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VOL. 20, No. 2 A PUBLICATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA FEBRUARY 2010

Rock to regolith conversion: Producing hospitable substrates for terrestrial ecosystems

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GSA TODAY publishes news and information for more than 22,000 GSA members and subscribing libraries. GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173 USPS 0456-530) is published 11 times per 4 Rock to regolith conversion: year, monthly, with a combined April/May issue, by The Geological Society of America®, Inc., with offices at 3300 Producing hospitable substrates Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. Mailing address: P.O. Box for terrestrial ecosystems 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA. Periodicals postage paid Robert C. Graham, Ann M. Rossi, at Boulder, Colorado, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to GSA Today, GSA and Kenneth R. Hubbert Sales and Service, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, Cover: Hard, virtually unweathered bedrock in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, supports a regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect sparse ecosystem in which plants only grow in joint fractures (photo credit: Malcolm M. Clark). official positions of the Society. Porosity produced by weathering converts such biologically inert rock into regolith that holds water and supports more productive ecosystems. See “Rock to regolith conversion: Produc- Copyright © 2010, The Geological Society of America (GSA). ing hospitable substrates for terrestrial ecosystems,” by R.C. Graham et al., p. 4–9. All rights reserved. Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in other subsequent works and to make unlimited photocopies of items in this journal for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. For any other use, contact 11 Penrose Conference Announcement: Origin and Uplift of the Sierra Permissions, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA; Nevada, California, USA fax +1-303-357-1073, [email protected].

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30 Journal Highlights Rock to regolith conversion: Producing hospitable substrates for terrestrial ecosystems

Robert C. Graham, Ann M. Rossi, Soil & Water Sciences POROSITY FORMATION AND GRANITIC ROCK Program, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of WEATHERING California, Riverside, California 92521-0424, USA, and Kenneth Unweathered granitic plutons are commonly jointed. The R. Hubbert, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research joints are the result of stresses on the rock mass, including Station, 3644 Avtech Parkway, Redding, California 96002, USA those associated with thermal, tectonic, and erosional unload- ing processes. Joint spacings range from several decimeters to ABSTRACT several meters, can be orthogonally oriented, and depend on Weathering processes transform hard fresh rock into fri- the geologic history of the rock. In unweathered bedrock, the able weathered rock, which is then physically disrupted to joint fractures are empty planar voids that range in width from become soil. These regolith materials mantle the land masses a fraction of a millimeter to more than a centimeter (Bergbauer and support terrestrial life but their formation involves some of and Martel, 1999). Fractures are the main source of hydraulic the least understood of Earth’s surficial processes. The conver- connectivity in unweathered bedrock (Paillet, 1993). The rock sion of biologically inert hard rock to a hospitable substrate for mass between the joints contains minor porosity, usually 1% or organisms begins with the production of porosity by weather- less (Twidale and Vidal Romaní, 2005), in the form of micro- ing. Porosity allows water to flow through weathered rock, but fractures <1 µm wide and microporosity within mineral grains it also imparts a water-holding capacity so that water can be (Sardini et al., 2006). The microfractures are generated by stored for prolonged use by organisms. Organisms themselves, stresses incurred during cooling, hydrothermal activity, or tec- in the form of microbes and plant roots, invade the rock as tonism (Schild et al., 2001). Micropores within mineral grains porosity forms. Production of porosity is the fundamental pro- form during crystallization and cooling. Meteoric water flowing cess responsible for converting rock into a medium capable down joint fractures initially enters the bedrock mass through of supporting terrestrial ecosystems. Consequently, the rate inherent microfractures, thereby beginning the chemical weath- of porosity formation during rock weathering is the ultimate ering process (Meunier et al., 2007). measure of the production and sustainability of ecosystem- In biotite-bearing granites, ion exchange weathering is an functional substrates. important first step in generating bulk rock porosity. The re- placement of interlayer K by hydrated Mg cations results in INTRODUCTION expansion of the biotite structure as the mineral is transformed Fresh bedrock exposed at the land surface is an inhospi- to vermiculite (Wahrhaftig, 1965; Nettleton et al., 1970; Isher- table substrate for most life. Exposed bedrock has very low wood and Street, 1976). This expansion, which involves a porosity and hydraulic conductivity (Zhao, 1998; Schild et al., 30%–40% increase in volume, exploits the weakness imparted 2001); consequently, rain and snowmelt run off from it imme- by the lithogenic microfractures and shatters the rock. A small- diately. Water is not stored, so plants do not have a reservoir er expansion of biotite has been noted to occur upon oxidation from which they can extract moisture as needed during dry of the Fe within its structure (Buss et al., 2008). In either case, periods. Furthermore, although hard bedrock contains ele- the rock matrix loses much of its mechanical strength (Arel and ments such as P, Ca, Mg, and K that are essential for life, they Önalp, 2004) and is transformed into a regolith material re- are not readily accessible to organisms because they are bound ferred to as saprock (Anand and Paine, 2002) (Fig. 1A). The within crystalline mineral structures. Once hard rock is weath- rock mass is now permeated by a continuous network of ered, it develops abundant porosity, first as friable bedrock, mesofractures (Fig. 1B). It maintains the original rock texture and later, when this weathered bedrock is physically disrupted, (Fig. 1C) but is friable and can be crumbled by hand into its as soil. The development of extensive porosity is the key pro- individual grain sizes (Fig. 1D). Individual mineral grains in cess in converting rock from a biologically inert material to a saprock are not extensively chemically altered (Wahrhaftig, medium from which biota can gain nutrients, stored water, and 1965; Girty et al., 2003). a vast underground habitat. Here we describe the mechanisms The mesofracture network in saprock opens up the rock and implications of transforming nonporous hard rock into po- mass to extensive percolation of water and vastly increases rous regolith. We focus on granitic rock because it is a major the surface area for weathering. At this point, hydrolysis component of Earth’s crust (15% of the land area) and because becomes an effective weathering process, attacking feldspars it is relatively consistent in its weathering behavior (Twidale and other weatherable minerals. Feldspars are weathered and Vidal Romaní, 2005). preferentially along twin planes (Fig. 1B), and are eventually

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GSA Today, v. 20, no. 2, doi: 10.1130/GSAT57A.1

4 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY Figure 2. (A) Saprolite on the North Carolina Piedmont. Rock structural Figure 1. (A) Saprock in the central Sierra Nevada, California. Note graffiti features are preserved, yet saprolite is soft and easily excavated. (Note easily carved into this friable bedrock material (tile spade for scale: 1.15 m). bulldozer for scale, lower right; photo credit: G. Simpson). (B) Thin sec- (B) Thin section micrograph (plane light) showing porosity (in blue) and tion micrograph (cross-polarized light) showing thorough alteration of partially weathered biotite (b) and plagioclase (p). Primary minerals pre- weatherable primary minerals to clay minerals (photo credit: M. Vepras- dominate, and very little clay has been produced by weathering. Saprock kas). (C) Due to this extensive weathering and clay production, saprolite maintains rock texture (C), but is easily crushed in bare hands (D). is plastic when wet. pseudomorphically replaced by kaolin or gibbsite (Inskeep et al., 1993; Taboada and García 1999; Jiménez-Espinosa et al., 2007). The highly weathered bedrock mass, termed saprolite, still retains rock texture (Fig. 2A), but most weatherable miner- als, such as feldspars, micas, and amphiboles, are altered to clay minerals (Fig. 2B). Saprolite can be crumbled by hand and is plastic when wet (Fig. 2C). New sources of porosity in sap- rolite are produced in the form of dissolution pits in relict primary minerals and as interstitial pores within masses of precipitated clay minerals (Frazier and Graham, 2000; White et al., 2001; Turner et al., 2003).

HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR OF WEATHERED ROCK When bedrock has been weathered to saprock, joint traces remain distinct (Fig. 3A) but are wider and filled with a sandy loam material that has been dislodged from the joint walls (Sternberg et al., 1996; Graham et al., 1997). These joint frac- tures in saprock are pathways for rapid preferential movement of water (Fig. 3B) (Frazier et al., 2002), but fractures in saprolite can become plugged with translocated materials such as clay and iron and manganese oxides, diminishing their ability to Figure 3. Illustration of porosity types in granitic saprock of the San transmit water (Schoeneberger and Amoozegar, 1990; Vepras- Jacinto Mountains, California. (A) Joint fractures bound matrix blocks. kas, 2005). Mesofractures between joints in saprock are suffi- (B) Joint fractures stained by preferential flow of blue dye tracer; note wet- ciently wide to allow gravitational flow of water, but they ting front in matrix lags behind that in joints (photo credit: S. Frazier). (C) Thin section micrograph (plane light) of saprock matrix showing po- present a tortuous path for water flow (Fig. 3C), resulting in a rosity in blue. Note mesofractures, partially expanded biotite (b), and lower hydraulic conductivity than the joints (Frazier et al., dissolution-pitted plagioclase (dp). (D) Close-up of outlined area in (C), 2002). Clay produced by weathering is translocated in suspen- showing dissolution pitting (dp) following albite twin planes and clay films sion and deposited on mesofracture walls (Fig. 3D) (Graham et (cf) lining the mesofracture wall.

