Technical Data Reports Containing Habitat Maps at Local and Regional Scales TDR MI-2

APPENDIX AIR10-C Technical Data Reports Containing Habitat Maps at Local and Regional Scales

TDR MI-2 - Juvenile Dungeness Crabs TDR

PORT METRO VANCOUVER | Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Information Request Response

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ROBERTS BANK TERMINAL 2 TECHNICAL DATA REPORT Marine Invertebrates Juvenile Dungeness Crabs

Prepared for: Port Metro Vancouver 100 The Pointe, 999 Canada Place Vancouver, BC V6C 3T4

Prepared by: Hemmera Envirochem Inc. 18th floor 4730 Kingsway Burnaby, BC V5H 0C6

File: 302-042.02 December 2014

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs December 2014

Technical Report/Technical Data Report Disclaimer

The Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency determined the scope of the proposed Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Project (RBT2 or the Project) and the scope of the assessment in the Final Environmental Impact Statement Guidelines (EISG) issued January 7, 2014. The scope of the Project includes the project components and physical activities to be considered in the environmental assessment. The scope of the assessment includes the factors to be considered and the scope of those factors. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) has been prepared in accordance with the scope of the Project and the scope of the assessment specified in the EISG. For each component of the natural or human environment considered in the EIS, the geographic scope of the assessment depends on the extent of potential effects.

At the time supporting technical studies were initiated in 2011, with the objective of ensuring adequate information would be available to inform the environmental assessment of the Project, neither the scope of the Project nor the scope of the assessment had been determined.

Therefore, the scope of supporting studies may include physical activities that are not included in the scope of the Project as determined by the Agency. Similarly, the scope of supporting studies may also include spatial areas that are not expected to be affected by the Project.

This out-of-scope information is included in the Technical Report (TR)/Technical Data Report (TDR) for each study, but may not be considered in the assessment of potential effects of the Project unless relevant for understanding the context of those effects or to assessing potential cumulative effects. Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - i - December 2014

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Port Metro Vancouver (PMV) is assessing the potential to develop the Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Project (RBT2 or the Project), a proposed new three-berth marine terminal at Roberts Bank in Delta, B.C. The Project is part of PMV’s Container Capacity Improvement Program (CCIP), a long-term strategy to deliver projects to meet anticipated growth in demand for container capacity to 2030.

This technical data report describes the results of Juvenile Dungeness Crab (Metacarcinus magister) Study. Dungeness crabs support valuable commercial, recreational, and Aboriginal (CRA) fisheries throughout B.C. waters, including Roberts Bank, and are valued by local Aboriginal groups, who harvest them for food, and social and ceremonial purposes.

While the importance of estuaries as nursery habitat for juvenile Dungeness crabs has been well documented, site-specific information on juvenile habitat use at Roberts Bank was lacking. The objective of this study was to examine whether juvenile crabs exhibit preferences for certain macrophyte habitats by comparing densities of juvenile crabs across different ecotypes. This was accomplished by conducting random stratified quadrat surveys over two summers (2012 and 2013).

Results demonstrate that: i) there is substantial variability in densities of settling juvenile Dungeness crabs; ii) settlement is patchy in both time and space; iii) habitat preferences change as crabs grow, with Ulva (i.e., sea lettuce) and Zostera (i.e., eelgrass) beds preferred for differing developmental stages of juvenile Dungeness crabs; and, iv) age 1+ crabs are largely absent from vegetated intertidal areas at low tide, but were frequently observed in tidal channels in the low intertidal zone. Further, total percent macrophyte cover was positively correlated with crab density and negatively correlated with crab size, suggesting that age 0+ crabs settle in higher numbers in areas that offer high vegetative relief, but require less cover as they grow.

Roberts Bank is used as a settlement and rearing habitat by Dungeness crabs; and the presence of age 0+ and 1+ juveniles suggests a local residence time of at least two consecutive summers. Ontogenetic shifts (i.e., change in development of an organism from one life stage to another) in habitat use were documented, and highlight the importance of Ulva, eelgrass, and tidal channels, at varying stages of juvenile development.

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - ii - December 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... I LIST OF ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS ...... IV GLOSSARY ...... IV 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 1

1.2 JUVENILE DUNGENESS CRAB OVERVIEW ...... 1 2.0 REVIEW OF AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND DATA ...... 3

2.1 LIFE HISTORY & BEHAVIOUR ...... 3

2.2 ECOLOGICAL ROLE ...... 4

2.3 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITING FACTORS ...... 5

2.4 CONSERVATION STATUS AND MANAGEMENT ...... 6

2.5 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS STUDIES AT ROBERTS BANK ...... 7 3.0 METHODS ...... 8

3.1 STUDY AREA ...... 8

3.2 TEMPORAL SCOPE...... 8

3.3 STUDY METHODS ...... 8

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS ...... 12 4.0 RESULTS ...... 13

4.1 STUDY RESULTS ...... 13

4.2 INCIDENTAL OBSERVATIONS ...... 22 5.0 DISCUSSION ...... 23

5.1 DISCUSSION OF KEY FINDINGS ...... 23

5.2 DATA GAPS AND LIMITATIONS ...... 25 6.0 CLOSURE ...... 26 7.0 REFERENCES ...... 27 8.0 STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS ...... 33

List of Tables

Table 1-1 Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Study Components and Major Objectives ...... 1 Table 4-1 Summary of Mean Percent Vegetative Cover, and Juvenile Crab Density and Carapace Width, over 2012 and 2013 Sampling Periods ...... 14 Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - iii - December 2014

List of Figures

Figure 3-1 Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Study Area, Dominant Habitat Types and Proposed RBT2 Footprint at Roberts Bank ...... 10 Figure 3-2 Sampling Locations for Juvenile Dungeness Crabs at Roberts Bank in 2012 (blue) and 2013 (green) ...... 11 Figure 4-1 Presence/Absence of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs at Sampling Locations across Roberts Bank (2012) ...... 15 Figure 4-2 Presence/Absence of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs at Sampling Locations across Roberts Bank (2013) ...... 16 Figure 4-3 Comparison of Mean Densities of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs among Different Intertidal Vegetation Habitats in 2012 and 2013 ...... 17 Figure 4-4 Frequency Histograms of Juvenile Dungeness Crab Density in Different Vegetation Habitats in 2012 and 2013 ...... 18 Figure 4-5 GLM showing the Relationship between Juvenile Dungeness Crab Density and Percent Macrophyte Cover ...... 19 Figure 4-6 Comparison of Juvenile Dungeness Crab Carapace Width (mm) among Different Intertidal Vegetation Habitats (2012) ...... 20 Figure 4-7 GLM showing the Relationship between Juvenile Dungeness Crab Carapace Width (mm) and Percent Macrophyte Cover (2012) ...... 21

List of Appendices

Appendix A Data Tables

Appendix B Photographs

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - iv - December 2014

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS

CCIP Container Capacity Improvement Program CRA Commercial, Recreational, and Aboriginal DFO Department of Fisheries and Oceans PMV Port Metro Vancouver RBT2 Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Project

GLOSSARY

Glossary Term Definition Mating behaviour where by a male mounts a female for an extended period in order to Amplexus copulate. Carapace The large outer shell of Dungeness crab and other invertebrate species. Diatoms A group of algal organisms. Ephemeral Short-lived (i.e., lasting for a very short time). Epifaunal Organisms that live on top of the sediment or substrate of a body of water. Infaunal Organisms that live within the sediment or substrate of a body of water. Instar Developmental stage between each moult until sexual maturity is reached. Generic term for aquatic plants that includes both sea grasses (e.g., eelgrass) and algae Macrophyte (e.g., Ulva). Final larval stage in decapod crustaceans where behaviour, morphology and physiology is Megalopae transitional between the larval and early juvenile stages (Brown and Terwilliger 1992). Ontogenetic Change in the development of an organism from one life stage to another. Refers to species of an open water column which generally do not inhabit the sea floor or Pelagic shoreline environments. Planktivorous Species that feed on plankton. Relating to plankton, a community of small to microscopic organisms at the base of a marine Planktonic food web comprised of algae and protozoans. Protists Small eukaryotic organisms. Zoea A larval form of life stage. Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 1 - December 2014

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This section provides project background information and an overview of the Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Study.

