fields of international monetary and trade policy, Part One of the present Survey examines the commercial policy developments and regional in- principal features of economic progress of developing tegration. The final chapter examines recent progress countries during the period 1955 to 1965. As part in economic reforms in eastern Europe. of the preparatory work for a second United Nations Development Decade, this review seeks to The World Economic Survey is prepared in the draw certain pertinent lessons from the recent ex- Centre for Development Planning, Projections and perience relating to problems and policies of eco- Policies of the Department of Economic and Social nomic development. It is hoped that the Survey will Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. oo° 111 CONTENTS Page Explanatory notes ...................................................... x INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1 Chapter I. THE DIMENSIONS OF RECENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ............ f ......... 15 Trends in total production ........................................ 15 The pattern of recent economic growth .............................. 17 The salient problems and their magnitude ............................ 32 II. PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY: POLICY PROBLEMS .................... 45 Problems and policies of agricultural development .................... 46 Problems and policies of industrial development ...................... 57 III. THE MOBILIZATION OF tKUMAN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES ............. 69 Human resources ................................................ 69 Domestic savings and the mobilization of capital ...................... 77 Export earnings ................................................. 88 IV. DEVELOPMENT PLANNING: FUNCTIONS AND LIMITATIONS .............. 96 The purpose and problems of planning .............................. 97 Deploying the main instruments of econom{e policy .................... 99 The role of annual programming .................................. 107 Vo THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ........ II0 Salient features of the market for developing-country exports .......... 112 Economic relations of the centrally planned economies with the developing countries ...................................................... 125 Aid practices and policies .......................................... 129 List of tables Page 1. Average annual increase in population: world and major regions, 1930-1965 16 2. Developed and developing countries: growth of real gross domestic product, 1955-1965 .......................................................... 17 3. Developed and developing countries: real gross .domestic product per capita, 1955-1965 .......................................................... 17 . Developing countries : distribution according to average annual rate of growth in real gross domestic product, 1955-1965 ............................. 18 5. Distribution of developing countries by rate of growth of per capita real gross domestic product, 1955-1965 .......................................... 19 6. Developing countries: growth of major gross .domestic product components, 1955-1960 and 1960-1965 ............................................ 20 7. Developing countries: changes in industrial structure, 1955-1965 .......... 25 8. Developing countries: ratio of exports to gross domestic product, 1955-1957 and 1963-1965 ...................................................... 26 9. Developing countries: rates of growth in gross domestic capital formation and changes in savings and investment ratios, 1955-1965 ...................... 30 10. Distribution of developing countries by per capita output, 1965 ............ 33 11. Distribution of developing countries by rate of growth of real gross domestic product, 1955-1965 .................................................. 33 12. Developing countries: distribution by rate of growth in population, 1955-1965 34 13. Developing countries: rates of increase in per capita production and in school enrolrnent ratio.. .................................................... 34 14. Distribution of world population by size of locality, 1920, 1950 and 1960 .. 35 15. Selected developing countries: growth in agricultural and food production, 1955-1965 .......................................................... 36 16. Cereals: area, yield and production, major country groupings, 1948-1965 .. 37 17. Developing countries : distribution by change in ratio of gross domestic savings to. gross domestic product, 1955-1957 to 1963-1965 ...................... 38 '8. Developing countries : distribution by ratio of real gross domestic savings to gross domestic product, 19'63-1965 .................................. 38 )9. Distribution vf developing countries by change in ratio of real gross invest- merit to gross domestic product, 1955-1957 to. 1963-1965 ................. 39 20. Distribution of .developing countries by ratio of real gross investment to gross domestic product, average 1963-1965 ............................. 39 21. Developing countries:distribution by incremental capital-outgut ratio, average 1955-1965 .......................................................... 40 22. Developing countries: distribution according to ratio of exports of goods and services to gross domestic product, 1955-1957 and 1963-1965 .......... 41 vi Page 23. Distribution of developing countries by rate of growth of export values, 1955-1965 .......................................................... 41 24. Exports of major regions, 1955-1966 .................................. 42 25. Selected export price and quantum indices, 1954-1966 .................... 43 26. Developing countries: growth of exports to principal regions, 1955-1965 .. 44 27. Selected developing countries: distribution by incidence of debt-service pay- ments, 1956, 1960, 1965 .............................................. 44 28. Selected countries: contributions of changes in acreage and .crop yield to growth in output of cereals, 1952-1956 to. 1961-1965 .................... 50 29. Selected developing countries: consumption of chemical fertilizers, 1954/55- 1955/56 to 1964/65-1965/66 ......................................... 52 30. Trade among members of the Central American Common Market, 1955-1965 59 31. Developing countries: distribution according to gross .domestic product, 1965 60 32. Growth of manufacturing production, 'by major groups and by region, 1955-1966 .........................................................
Recommended publications
  • International Trade and Development

