Prelim Reading List for History of Technology (Last Updated: January 23, 2006)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Some Facts of High-Tech Patenting
Some Facts of High-Tech Patenting Michael Webb Nick Short Nicholas Bloom Josh Lerner Working Paper 19-014 Some Facts of High-Tech Patenting Michael Webb Nick Short Stanford University Harvard Kennedy School Nicholas Bloom Josh Lerner Stanford University Harvard Business School Working Paper 19-014 Copyright © 2018 by Michael Webb, Nick Short, Nicholas Bloom, and Josh Lerner Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Some Facts of High-Tech Patenting Michael Webb, Nick Short, Nicholas Bloom, and Josh Lerner NBER Working Paper No. 24793 July 2018 JEL No. L86,O34 ABSTRACT Patenting in software, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence has grown rapidly in recent years. Such patents are acquired primarily by large US technology firms such as IBM, Microsoft, Google, and HP, as well as by Japanese multinationals such as Sony, Canon, and Fujitsu. Chinese patenting in the US is small but growing rapidly, and world-leading for drone technology. Patenting in machine learning has seen exponential growth since 2010, although patenting in neural networks saw a strong burst of activity in the 1990s that has only recently been surpassed. In all technological fields, the number of patents per inventor has declined near-monotonically, except for large increases in inventor productivity in software and semiconductors in the late 1990s. In most high-tech fields, Japan is the only country outside the US with significant US patenting activity; however, whereas Japan played an important role in the burst of neural network patenting in the 1990s, it has not been involved in the current acceleration. -
TECHNOLOGY and POLICY DRIVERS of the FUEL ECONOMY of NEW LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES Comparative Analysis Across Selected Automotive Markets
TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY DRIVERS OF THE FUEL ECONOMY OF NEW LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES Comparative analysis across selected automotive markets Working Paper 12 UNEP INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. -
G. DELIBRIAS, M. T. GUILLIER and J. LABEYRIE 3430 ± 160 2350 ± 140 1200 ± 120 Gif-168. Plelauff, Cotes Du Nord
[RADIOCARBON, VOL. 8, 1966, P. 74-95] GIF NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS II G. DELIBRIAS, M. T. GUILLIER and J. LABEYRIE Centre des Faibles Radioactivites, C.N.R.S. Gif-sur-Yvette, Essonnes, France The C14 dating laboratories of Saclay (Saclay I, 1964 and Saclay II, 1965) and Gif (Gif-sur-Yvette, 1966) have joined together under the name of Gif C14 Dating Laboratory. The first series of dating results appears here with code designation Gif, Sa now being obsolete. Gif laboratory comprises 3 complete routine sets, each equipped with a 1.2 L proportional counter, filled with pure CO2 at 74 cm Hg pres- sure, having backgrounds of 3.40, 2.90 and 1.60 cpm. The first two are of stainless steel and the third is of OFHC copper. In accordance with the decision of the Fifth Radiocarbon Dating Conference, NBS oxalic acid is adopted as modern carbon reference, and the half-life 5570 yr is used for age calculation. Data listed here are part of those obtained from 1963, the date at which the first counter was calibrated, to October 1965. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Western France 3430 ± 160 Gif-166. Saint-Dude, Bourbriac, Cotes du Nord 1480 B.C. Charcoal from an old burnt soil inside a tumulus at Saint-Dude, Bourbriac (48° 28' N Lat, 3° 18' W Long). Coll. 1962 and subm. by J. Briard and P. R. Giot, Lab. d'Anthropologie Prehistorique, Faculte des Sciences, Rennes, Ille et Vilaine. Comment: dates tumulus to Middle Bronze period. 2350 ± 140 Gif-167. La Belle-Etoile, Saint-Connan, Cotes du Nord 400 B.C. -
The Impacts of Technological Invention on Economic Growth – a Review of the Literature Andrew Reamer1 February 28, 2014