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Project (RBT2 or Project) is a proposed new three-berth marine terminal at Roberts Bank in Delta, B.C. that could provide 2.4 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent unit containers) of additional container capacity annually. The Project is part of Port Metro Vancouver’s Container Capacity Improvement Program, a long-term strategy to deliver projects to meet anticipated growth in demand for container capacity to 2030.

Port Metro Vancouver has retained Hemmera to undertake environmental studies related to the Project. This technical data report describes the results of the Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Study.

1.2 JUVENILE DUNGENESS CRAB OVERVIEW

A review of existing information and state of knowledge was completed for juvenile Dungeness crabs (Metacarcinus magister) to identify key data gaps and areas of uncertainty within the general RBT2 area. This technical data report describes the study findings for key components identified from this gap analysis. Study components, major objectives and a brief overview are provided in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1 Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Study Components and Major Objectives

Component Major Objective Brief Overview Sampling locations were stratified by habitat Determine preferences in juvenile (vegetation) type. Juvenile crabs were counted and Density and Dungeness crab nursery habitat by measured within three replicate 0.25 m2 quadrats. Habitat Use quantifying and comparing densities Substrate composition and percent cover of among different macrophyte types. macrophytes were recorded for each quadrat.

While the importance of estuaries to juvenile Dungeness crabs has been well documented (Tasto 1983, Armstrong and Gunderson 1985, Stevens and Armstrong 1985, McMillan et al. 1995), site-specific information on juvenile habitat use at Roberts Bank is lacking. The first, and most recent, targeted juvenile Dungeness crab study at Roberts Bank was conducted in 2008 (Hemmera 2009), and therefore warrants updating. Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 2 - December 2014

Additionally, site-specific knowledge of the juvenile life history phase is important to understand linkages to local commercial, recreational, and Aboriginal (CRA) fisheries, which are thought to largely depend on a self-circulating population (i.e. the major source of crab settling in the Strait of Georgia is likely larvae hatched and retained from local sub-populations within the Strait, as opposed to larvae from outer-coast populations) (Hemmera 2009). Unlike the open coast, the Strait of Georgia is largely enclosed and bounded by strong tidal fronts to the north and south – oceanographic and geographic properties that may help retain crab larvae in the Strait; further, Jamieson and Phillips (1993) suggested the Juan de Fuca Strait may act as a physical barrier to dispersing larval crabs.

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 3 - December 2014

2.0 REVIEW OF AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND DATA

An exhaustive review was undertaken for information pertaining to Dungeness crabs, specifically the juvenile life history phase, both at Roberts Bank and across their entire geographic range. Numerous literature and data sources were consulted, including:

 Publicly available Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge (ATK);

 Workshops with Tsawwassen First Nation (TFN);

 Books;

 Academic journals;

 Databases (e.g. DFO WAVES Catalogue; NOAA);

 Consultant reports; and,

 Government technical reports.

No ATK references specific to juvenile crabs were identified, though TFN community members indicated that the species holds substantial cultural and socioeconomic value to their community from a fishery perspective. A complete list of references is provided in Section 7.0.

2.1 LIFE HISTORY & BEHAVIOUR

Dungeness crabs belong to the family Cancridae, in the order Decapoda, class Malacostraca, and phylum Arthropoda. Dungeness crabs are distributed in coastal marine and estuarine waters along the west coast of North America from Mexico to Alaska, and occur from the low intertidal zone to depths of at least 230 metres (Pauley et al. 1989).

Dungeness crab life history involves distinct stages of development, including: pelagic larvae, megalopae, instars, older juveniles, and mature adults (Armstrong et al. 1989). Adults migrate to shallow waters in spring (March through June) to reproduce. Males embrace females and mate shortly after the female crab moults and is in a softshell state (Jensen et al. 1996). Male crabs often mate with multiple females in the same season (Orensanz and Gallucci 1988), and females can also mate with more than one male in a season (Jensen et al. 1996). Females produce 200,000 to two million eggs, depending on their size, and can store sperm to fertilise their eggs at a later date when their carapace has hardened, usually around October or November (Wild 1980, Rasmuson 2013). Some female crabs “skip-moult”, where they breed every second year, and can store sperm up to two and a half years to fertilise their eggs (Hankin et al. 1989). The eggs adhere to the abdomen and are protected and aerated by the female throughout the winter (approximately three months of embryonic development); during this time, female crabs are relatively inactive – they seldom feed and remain buried in bottom sediments (Dunham et al. 2011). Eggs hatch late winter/early spring, depending on location (latitude) and water temperature. Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 4 - December 2014

Dungeness crab larvae emerge into the water as pre-zoea, but moult quickly (within one hour) to the first zoea stage. After an extended (four to five month) pelagic period entailing five zoea stages, the megalopae settle in intertidal habitats within shallow coastal zones or estuaries (Gunderson et al. 1990, McConnaughey et al. 1992). Settlement occurs progressively later at higher latitudes, except in the Strait of Georgia where, in most years, settlement extends from late June through September, peaking in August. In some years, multiple pulses of settlement are reported for inland waters, corresponding to cohorts of early settling coastal stocks and later settling inland stocks (McMillan et al. 1995).

Megalopae settle into complex substrates, such as oyster shell or eelgrass beds and metamorphose into first instar juveniles after settlement (Pauley et al. 1989). They are reclusive during this time, and appear to remain in the area of initial settlement throughout the first year of life. Upon reaching a carapace width of approximately 30 mm, considered a size refuge from predation, age 0+ crabs migrate to subtidal areas (Dumbauld and Armstrong 1987, Fernandez et al. 1993). Age 1+ crabs most commonly use subtidal areas, but migrate from these deeper refugia into intertidal habitats during flood tides to forage for food (Gunderson et al. 1990, Fernandez et al. 1993, Holsman et al. 2003).

Like other crustaceans, Dungeness crabs grow discontinuously by moulting, a process whereby the old shell is shed as a new shell underneath absorbs water and swells to a new size 15-30% larger, and hardens over several months. Each moult stage, or instar, cannot accurately be aged as no hard structures which might show growth rings are carried through a moult. Juvenile crabs moult multiple times annually and it takes approximately two years – and more than 10 moults – for a juvenile crab to reach sexual maturity (DFO 2012). Life span estimates for Dungeness crabs range from eight to ten years (DFO 2012).

2.2 ECOLOGICAL ROLE

Dungeness crabs occupy ecological niches in both marine and estuarine waters and are ecologically important as both predator and prey at all life stages. Dungeness larvae are among the dominant species in the plankton community in the central and southern Strait of Georgia and play an important role in the food web dynamics of the Strait (Mackas et al. 2013). Changes in larval biomass are likely shaped by complex prey-predator interactions within the planktonic community in a bottom-up fashion, where prey availability is a key factor in determining predator abundance (Li et al. 2013). Dungeness larvae generally feed on other planktonic species, such as barnacle larvae, protists and diatoms in the near-surface water layers until they are ready to settle out of the plankton as juveniles (Rasmuson 2013). In turn, Dungeness larvae are consumed by numerous higher trophic species, including planktivorous juvenile or larval fish as well as marine mammals, such as baleen whales feeding in the near-surface water (Johannessen et al. 2008, Li et al. 2013). Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 5 - December 2014

Although studies documenting selective feeding by fish species on Dungeness crab larvae are lacking, diet analyses of English sole (Parophrys vetulus), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) suggest that megalopae larvae are consumed by a variety of economically valuable fish species (Botsford et al. 1982, Pauley et al. 1989, Emmett and Krutzikowsky 2008). Preikshot et al. (2010) also observed increases in crab larval predation by juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) between 2004 and 2008 in the Strait of Georgia, which have been shown to correspond to the highest crab larval biomass estimates in 2006 to 2007 (Mackas et al. 2013).