    International Trade and Development

    United Nations A/73/208 General Assembly Distr.: General 17 August 2018 Original: English Seventy-third session Item 18 (a) of the provisional agenda* Macroeconomic policy questions International trade and development Report of the Secretary-General Summary The green shoots of the recovery in global trade that began in 2017 have continued in 2018, with trade growth outpacing the growth of global gross domestic product once again. While this would normally lead to an optimistic outlook, the integrity of the multilateral trading system is under threat, and with it, the prospects for sustained global trade growth and the achievement of a comprehensive development agenda. The latest trade statistics are described in the present report, as well as the ways in which a revitalized and resilient multilateral trading system will allow trade to fulfil its role as an enabler for the realization of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. * A/73/150. 18-12039 (E) 280818 *1812039* A/73/208 I. Trends in trade 1. In 2017, after two years of decline, global trade finally rebounded. It grew by 9 per cent compared with the previous year, reaching a value close to $23 trillion. Despite the increase, international trade remained about $1.2 trillion below its peak, attained in 2014. According to forecasts from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, trade is expected to grow by about 4.5 per cent in 2018, in line with global output. 2. Notwithstanding the recovery, it is worth noting that there has been a change in international trade dynamics.
  • Commercial Faqs

    Commercial Faqs

    A consumer information brochure published by the New Hampshire Insurance Department 21 South Fruit Street, Suite 14 Concord, NH 03301 Commercial phone: (800) 852-3416 fax: (603) 271-1406 TDD Access: Relay NH 1-800-735-2964 FAQs WHAT KIND OF INSURANCE DO I NEED TO PURCHASE FOR MY BUSINESS? Depending on the individual risk characteristics of your business, the broker- agent will present you with different coverage options for purchasing commercial insurance. A broker-agent’s proposal is just that, a proposal. When all is said and done it is your responsibility to make an informed decision and choose the insurance that best fits your business plan. The relationship that you build with a broker-agent is extremely valuable in this critical decision making process. An The New Hampshire Insurance experienced broker-agent has dealt with hundreds of businesses similar to yours. Department makes sure that insurers Since commercial insurance can be complicated, you should feel free to discuss doing business in the state are financially sound, that insurance is any terms, conditions, or concepts that are unclear to you with your broker- available and appropriately priced, and consumers are treated fairly by doing agent. It is part of a broker-agent’s service to answer your questions and help you the following: understand the insurance you are purchasing. • Licensing insurance companies and monitoring their financial While your business may not need all commercial coverage lines, it is a good idea stability to have a basic knowledge of the types of insurance coverage available. As your • Reviewing insurance forms and premium rates to be sure they business changes and expands you will have the necessary knowledge to purchase comply with state law insurance coverage as new exposures arise.
  • Economy and Employment 35

    Economy and Employment 35

    Economy and Employment 35 CHAPTER 4 36 Doncaster Unitary Development Plan Economy and Employment 37 Economy and Employment INTRODUCTION 4.1 A healthy economy is vital to the future well being of Doncaster and its citizens. Yet despite recent changes and developments, there is a continuing need to diversify the economy and also to secure growth in the manufacturing and service sectors. Additional employment opportunities are required to counter the present unacceptably high levels of unemployment, to provide for the anticipated growth in the workforce to 4.3 The preparation of this Unitary Council’s planning objectives and 2001 and beyond and to replace those Development Plan has coincided with development priorities. Economic jobs which will be lost as the measures being taken to create a Single Regeneration is identified as one of the traditional employers, especially the European Market by 1992, as well as three major themes. The main coal industry, continue to rationalise other developments by the European contribution of the UDP towards this and shed labour. Commission related to institutional objective lies in identifying and reform and Community enlargement. safeguarding a supply of land for 4.2 The process of restructuring and These will impact on Doncaster, industrial and commercial developing the local economy has although the nature and extent of this development and in promoting the commenced and significant progress impact will depend on a number of servicing and development of this has been achieved in recent years. A factors.
  • The Case for State-Led Trade Policies in Economic and Human Development