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 5 al., 1994; Frazier and Graham, 2000). Dissolution pits in pri- shrubs are infected with mycorrhizal fungi in a symbiotic rela- mary minerals and interstitial pores in the clay materials are tionship in which the fungus obtains carbon from, and delivers micropores (<10 µm diameter), so they retain water against the water and nutrients to, the root (Allen, 2007). Mycorrhizal fungi force of gravity (Luxmore, 1981). Thus, as primary minerals are have hyphae that extend more than a meter from the host root altered, the weathered rock gains the ability to store apprecia- and are <20 µm in diameter; thus, they can easily explore ble amounts of water (Jones and Graham, 1993; Hubbert et al., meso­fractures in the saprock matrix (Fig. 4). In the process, 2001b). Below a depth of several decimeters, this water is not mycorrhizal hyphae may promote biotite weathering (Balogh- readily lost by evaporation and is available to support plants Brunstad et al., 2008), the critical first step in saprock produc- during the dry season. tion. The presence of mycorrhizal hyphae as deep as four meters within the saprock matrix under oak woodland BIOLOGICAL ACCESS (Bornyasz et al., 2005) and chaparral (Egerton-Warburton et al., Terrestrial plants require a porous substrate in order for 2003) suggests that water is being tapped from the capillary- their roots to gain structural support and to access water and size pores. nutrients. The roots transfer water and nutrients to the above­ ground part of the ecosystem and return photosynthetically SUPPORT FOR ECOSYSTEMS fixed atmospheric carbon to the belowground part of the eco- In upland granitic terrain in California, thin soils overlie a system in the form of root biomass. The roots provide energy thick zone of saprock. Although soil has a greater water- to a multitude of soil organisms, promote further weathering, holding capacity, the saprock, because of its greater thickness, and physically alter regolith morphology (Graham et al., 1994; constitutes the greatest reservoir of plant-available water. For Frazier and Graham, 2000; Schenk and Jackson, 2005). example, in a Jeffrey pine forest in the southern Sierra Nevada, Depth of rooting is directly related to climate. Woody the regolith consists of an upper 75-cm-thick layer of soil with plants that experience seasonal drought have roots that extend a plant-available water capacity (PAWC) of 20% that overlies a deep into the substrate to access stored water (Schenk and 275-cm-thick layer of saprock with a PAWC of 12%. The result Jackson, 2002). When bedrock occurs within this potential is that the soil retains 15 cm of water in its 75 cm thickness, rooting depth, plant roots penetrate below the soil into frac- whereas the saprock holds more than twice this amount tures in the rock. This phenomenon is common in upland ar- (33 cm). Since this forest site loses at least 40 cm of water by eas where thin soils (<1 m thick) overlie bedrock. For example, evapotranspiration annually, mostly during the summer dry roots of ponderosa pine seedlings reach the subsoil saprock season, water stored within the soil cannot support the water within their first two years in the central Sierra Nevada, Califor- demands of the forest (Rose et al., 2003). For example, in 1996, nia (Witty et al., 2003). Mature ponderosa pine roots can ex- plant-available water in the soil was depleted by the end of tend 24 m deep into fractured bedrock, and juniper roots can June (Fig. 5), and the plants had to rely on water stored within go much deeper (>61 m) (Stone and Kalisz, 1991). Roots of the saprock for the remainder of the summer dry season (which chaparral shrubs (Sternberg et al., 1996), oaks (Bornyasz et al., extended to the end of October). 2005), and conifers (Anderson et al., 1995; Hubbert et al., In arid and semi-arid regions, water availability is the ma- 2001a, 2001b) extend deeper than 4 m into saprock in the jor limitation to plant growth, whereas mineral-derived nutri- mountains of California. ents such as Ca, Mg, K, and P are generally present in sufficient Plant roots grow along paths of least resistance, so they follow fractures in bedrock. Even in saprock, roots remain confined to joint fractures, forming dense root mats (Stern- berg et al., 1996; Hubbert et al., 2001b; Bornyasz et al., 2005). On the other hand, the porous rock matrix is where the water is stored. Because roots are confined to joint fractures and the water is stored in the matrix between the fractures, there must be a mechanism by which water is moved from the center of the weathered matrix block toward the fractures, a distance of 0.25–0.5 m. Water might move via unsaturated flow along a moisture potential gradient set up by the roots. However, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of saprock is very low. We estimate that, at water potentials of <-0.1 MPa, unsaturated flow occurs at a rate of <10-3 cm h-1 (Hubbert et al., 2001b). Hence, more than a year would be required for water to move from the center of a matrix block to the joint fractures. This exceeds the length of the dry season and does not explain the annual depletion of water observed in saprock (Arkley, 1981; Sternberg et al., 1996; Hubbert et al., 2001a; Bornyasz et al., 2005). Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of mycorrhizal fungal hyphae pen- The gap between root occurrence in fractures and water etrating a saprock microfracture between feldspar (fsp), quartz (q), and par- storage in the weathered rock matrix is bridged by a symbiosis tially kaolinized feldspar (k) grains. Scale bar: 100 µm. Sample was taken between plants and fungi. The roots of wildland trees and from the 40-cm depth in saprock shown in Figure 3A.

6 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY 1999), and a “soil production function” has been developed based on the rate of disruption of weathered bedrock (Heim- sath et al., 1999, 2000), weathered bedrock (saprock and sap- rolite) itself functions much like soil in an ecosystem and hydrologic sense. The rate at which functional substrate for plants is produced is determined by the rate of porosity forma- tion during rock weathering. This is particularly true for ecosys- tems in which weathered bedrock is a component of the water storage reservoir that is heavily drawn upon during dry sea- sons. If the rate of soil erosion exceeds the rate of porosity formation, the existing ecosystem is not sustainable (Fig. 6A). Therefore, the rate at which hard rock is converted to porous saprock is the appropriate measure of the production and sus- tainability of ecosystem-functional substrate. The rate of subsurface rock weathering has been ad- dressed from a geochemical view (e.g., Colman and Dethier, 1986; Brantley et al., 2008; Burke et al., 2009), but less empha- Figure 5. Plant-available water of the soil and saprock zones under a Jeffrey sis has been placed on the rate of porosity formation. By study- pine forest in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, as a function of time ing granitic clast weathering in moraines of the Sierra Nevada, during the dry season of 1996. Note plant-available water was depleted California, Rossi and Graham (2010) determined that 10-cm- from the soil zone by the end of June. For the remainder of the dry season, diameter clasts were altered to saprock only in those moraines forest vegetation relied on water stored in the saprock. older than 81 ka. These clasts held plant-available water and hosted mycorrhizal fungal hyphae (i.e., they were functioning as part of the ecosystem substrate). We use this observation to quantities (e.g., Hubbert et al., 2001b). In these regions, weath- estimate the rate of ecosystem-functional substrate production ered bedrock benefits ecosystems primarily by increasing the from granitic bedrock. water-storage volume beyond that provided by the overlying Because the weathering front moves inward from all sides soil. In more humid regions, soils are usually moist, so water of the clasts, the clast weathering profile is best approximated availability is not limiting, but mineral-derived nutrients are of- as the radius. If we assume the clasts to be spherical, this cor- ten depleted by leaching (e.g., Oh and Richter, 2005) or are responds to a radius of 5 cm. In other words, in 81 k.y., a rock specifically adsorbed to Fe- or Al-oxide weathering products thickness of 5 cm has been transformed to ecosystem substrate and unavailable for plant uptake (Buol et al., 2003). In such (Rossi and Graham, 2010). This is equivalent to 0.6 m k.y.-1 of cases, weathered rock may benefit the ecosystem by supplying weathering front movement. In contrast, saprolite production nutrients to plants whose roots and symbiotic fungi reach bed- from granodiorite in southeastern Australia ranges from 4 to rock or exploit rock fragments in the soil (Ugolini et al., 2001; 46 m k.y.-1, depending on landscape position (Dosseto et al., Heisner et al., 2004). 2008). While higher weathering rates in southeastern Australia may be expected due to a higher mean annual precipitation SOIL SUSTAINABILITY (910 m yr-1) than the Sierra Nevada site (200 m yr-1), the man- Soils are recognized as the foundation for terrestrial eco- ner in which weathering occurs also needs to be considered systems (Doran and Parkin, 1994) and are a major factor in for this comparison. ecosystem and agricultural sustainability (Montgomery, 2007). Weathering fronts in granitic bedrock are not smooth pla- But what should we consider to be “soil”? While traditional nar features (Fig. 6B). Instead, they consist of a zone defined views hold that soil lacks rock structure (Soil Survey Staff, by the depth to which meteoric water penetrates (i.e., the

Figure 6. (A) Bedrock weathering fronts move inward from fractures. The entire vadose zone is subjected to weathering processes. From an ecosystem-sustainability standpoint, function- al substrate thickness is maintained when ero- sional losses are balanced by saprock produc- tion. (B) Weathered rock profile showing joint fractures and less-weathered corestones at the center of joint blocks. Below arrow on right, note roots along fracture plane where core­ stone has fallen out.