Juvenile and adult Dungeness crabs are opportunistic omnivorous predators of a wide range of crustaceans, marine worms, bivalves (clam and mussel), and other mollusc species (Rasmuson 2013). Dungeness crabs are often the most prominent predators in intertidal areas during flood tides (especially in estuarine systems) and, several authors have concluded that predation by migrating crabs is a mechanism that both reduces intertidal prey populations and structures associated benthic communities (Boulding 1984, Gee et al. 1985, Yamada and Boulding 1996).

Juvenile Dungeness crabs are also among common prey to marine birds and a wide range of fish species, including starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), English sole, and staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus) (DFO 2012), and are occasionally consumed by invasive European green crab where their ranges overlap (McDonald et al. 2001). Additionally, cannibalism is prevalent, particularly among crabs greater than 60 mm carapace width (Stevens et al. 1982, Fernandez et al. 1993).

2.3 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITING FACTORS

While Dungeness crab settle broadly along the coast, the highest densities of juveniles are found in coastal estuaries; larval distribution patterns suggest that this is the result of active larval migration or directed transport toward estuarine areas for settlement (Fernandez et al. 1993). Advantages attributed to estuarine areas include warmer temperatures, greater standing stock biomass of food organisms, and refuge from predation (Gunderson et al. 1990). Growth rates of juvenile crabs are nearly twice as high in estuaries compared to conspecifics of the same year class found in adjacent coastal regions (Gunderson et al. 1990). Estuaries are deemed to provide essential habitat for juveniles (McMillan et al. 1995, Armstrong et al. 2003).

Despite living in estuaries – habitats subject to frequent episodes of low salinity - Dungeness crabs are considered weak osmoregulators (Engelhardt and Dehnel 1973), meaning they have trouble keeping their fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated in response to changing salinity conditions. Adult Dungeness crabs display physiological stress responses to low salinity conditions below 24 psu (Curtis and McGaw 2008; 2012), and are unable to tolerate prolonged exposure to salinities below 12 psu (Cleaver 1949). Alterations in the salinity regime within an estuary, therefore, can influence Dungeness crab physiology (McGaw and McMahon 1996; McGaw 2006), with tachycardia (increased heart rate), increased oxygen uptake and increased ventilation rates reported as typical responses (McGaw 2006). Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 6 - December 2014

Predation is regarded as a key force in controlling population size of many crustacean species, and density of juveniles is correlated with three-dimensional structures that provide refuge (Heck and Wilson 1987, Doty et al. 1990, Dumbauld et al. 1993). Within estuarine regions, three dimensional structures occur as shell middens and vegetation, and harbour greater densities of juvenile Dungeness crabs than less complex habitats such as flat mud and sand (Henrys et al. 1986, Fernandez et al. 1993, McMillan et al. 1995). Protection from predators is particularly important following settlement from the water column, as frequent moulting at this time renders crab highly vulnerable to predation (Dumbauld et al. 1993). In addition to providing refuge, such complex habitats may also shelter infaunal and epifaunal species that are prey items for juvenile Dungeness crab (Armstrong et al. 1991).

Patterns in estuarine habitat use by juvenile Dungeness crabs are also governed by competitive interactions with other crab species. For example, the abundance of juvenile crabs in refuge shell habitats is negatively influenced by competition and displacement from other Cancer species (e.g., C. maenas) and adult yellow shore crabs (Hemigrapsus oregonensis) (McDonald et al. 2001, Visser et al. 2004). Examples of other crabs species at Roberts Bank include: yellow shore crab, purple shore crab (Hemigrapsus nudus), red rock crab (Cancer productus), graceful crab (Metacarcinus gracilis), and kelp crab (Pugettia sp.).

Sub-adult Dungeness crabs (40-100 mm carapace width) are largely absent from intertidal habitats at low tide but continue to forage there throughout the estuarine portion of their life history. Intertidal foraging is necessary since sub-littoral prey resources are insufficient to support observed abundances of crabs concentrated in shallow channels at low tide (Holsman et al. 2003). Generally, sub-adults most frequently utilise soft substrates such as mud and sand flats, and are found to a lesser extent in dense eelgrass beds and oyster shell deposits (Holsman et al. 2003). Sub-adults reach sexual maturity at around 2 years of age (>100mm carapace width), when they descend to deeper subtidal adult habitats (Rasmuson 2013).

2.4 CONSERVATION STATUS AND MANAGEMENT

There are no known conservation concerns for Dungeness crabs and they are not listed under any provincial or federal legislation.

Dungeness crab populations within the Strait of Georgia are managed by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) through season, sex and size limits that are designed to protect all female crabs as well as males under 155 mm carapace width1 (DFO 2012). Additional management measures also include fishing closures when crabs are moulting or shedding their shells, and are vulnerable to injury or illegal harvests (Zhang et al. 2002, DFO 2012).

1 For Dungeness crabs, refers to measurement of the exoskeleton at its widest point, the 10th anterio-lateral spine Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 7 - December 2014

2.5 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS STUDIES AT ROBERTS BANK

Two studies were located specific to juvenile Dungeness crabs at Roberts Bank; and are discussed chronologically.

Triton (2004) reported juvenile Dungeness crabs from muddy hummocks, or mounds, topped with filamentous green algae when conducting studies for the Deltaport Third Berth Project Environmental Assessment. These studies reported crab densities within the Deltaport Third Berth project footprint ranging from 4 to 120 per m2 (median of 24 per m2) and initially flagged Ulva hummocks as nursery habitat for juvenile Dungeness crabs. In 2008, crab zoea were observed to settle in filamentous green algae (Ulva sp.) in late spring, on the west side of Deltaport during beach seining efforts for juvenile salmonids (Hemmera 2009).

These observations prompted further investigation and, in 2008, targeted juvenile Dungeness crab studies were undertaken. 127 quadrats were sampled over five different substrates. Of these, approximately 60% of all juvenile crabs found were associated with either Ulva hummocks or Z. japonica beds adjacent to the rip rap. Juvenile crab density was significantly higher in non-native Z. japonica (88 crabs/m2), followed by Ulva hummocks (40 crabs/m2) and native Z. marina (12 crabs/m2). No crabs were found in areas without vegetative cover. The average weighted density of recently settled juvenile crabs for the whole area surveyed was 8.6 crabs/m2 (Hemmera 2009). No other studies that focus specifically on the juvenile life stage of Dungeness crabs at Roberts Bank are known.

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 8 - December 2014

3.0 METHODS

Descriptions of the spatial and temporal scopes of the Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Study and study methods are provided below.

3.1 STUDY AREA

The study area extends across intertidal areas (between low water and high water marks) from the B.C. Ferries Terminal in the south to Brunswick Point in the north; Canoe Passage acts as a northern boundary to the study area (Figure 3-1). Greatest sampling effort occurred on the northwest side of the Roberts Bank causeway as this is the location of the proposed RBT2 footprint, though locations were also sampled in the inter-causeway area due to the location of the proposed tug basin expansion and intermediate transfer pit (ITP).

3.2 TEMPORAL SCOPE

The temporal scope of this study spanned two field seasons, 2012 and 2013, in order to capture existing conditions within the study area. Timing of post-larval settlement varies from year to year, but generally occurs in late summer in inland waters of the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound (McMillan et al. 1995).

In 2012, surveys were conducted June through September with the intent of capturing the entirety of the Dungeness crab settlement period. Sampling occurred in four discrete time periods: one in late June/early July (June 30 to July 5), two in August (August 13 to 15 and 27 to 30) and one in late September (September 20). July surveys took advantage of the lowest tides of the summer (to sample the low intertidal vegetation), while August surveys were timed to coincide with both peak settlement densities (McMillan et al. 1995) and peak vegetation biomass periods.