    The Case for State-Led Trade Policies in Economic and Human Development

    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2016 The aC se for State-Led Trade Policies in Economic and Human Development Prahlad Krishnan SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the African Studies Commons, Economic Policy Commons, Growth and Development Commons, International Economics Commons, and the Regional Economics Commons Recommended Citation Krishnan, Prahlad, "The asC e for State-Led Trade Policies in Economic and Human Development" (2016). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2443. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2443 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Case for State-Led Trade Policies in Economic and Human Development Author: Prahlad Krishnan Advisor: Mwambutsya Ndebesa Academic Director: Charlotte Mafumbo Kampala, Uganda Fall 2016 This paper is dedicated to Charlotte Mafumbo, who opened up new doors for me and inspired me to explore new areas 2 Acknowledgements This paper would not have been possible without the help, support and inspiration of numerous individuals. I’d like to thank my Academic Director, Dr. Charlotte Mafumbo, for her passion and support in opening up new opportunities for me every day. Whether it was helping coordinate interviews or giving advice on writing, Dr. Mafumbo was invaluable to the making of this paper. I would also like to thank Mr.
  • Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems

    Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems

    Lecture 3: Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems Prof. Paczkowski Rutgers University Fall, 2007 Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 3: Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems Fall, 2007 1 / 87 Part I Assignments Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 3: Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems Fall, 2007 2 / 87 Assignments W. Baumol, et al. Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism Available at http://www.yalepresswiki.org/ Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 3: Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems Fall, 2007 3 / 87 Assignments Research and learn as much as you can about the following: Real GDP Human Development Index Gini Coefficient Corruption Index World Population Growth Human Poverty Index Quality of Life Index Reporters without Borders Be prepared for a second Group Teach on these after the midterm: October 24 Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 3: Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems Fall, 2007 4 / 87 Part II Introduction Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 3: Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems Fall, 2007 5 / 87 Comparing Economic Systems How do we compare economic systems? We previously noted the many qualitative ways of comparing economic systems { organization, incentives, etc What about the quantitative? Potential quantitative measures might include Real GDP level and growth Population level and growth Income and wealth distribution Major financial and industrial statistics Indexes of freedom and corruption These measures should tell a story The story is one of economic performance Prof. Paczkowski (Rutgers University) Lecture 3: Quantitative Comparisons of Economic Systems Fall, 2007 6 / 87 Comparing Economic Systems (Continued) Economic performance is multifaceted Judging how an economic system performs, we can look at broad topics or issues such as..
  • Intra-ASEAN Trade – Gravity Model and Spatial Hausman-Taylor Approach

    Intra-ASEAN Trade – Gravity Model and Spatial Hausman-Taylor Approach

    Working Paper No. 20/2017 | December 2017 Intra-ASEAN trade – Gravity model and Spatial Hausman-Taylor approach Phung Duy Quang Foreign Trade University (FTU), Vietnam [email protected] Pham Anh Tuan Vietnam Military Medical University Nguyen Thi Xuan Thu Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam Abstract: This study examines determinants of intra-industry trade between Vietnam and Asean countries. By solving endogenous problem and applying Hausman-Taylor model for panel two-way dataset, we detect that export flows of Vietnam gravitate to neighbouring countries and those with similar GDP. More importantly, the research indicates the existence of spatial-lag interaction. Keywords: Intra-trade, export, import, gravity model, two-dimensions fixed effect panel model, Hausman- Taylor model, Spatial Hausman - Taylor model. Research for this paper was funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs under the SECO / WTI Academic Cooperation Project, based at the World Trade Institute of the University of Bern, Switzerland. SECO working papers are preliminary documents posted on the WTI website (www.wti.org) and widely circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. These papers have not been formally edited. Citations should refer to a “SECO / WTI Academic Cooperation Project” paper with appropriate reference made to the author(s). 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS From my heart, I would like to show my gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. Anirudh ([email protected]), from World Trade Institute, Switzerland, who is my mentor, for guiding me to find out research, practical approach, looking for material, processing and data analysis, solving problem ... so that I can complete my research. Also, in the process of learning, researching and implementing the research I was getting a lot of attention, suggestions, supporting from my precious colleagues, expertise and organizations.
  • Issue No.716 (1-15 Feb 2021) Sdrs to The