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 7 vadose zone). Within this zone, bedrock blocks are weath- Anderson, M.A., Graham, R.C., Alyanakian, G.J., and Martynn, D.Z., ered from all sides by water percolating through joint frac- 1995, Late summer water status of soils and weathered bedrock in a tures (Fig. 6A). The vadose zone in residual profiles of giant sequoia grove: Soil Science, v. 160, p. 415–422, doi: 10.1097/ granitic rock in the southern Sierra Nevada and the Peninsular 00010694-199512000-00007. Arel, E., and Önalp, A., 2004, Diagnosis of the transition from rock to soil Ranges in California is commonly 4–8 m deep (Hellmers et in a granodiorite: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental al., 1955; Hubbert et al., 2001a) with joint spacings of 50 cm Engineering, v. 130, p. 968–974, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241 (Wahrhaftig, 1965; Sternberg et al., 1996; Witty et al., 2003). (2004)130:9(968). Based on the granitic clast weathering rates determined by Arkley, R.J., 1981, Soil moisture use by mixed confer forest in a summer-dry Rossi and Graham (2010), hard granitic bedrock with joints climate: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 45, p. 423–427. spaced 50 cm apart could be weathered to saprock in ~400 Balogh-Brunstad, Z., Keller, C.K., Dickinson, J.T., Stevens, F., Li, C.Y., and Bormann, B.T., 2008, Biotite weathering and nutrient uptake by ec- k.y. The rate of saprock production would be 0.01 m yr-1 if tomycorrhizal fungus, Suillus tomentosus, in liquid-culture experi- -1 the rock weathering zone was 4 m thick, or 0.02 m yr if it ments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, p. 2601–2618, 1 was 8 m thick. These rates (0.01–0.02 m yr- ) assume simul- doi: 10.1016j.gca.2008.04.003. taneous weathering throughout the vadose zone and are sim- Bergbauer, S., and Martel, S.J., 1999, Formation of joints in cooling plu- ilar to the southeastern Australia saprolite production rates tons: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 21, p. 821–835, doi: 10.1016/ (0.004–0.046 m yr-1) (Dosseto et al., 2008). S0191-8141(99)00082-6. If erosion rates exceed the rate of saprock production (Fig. Bornyasz, M.A., Graham, R.C., and Allen, M.F., 2005, Ectomycorrhizae in a soil-weathered granitic bedrock regolith: Linking matrix resources 6A), the substrate (soil plus saprock) is not sustainable, and to plants: Geoderma, v. 126, p. 141–160, doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma. consequently neither is the ecosystem. Erosion rates in granitic 2004.11.023. terrain of the northern Sierra Nevada range from 0.015 to Brantley, S.L., Kubicki, J.D., and White, A.F., editors, 2008, Kinetics of 0.06 m yr-1, with higher rates on steeper slopes (Granger et al., Water-Rock Interaction: Berlin, Springer, 840 p. 2001). Our calculated rates of saprock production (0.01– Buol, S.B., Southard, R.J., Graham, R.C., and McDaniel, P.A., 2003, Soil 0.02 m yr-1) are the same magnitude as the erosion rate, imply- Genesis and Classification: Ames, Iowa State Press, 494 p. ing that the regolith has attained an equilibrium thickness on Burke, B.C., Heimsath, A.M., Dixon, J.L., Chappell, J., and Yoo, K., 2009, Weathering the escarpment: Chemical and physical rates and pro- stable landscape positions but is depleted on steep slopes. cesses, south-eastern Australia: Earth Surface Processes and Land- forms, v. 34, p. 768–785, doi: 10.1002/esp.1764. CONCLUSIONS Buss, H.L., Sak, P.B., Webb, S.M., and Brantley, S.L., 2008, Weathering of Porosity produced by weathering converts biologically in- the Rio Blanco quartz diorite, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: ert rock into a material that supplies organisms with habitat, Coupling oxidation, dissolution, and fracturing: Geochimica et stored water, and nutrients. Initial weathering of granitic rock Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, p. 4488–4507, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2008. produces saprock, which retains rock texture and fresh pri- 06.020. mary minerals, but has an extensive network of mesofractures, Colman, S.M., and Dethier, D.P., eds., 1986, Rates of Chemical Weather- ing of Rocks and Minerals: Orlando, Academic Press, 603 p. is friable, and holds plant-available water. Roots are confined Doran, J.W., and Parkin, T.B., 1994, Defining and assessing soil quality,in to and fully occupy joint fractures to at least 4 m in depth. Doran, J.W., Coleman, D.C., Bezdicek, D.F., and Stewart, B.A., Matrix water is delivered to them via mycorrhizal fungal eds., Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment: Soil Sci- hyphae that explore the mesofractures. Further weathering ence Society of America Special Publication Number 35, p. 3–21. produces saprolite, which is plastic when wet, has abundant Dosseto, A., Turner, S.P., and Chappell, J., 2008, The evolution of weather- capillary-size pores in clay masses and dissolution-pitted ing profiles through time: New insights from uranium-series iso- topes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 274, p. 359–371, doi: primary minerals, and holds more water than saprock. Deep- 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.050. rooted trees and shrubs rely on water stored in weathered bed- Egerton-Warburton, L.M., Graham, R.C., and Hubbert, K.R., 2003, Spatial rock to survive summer drought. Because these porous rock variability in mycorrhizal hyphae and nutrient and water availabil- materials function intimately in terrestrial ecosystems, the rate ity in a soil-weathered bedrock profile: Plant and Soil, v. 249, of porosity formation during rock weathering is the appropri- p. 331–342, doi: 10.1023/A:1022860432113. ate measure of ecosystem-functional substrate production. Frazier, C.S., and Graham, R.C., 2000, Pedogenic transformation of frac- tured granitic bedrock, southern California: Soil Science Society of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS America Journal, v. 64, p. 2057–2069. Preparation of this paper was supported in part by funding from the Frazier, C.S., Graham, R.C., Shouse, P.J., Yates, M.V., and Anderson, M.A., University of California Kearney Foundation of Soil Science. We thank 2002, A field study of water flow and virus transport in weathered Krassimir Bozhilov for scanning electron microscopy and Mike Allen for granitic bedrock: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 1, p. 113–124, doi: 10. comments on the fungal hyphae (Fig. 4). Reviews by Douglas Morton, 2113/1.1.113. Ronald Amundson, and Marjorie Schulz, and editing by Stephen Johnston, Girty, G.H., Marsh, J., Meltzner, A., McConnell, J.R., Nygren, D., Nygren, helped improve the paper. J., Prince, G.M., Randall, K., Johnson, D., Heitman, B., and Nielsen, J., 2003, Assessing changes in elemental mass as a result of chemi- REFERENCES CITED cal weathering of granodiorite in a Mediterranean (hot summer) climate: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 73, p. 434–443, doi: Allen, M.F., 2007, Mycorrhizal fungi: Highways for water and nutrients in 10.1306/091802730434. arid soils: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 6, p. 291–297, doi: 10.2136/ Graham, R.C., Guertal, W.R., and Tice, K.R., 1994, The pedologic nature vzj2006.0068. of weathered rock, in Cremeens, D.L., Brown, R.B., and Hud- Anand, R.R., and Paine, M., 2002, Regolith geology of the Yilgarn Craton, dleston, J.H., eds., Whole Regolith Pedology: Soil Science Society western Australia: Implications for exploration: Australian Journal of America Special Publication Number 34, p. 21–40. of Earth Sciences, v. 49, p. 3–162, doi: 10.1046/j.1440-0952. Graham, R.C., Schoeneberger, P.J., Anderson, M.A., Sternberg, P.D., and 2002.00912.x. Tice, K.R., 1997, Morphology, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity

8 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY of weathered granitic bedrock and overlying soils: Soil Science Sardini, P., Siitari-Kauppi, M., Beaufort, D., and Hellmuth, K.-H., 2006, Society of America Journal, v. 61, p. 516–522. On the connected porosity of mineral aggregates in crystalline Granger, D.E., Riebe, C.S., Kirchner, J.W., and Finkel, R.C., 2001, Modu- rocks: The American Mineralogist, v. 91, p. 1069–1080, doi: 10. lation of erosion on steep granitic slopes by boulder armoring, as 2138/am.2006.1939. revealed by cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be: Earth and Planetary Science Schenk, H.J., and Jackson, R.B., 2002, The global biogeography of roots: Letters, v. 186, p. 269–281, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00236-9. Ecological Monographs, v. 72, p. 311–328. Heimsath, A.R., Dietrich, W.E., Nishiizumi, K., and Finkel, R.C., 1999, Schenk, H.J., and Jackson, R.B., 2005, Mapping the global distribution of Cosmogenic nuclides, topography, and the spatial variation of soil deep roots in relation to climate and soil characteristics: Geoderma, depth: Geomorphology, v. 27, p. 151–172, doi: 10.1016/S0169- v. 126, p. 129–140, doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.018 555X(98)00095-6. Schild, M., Siegesmund, S., Vollbrect, A., and Mazurek, M., 2001, Char- Heimsath, A.R., Chappell, J., Dietrich, W.E., Nishiizumi, K., and Finkel, acterization of granite matrix porosity and pore-space geometry by R.C., 2000, Soil production on a retreating escarpment in south- in situ and laboratory methods: Geophysical Journal International, eastern Australia: Geology, v. 28, p. 787–790, doi: 10.1130/ v. 146, p. 111–125, doi: 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01427.x. 0091-7613(2000)28<787:SPOARE>2.0.CO;2. Schoeneberger, P., and Amoozegar, A., 1990, Directional saturated hy- Heisner, U., Raber, B., and Hildebrand, E.E., 2004, The importance of the draulic conductivity and macropore morphology of a soil-saprolite soil skeleton for plant-available nutrients in sites of the Southern sequence: Geoderma, v. 46, p. 31–49, doi: 10.1016/0016-7061(90) Black Forest, Germany: European Journal of Forest Research, 90005-T. v. 123, p. 249–257, doi: 10.1007/s10342-004-0041-7. Soil Survey Staff, 1999, Soil Taxonomy: Washington, D.C., U.S. Govern- Hellmers, H., Horton, J.S., Juhren, G., and O’Keefe, J., 1955, Root systems ment Printing Office, 869 p. of some chaparral plants in southern California: Ecology, v. 36, Sternberg, P.D., Anderson, M.A., Graham, R.C., Beyers, J.L., and Tice, p. 667–678, doi: 10.2307/1931305. K.R., 1996, Root distribution and seasonal water status in weath- Hubbert, K.R., Beyers, J.L., and Graham, R.C., 2001a, Roles of weathered ered granitic bedrock under chaparral: Geoderma, v. 72, p. 89–98, bedrock and soil in seasonal water relations of Pinus jeffreyi and doi: 10.1016/0016-7061(96)00019-5. Arctostaphylos patula: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 31, Stone, E.L., and Kalisz, P.J., 1991, On the maximum extent of tree roots: p. 1947–1957, doi: 10.1139/cjfr-31-11-1947. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 46, p. 59–102, doi: 10.1016/ Hubbert, K.R., Graham, R.C., and Anderson, M.A., 2001b, Soil and 0378-1127(91)90245-Q. weathered bedrock: Components of a Jeffrey pine plantation sub- Taboada, T., and García, C., 1999, Pseudomorphic transformation of pla- strate: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 65, p. 1255–1262. gioclases during the weathering of granitic rocks in Galacia (NW Inskeep, W.P., Clayton, J.L., and Mogk, D.W., 1993, Naturally weathered Spain): CATENA, v. 35, p. 291–302, doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(98) plagioclase grains from the Idaho Batholith: Observations using 00108-8. scanning electron microscopy: Soil Science Society of America Turner, B.F., Stallard, R.F., and Brantley, S.L., 2003, Investigation of in situ Journal, v. 57, p. 851–860. weathering of quartz diorite bedrock in the Rio Icacos basin, Isherwood, D., and Street, A., 1976, Biotite-induced grussification of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico: Chemical Geology, Boulder Creek granodiorite, Boulder County, Colorado: Geological v. 202, p. 313–341, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.05.001. Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 366–370, doi: 10.1130/ Twidale, C.R., and Vidal Romaní, J.R., 2005, Landforms and Geology of 0016-7606(1976)87<366:BGOTBC>2.0.CO;2. Granitic Terrains: A.A. Balkema Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands, Jiménez-Espinosa, R., Vázquez, M., and Jiménez-Millán, J., 2007, Differ- 351 p. ential weathering of granitic stocks and landscape effects in a Med- Ugolini, F.C., Corti, G., Dufey, J.E., Agnelli, A., and Certini, G., 2001, Ex- iterranean climate, Southern Iberian Massif (Spain): CATENA, v. 70, changeable Ca, Mg, and K of rock fragments and fine earth from p. 243–252, doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2006.09.001. sandstone and siltstone derived soils and their availability to grass: Jones, D.P., and Graham, R.C., 1993, Water-holding characteristics of Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, v. 164, p. 309–315, doi: weathered granitic rock in chaparral and forest ecosystems: Soil 10.1002/1522-2624(200106)164:3<309::AID-JPLN309> Science Society of America Journal, v. 57, p. 256–261. 3.0.CO;2-8. Luxmore, R.J., 1981, Micro-, meso-, and macroporosity of soil: Soil Sci- Vepraskas, M.J., 2005, Predicting contaminant transport along quartz ence Society of America Journal, v. 45, p. 671. veins above the water table in a mica-schist saprolite: Geoderma, Meunier, A., Sarsdini, P., Robinet, J.C., and Prêt, D., 2007, The petrogra- v. 126, p. 47–57, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.006. phy of weathering processes: facts and outlooks: Clay Minerals, Wahrhaftig, C., 1965, Stepped topography of the southern Sierra Nevada, v. 42, p. 415–435, doi: 10.1180/claymin.2007.042.4.01. California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 76, p. 1165– Montgomery, D.R., 2007, Is agriculture eroding civilization’s foundation?: 1190, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[1165:STOTSS]2.0.CO;2. GSA Today, v. 17, p. 4–9, doi: 10.1130/GSAT01710A.1. White, A.F., Bullen, T.D., Schulz, M.S., Blum, A.E., Huntington, T.G., and Pe- Nettleton, W.D., Flach, K.W., and Nelson, R.E., 1970, Pedogenic weather- ters, N.E., 2001, Differential rates of feldspar weathering in granitic ing of tonalite in southern California: Geoderma, v. 4, p. 387–402, regoliths: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 847–869, doi: doi: 10.1016/0016-7061(70)90055-8. 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00577-9. Oh, N.-H., and Richter, D.D., 2005, Elemental translocation and loss from Witty, J.H., Graham, R.C., Hubbert, K.R., Doolittle, J.A., and Wald, J.A., three highly weathered soil-bedrock profiles in the southeastern 2003, Contributions of water supply from the weathered bedrock United States: Geoderma, v. 126, p. 5–25, doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma. zone to forest soil quality: Geoderma, v. 114, p. 389–400, doi: 10. 2004.11.005. 1016/S0016-7061(03)00051-X. Paillet, F.L., 1993, Using borehole geophysics and cross-borehole flow Zhao, J., 1998, Rock mass hydraulic conductivity of the Bukit Timah granite, testing to define hydraulic connections between fracture zones in Singapore: Engineering Geology, v. 50, p. 211–216, doi: 10.1016/ bedrock aquifers: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 30, p. 261–279, S0013-7952(98)00021-0. doi: 10.1016/0926-9851(93)90036-X. Rose, K.L., Graham, R.C., and Parker, D.R., 2003, Water source utilization by Pinus jeffreyi and Arctostaphylos patula on thin soils over bed- rock: Oecologia, v. 134, p. 46–54, doi: 10.1007/s00442-002-1084-4. Rossi, A.M., and Graham, R.C., 2010, Weathering and porosity formation in sub-soil granitic clasts, Bishop Creek moraines, California: Soil Manuscript received 22 May 2009; accepted Science Society of America Journal (in press). 15 September 2009.