THE GEORGE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC POLICY The Impacts of Technological Invention on Economic Growth – A Review of the Literature Andrew Reamer1 February 28, 2014 I. Introduction In their recently published book, The Second Machine Age, Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee rely on economist Paul Krugman to explain the connection between invention and growth: Paul Krugman speaks for many, if not most, economists when he says, “Productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it’s almost everything.” Why? Because, he explains, “A country’s ability to improve its standard of living over time depends almost entirely on its ability to raise its output per worker”—in other words, the number of hours of labor it takes to produce everything, from automobiles to zippers, that we produce. Most countries don’t have extensive mineral wealth or oil reserves, and thus can’t get rich by exporting them. So the only viable way for societies to become wealthier—to improve the standard of living available to its people—is for their companies and workers to keep getting more output from the same number of inputs, in other words more goods and services from the same number of people. Innovation is how this productivity growth happens.2 For decades, economists and economic historians have sought to improve their understanding of the role of technological invention in economic growth. As in many fields of inventive endeavor, their efforts required time to develop and mature. In the last five years, these efforts have reached a point where they are generating robust, substantive, and intellectually interesting findings, to the benefit of those interested in promoting growth-enhancing invention in the U.S. -
Technology and Global Change Technology and Global Change
Technology and Global Change Technology and Global Change by Arnulf Gr¨ubler International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria Meinen Eltern gewidmet Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Purpose 1 1.2. Approach 2 1.3. Structural Overview 7 PART I: WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? 17 2 Technology: Concepts and Definitions 19 2.1. From Artifacts to Megamachines 20 2.2. Technological Change 38 2.3. Sources of Technological Change 75 3 Technology: Models 91 3.1. Models of Technological Change 91 4 Technology: History 117 4.1. A Long View of Technology Development: The Last 200 Years 117 Some Suggestions for Further Reading on Part I 127 PART II: TECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: NATURAL AND HUMAN 129 5Agriculture 131 5.1. Introduction 132 5.2. Technology, Agricultural Land, and People 133 5.3. Three Clusters of Change in Agricultural Technologies 134 5.4. Impacts I: Productivity 154 5.5. Impacts II: Land-Use Changes 161 5.6. Impacts III: Other Global Changes 170 5.7. Global Changes in Human Occupations and Residence 181 5.8. Environmental Problems of Urbanization 186 vii viii 6 Industry 195 6.1. Introduction 196 6.2. Industrialization: Output and Productivity Growth 196 6.3. Clusters 204 6.4. Socioeconomic Impacts of Industrialization 223 6.5. Environmental Impacts of Industrialization 227 6.6. Industrial Metabolism and Dematerialization Strategies 229 6.7. Energy 248 7Services 291 7.1. Introduction: From Work to Pleasure 291 7.2. Measurement: Time Budgets and Consumer Expenditures 293 7.3. Lifestyles, Services, and the Environment 312 7.4. Mobility: Growing Demands and Emissions 316 7.5. -
Final Report Study on Urban Vehicle Access Regulations
Final Report Study on Urban Vehicle Access Regulations Authors: A. Ricci, S.Gaggi, R.Enei, M.Tomassini, M.Fioretto (ISINNOVA) F. Gargani, A.Di Stefano, E. Gaspari (PwC) with contributions from experts: G. Archer, S. Kearns, M. McDonald, F. Nussio, A. Trapuzzano, T. Tretvik April – 2017 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport Directorate B - Investment, Innovative & Sustainable Transport Unit B4 – Sustainable & Intelligent Transport E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels EUROPEAN COMMISSION Study on Urban Vehicle Access Regulations Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport 2017 3 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISBN: 978-92-79-57535-8 doi:10.2832/64096 © European Union, 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. PRINTED ON ELEMENTAL CHLORINE-FREE BLEACHED PAPER (ECF) PRINTED ON TOTALLY CHLORINE-FREE BLEACHED PAPER (TCF) PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER PRINTED ON PROCESS CHLORINE-FREE RECYCLED PAPER (PCF) Final report - Study on Urban Vehicle Access Regulations Table of Contents Executive summary ....................................................................................................... -
Building a Home for Circumpolar Architecture an Introduction