    Issue No.716 (1-15 Feb 2021) Sdrs to The

    Third ECONOMICSThird World ECONOMICS No. 716, 1-15 February 2021 World Trends and Analysis No. 716 1-15 February 2021 e-ISSN : 2716-5388 SDRs to the financial rescue? Developing countries are in dire need of fiscal resources to tackle the raging COVID-19 pandemic. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), the reserve currency created by the International Monetary Fund, may provide just the infusion of liquidity they so urgently require. l SDRs as a response to fiscal SOS – p14 .......... ALSO IN THIS ISSUE .......... New WTO Director-General leans towards Northern trade agenda Developing countries call for text-based negotiations on TRIPS waiver Expert cautions against JSI e-commerce negotiations East Asian economies leading global trade recovery 1 THIRD WORLD CURRENT REPORTS I WTO Third World ECONOMICS No. 716, 1-15 February 2021 Economics Tren d s & A n a l y s i s New WTO Director-General leans 131 Jalan Macalister towards Northern trade agenda 10400 Penang, Malaysia Tel: (60-4) 2266728/2266159 Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala has taken the helm of the WTO amid concerns Fax: (60-4) 2264505 over her stance on some contentious issues facing the trade body. Email: [email protected] Website: https://twn.my by D. Ravi Kanth C O N T E N T S GENEVA: Several developing countries one WTO member (i.e., the United States) CURRENT REPORTS are alarmed over the trade agenda through its blocking of appointments to unveiled by the new Director-General the Appellate Body – the new DG turned New WTO Director-General leans of the World Trade Organization, Ngozi the problem into one for all members, Okonjo-Iweala, that seeks, among others, towards Northern trade agenda suggesting that members can agree on to accelerate work on the non-mandated, a work programme at the WTO’s 12th — p2 informal Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs) Ministerial Conference (MC12) due to on electronic commerce and investment take place later this year, said trade envoys Developing countries call for text- facilitation, trade envoys told the South- who asked not to be quoted.
  • The Impact of Neo-Colonialism on Coffee Trading Activities in Kenya by Rebecca M Maundu United States International University

    The Impact of Neo-Colonialism on Coffee Trading Activities in Kenya by Rebecca M Maundu United States International University

    THE IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM ON COFFEE TRADING ACTIVITIES IN KENYA BY REBECCA M MAUNDU UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY - AFRICA SUMMER 2017 THE IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM ON COFFEE TRADING ACTIVITIES IN KENYA BY REBECCA M MAUNDU ID NO: 649337 A Thesis Report Submitted to the School of Humanities and Social Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Arts Degree in International Relations UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY - AFRICA SUMMER 2017 DECLARATION This thesis report is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other institution. Signature: ……………………………… Date: ……………………………. REBECCA M MAUNDU (ID. NO: 649337) This thesis report has been submitted with my approval and justified as the university supervisor. Signature: ………………………………. Date: ………………………………. Dr. WELDON K. NGENO School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS) –USIU -AFRICA Signature: ………………………………. Date: ………………………………. DR. TOM L. S ONDITI DEAN - School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS) –USIU -AFRICA Signature: ………………………………. Date: ………………………………. AMB. PROF. RUTHIE. C. RONO DVC- ACADEMICS USIU -AFRICA ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my family for their entire support in my academic endeavor. The co-operation, inspiration and spiritual support from my workmates and fellow students have been invaluable. Special gratitude goes to my supervisor for the understanding, patience and guidance. May the Almighty God richly reward you! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I’m grateful and highly indebted to many outstanding individuals without whom this work would not have been successful. Special gratitude to the Almighty God for the free provision of care, health, and strength he has accorded me, may abundant glory be to God.
  • Small Business Guide to Commercial Insurance

    Small Business Guide to Commercial Insurance

    1-800-927-4357 www.insurance.ca.gov Small Business Guide to Commercial Insurance Dave Jones, Insurance Commissioner California Department of Insurance . Dave Jones Insurance Commissioner Dear California Consumer: The California Department of Insurance (CDI) is the nation’s leading consumer protection agency and your best resource for honest and impartial answers to insurance questions. We have knowledgeable insurance professionals staffing our consumer hotline. My staff is available to help you get answers to insurance related questions, file a request for assistance, or report suspected insurance fraud. Call 800-927-HELP (4357) or visit www.insurance.ca.gov to view all of our consumer information guides and insurance resources. These tools are available to consumers for free. Thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve you. Sincerely, Dave Jones California Insurance Commissioner . Table of Contents Small Business Guide to Commercial Insurance Introduction to Commercial Insurance . 3 How Can I Purchase Commercial Insurance? . 3 What Should I Expect from a Broker-Agent Who Specializes in Commercial Insurance? . 4 What Kind of Insurance Do I Need to Purchase for My Business? . 6 Property Insurance . 7 • Commercial Property • Inland Marine • Boiler and Machinery • Crime Casualty Insurance . 13 • Commercial Automobile • Commercial General Liability • Commercial Umbrella • Workers Compensation What Is a Business Owners Policy? . 20 How Are Commercial Policies Rated, Deductibles Selected, and Premiums Developed? . 20 What Do I Need to Know About Commercial Claims? . 21 Deductible . 22 Loss Control . 22 What If I Have Trouble Locating Insurance for My Business? . 23 • Surplus Line Insurance • California FAIR Plan Are There Specific Rules on Commercial Insurance Cancellation and Nonrenewal? .
  • Ser-Rp-2017D3 En.Pdf