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 9 NOTICE of Spring 2010 GSA Council Meeting

Meetings of the Council of The Geological GSA Headquarters, Society of America are open to GSA Fellows, Boulder, Colorado, USA members, and associates of the Society, who Saturday, 17 April 2010 may attend as observers, except during execu- 8 a.m.–5 p.m. tive sessions. Only Councilors and Officers may speak to agenda items, except by invita- Sunday, 18 April 2010 tion of the chair. 8 a.m.–noon

The Geological Society of America, 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA | +1-303-357-1000, option 3, or +1-888-443-4472

GSA–ExxonMobil BIGHORN BASIN FIELD AWARD Professional Development Opportunity for Undergraduate Students and Faculty Award application deadline: 1 April This award covers all expenses, including airfare, hotel, and meals, for the second annual Bighorn Basin Field Seminar in August 2010. GSA TODAY SCIENCE: Questions? Contact High-quality, focused, peer-reviewed articles Jennifer Nocerino, that appeal to a broad geoscience audience. [email protected], GROUNDWORK: or Short, hot-topic, peer-reviewed articles that focus +1-303-357-1036. on issues important to the earth sciences. Learn more at www.geosociety.org/pubs/gsatguid.htm http://rock.geosociety.org/ExxonMobilAward/. data may point toward a single coherent model that explains all observations. But, if nothing else, this conference should Penrose lead to clearer paths of research and potential avenues of col- laboration. A special volume summarizing some of the research Conference areas presented is a potential follow-up to this conference. PROPOSED ITINERARY Annoucement Day 1—Mon., 16 August: Talks and posters with a focus on basement geology and geophysical observations. Origin and Uplift of the Sierra Day 2—Tues., 17 August: Field day in the central Sierra Nevada. Day 3—Wed., 18 August: Talks and posters with a focus on Nevada, California, USA volcanic activity, tectonic models. Day 4—Thurs., 19 August: Field day in the central Sierra 16–20 August 2010 Nevada. Bridgeport, California, USA Day 5—Fri., 20 August: Talks and posters with a focus on CONVENERS geomorphology, range uplift.

Cathy J. Busby, Dept. of Earth Science, University of California, LOGISTICS Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA, [email protected] Participants must arrive in Bridgeport, California, USA, the Keith D. Putirka, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, night of 15 August and are responsible for their own travel ar- California State University, Fresno, 2345 E. San Ramon Ave., rangements. If you are flying to the meeting, we recommend MS/MH24, Fresno, California 93720, USA, [email protected] you fly in and out of Reno, Nevada, USA. We will assist with transportation arrangements between Reno and Bridgeport. DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES Additional details regarding transportation will be provided in registration materials. The Sierra Nevada mountain range in California is perhaps The registration fee (to be determined) will cover five nights the archetype of lithosphere delamination. The Sierras are an hotel lodging (15–19 Aug.), all meals, a guidebook, and trans- important natural laboratory for understanding a disparate ar- portation while in Bridgeport and on the field days. All meals ray of geologic processes, including plate tectonics and associ- will be taken together at the meeting hall to facilitate discus- ated range uplift and volcanic activity, changes in regional sion. Airfare is not included. climate, and the assembly of plutons and batholiths. Data de- rived from these seemingly disparate research areas are wholly REGISTRATION APPLICATIONS interrelated. For example, the paleodepths of pluton intrusion Deadline: 26 April 2010 or roof pendant metamorphism inform estimates of the magni- Interested persons should send a letter of application by tude of Cenozoic range uplift, as do the timing and composi- e-mail to either Cathy Busby, [email protected], or Keith tion of Miocene and Pliocene volcanic rocks. Similarly, Putirka, [email protected]. The letter should include a paleoclimate models are important for understanding rates of brief statement of your research interests and the relevance of downcutting of the modern canyons that cross the Sierra Ne- those interests to the focus of the conference, the topic you vada. Successful models of uplift, climate change and down- would like to present, and if you are interested in submitting a cutting history, and regional volcanism must explain or be paper to a special issue. consistent with geophysical observations of the crust and litho- sphere, and the age and composition of the basement rocks. There is thus a critical need to bring together researchers ac- tive in a wide range of activities—connected by their interests in tectonics, magmatism, stratigraphy, structural geology, geo- physics, paleobotany, geomorphology, geochronology, and thermochronology, using the Sierra Nevada as a case study. This interdisciplinary Penrose Conference will allow research- ers from diverse backgrounds to share ideas and research re- sults. The five-day conference will include three days of meetings and two days of field trips into the central Sierra Ne- vada. During the meetings, keynote talks and poster sessions will be organized relative to the following geologic themes (depending, of course, on the research scope of the people who attend the conference): (1) nature and origin of bedrock geology; (2) geophysical observations of the crust and litho- sphere; (3) observations and models related to range uplift; and (4) volcanism and potential links to tectonic events. Per- Photo by Cathy Busby, taken from the vicinity of Sonora Pass, shows the haps the cumulative geologic, geochemical, and geophysical Relief Peak formation (middle foreground) resting on top of Mesozoic gran- itoids (bottom), and overlain by Table Mountain Latite (top background).

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 11 Final Announcement and Call for Papers

REGISTRATION Standard registration deadline: 26 April 2010 JOINT MEETING Cancellation deadline: 3 May 2010 Please register at www.geosociety.org/sectdiv/cord/2010mtg/. 106th Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section, GSA REGISTRATION FEES (all fees are in U.S. dollars) 85th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Section, AAPG Anaheim, California, USA Early Standard One-Day 27–29 May 2010 Professional member $185 $235 $125 Professional nonmember $220 $295 $185 www.geosociety.org/sectdiv/cord/2010mtg/ Student member $65 $90 $45 Student nonmember $80 $105 $65 Professional member 70+ $95 $115 $60 K–12 professional $60 $75 $40 Guest or spouse $60 $75 N/A Field trip/workshop only $35 $45 N/A

On-Site Registration and Badge Pickup Schedule Anaheim Marriott Wed., 26 May, 4–8 p.m. Thurs., 27 May, 7 a.m.–4 p.m. Fri., 28 May, 7:30 a.m.–4 p.m. Sat., 29 May, 7:30 a.m.–noon

Cancellations, Changes, and Refunds Requests for additions, changes, and cancellations must be received in writing at GSA Headquarters by 3 May 2010. No refunds will be made on cancellation notices received after this date. Refunds will be mailed after the meeting; refunds for fees paid by credit card will be credited to the card identified on the registration form. GSA cannot provide refunds for on-site reg- istration, Abstracts with Programs, or event ticket sales.

ACCOMMODATIONS Reservation deadline: 26 April 2010 GSA has reserved a block of rooms at the Anaheim Marriott, 700 West Convention Way, Anaheim, CA 92802, USA. The dis- counted rate is US$99 plus tax per night for one to four occu- pants. Parking at the hotel is at a discounted rate of US$10/day. Reserve your room by phone, +1-800-228-9290, or online, Orange County, Calif., USA (bottom, center), and surrounding region. Im- www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/laxah-anaheim-marriott/; be age acquired 3 Oct. 1994 by space shuttle Endeavour using Spaceborne sure to specify the Anaheim Marriott located on Convention Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR). Courtesy Way and use group code GSA-AAPG. NASA–Jet Propulsion Laboratories, http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec. php?id=438. CALL FOR PAPERS Abstract deadline: 9 March 2010 Submit abstracts at www.geosociety.org/sectdiv/ cord/2010mtg/ CONTACT INFORMATION If you have problems with electronic submission, contact The local organizing committee is committed to making this an Nancy Wright, +1-303-357-1061, [email protected]. exciting and accessible meeting for all. If you have questions or concerns, please contact the meeting co-chairs: Phil Armstrong, TECHNICAL PROGRAM Cordilleran Section GSA, [email protected]; Curtis Hen- For general information about the technical sessions and derson, Pacific Section AAPG, [email protected]. symposia, contact the Technical Program co-chairs: Jeff Knott,

12 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY [email protected], Cordilleran Section, GSA; Hilario Camacho, Pacific Section, AAPG/Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) [email protected], Pacific Section, AAPG. 17. Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)—General Sessions. Symposia 21. Carbon Sequestration and Oil Fields. 22. Petroleum Resources Offshore California. Cordilleran Section, GSA 23. Reservoir Geophysics: Extract More out of Your Reservoir. 1. Debating the Connections between the Plutonic and Cordilleran Section, GSA/Pacific Section, AAPG Volcanic Rock Record. 18. Managing Groundwater in the Cordillera. Pacific Section, SEPM Cordilleran Section, GSA/Pacific Section, AAPG/Pacific 2. Using Basin Analysis and Geochemistry to Reconstruct Section, SEPM/Council of Undergraduate Research (CUR) the San Andreas Fault System: A Symposium in Honor of John Crowell, Tor Nilsen, Tom Dibblee, and Perry Ehlig. 19. Undergraduate Research in Geoscience (Posters).

