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Centralized National Risk Assessment for Chile FSC-CNRA-CL V1-0 EN FSC-CNRA-CL V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILE 2018 – 1 of 218 – Title: Centralized National Risk Assessment for Chile Document reference FSC-CNRA-CL V1-0 EN code: Approval body: FSC International Center: Performance and Standards Unit Date of approval: 27 June 2018 Contact for comments: FSC International Center - Performance and Standards Unit - Adenauerallee 134 53113 Bonn, Germany +49-(0)228-36766-0 +49-(0)228-36766-30 [email protected] © 2018 Forest Stewardship Council, A.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the publisher’s copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, recording taping, or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of the publisher. Printed copies of this document are for reference only. Please refer to the electronic copy on the FSC website (ic.fsc.org) to ensure you are referring to the latest version. The Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC) is an independent, not for profit, non- government organization established to support environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. FSC’s vision is that the world’s forests meet the social, ecological, and economic rights and needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations. FSC-CNRA-CL V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILE 2018 – 2 of 218 – Contents Risk assessments that have been finalized for Chile ................................................. 4 Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Chile .......................................... 5 Risk assessments ..................................................................................................... 7 Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood ........................................... 7 Overview ........................................................................................................... 7 Sources of legal timber in Chile ....................................................................... 10 Risk assessment ............................................................................................. 11 Recommended control measures .................................................................... 82 Controlled wood category 2: Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights ................................................................................................................... 88 Risk assessment ............................................................................................. 88 Recommended control measures .................................................................... 88 Detailed analysis ............................................................................................. 89 Controlled wood category 3: Wood from forests in which high conservation values are threatened by management activities .......................................................... 167 Overview ....................................................................................................... 167 Experts consulted .......................................................................................... 171 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 172 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 201 Information sources ....................................................................................... 204 Controlled wood category 4: Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non-forest use ................................................................................................... 209 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 209 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 213 Controlled wood category 5: Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are planted ........................................................................................................ 214 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 214 Recommended control measures .................................................................. 218 FSC-CNRA-CL V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILE 2018 – 3 of 218 – Risk assessments that have been finalized for Chile Risk assessment Controlled Wood categories completed? 1 Illegally harvested wood YES 2 Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights YES Wood from forests where high conservation values are 3 YES threatened by management activities Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non- 4 YES forest use Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are 5 YES planted FSC-CNRA-CL V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILE 2018 – 4 of 218 – Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Chile Indicator Risk designation (including functional scale when relevant) Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood 1.1 Specified risk for indigenous territories Low risk for the rest of the country 1.2 N/A 1.3 N/A for plantations in agricultural land Specified risk for natural forest and plantations on forest land in regions Araucanía(9a) and Biobió(8a) Low risk for the rest of the country 1.4 N/A for plantations in agricultural land Specified risk for natural forest and plantations on forest land in regions Araucanía(9a) and Biobió(8a) Low risk for the rest of the country 1.5 Specified risk 1.6 Specified risk 1.7 Specified risk 1.8 Specified risk 1.9 Specified risk 1.10 Specified risk 1.11 Low risk for big forest operations Specified risk for small forest operations 1.12 Low risk for big forest operations Specified risk for small forest operations 1.13 Specified risk 1.14 Specified risk 1.15 Specified risk 1.16 Low risk for natural forest Specified risk for plantations 1.17 Low risk for natural forest Specified risk for plantations 1.18 Low risk 1.19 Low risk 1.20 Specified risk 1.21 N/A Controlled wood category 2: Wood harvested in violation of traditional and human rights 2.1 Low risk 2.2 Specified risk 2.3 Specified risk Controlled wood category 3: Wood from forests where high conservation values are threatened by management activities 3.0 Low risk 3.1 Low risk for regions XV, I – IV, RM, XI and XII Specified risk for regions V – X and XIV FSC-CNRA-CL V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILE 2018 – 5 of 218 – 3.2 Specified risk for Region VII, Parral Comuna; VIII Region, Comunas of San Fabián, Quilaco, Mulchén; IX Region, Comunas of Curarrehue and Pucón; X Region Comunas of Puyehue, Puerto Octay, Puerto Varas, Cochamo, Ancud, Dalcahue, Chonchi, Quellon, Huallalhue, Chaiten, Futaleufu, Palena, Region XI Comunas of Cisnes, Lago Verde, Aisen, Rio Ibanez, Chile Chico, Tortel, O’Higgins, And Region XII Comunas Natales, Torres del Pain, Laguana Blanca, Punta Arenas, Rio Verde, Timaukel and Cabo de Hornos, XIV Region, Comunas of Panquipulli, Futrono, Lake Ranco and Rio Bueno. Low risk for the rest of the country 3.3 Low risk for regions XV, I – IV, RM, XI and XII Specified risk for regions V – X and XIV 3.4 Low risk for regions: XV, I – IV, RM, XI and XII, and natural forest in regions V-X and XIV Specified risk for plantations in regions V-X and XIV 3.5 Low risk for regions: XV, I – IV, RM, XI and XII, and natural forest in regions V-X and XIV Specified risk for plantations in regions V-X and XIV 3.6 Low risk Controlled wood category 4: Wood from forests being converted to plantations or non-forest use 4.1 Specified risk Controlled wood category 5: Wood from forests in which genetically modified trees are planted 5.1 Low risk FSC-CNRA-CL V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CHILE 2018 – 6 of 218 – Risk assessments Controlled wood category 1: Illegally harvested wood Overview Continental Chile has a surface area of 75.6 million hectares, 23% of which are forests. Native forests comprise 14.3 million hectares, while planted forests (FAO term) represent 2.45 million hectares. However, 98% of industrial supply comes from planted forests made up largely of Pinus and Eucalyptus plantations, says the Chile Forestry Institute (INFOR- Instituto Forestal Chile 2015). Native forests are grouped into 12 types, 70% of which are in the regions of Los Lagos, Aysén and Magallanes. Roughly 4.1 million hectares of native forests are protected in state nature reservations. Regarding land tenure almost all planted forests are in the hands of private companies, 60% being held by 3 big companies and the rest by more than 20,000 small and medium-sized producers. The state holds close to 20% of native forest tenure, while the rest is in the hands of producers of various sizes (INFOR Forest Statistics). In general, the majority of forest land area is held through clear and undisputed property deeds. There are communes mainly in the regions of Biobio, Araucanía and Los Ríos, where there is overlapping ownership of land through rights called “land titles" belonging to the Mapuche people. In line with the interviews carried out by legal experts, in the majority of cases the agreement of customary rights is not recognised by Chilean legislation, thus there is no non-compliance per se with this overlapping. However, given the importance
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