In 2013, the timing of surveys was refined to focus on periods of peak Ulva presence, because Ulva is ephemeral (i.e., short lived) and generally only present in the study area for a short window of time, and because juvenile crabs are so closely associated with this macrophyte. Sampling occurred over a five day period in early July (July 4 to 9).

3.3 STUDY METHODS

Field survey methods for juvenile Dungeness crabs followed a similar protocol to that outlined in the T2 Environmental Baseline Monitoring Report (Hemmera 2009). A random stratified survey design was employed to distribute sampling effort evenly among different habitat types (strata), and a maximum total of 20 sampling locations were planned within each stratum. Habitat types surveyed included native eelgrass (Zostera marina), non-native eelgrass (Zostera japonica), drift green algae (Ulva) (Figure 3-1) and non-vegetated sand and mudflat.

The presence of Ulva at Roberts Bank is typically ephemeral and can vary spatially and temporally within a season, as well as annually, characteristics that make it difficult to define discrete polygons on a habitat map. Note the distinction between “recurring Ulva”, which refers to a polygon identified in past surveys Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 9 - December 2014 where Ulva-topped hummocks consistently appear (grid cells L10- M10 and L11 – M11; Figure 3-1) and “ephemeral Ulva”, which refers to any Ulva occurring outside the delineated polygon. Because Ulva tends to drift onto the mudflats with the tide (Schaadt 2005), it gets widely distributed across the intertidal zone, and is often found in mounds on top of other substrates (e.g., eelgrass, sand, mud, rock) creating complex polygons; Figure 5-3 in Section 5.0 of the Marine Vegetation TDR (Hemmera 2014a) illustrates an example of the extent of Ulva distribution at Roberts Bank, based on snapshot hyperspectral imagery taken on July 31, 2012. Please refer to the Marine Vegetation TDR (Hemmera 2014a) for a more fulsome description of Ulva distribution and seasonality at Roberts Bank.

In practice, a total of 102 stations were sampled for juvenile Dungeness crabs over two field seasons in 2012 and 2013 (Figure 3-2). Sampling was undertaken evenly among eelgrass habitat types with 25% (n=26) in each Z. marina and Z. japonica and higher in Ulva at 47% (n= 48), due to its widespread distribution across the intertidal zone. Two locations were also sampled in bare sand.

At each sampling location, juvenile Dungeness crabs, including megalopae, were counted and measured within three replicate 0.25 m2 quadrats (totalling 306 quadrats). Each quadrat was sampled to a sediment depth of 10 cm and sorted through two coupled sieves (mesh sizes 2 and 4 mm). Crab carapace widths (mm) were measured and, where possible, individuals were sexed (juveniles smaller than 15 mm are generally impossible to sex because the abdomens in males and females are similarly shaped). Individuals were then returned unharmed to the site of capture. For this study, juveniles were classified as crabs with carapace widths of <15 mm (including megalopae), to 100 mm (for females) and 120 mm (for males), consistent with the published sizes-at-maturity (Dunham et al. 2011).

Substrate composition and percent cover of macrophytes were also recorded for each quadrat. Data was collected using electronic PDA (“personal digital assistant”) devices or waterproof data-sheets.

Data collected at each sampling point included:

 Date;  Time;  Sample ID;  GPS coordinates (UTM);  Carapace width (mm);  Sex (for individuals >15 mm);  Substrate composition; and  Percent cover of macrophytes.

This study was designed to overlap spatially and temporally with marine vegetation surveys, as co- located data enhances current understanding of the relative importance of different vegetation ecotypes as habitat for juvenile Dungeness crabs at Roberts Bank.

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Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 10 - December 2014

Figure 3-1 Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Study Area, Dominant Habitat Types and Proposed RBT2 Footprint at Roberts Bank

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 11 - December 2014

Figure 3-2 Sampling Locations for Juvenile Dungeness Crabs at Roberts Bank in 2012 (blue) and 2013 (green)

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 12 - December 2014

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Data were QA/QC’d (quality assurance and quality control) before incorporation into the central ArcGIS database. Data were analysed using the open source R Statistical Package. Non-parametric procedures (i.e., statistical analyses which make no assumptions about the probability distributions of the variables being assessed) were employed for comparisons of mean densities due to non-normally distributed counts, as well as unequal variances and sample sizes.

Three habitat categories (strata) were defined based on dominant forms of macrophyte cover: Ulva, Z. marina and Z. japonica. Mean densities of crabs were calculated for each category and compared using pairwise Tukey t-tests with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons, to examine distribution of crabs among habitats.

During the QA/QC process, a possible outlier was identified in the carapace width dataset and confirmed using a Bonferroni outlier test; it was therefore removed from subsequent analyses. Standard and zero inflated Poisson generalised linear models (GLMs) were used to explore relationships between vegetative percent cover, crab densities and carapace width. Model selection was based on results of Chi-squared and Vuong tests. Chi squared tests compared the Poisson regression to a null (i.e., intercept only) model, and results for both 2012 and 2013 datasets indicate the Poisson model provides a statistically significant better fit (p= 5.4 x 10-5 and p= 1.6 x 10-8, respectively). Vuong tests compared a standard Poisson regression model to a zero-inflated model; results from 2012 indicate the zero-inflated model did not provide a better fit than the standard (p= 0.22) while results from 2013 indicated that it did (p= 0.02).

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 13 - December 2014

4.0 RESULTS

This section presents the main findings of the study, and briefly describes data gaps, potential biases and incidental observations.

4.1 STUDY RESULTS

Density

In summer 2012, Dungeness crabs were observed, in various life stages (megalopae, juvenile, and subadult), at 39% (n=24) of 61 sampling locations. A total of 40 crabs (16 megalopae and 24 instars) were counted over the course of the surveys. Densities of crabs ranged from 0 to 8 crabs/m2 and the mean density (±SE) of juvenile Dungeness crabs for the whole area surveyed (including sampling locations in all habitat types) was 0.87 ± 0.19 crabs/m2.

In summer 2013, Dungeness crabs were observed at 29% (n=12) of 41 sampling locations. A total of 40 crabs (17 megalopae and 23 instars) were counted over the course of the surveys. Densities of crabs ranged from 0 to 48 crabs/m2 , and the average density of juvenile Dungeness crabs for the whole area surveyed (including sampling locations in all vegetation types) was 3.15 ± 0.89 crabs/m2, an increase of nearly quadruple relative to 2012.

Density by Habitat Type

In 2012, Ulva supported the highest mean density of crabs (1.33 ± 0.36/m2), the second highest density was found in Z. marina (0.59 ± 0.27/m2) and then Z. japonica (0.44 ± 0.21/m2), however results were not statistically significant (p= 0.23; Figure 4-3). Across all vegetation types, most quadrats did not contain any crabs (Figure 4-4); and, when crabs were found, it was most often at densities less than 2 crabs/m2. Only within Ulva were crabs observed at densities higher than 4 crabs/m2. Results from 2013 followed a similar trend to 2012, with Ulva supporting significantly higher mean densities (6.67 ± 1.58 crabs/m2) than either Z. marina (0.27 ± 0.27 crabs/m2; p= 0.004) or Z. japonica (0 crabs/m2; p= 0.002); no significant differences were noted between the two eelgrass types (p= 1.00; Figure 4-3). Across all vegetation types, most quadrats did not contain any crabs; and, similar to 2012, only within Ulva were crabs consistently observed at densities above 0 crabs/m2 (Figure 4-4). No crabs were observed on bare sand/mud substrate in either year.