Theme Sessions FIELD TRIPS Full field-trip information is online at www.geosociety.org/ Cordilleran Section, GSA sectdiv/cord/2010mtg/fieldTrips.htm. 1. Sierra Nevada Microplate-Basement and Basins. 1. Pliocene-Quaternary Tectonic Evolution of the Northern 2. Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Big-Bend Region, Eastern California Shear Zone. San Andreas Fault. 2. Late Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic Rocks and 3. Terrestrial and Marine Records of Late-Quaternary Structures in the Victorville-Helendale Region, Mojave Climate from Western North America/Eastern Pacific: Desert, California. Developments, Comparisons, and Directions. 3. Anatomy of an Anachronistic Carbonate Platform: The 4. Advances in Understanding Magma Petrogenesis and Lower Triassic of the Southwestern United States and its Eruption Dynamics at Basaltic Monogenetic Volcanoes. Relationship to the Recovery from the Permian-Triassic 5. Active Tectonics of the Eastern California Shear Zone– Mass Extinction. Walker Lane Belt. 4. Soledad and Plush Ranch Basins: Mid-Tertiary Extensional 6. New Insights into Tectonics of the Central California Terrane Dismembered by the San Andreas Fault System. Coast Ranges—The Link between Los Angeles and 5. Exploring the Whittier and San Andreas Faults. San Francisco. 6. Hydrogeology of Icehouse Canyon, San Gabriel 7. Late Neogene Tectonics and Deformation along Active Mountains, California. Faults East of and Including the San Andreas–San Jacinto 7. Quaternary Geology of the San Bernardino Mountains Fault Zones. and Their Tectonic Margins. 8. Late Pleistocene and Holocene Glaciation in Western 8. Geologic History, Eruptive Stratigraphy and Ongoing North America. Volcanic Unrest at Long Valley Caldera and Mammoth 9. Enhancing Societal Relevance in Introductory Geoscience Mountain. Education. 10. Theory and Practice: Engineering Geology in the SHORT COURSES AND WORKSHOPS Cordillera. See www.geosociety.org/sectdiv/cord/2010mtg/courses.htm 11. New Insights into the Petrology of Cordilleran Batholiths. for more information. 20. Detrital Zircon Studies in Western North America. 1. Introduction to U-Th-Pb Geochronology using a Laser- Ablation Multicollector ICP–Mass Spectrometer. Pacific Section, SEPM/The Paleontological Society 2. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 12. The Triassic Aftermath and Recovery from the End-Permian using ArcGIS for Geological and Environmental Science Mass Extinction. Applications. 13. Climate-Biosphere Interactions through Time. 3. When the Classroom Shakes: Tools for Teaching K–12 Students about Earthquakes in Their Front Yard. Pacific Section, AAPG 4. Less Talk, More Action: Strategies that Improve Learning 14. Reservoir Modeling. by Engaging Students. 15. Fault-Associated Diagenesis and Fluid Flow. 16. Miocene Tectonics and Structural Evolution of Coastal OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENTS Southern California. Mentor Luncheons: Roy J. Shlemon Mentor Programs in Ap- 24. Wilmington Oil Field. plied Geoscience (Fri., 28 May) and the John Mann Mentors in 25. Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone. Applied Hydrogeology Program (Sat., 29 May). If you have 26. Oligocene and Early Miocene Clastic Reservoirs questions, contact Jennifer Nocerino, jnocerino@geosociety. of California. org, +1-303-357-1036, or go to www.geosociety.org/mentors/. 27. California Oil Fields (Posters). Cosponsored by the GSA Foundation. 28. Technology and Techniques (Posters). Travel Grants: Application details are at www.geosociety.org/ sectdiv/cord/travelGrants.htm. Deadline: 26 April 2010. If you have questions, contact Rod Metcalf, [email protected].

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 13 2009 – 2010 GSA-USGS Congressional Science Fellow Report ference in Copenhagen will be history; however, our hearing in November 2009 provided an opportunity to highlight the Notes from the key roadblocks to an international agree- ment. Because of the hard work of the committee staff and the chairman, the Staff Bench hearing was a success. The testimony of expert witnesses who have been follow- Mark G. Little process concluded with my decision to ing this issue since the original United join the majority staff of the House Com- Nations Framework Convention on Cli- My GSA-USGS Congressional Science mittee on Foreign Affairs. mate Change in 1992 and of Todd Stern, Fellowship began with an intensive ori- The first question I get from most ev- the head U.S. negotiator in Copenhagen, entation prepared by the American As- eryone, scientist or not, when I mention laid the groundwork. Members of Con- sociation for the Advancement of Science my placement is, “What does foreign af- gress made statements and asked ques- (AAAS). Once the engaging workshops fairs have to do with science?” I freely tions that rendered a complicated picture and informative lectures on the inner admit that the earth-science connection of interests and objectives that were workings of Congress and executive to foreign affairs is not as readily appar- sometimes in conflict with the concerns branch agencies were completed, the ent as it is to energy and natural resourc- of other nations. I think that the audi- thirty-odd Congressional Science Fellows es or to agriculture. In fact, no AAAS ence was left with a sophisticated appre- were faced with a deceptively simple Congressional Fellow of any discipline, ciation of the difficult path that lies ahead question, “Where do you want to work?” from psychology to nuclear physics to for the United States and other nations. Unlike any opportunity I can think of, medical biology, has ever been placed But for me, seeing the preparation— the Congressional Science Fellowships on the Committee on Foreign Affairs in orchestration is a better word—was as (sponsored by GSA and a host of other the 36-year history of the program. How- important as the content. scientific societies) are designed to allow ever, the committee is involved with is- I have watched hearings on C-SPAN, the recipients a remarkable level of flex- sues that are informed by most academic but never understood how much is re- ibility in their ultimate placement. We disciplines. In the realm of the earth sci- quired to produce a hearing that is inter- can work in the Senate or House; on a ences, the committee deals with issues esting, timely, and makes a statement. committee or personal staff; for a Repub- like tsunamis in the Pacific, water re- Selecting competent witnesses who can lican, Democrat, or Independent. sources in East Africa, and the interna- speak effectively to the issue at hand, I embarked on this endeavor with an tional ramifications of climate change. understanding the positions of opposing inchoate understanding of how my For me, the committee held the promise witnesses, knowing the opinions of all choice might impact my life for the up- of satisfying both a desire to bring more Committee members, and anticipating coming year. Beyond a cursory under- science-based perspectives into the poli- surprises are all part of the process. standing of the differences in election cy realm and a deep interest in finding As the committee tackles more science- cycles, size of constituencies, and other solutions to the common problems of related issues, I hope to be more involved trivia from grade-school civics, I had no human beings across the planet. in the legislative and hearing processes. feel for the tremendously important cul- During my first month with the com- And, I must admit, I look forward to tural and procedural divides between the mittee, I was fortunate to be able to help returning to the best seats for viewing a two houses of the U.S. legislature. I had with the final planning and execution of hearing—from the staff bench behind no idea what committee staff actually a hearing on negotiations leading up to the Members of Congress! did, and I misunderstood the role of the the United Nations Climate Change Con- majority party. My ignorance was quickly ference in Copenhagen. As most readers This manuscript is submitted for publi- rectified as I joined my fellow Fellows in of GSA Today are aware, climate change cation by Mark G. Little, 2009–2010 a two-week, multi-component practi- involves global issues because many of GSA-USGS Congressional Science Fellow, cum, including advice from Hill staffers, the causes (e.g., combustion of petro- with the understanding that the U.S. many of whom had been AAAS fellows leum), impacts (e.g., sea-level rise), and government is authorized to reproduce in the past. The placement interviews potential solutions (e.g., financing of and distribute reprints for governmental themselves offered perhaps the best in- technology transfers to developing na- use. The one-year fellowship is supported sight into what life might be like in a tions) are international in nature. As by GSA and by the U.S. Geological particular office. We were also encour- such, the Committee on Foreign Affairs Survey, Department of the Interior, under aged to independently research commit- and its subcommittees have jurisdiction Assistance Award No. G09AP00158. tees and members of Congress about over legislation and hearings related to The views and conclusions contained which we had interest as well as take negotiations and assistance to develop- in this document are those of the plenty of time for introspection about ing countries. Therefore, climate change author and should not be interpreted as our own beliefs and goals. As a result of has been a significant focus of the House necessarily representing the official poli- these combined efforts, we were brought Committee on Foreign Affairs. cies, either expressed or implied, of the quickly up to speed and were able to At the time of this article’s publication, U.S. government. Little can be reached at make informed decisions. This placement the United Nations Climate Change Con- [email protected].

14 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY TWO NEW BOOKS ABOUT GEOLOGY WHAT’S SO GREAT ABOUT GRANITE? Jennifer H. Carey • photos by Marli Bryant Miller THE FIRST TITLE IN OUR NEW SERIES Don’t take granite for granted. Written with the non- geologist in mind, this book explores the ins and outs of this common, yet beautiful, rock.