Chapter 1 Building a Home for Circumpolar Architecture An Introduction Robert P. Wishart The hearth is at the centre. It is a simple statement with profound implica- tions. As Stephen Pyne (1995: 3) reminds us, humans are ‘uniquely fire creatures on a uniquely fire planet’. And yet the hearth, the place where we ignite and tend to so many of our fires, is not simply a container for, or a site of, this particularity. Take, for example, the hearth as philosophized and mythologized by the ancient Greeks. Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, was also the goddess of the home, architecture and the symbolic and ritual centre of the inhabitants, the ‘oikos’ or household (Vernant 1969: 132). To the ancient Greeks, the hearth, the home and the household were inseparable, and as Carsten (1995b) illustrates, this understanding is not unique to the classical world. The relatedness of the hearth, the home and the household correspond to the complex and creative relatedness inher- ent in kinship.1 But would it be reductive to understand the house as con- tainer for and site of the household, and would it ignore the coextension of the hearth, house and household with the environment and the cosmos? Furthermore, would these reductions also serve to eclipse real lives with representations that might serve other interests? For the collective effort of the authors gathered here, these questions became fundamental to the inquiry about the ways in which the hearth in the circumpolar North is at the centre of something much larger. There are few other places that one could imagine the crucial interde- pendencies and relationships between the hearth, home and household would be as apparent as that in the circumpolar North. -
Women's Social Networking: Steps That Organize Low-Technology Users with Emergency Needs
Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2011 Women's social networking: steps that organize low-technology users with emergency needs Jon O. Gary Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Gary, Jon O., "Women's social networking: steps that organize low-technology users with emergency needs" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 109. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/109 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology WOMEN‘S SOCIAL NETWORKING: STEPS THAT ORGANIZE LOW-TECHNOLOGY USERS WITH EMERGENCY NEEDS A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership by Jon O. Gary February, 2011 Lauren Walters, Ed.D.— Dissertation Chairperson This dissertation, written by Jon O. Gary under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Doctoral Committee: Lauren Walters, Ed.D., Chairperson James Dellaneve, Ed.D. June Schmeider-Ramirez, Ph.D. © Copyright by Jon -
Jewellery and Baking Bread at Stainton
Romans on the Don Classroom Exercise 3 Jewellery and Baking Bread at Stainton Three archaeological projects were carried out at Holme Hall near Stainton between 1994 and 2005. The first was fieldwalking which identified an area 60 metres by 80 metres in a field where a large amount of Romano-British pottery was found. This led to geophysical survey and excavation of the area. The site was an Iron Age and Romano-British settlement where bread was baked in kilns during the Roman period. Many features were discovered including a ditched enclosure within which were pits, gullies and postholes, and a hearth. Also inside the enclosure was a cobbled area containing burnt river cobbles that may have been heated in a fire for use in cooking, either to roast meat on or to boil water in pots. The cobbles were thrown aside after use. Outside the enclosure were field boundary ditches, pits, the bases of 3 bread ovens, and a waste midden. The ovens showed that the family who lived in the farm baked their own bread. Wood was placed inside and set a light. When the flames had died down to embers, bread was placed inside the kiln on racks to bake. When ready the racks could be taken out without destroying the roof of the oven. Over 1400 fragments of animal bone were discovered on the site, including cattle, sheep and goat bones. Over 5300 sherds of Roman-British pottery were found, most of it dating from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The pottery is mainly from jars and a slight increase in table wares over time may show the adoption of Roman table manners in the 3rd century. -
Making Low-Tech at and Adaptations