Comparing across years, crab density was significantly higher in Z. japonica habitat in 2012 than 2013 (p= 0.05) and significantly higher in Ulva habitat in 2013 than 2012 (p= 0.04). No significant density differences were noted in Z. marina habitat between the two years (p= 0.25). In both years, total percent macrophyte cover was positively correlated with crab densities (p< 0.001 and p= 0.04, respectively; Figure 4-5) and the minimum percent cover in which crabs were recorded was 38% (2012) and 92% (2013). Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 14 - December 2014

In 2012, larger 1+ age crabs were observed in Z. marina beds in the lower intertidal zone (grid cells I9 – L9 and I10 – L10; Figure 3-1). Comparing crab size (mean carapace width, mm) across habitat types confirms Z. marina supports significantly larger crabs than the other two habitat types (Figure 4-6). A generalised linear model (GLM) shows that total percent macrophyte cover was significantly negatively correlated with crab size (p= 0.001, R2= 0.5; Figure 4-7), suggesting that age 0+ crabs settle in high densities in areas that offer high vegetative relief, but require less cover as they grow. In contrast to 2012, no larger (age 1+) juvenile crabs were counted in 2013 surveys; the largest carapace width measured in 2013 was 9 mm, compared to 98 mm in 2012. Because the size distribution of crabs is so small for 2013, a GLM exploring the relationship between mean carapace width and percent macrophyte cover was not possible.

A tabular summary of data for all sampling locations is presented in Appendix A. Photographs are displayed in Appendix B. Results from 2012 and 2013 are summarised in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1 Summary of Mean Percent Vegetative Cover, and Juvenile Crab Density and Carapace Width, over 2012 and 2013 Sampling Periods

Mean Juvenile Crab Mean Carapace Width Mean Percent Cover 2 Habitat Category Density (#/m ) (mm) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 Ulva 73 99 1.23 6.67 11.6 3.7 Zostera japonica 59 47 0.47 0 7.6 0 Zostera marina 59 69 0.66 0.27 43.4 4

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Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 15 - December 2014

Figure 4-1 Presence/Absence of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs at Sampling Locations across Roberts Bank (2012)

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 16 - December 2014

Figure 4-2 Presence/Absence of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs at Sampling Locations across Roberts Bank (2013)

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 17 - December 2014

Figure 4-3 Comparison of Mean Densities of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs among Different Intertidal Vegetation Habitats in 2012 and 2013 Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 18 - December 2014

Figure 4-4 Frequency Histograms of Juvenile Dungeness Crab Density in Different Vegetation Habitats in 2012 and 2013

2012 2013

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 19 - December 2014

Figure 4-5 GLM showing the Relationship between Juvenile Dungeness Crab Density and Percent Macrophyte Cover

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 20 - December 2014

Figure 4-6 Comparison of Juvenile Dungeness Crab Carapace Width (mm) among Different Intertidal Vegetation Habitats (2012)

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 21 - December 2014

Figure 4-7 GLM showing the Relationship between Juvenile Dungeness Crab Carapace Width (mm) and Percent Macrophyte Cover (2012)

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 22 - December 2014

4.2 INCIDENTAL OBSERVATIONS

Observations of numerous adult crabs in amplexus indicates that the area acts as a mating ground; similar observations were reported in the 2009 T2 Environmental Monitoring Baseline Report (Hemmera 2009). Mating crabs were observed in the low intertidal, and were associated with the large Z. marina bed on the north side of the causeway.

The presence of juveniles in various developmental stages confirms the area’s function as nursery habitat. Additionally, many juvenile moults were observed, usually associated with eelgrass patches or Ulva hummocks. The presence of moults, along with the observation of age 1+ juveniles, indicates a residence time of at least two years for juvenile Dungeness crabs.

In 2013, at low tide, larger juveniles (age 1+ crabs) were not observed in high densities on the intertidal mudflats; rather, they appeared to congregate in tidal channels and were frequently observed traversing low intertidal sampling locations. Attempts to conduct a systematic visual census to quantify densities in these channels were made more difficult by rainy weather, which impaired visibility.

Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 23 - December 2014

5.0 DISCUSSION

A discussion of the major results arising from the Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Study and data gaps are provided below.

5.1 DISCUSSION OF KEY FINDINGS

Estuaries serve a critical role in the early life history of many fish and shellfish, and it appears that complex behavioural mechanisms have evolved to enable larvae to actively locate and select estuarine areas (Boehlert and Mundy 1988, Fernandez et al. 1993). Estuaries provide critical refuge for settling young-of-the-year crabs, as well as conditions ideal for growth (Holsman et al. 2003). Results of this study demonstrate that:

i) There is substantial variability in densities of settling Dungeness crabs; ii) Settlement is patchy in both time and space; iii) Habitat preferences change as crabs grow, with Ulva preferred by megalopae and first instar crab and Zostera beds preferred by later instars and age 1+ crab; and, iv) 1+ crabs are largely absent from vegetated intertidal areas at low tide, and prefer tidal channels in the low intertidal to subtidal zones.

Overall, it is clear that Roberts Bank is used as settlement and rearing habitat by Dungeness crabs, and the presence of age 0+ and 1+ juveniles suggests the area may being used by the same individuals for at least two consecutive summers.

The mean density of juvenile crabs was higher in 2013 than in 2012, though both these values are lower than densities reported in previous studies at Roberts Bank (8.6 crabs/m2, Hemmera 2009) and literature from elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest (5 to 60 crabs/m2, Dumbauld et al. 1993; 5 to 32 crabs/m2, McMillan et al. 1995; 30 crabs/m2, Visser et al. 2004). Given the high degree of variation, both spatial and temporal, that characterise Dungeness crab populations (McConnaughey et al. 1992), fluctuation in juvenile numbers is expected. Data from Grays Harbor, Washington show interannual fluctuation of several orders of magnitude in the abundance of new recruits (Armstrong et al. 1989).

Difference in juvenile densities across years may also be attributed to the timing of the surveys in relation to the temporal occurrence of larvae. Within inland waters, such as the Strait of Georgia, both larval hatching and settlement either extend over a longer time period or are delayed in the season (Armstrong et al. 1989, McMillan et al. 1995). It is possible sampling events did not line up with peak settlement pulses or occurred during years when settlement was protracted, which may account for the lower densities recorded in 2012 and 2013. Temporal variability in recruitment can be largely explained by complex circulation patterns and climatic forcing, and these relationships are discussed in detail in Section 5.0 of the Dungeness Crab Productivity Technical Data Report (Hemmera 2014b) Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 24 - December 2014

Additionally, Dungeness crab larval dispersion is highly dependent on oceanic events and, on an annual basis, current regimes can differ significantly over relatively large geographical scales. Even on a small local scale, effects of currents, eddies, and related mechanisms can cause highly patchy distribution of newly settled crabs (Armstrong et al. 1989). Research conducted in southeast Alaskan fjords found highly variable recruitment at both regional (>300 km) and small scales (2 to 6 km) (Smith and Eckert 2011). Smaller scale patchiness was reflected in Roberts Bank results, with densities ranging from zero (e.g. JV 494) to 48 crabs/m2 (e.g., JV 490) at sampling locations within a few hundred metres of each other (grid cell M10; Figure 4-2).

Nonetheless, recruitment variability of “inland” populations, such as Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia, tends to be less than that seen in coastal populations (McMillan et al. 1995, Dethier 2006). There is evidence for local retention of Dungeness crab larvae within Puget Sound with a smaller proportion of recruits originating from coastal or oceanic stocks, although this ratio is likely to vary from year to year (Dinnel et al. 1993, McMillan et al. 1995). This implies that factors other than initial recruitment control the population size of late age 0+ crabs, such as availability of intertidal habitat and the refuge it provides (McMillan et al. 1995), as discussed in Section 2.3. The types of habitat available in estuaries are considered important determinants of juvenile crab density (Rooper et al. 2002). Both 2012 and 2013 results demonstrated that Dungeness densities are highest in areas with overstories of attached or drift Ulva (either filamentous Ulva hummocks or Ulva sheets), intermediate in eelgrass and lowest in open sand/mud; McMillan et al. 1995 reported similar findings for Dungeness crabs in northern Puget Sound.