OF MINNESOTA Richard W. Ojakangas 67 color photographs Learn about what caused those 22 color illustrations and cartoons 3 ten thousand lakes with the 104 pages • 8 ⁄8 x 9 • paper $18.00 newest, full-color addition to the Roadside Geology Series. �������������� 180 color photographs ���������� ������� ������������������������������������������������� 110 two-color illustrations �������������������������������� 368 pages • 6x9 • paper $26.00 ����������������������

GSA ELECTIONS

GSA’s success depends on its members and the work nominees will be online for you to review at that time. of the officers serving on GSA’s Executive Committee and Paper versions of both the ballot and candidate information Council. In late February, you will receive a postcard with will also be available. Please help continue to shape GSA’s instructions for accessing your electronic ballot via our future by voting on the nominees listed here. secure Web site, and biographical information on the 2010 Officer and Council Nominees

PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT TREASURER (July 2010–June 2011) (July 2010–June 2011) (July 2010–June 2011) Joaquin Ruiz John W. Geissman Jonathan G. Price University of Arizona University of New Mexico Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology Tucson, Arizona, USA Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Reno, Nevada, USA

COUNCILOR POSITION 1 COUNCILOR POSITION 2 COUNCILOR POSITION 3 (July 2010–June 2014) (July 2010–June 2014) (July 2010–June 2014) Bruce R. Clark Barbara L. Dutrow Daniel Larsen The Leighton Group Inc. Louisiana State University University of Memphis Irvine, California, USA Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Memphis, Tennessee, USA Scott Tinker Martin B. Goldhaber Allen J. Dennis University of Texas U.S. Geological Survey University of South Carolina Austin, Texas, USA Denver, Colorado, USA Aiken, South Carolina, USA

Ballots accepted beginning 25 February 2010 Ballots due electronically or postmarked by 26 March 2010

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 15 Jeffrey G. Gould Carine Grelaud Teddy Gumbi Forest E. Haines Jochen Halfar Anne Larson Hall David Ray Hansen Umesh K. Haritashya Jason Kent Harris New Members: GSA Welcomes You! Sara E. Harris Christoph Hartkopf-Froeder Jean-Claude Heidmann The following people were elected into membership by GSA Council at its October 2009 meeting. Michael Martin Heil Craig Heindel Stefan Heuberger Professionals 298 Steven R. Higgins Michael Le Roy Hiner Billy B. Hobbs Recent Graduates 80 Axel Hofmann Grace Holder Students 584 Sally L. Holl Owen R. Hopkins Susan S. Hubbard K-12 Teachers 44 Michael R. Hudson Audrey Dean Huerta Affiliates 31 Jonathan F. Hughes Robert C. Hulse Richard W. Hurst Total 1037 Michael K. Hyde David E. Jackson Scott Jackson Joachim Jacobs PROFESSIONALS Shane Byrne Robert A. Duncan Neeraj Jain Ismo Aaltonen Antoni Campruba Nurdan S. Duzgoren-Aydin Paula Jefferis-Nilsen Petteri Alho Dianhua Cao Ali Aykut Ece Stuart D. Johnson Dani J. Alldrick Barbara Carrapa James F. Echols James D. Joy Gerold Dee Allen Joshua L. Caulkins Richard L. Ehrman Moinoddin Kadri Phillip Allen Bernardo Cesare Murray D. Einarson Yoshiyuki Kaneko Heather Almquist Nancy Chabot David K. Elliott Jordan Katz Desideria Anderson Jennifer Chambers Rolf Emmermann Matthew E. Keith Brian F. Aubry David Champion Nancy L. Engelhardt-Moore Peter Kelly Steven Neal Bacon Sameer Chandra Gwen Erickson Lorcan Kennan John E. Bailey Finny Cherian Carolyn Ernst Lori A. Kennedy Justin M. Bailey Sara Chudnoff Amanda M. Evans Nancy June Ketrenos Rasheed S. Baraba Richard Clement Jr. Stephen G. Evans Amy J. Keyworth Paul Z. Barnes Jr. Roger Clissold Timothy Ewing Kelly H. Kilbourne Jamie Marie Bartel Robert Cockerham Caleb I. Fassett Richard A. Kissel Henry Patrick Bean David K. Coffman Tracey J. Felger Matthew F. Knop John T. Beard Curtis Cohen David H. Felter Frank Koerner Bailey A. Beitscher Trevor Contreras Charles A. Ferguson Lenny Kouwenberg Kelly Ann Beck Hugo Corbella Rachel M. Fields Kate Duffy Krug John H. Berry Joseph Cotten James Fisher Newton Krumdieck Taco den Bezemer Anna M. Courtier Julie Carol Fisher John J. Kudlac Kenneth Biegert Elizabeth H. Craig David J. Franc Jean Lafleur Dennis K. Bird Robert G. Cuffney Erlend Frederickson Edyta Lagomarsini Stephen J. Blakely Ann Kielkopf Deakin Rebecca Freeman Stephen T. Lancaster Debra Block Tamara A. DeMorest Peter M. Frenzen Gary P. Landis David R. Blood Gregory M. Dering Paul G. Gagnon Steven Lanter Carl G. Borkland Michael K. DeSantis Cheryl Gansecki David W. Lappi Sarah Jean Boulton Donald B. Dingwell Terri Garside Jessica Larsen Bradley L. Boyle Richard S. Dinicola Laura Giambiagi Nicholas D. Legere Dianne Lynn Brien Eric Doehne William Gilmour Katie Leone Justin W. Brown Karen Rowe Dorrell Mihaela Glamoclija Melissa Lester Richard J. Brown Michael P. Doukas Joan Susan Gomberg Michael J. Lincoln Ryan P. Brumbaugh Walter Dragoni Hector F. Gonzalez Lowell Lindsay Kelvin J. Buchanan Patrick Druckenmiller Melissa Goodman-Elgar Gil T. Linenberger Natalie Bursztyn Brent Scott Duncan Lori M. Gouge Kenneth E. Lite

16 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY New Members: GSA Welcomes You! Matthew Logan Thomas F. Shipley Joshua Burns STUDENTS Susan Lomas Antonio Simonetti Camilo Bustamante Tamer S. Abu-Alam Cynthia Virginia Looy Christopher W. Sinton Kristi Carlucci Khalid A. Ali Christina L. Lopano Craig M. Smith Rebecca Collins Justin L. Allen Fred Loxsom Deborah Smith Keith Crossland Justin M. Allen Susan Lupinski Eleanour Snow Tami Darden Jesse J. Amundsen Kirby R. Manley Jr. Ron Sonnevil Minyahl Teferi Desta Dellar Wee Ananoo W. Bruce Masse Donald E. Spencer Mary Karen Dietrich Maria M. Anderson Bernhard Mayer Randall K. Spencer Stephen R. Durham Bradley Andres Kelli McCormick Terry Ann Sprecher Elizabeth Ruth Dutton James Howard Angus Doug McKeever Terry C. Spurgeon Sarah Hope Edwards Christina A. Appleby Heather McKillop Dennis Staley Ingrid Dara Fedde Suzan Aranda Luna Javier J. Meneses-Rocha Henry M. Steiner Dylan Ferry Scott A. Arndt Leland L. Mink Fred Stephenson Jennifer G. Fuentes Katherine Arntzen Rajeevan Moothal Cindy L. Stewart Ian Michael Ferguson Stephen N. Austin Peter Mouginis-Mark Gregory Stewart Joshua A. Glauch Christine L. Austman David A. Murphy Ruth A. Stockey Charlotte I. Goddard Eric B. Avalos Marian J. Myers Iain D. Stott Erica Helton Lori Nicole Babcock Rajeev Nair Michael C. Sukop Michael J. Higgins Kira Anna Badyrka Barbara P. Nash Jonathan Swinchatt Motoko Igisu Kristen P. Baechtle Richard Newport Willa Kern Taliancich Takeshi Imayama Claire H. Bailey Wendy A. Niem Charles J. Tapper Michael Jarvis Nathan M. Barber Edwin Nissen Edward M. Taylor Michael Clinton Jarvis Natasha Barlow Aaron O’Dea James M. Thorson Lucas Van Wyk Joel Shawn Paul Barnby Darcy E. Ogden Marco Ticci Brett A. Jordan Jessica L. Barnes Wayne L. Olsen Geoffrey Ray Tick Robert Michael Kelso Lucas Barr Deborah M. Olson Dennis Tower Jackie Evan Kendrick Lauren E. Barton Gerald Osborn Stephen Trimble Dalia B. Kirschbaum Alan T. Baxter William L. Osburn Desiree Tullos Margot Klein Carol Leigh Beahm Robert M. Owen Sergey V. Ushakov Man Jae Kwon Wilfrid Beauzile Elizabeth R. Page Joseph A. Valentine Kathleen Lohff Melissa Danielle Beck Michael Adam Pagel Scott David Van Hoff Kristian Lomas Timothy Becker Otto Paris Michael Vanden Berg Karin Lydia Louzada Erin C. Beirne Daniel G. Parrillo Eugenio E. Veloso Lichun Ma Blair E. Benson James Daniel Paulson Keiji Wada Jessica K. Marks Christopher J. Benn Douglas Peeler Brian Jeffrey Wagner Robert Martin Luca Bertoldi Sarah C. Petitto Charles Wahl Elyse Mauk Phil Blecher Michael G. Petterson Stephen Watry Taylor Mikell Tina M. Bledsoe Colin Conway Polk Dianne M. Weinert Heather Ann Miller Katherine L. Block Stella Poma Houston I. Welch Jr. Omar Montenegro Jr. Kristin M. Block Geoffrey C. Poole Elise M. Weldon Hesham Moubarak Kelsey Blongewicz Kenneth B. Price Cynthia Werner Dennis Oertel David Boes Haijun Qiu Gregory R. Wessel Steven Garrett Okubo Kevin Boggs Mark Quigley Stella J. Williams Danielle A. Olinger Erin Kelly Booth Deepak Rawat Philip A. Wilshire Colin O’Rourke David Bord Rich Reed Douglas Alan Wood Bill Pennington Joseph R. Boreman Marcus V.D. Remus Sarah A. Woodroffe John M. Perreault Gordon J. Borne Jr. Howard P. Renick Jr. Mathew D. Workman Michele Marie Perry Sara Lynn Bostelman Edward John Rhodes Michiko Yajima Daniel B. Pollock John Botos C. Bradley Rickard Hund-Der Yeh Rachel Ribaudo Luke Jared Bowman Karl J. Roa Leighton Young Jr. Sarah F. Richmond Clint A. Boyd John William Roberts Claudia B. Zaffarana Jamie S. Robinson Erin E. Brady Jack R. Rogers Lucas G. Zamora Eric Sandusky Shawn Michael Bragg Allan Rouse Jorge Antonio Zapata Corey Scheip John J. Braswell David L. Rudolph Zivile Zigaite Trevor Schlossnagle Philip Allen Bremer James K. Russell Udo Zimmermann William Sensibaugh Martin Briggs Holly Ryan Benjamin M. Shapiro Douglas Brinkerhoff Richard F. Ryan RECENT GRADUATES Matthew Scott Smith Kyle Houston Broach Stuart Ryman Motunrayo Akinpelu Melinda Solomon Whitney D. Brooks Jennifer Saltonstall Nathaniel Lee Arave Daniel E. Stills Justin R. Brown David A. Sauer Mary Aileen Bartkus Christopher Sutherland Matthew J. Bruenn Steve Schilling Casey E. Bartlett Vaughn G. Thompson Justin N. Brundin Perry Schneider Jeff A. Berger Shana Volesky Holly A. Buehler Lawrence Segerstrom Wilson Bonner Michael Vredevoogd Kevin D. Bunger Luis Sepulveda Warren T. Brown Charlotte Vye Katrina Burch Zhixiong Shen Brad Buerer Brian Yelen Brian M. Burgess Ian Shennan Daniel A. Burk Taylor G. Burnham