Making Low-Tech AT and Adaptations Re-published with permission from Tots-n-Tech Newsletter – August 2010 1 Thomas Jefferson Arizona State University University August 2010 E-Newsletter M AKING LOW-TECH AT AND ADAPTATIONS In This Issue Low-tech assistive technology (AT) and adaptations are cheap and easy strategies that families and professionals can use to increase their Making Low-Tech 1 children’s participation in daily activities and routines. If you have the AT and right supplies, most of these ideas only take a few minutes to make. Adaptations Creating a make-it take-it kit to keep at home, in the office, or take with 2 you on the go is a great idea for making sure that you’ll have the needed Make-It Take-It Materials Lists supplies when you want to create low-tech AT or an adaptation. In this newsletter we have put together lists of items commonly used in low tech AT and adaptations. Below is a list of general materials that may be useful for all of your AT and adaptation projects. In addition to these Web Resources 3 items, we have also included lists of materials for making devices and for Making Low- adaptations based on functional need. Combine the list below with the Tech AT & Adaptations lists on page 2 to make your own make-it take-it kit! Print Resources 4 for Making Low- Tech AT & Adaptations Idea to Share: 6 Baking Pan Magnifier G ENERAL MAKE- IT TAKE- IT LIST Velcro Markers, pencils, pens, crayons Various kinds of tape - Duct tape, Styrofoam trays masking tape, cloth tape, Fabric scraps electrical tape Sandpaper PVC pipe Spray adhesive Sewing kit Pool noodles Empty containers Non-slip material Cardboard boxes Felt Scissors and X-acto knife Phonebooks Glue and hot glue gun Tool set Various kinds of paper - Battery interrupter and switch construction, cardstock, 3x5 cards, etc. -
Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Vol. 26, No. 3/4. April/July 1965
BULLETIN OF THE MASSACI-IUSETTS ARCI-IAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOL. 26 NOS. 3 and 4 APRIL - JULY, 1965 CONTENTS Page THE BOATS SITE, EXCAVATION NO.2 EDWABD F. ROSE . 33 A BIRDSTONE RECOVERY IN RHODE ISLAND WILLIAM S. FoWLER 39 THE SEMAN SITE: A NEW YORK STATE EXCAVATION PJm..Ip W. JOHANNESSON AND A1mruR C. GLAMM, JR. 44 SIGNIFICANT CERAMIC PIPE RECOVERIES WILLIAM S. FOWLER 49 BITTER ROCK SHELTER: A SThATIFIED CONNECTICUT SITE BERNABD W. POWELL 53 DISCOVERY: AN IMPELLI G FORCE I RESEARCH EDITORIAL 64 PUBLISHED BY THE MASSACHUSmS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC. SOCIETY OFFICE, Bronson Museum, 8 No. Main Street, Attleboro, Mass. PEnIOO!CALS DEPT. THE CLfMf iT C. f"AXt', [11_ L1~f!. r;\ Sr!.1~ ,Lr:"E BRIDGE "T'Ii, M/'\;)~ .CHUvElTS MASSACHUSETIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS President Harold F. Nye Marion, Mass. First Vice President Donald C. Wilder 86 Brewster Avenue, South Braintree 85, Mass. Second Vice President William B. Brierly 9 Hawthorne Street, Millbury, Mass. Secretary Maurice Robbins Bronson Museum, Attleboro, Mass. Financial Secretary Mabel A. Robbins 23 Steere Street, Attleboro, Mass. Treasurer Arthur C. Staples Segreganset, Mass. Editor William S. Fowler Bronson Museum, Attleboro, Mass. Trustees Society Officers and 2 Last PliS~ Presidents Walter Thomas, Jr. Edward G. Bielski Robert A. Martin Frank Kremp Robert E. Valyou George S. Gibb MASSACHUSETIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY BULLETIN, pub lished in four Numbers of one Volume each year, commencing in October. Price this issue $1.50 (Subscription by membership in the Society: $3.(0) Note: Address aU requests concerning membership to the Secretary; aU orders for back BuUetin numbers (4 for $1.00 to members) to the Editor; and mail Society dues to the Financial Secretary. -
Cave Painting UNIT 1
All Grades ART ~ Lesson A CYCLE 1 Cave Painting UNIT 1 !! Students will create a cave painting using charcoal and acrylic. Printing"the"Handout" guarantees"families"see" Before the Lesson: the"“home"follow@up" assignment”"and"have" 1.! Review Lesson and Art Handout (below) to understand philosophy and ideas. terms"and"visual"aids" 2.! Print “Animal Template” (below) on card-stock and cut out for"studying"during"the" 3.! Print “Handout” (below) week.""" 4.! Review materials list below and make sure you have everything ready. 5.! Review In-Class section below to make sure you understand the activity. 6.! Optional: Print “ Visual Aids” (below, images are the same as Handout) Materials Needed: !! 1-2 Colors of Acrylic Paint !! 1 Paintbrush per student !! 1 Water Jar per student !! Animal templates (see below, print enough so that each student can have at least one animal at a time). !! 1 11x17 sheet of sketch paper per student !! 1 Willow Stick or piece of charcoal per student Check$with$your$local$ !! 1 Handout on paper, in color per student (or per family) co7op$director"to" !! 1 Large fan know"what"supplies"are" !! Roll of paper towels already"on@hand"and" which"ones"you"need"to" !! Bottle of cleaning spray procure"by"buying"or" !! 1 Smock per student borrowing."""" !! 1 set of Visual Aids on paper, in color (see below, images are same as Handout Feel$free$to$substitute$ materials"when" Classroom Preparation (always plan at least 30 minutes): desired/needed.""" •! Cover the floor with plastic. •! Set up tables throughout the room, covered with plastic.