Eggleston and Armstrong (1995) posit reduced predation pressure in structurally complex habitats should produce strong selective preferences for larval and/or post-larval settlement, and Wilson and others (1990) demonstrated the importance of Ulva as a predator refuge to age 0+ young-of-the-year crabs that are highly vulnerable, though distinguished between the mechanisms of filamentous versus sheet morphologies. The foliose structure of filamentous Ulva mounds serve to increase surface area and structural complexity and, may also provide a complex background which prey may match (Heck and Orth 1980). Ulva sheets, however, do not seem to offer the same degree of structural complexity and, instead, may act as an opaque barrier to visual predators, under which prey may hide (Wilson et al. 1990).

Studies have also shown a minimum or threshold density of vegetation is required to reduce predation (Stevens and Armstrong 1985, Heck and Thoman 1991, Dumbauld et al. 1993). For example, McMillan and others (1995) noted age 0+ crabs were nearly absent in spring when eelgrass cover was <40%. Results from our surveys corroborate the literature - no crabs were found in areas without macrophyte cover, and minimum percent cover in which crabs were recorded was 38% in 2012 and 92% in 2013. Statistical analysis confirmed the high degree of association between juvenile Dungeness crabs and macrophyte cover (Figure 4-5). However, results also show that association with certain habitat types changes as crabs grow. Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 25 - December 2014

The major life history phases of Dungeness crabs – larvae, juveniles, and adults (and stages therein) – have substantially different habitat requirements that vary spatially and temporally throughout the species` life cycle. Availability of complex refuge is especially important immediately following settlement and the ensuing few months because predation appears to be size dependent and contributes significantly to natural mortality during this time (McMillan et al. 1995). Ulva offers more three dimensional complexity than either Z. marina or Z. japonica habitats, explaining the higher densities of recently settled megalopae and first instars. Larger crabs (age 1+ and sub-adults) were observed in Zostera beds lower in the intertidal zone, and were generally associated with less cover, suggesting that crabs require less cover as they increase in size (Figure 4-7).

Larger juvenile Dungeness crabs (age 1+) were not observed in any of the vegetated habitats on the intertidal mudflats in 2013, yet were observed in tidal channels in the low intertidal zone, a finding also reported by Fernandez et al. (1993) and Holsman et al. (2003, 2006). In coastal estuaries, Dungeness crabs partition habitat by size, meaning they shift between habitats as size, food, and refuge requirements change (Armstrong et al. 1989, McMillan et al. 1995). Crabs are known to emigrate from intertidal areas into subtidal channels upon reaching a carapace width of approximately 30 mm (Henrys et al. 1986, Dumbauld and Armstrong 1987). This causes the abundance of age 1+ juveniles in the intertidal zone to decline rapidly over the summer (Doty et al. 1990), resulting in the role of intertidal estuarine areas in the ecology of sub-adult crabs (40 to 100 mm carapace width) to be largely overlooked (Holsman et al. 2003). Research indicates that age 1+ and sub-adult Dungeness crabs occupy sublittoral side channels in high densities (Rooper et al. 2002, Holsman et al. 2006) and migrate during flood tides from subtidal refuges into intertidal habitats to forage for food and that intertidal foraging may contribute significantly to their energy budgets (Holsman et al. 2003).

This study provides site specific information on the habitat preferences of juvenile Dungeness crabs as they rear and develop at Roberts Bank. The objectives of the study to calculate densities and distribution of juvenile crabs and gain a better understanding of the relative importance of different habitat types are effectively achieved. Ontogenetic shifts in habitat are documented, and highlight the importance of Ulva, eelgrass, and lower tidal channels, at varying stages of juvenile development.

5.2 DATA GAPS AND LIMITATIONS

The presence of habitat comprised of Ulva is ephemeral and can vary spatially and temporally both within a season, and among years, presenting a challenge to quantifying its density and distribution. Consequently, there are likely regions of Ulva deposited on the mudflats that were not sampled. Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 26 - December 2014

Further, this study focused on juvenile Dungeness crabs inhabiting the intertidal zone, which primarily comprise the 0+ age class. Crabs in the 1+ age class residing in subtidal channels were not investigated as attempts to census crabs in tidal channels of the low intertidal zone were unsuccessful due to poor visibility.

Despite these limitations, the overall objective of this study of examining whether juvenile crabs exhibit preferences for certain macrophyte habitats and ensuring that adequate information is available to inform a future effects assessment for the project has been achieved.

6.0 CLOSURE

Major authors and reviewers of this technical data report are listed below, along with their signatures.

Report prepared by: Hemmera Envirochem Inc.

Marina Winterbottom, Master of Marine Management Marine Biologist

Report reviewed by: Hemmera Envirochem Inc.

Laura F. White, PhD Marine Biologist and Technical Specialist Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 27 - December 2014

7.0 REFERENCES

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Port Metro Vancouver Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 33 - December 2014

8.0 STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS

This report was prepared by Hemmera Envirochem Inc. (“Hemmera”), based on fieldwork conducted by Hemmera, for the sole benefit and exclusive use of Port Metro Vancouver. The material in it reflects Hemmera’s best judgment in light of the information available to it at the time of preparing this Report. Any use that a third party makes of this Report, or any reliance on or decision made based on it, is the responsibility of such third parties. Hemmera accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions taken based on this Report.

Hemmera has performed the work as described above and made the findings and conclusions set out in this Report in a manner consistent with the level of care and skill normally exercised by members of the environmental science profession practicing under similar conditions at the time the work was performed.

This Report represents a reasonable review of the information available to Hemmera within the established Scope, work schedule and budgetary constraints. The conclusions and recommendations contained in this Report are based upon applicable legislation existing at the time the Report was drafted. Any changes in the legislation may alter the conclusions and/or recommendations contained in the Report. Regulatory implications discussed in this Report were based on the applicable legislation existing at the time this Report was written.

In preparing this Report, Hemmera has relied in good faith on information provided by others as noted in this Report, and has assumed that the information provided by those individuals is both factual and accurate. Hemmera accepts no responsibility for any deficiency, misstatement or inaccuracy in this Report resulting from the information provided by those individuals.

APPENDIX A Data Tables

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX A Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 1 - December 2014

Data Tables

Macrophyte Cover (%) Substrate (%) Metacarcinus magister Sample ID Date Elevation Northing Easting Quadrat # Z. marina Z. japonica Ulva Mean % Dominant Veg Sand Mud Total # Carapace Width (mm) Mean density/m2 1 80 40 60

JV23 01/07/2012 0.000 5430648.82 487705.72 2 90 85 (Zm) 40 60 2 90, 98 2.67

3 85 40 60

1 95 20 80

JV54 02/07/2012 -5.239 5431592.33 488358.59 2 85 77 (U) 20 80

3 50 20 80

1 40 90 10

JV36 02/07/2012 -4.123 5430956.57 486820.10 2 70 45 (Zm) 90 10

3 25 90 10

1 75 80 20

JV26 02/07/2012 -8.474 5430883.64 487200.40 2 40 45 (Zm) 80 20

3 20 80 20

1 15 80 20

JVEG3 02/07/2012 -5.662 5431160.84 487267.63 2 80 72 (Zm) 80 20

3 40 80 20

1 90 90 10

JVR1 02/07/2012 -9.527 5431171.74 487267.44 2 25 38 (U) 90 10 1 38 1.3

3 0 90 10

1 20 80

JV34 02/07/2012 -7.460 5430954.58 488459.66 2 n/a 20 80

3 20 80

1 35 80 20

JVR2 03/07/2012 -5.759 5429716.97 487433.87 2 80 47 (Zm) 80 20

3 25 80 20

1 40 90 10

JVR3 03/07/2012 -5.498 5430141.59 487350.02 2 50 43 (Zm) 90 10

3 40 90 10

1 70 80 20

JV12 03/07/2012 -5.404 5430404.15 487656.12 2 60 63 (Zm) 80 20

3 60 80 20

1 85 80 20

JVR4 03/07/2012 -2.354 5431335.78 488187.67 2 20 48 (Zm) 80 20 1 65 1.3

3 40 80 20

1 10 90 10 JVEG4Ne 03/07/2012 -3.467 5431532.03 488221.57 2 90 43 (Zm) 90 10 w 3 30 90 10