    Ser-Rp-2017D3 En.Pdf

    © 2019 United Nations 2 UNCTAD Research Paper No. 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 2 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 3 2. Regional integration in ASEAN: progress, prospects and challenges .... 4 3. Deeper integration and inclusive development in the ASEAN Economic Community ................................................................... 11 4. Conclusion and policy implications ........................................................... 13 Appendix ......................................................................................................... 15 References ...................................................................................................... 25 Acknowledgements The author is grateful to seminar participants at Fudan University, Shanghai, and to Patrick Osakwe, Maria Sokolova and an anonymous referee for comments and suggestions. Berna Dogan and Agnes Collardeau-Angleys provided helpful assistance. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3 UNCTAD Research Paper No. 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction Global trade integration has proceeded at a fast pace since the founding of the GATT/WTO and numerous trade agreements have been signed under the institution’s
  • Soviet Economic History and Statistics

    Soviet Economic History and Statistics

    Soviet Economic History and Statistics 1) Economic system in Russian agriculture after 1861 2) Revolution of 1905-07, 1917, War Communism, New Economic Policy 3) Industrialization Debate and How the Command Economy Emerged 4) Soviet Statistics 5) Was the Transition to the Command Economy Inevitable? Transitions from ME to CPE and back • 1918-20 - War Communism (directive planning) • 1921-29 - NEP market economy • 1929-91 – Command Economy • 1992-onwards - Market Economy Land system after Emancipation Act of 1861 • Land was divided in two parts - about half remained the property of the landlords, the rest was given to the peasants (6-12 hectares plots). The government bought out land from the landlords, so the peasants were indebted to the government • Heavy burden of redemption payments (abolished after 1905-07 revolution) • Inequality in land distribution • Agricultural commune (communal land tenure) was an obstacle for economic growth - egalitarian institution (taxes, redemption payments, communal works were the responsibility of the commune) - dismantled in 1906 by Stolypin’s decree Stolypin reforms of 1906 • Dissolution of the community – mir –obschina. Peasants got the right to leave the community - khutor and otrub peasants households • Mortgages for peasants to buy out land from the landlords • Migration to new territories Lenin's article “The Last Valve”: elimination of the commune is the last valve that could be opened in the overheating steam machine of the tsarist regime without liquidating large land ownership. No more valves
  • From Socialism to Market Economy: the Transition Problem

    From Socialism to Market Economy: the Transition Problem

    Upjohn Press Upjohn Research home page 1-1-1992 From Socialism to Market Economy: The Transition Problem William S. Kern Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://research.upjohn.org/up_press Part of the International Economics Commons Citation Kern, William S., ed. 1992. From Socialism to Market Economy: The Transition Problem. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. https://doi.org/10.17848/9780880995641 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This title is brought to you by the Upjohn Institute. For more information, please contact [email protected]. C/5"T1 ^ut^r :Svv=a J^F>?MS 1^1^ ^^PSg-pwpt^lMl^S^^I5*! B-ft) From SOCIALISM to MARKET ECONOMY The Transition Problem William S. Kern, Editor 1992 W.E. UPJOHN INSTITUTE for Employment Research Kalamazoo, Michigan Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data From socialism to market economy: the transition problem / William S. Kern, editor, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88099-129-1 (hard). — ISBN 0-88099-130-5 (pbk.) 1. Soviet Union—Economic policy—1986-1991—Congresses. 2. Post- communism—Soviet Union—Congresses. 3. Europe, Eastern—Economic policy—1989—Congresses. 4. Post-communism—Europe, Eastern— Congresses. I. Kern, William S., 1952- HC336.26.F77 1992 338.947—dc2 92-26336 CIP Copyright © 1992 WE. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research 300 S. Westnedge Avenue Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007 THE INSTITUTE, a nonprofit research organization, was established on July 1, 1945. It is an activity of the W.E. Upjohn Unemployment Trustee Corporation, which was formed in 1932 to administer a fund set aside by the late Dr.