1 0 40 60

JV11 03/07/2012 -6.442 5430351.07 488504.68 2 95 42 (U) 40 60

3 30 40 60

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX A Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 2 - December 2014

JV29 04/07/2012 -5.297 5430694.02 488137.70 2 95 85 (U) 40 60

3 70 40 60

1 90 60 40

JV25 04/07/2012 -2.195 5430650.61 488005.44 2 95 92 (U) 60 40

3 90 60 40

1 35 90 10

JV37 04/07/2012 -5.719 5431100.74 486408.04 2 70 47 (Zm) 90 10

3 35 90 10

1 40 90 10

JVEG2 04/07/2012 -16.392 5430982.07 486295.62 2 65 42 (Zm) 90 10

3 20 90 10

1 80 90 10

JV40 04/07/2012 -3.966 5431151.86 487455.24 2 50 53 (Zm) 90 10

3 30 90 10

1 15 80 20

JV46 04/07/2012 -2.602 5431252.01 487755.88 2 80 58 (Zm) 80 20

3 80 80 20

1 90 40 60

JV13 05/07/2012 1.713 5430400.93 492255.75 2 85 75 (U) 40 60 3 42, 35, 39 4

3 50 40 60

1 80 70 30

JVR5 05/07/2012 -10.983 5429296.57 491162.18 2 40 57 (Zm) 70 30 1 40 1.3

3 50 70 30

1 15 40 60

JV32 13/08/2012 3.057 5430900.78 488455.23 2 10 10 (U) 40 60

3 5 40 60

1 20 30 70

JV33 13/08/2012 -5.308 5430950.35 488356.36 2 0 7 (U) 30 70

3 0 30 70

1 90 70 30

JV7 13/08/2012 -1.579 5430299.98 487755.75 2 90 93 (U) 70 30 5, 4 2.7

3 100 70 30

1 100 70 30

JV9 13/08/2012 -4.548 5430351.35 487803.68 2 100 100 (U) 70 30 1 5 1.3

3 100 70 30

1 80 70 30

JV10 13/08/2012 -7.130 5430354.91 487801.86 2 50 73 (U) 70 30 2 11, 3 2.7

3 90 70 30

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX A Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 3 - December 2014

JV8 13/08/2012 -1.338 5430298.55 488056.51 2 100 97 (U) 40 60

3 90 40 60

1 90 60 40

JV17 13/08/2012 -4.013 5430535.11 488006.87 2 60 83 (U) 60 40 1 10 1.3

3 100 60 40

1 90 30 70

JV16 13/08/2012 -3.902 5430503.02 488405.21 2 85 88 (Zj) 30 70

3 90 30 70

1 80 30 70

JV38 13/08/2012 -1.507 5431102.65 489005.55 2 80 77 (Zj) 30 70

3 70 30 70

1 60 60 40

JV18 14/08/2012 -1.084 5430552.91 488052.96 2 30 42 (U) 60 40

3 35 60 40

1 90 60 40

JV15 14/08/2012 -2.056 5430502.08 487857.96 2 40 57 (U) 60 40 1 8 1.3

3 40 60 40

1 17 60 40

JV20 14/08/2012 -4.985 5430601.25 488006.94 2 30 24 (U) 60 40

3 25 60 40

1 30 40 60

JV21 14/08/2012 -4.079 5430601.25 488112.50 2 60 47 (U) 40 60

3 50 40 60

1 100

JV30 14/08/2012 -4.042 5430809.22 488120.40 2 n/a 100

3 100

1 40 40 60

JV55 14/08/2012 -5.348 5431602.89 488900.42 2 30 37 (Zj) 40 60

3 40 40 60

1 50 30 70

JV62 14/08/2012 -3.894 5432102.22 489605.04 2 25 28 (U) 30 70

3 10 30 70

1 30 20 80

JV68 14/08/2012 -0.418 5432350.32 489855.15 2 35 30 (Zj) 20 80

3 25 20 80

1 20 20 80

JV71 14/08/2012 -3.676 5432450.92 489855.91 2 0 13 (U) 20 80

3 20 20 80

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX A Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 4 - December 2014

JV22 15/08/2012 -2.582 5430601.21 491306.52 2 95 95 (Zj) 70 30 1 3 1.3

3 95 70 30

1 100 40 60

JV28 15/08/2012 -3.484 5430633.53 491762.72 2 100 97 (Zj) 40 60

3 90 40 60

1 100 30 70

JVIC1 15/08/2012 -1.788 5430292.43 491141.55 2 100 100 (Zm) 30 70 3 2, 12, 2 4

3 100 30 70

1 95 60 40

JV35 15/08/2012 -3.598 5430952.04 491105.98 2 100 97 (Zj) 60 40 1 2 1.3

3 95 60 40

1 85 60 40

JV41 15/08/2012 0.927 5431150.48 491306.50 2 85 87 (Zj) 60 40

3 90 60 40

1 25 40 60

JV43 15/08/2012 0.639 5431197.41 491808.87 2 20 17 (Zj) 40 60

3 5 40 60

1 20 40 60

JV50 15/08/2012 0.346 5431499.15 491856.46 2 5 25 (Zj) 40 60

3 50 40 60

1 5 30 70

JV44 15/08/2012 -11.908 5431200.95 492205.99 2 5 5 (Zj) 30 70

3 5 30 70

1 100 30 70

JVIC2 28/08/2012 -5.238 5431493.90 489974.18 2 100 100 (Zj) 30 70 1 11 1.3

3 100 30 70

1 100 60 40

JVIC3 28/08/2012 -1.485 5431513.36 489790.90 2 40 72 (Zj) 60 40 2 8, 21 2.7

3 75 60 40

1 80 60 40

JVIC4 28/08/2012 -6.506 5431206.77 489486.71 2 60 47 (Zm) 60 40 1 13 1.3

3 0 60 40

1 90 40 60

JVIC5 28/08/2012 -2.377 5430850.12 489156.80 2 10 65 (U) 40 60

3 95 40 60

1 0 20 80

JVIC6 28/08/2012 -1.314 5430417.89 488993.15 2 80 57 (U) 20 80 1 9 1.3

3 90 20 80

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX A Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 5 - December 2014

JVIC7 28/08/2012 0.036 5430592.18 488947.44 2 100 98 (U) 20 80 1 10 1.3

3 95 20 80

1 100 20 80

JVIC8 28/08/2012 -7.539 5430563.00 488918.36 2 97 99 (U) 20 80 3 5, 8, 6 4

3 100 20 80

1 100 20 80

JVIC9 28/08/2012 -5.856 5430654.25 488982.22 2 100 100 (U) 20 80 6 3, 5, 4, 6, 4, 3 8

3 100 20 80

1 80 60 40

JV14 29/08/2012 -6.260 5430477.03 487875.30 2 70 77 (U) 60 40 1 2 1.3

3 80 60 40

1 90 60 40

JVR6 29/08/2012 -3.124 5430393.95 487791.64 2 90 92 (U) 60 40 2 7, 5 2.7

3 95 60 40

1 98 20 80

JVR7 20/09/2012 -1.629 5433169.28 489096.96 2 60 84 (U) 20 80 1 19 1.3

3 95 20 80

1 95 20 80

JVR8 20/09/2012 -1.287 5433133.76 488901.07 2 80 90 (U) 20 80

3 95 20 80

1 100 20 80

JVR9 20/09/2012 -4.468 5433115.94 488699.36 2 80 92 (U) 20 80

3 97 20 80

1 70 20 80

JVR10 20/09/2012 -4.391 5433097.60 488535.21 2 100 87 (U) 20 80 1 5 1.3

3 90 20 80

1 100 90 10 2 2, 2

JV457 04/07/2013 -4.265 5430399.77 488031.43 2 100 100 (U) 90 10 1 2.5 16

3 100 90 10

1 100 90 10 1 2

JV483 04/07/2013 -1.864 5430368.78 487865.71 2 5 95 98 (U) 90 10 10.666

3 100 90 10 1 3

1 100 90 10 1 2

JV484 04/07/2013 -1.156 5430354.01 487804.63 2 100 100 (U) 90 10 2 3, 5.5 16

3 100 90 10

1 100 90 10

JV485 04/07/2013 -0.987 5430411.41 487837.95 2 5 95 93 (U) 90 10 1 4 10.666

3 80 90 10 1 2.5

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX A Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 6 - December 2014

JV486 04/07/2013 0.521 5430500.12 487838.22 2 100 93 (U) 80 20

3 80 80 20

1 95 80 20

JV487 04/07/2013 -3.119 5430518.30 487966.99 2 80 88 (U) 80 20

3 90 80 20

1 75 80 20

JV488 04/07/2013 -2.209 5430585.91 487955.15 2 50 72 (U) 80 20

3 90 80 20

1 100 80 20 2 4, 4

JV489 04/07/2013 -2.879 5430590.98 488130.16 2 100 100 (U) 70 30 1 6 16

3 100 70 30

1 100 30 70

JV490 04/07/2013 -2.120 5430847.88 488500.23 2 100 100 (U) 30 70 16

3 100 30 70 3 3, 2.5, 5

1 80 30 70

JV491 04/07/2013 0.476 5430964.59 488672.39 2 50 70 (Zj) 30 70

3 80 30 70

1 100 30 70 2 6, 5

JV492 04/07/2013 -0.631 5431016.86 488714.60 2 100 100 (U) 30 70 1 8 16

3 100 30 70

1 100 30 70 2 2, 3

JV493 05/07/2013 -6.984 5431245.73 488671.14 2 100 100 (U) 30 70 3 6, 8, 5 9.333

3 100 30 70 2 6, 5

1 90 80 20

JV494 05/07/2013 -0.976 5430811.54 488075.96 2 50 73 (Zm) 80 20

3 80 20 80 20

1 100 20 80 3 3, 3, 5

JV495 05/07/2013 -6.918 5431367.30 488694.92 2 100 100 (U) 20 80 3 5, 5, 8 8

3 100 20 80

1 100 20 80 1 9

JV496 05/07/2013 -4.439 5431436.40 488879.98 2 100 100 (U) 20 80 2 5, 3 5.333

3 100 20 80 1 6

1 50 20 80

JV497 05/07/2013 -7.078 5431533.03 489090.82 2 40 57 (Zj) 20 80

3 80 20 80

1 30 20 80

JV498 05/07/2013 -1.839 5431700.23 489145.96 2 30 37 (Zj) 20 80

3 50 20 80

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX A Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 7 - December 2014

JV499 05/07/2013 -3.262 5431656.03 489408.85 2 25 22 (Zj) 40 60

3 20 40 60

1 80 40 60

JV500 05/07/2013 -3.376 5431322.50 489139.30 2 80 83 (Zj) 40 60

3 90 40 60

1 10 10 80 20

JV501 07/07/2013 -2.696 5430552.26 488354.36 2 20 5 18 (Zj) 80 20

3 25 5 80 20

1 10 50 90 10

JV503 07/07/2013 -4.422 5430551.80 488204.06 2 50 53 (U) 90 10

3 60 90 10

1 40 80 20

JV505 07/07/2013 -2.173 5430446.24 488286.00 2 25 93 (Zj) 80 20

3 45 80 20

1 40 70 30

JV506 07/07/2013 -0.735 5430375.33 488283.95 2 55 52 (Zj) 70 30

3 60 70 30

1 50 30 80 20

JV507 07/07/2013 -7.088 5430240.28 487660.14 2 40 10 53 (Zm) 80 20

3 70 10 80 20

1 90 90 10

JV508 07/07/2013 -7.962 5430062.11 487494.82 2 75 75 (Zm) 90 10

3 60 5 90 10

1 75 80 20

JV509 07/07/2013 -7.742 5430021.56 487339.81 2 85 80 (Zm) 80 20

3 80 80 20

1 20 50 50

JV510 07/07/2013 -7.710 5432202.17 489654.49 2 15 20 (Zj) 50 50

3 25 50 50

1 5 60 40

JV511 07/07/2013 -14.578 5432502.24 490004.06 2 25 23 (Zj) 60 40

3 40 60 40

1 60 100

JV512 08/07/2013 -3.821 5430701.08 488110.52 2 75 68 (U) 100

3 70 100

1 60 5 40 60

JV513 08/07/2013 -4.983 5430996.03 488681.37 2 70 1 73 (Zj) 40 60

3 90 40 60

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX A Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 8 - December 2014

JV514 08/07/2013 -7.635 5431637.21 488008.74 2 80 10 67 (Zm) 40 60

3 50 5 40 60

1 70 5 40 60

JV515 08/07/2013 -9.146 5431631.12 487790.92 2 60 2 63 (Zm) 40 60

3 60 5 40 60

1 20 20 40 60

JV516 08/07/2013 -7.240 5431470.93 487492.29 2 30 5 23 (Zm) 40 60

3 20 2 40 60

1 80 2 40 60

JV517 08/07/2013 -3.207 5431401.83 487278.85 2 90 5 58 (Zm) 40 60

3 5 1 40 60

1 70 40 60

JV518 08/07/2013 -3.291 5431401.83 487279.07 2 60 57 (Zm) 40 60

3 40 40 60

1 75 25 80 20 1 3

JV520 09/07/2013 -6.754 5430694.11 489009.05 2 5 95 52 (U) 80 20 2.666

3 40 60 80 20 1 5

1 100 90 10

JV521 09/07/2013 -3.042 5430648.41 488960.64 2 5 95 98 (U) 90 10

3 100 90 10

1 50 80 20

JV522 09/07/2013 0.273 5431797.79 490502.48 2 60 58 (Zj) 80 20

3 65 80 20

1 100 90 10 2 3, 5

JV524 09/07/2013 -6.098 5430391.63 490450.43 2 95 98 (Zm) 90 10 2.666

3 100 90 10

1 10 90 90 10

JV525 09/07/2013 -9.121 5430822.15 489075.53 2 20 80 88 (U) 90 10

3 5 95 90 10

1 5 95 90 10

JV526 09/07/2013 -7.188 5430758.96 489043.54 2 100 98 (U) 90 10

3 100 90 10

APPENDIX B Photographs

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX B Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 1 - December 2014

Photo 1: Sampling Quadrat in Zostera marina

Photo 2: Sampling Quadrat in Zostera japonica

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX B Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 2 - December 2014

Photo 3: Sampling Quadrat in Filamentous Ulva

Photo 4: Drift Ulva atop Hummocks in the Recurring Ulva Area

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX B Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 3 - December 2014

Photo 5: Sampling Ephemeral Ulva on the Northwest Side of the Causeway

Photo 6: Searching for Juvenile Crabs Using a Coupled Sieve

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX B Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 4 - December 2014

Photo 7: Dungeness Megalopa Found in Ulva Habitat

Photo 8: Dungeness Megalopa Found in Ulva Habitat

Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX B Hemmera RBT2 – Juvenile Dungeness Crabs - 5 - December 2014

Photo 9: 0+ Dungeness Crab Instar Found in Ulva Habitat

Photo 10: 0+ Dungeness Crab Instar Found in Zostera marina Habitat