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 17 New Members: GSA Welcomes You! STUDENTS (continued) Evan Hanson Eckles Mark Hagemann Paige M. Kercher Daniel Burnett Stewart Edie David Charles Hahn Sean Kerrin Candice Lee Burnette Jordan Edmunds Ian R. Hamilton Chad A. Killcreas Polly M. Burns Carol A. Engelmann Christina N. Hancox James Logan King Greg Burzynski O.C. Enyinna Eke Sabry F.B. Hanna Luke E. Kingsbury Neal Bush Laila A. El-Ashmawy Jestina Anne Hansen Jessica C. Kinninger Ronald Craig Byrum Erin T. Elliott Søren E. Hansen Demet Kiran Yildirim Brent Campbell Abdou El-Magd Maxwell Hanusa Emily J. Kleber Luca Caracciolo Matthew Emery Renee Harkins Robert Klenner Megan E. Cardenas Christopher Englert Jonathan Harrington Jessica Knapp Sarah Carriger Cullen John Erbacher Korey Tae Harvey Cassi Knight Joseph A. Caruso Eli Erickson Bridget Mary Hass Karinne Knutsen Samuel Castonguay Jennifer Estrada Jennifer Hathaway Daniel J. Kohlruss Federico Cernuschi Guy Nathaniel Evans Elizabeth R. Hatley Chris Kopietz Emily J. Chin Stephanie Kay Ewald Garrett A. Hatzell Katrina Koski Piotr Cienciala Michael D. Fairbanks T. Jade M. Haug Jinal B. Kothari Jaclyn Danielle Clark Allison Fang John F. Hawkins Lucy Amelia Kruesel Lindsey Rene Clark Linda Farley Scott Hawley Alexandria S. Kuhl Robin M. Cobb Melanie Scott Felts Brendan Headd Ian James La Charite Emily Dana Colin Kelsey Mariah Feser Rachel Headley Doris P. Lajas Christopher Colla Sarah Finne Gary Dale Henley II Bao Vu Lam Michael D. Collazo Shawn C. Fisher Wesley R. Henson Cristiano Lana Cindy Marie Colon Taya T. Flaherty Dale A. Hernandez Lindsey Langsdon Giselle Conde Claire R. Fleeger Adam M. Hester Paul Laraway Rachel Anne Conde Christopher R. Florian Sabine Hippchen Erik Larson Jamey Cooper Katherine F. Fornash Kari Hochstatter Jodi Lau Andrew M. Corcoran Andrew L. Frahm James Daniel Hoelke Koa Lavery Phillip Costello Ben M. Frieman Kaitlin C. Holmes Jennifer S. Le Blond Ken Patrick Coulson Andrew J. Frierdich Nicholas D. Holschuh Chabok Lee Luke Crawford Taylor Friesenhahn Renee S. Holt Hoil Lee Mellissa S. Cross Laura N. Fronabarger Kenneth Horkley Erin LeGalley Angel A. Cuellar Rebecca J.M. Frus Jane Hornsby Caitlin Lewis Jason Cunningham Allison Fundis Mohammed Hossain Michael Lewis Jennifer Cunningham Julie Galloway Lumeng Huang Willis D. Leyendecker Sireesh K. Dadi Federico A. Galster Thomas R. Hudgins Kevin Richard Liebe Terra Ann Dalton Joshua M. Garber Christian A. Hunkus Randi M. Liescheidt George Daly Marlo Rose Gawey John V. Hurley Yunung Lin James Datko Thomas A. Gebhardt Mary Hutson Pollyanna Lind Louise Daurio Kateri Gecewicz Shavonne N. Hylton Eva Lipiec Bradley William Davis Greg Russell Geise Yadira Ibarra Aaron John Littlefield Klarissa Davis George Georgiadis Rafiqul Islam Daniel Nelson Lolos Maria A. Davis Katelyn E. Gerecht Nakita S. Jacobs Andrew J. Lonero Lies De Mol LeAnn Marie Germer Brianne S. Jacoby Matthew P. Loocke Anke G.V. Deeken Badr Ghorbal Rachel Jamieson James Daniel Lopez Assonman D. Degny Matthew G. Gibson Jonathan Jamison Jonathan Love Keith Delaney Lori Gideon Nadia Binte Jamil Darrin Lane Lowery Mekdes T. Demo Paul Gifford Robert E. Jarrett Liang Luo Mark J. Dempsey Jose R. Gil Stephanie K. Jarvis Brandon Micheal Lutz Keith Alan DePew Rachel E. Gilgen Steven A. Jenevein Thomas J. Lynch Megan Derrico Liz Gilliam Arianna Jimenez Michael J. Lyzwa Amanda Dickey Kirby J. Gimson Charissa J. Johnson Julia MacDougall Diana R. DiLeonardo Eric Goetz Dawn Marie Johnson Holly M. MacGillivray Julian Roy Dillon David A. Gosselin Peter J. Johnson Sheridan Mack Victoria Maria Doñé Joseph Graly Alison Jolley Dev K. Maharjan Darcee Lee Douglas Elizabeth A. Graybill Kyle Warren Jones Kerri Maikut Jennifer Douglass Mark William Green Craig E. Joseph Jacob M. Maillot Matt Downen David C. Greenawald Phoebe A. Judge Lauren Maistros Matthew Drahnak Alexander B. Grim Tristan J. Kading Sarah Maithel Chelsie Dugan-Lawrence Bryan Grimshaw Nimesh Kapadia David John Majewski Jeremy E. Dunfield Jim F. Grindley Jonathan P. Kay Kyle Aaron Makovsky Kallina Dunkle Joy Taylor Gryzenia Lara Ford Keeling Hester Catherine Mallonee Maria Dunlavey Eli Gurian Jason Damian Kegel Jonathan M. Malzone James Perry Durand Mary Gustafson Winifred Kehl Jennifer L. Manion Kevin A. Duvernay Ryan Thomsen Guth Jack Evans Kehoe Phillip Ira Marcy Steve Louis Dykstra Ana L. Gutierrez Michael Kelly Matthew M. Markley Mary E. Dzaugis Samuel A. Gygli Richard Scott Kelly Naomi Marks Matthew A. Earthman Grace Ha Julie A. Kemble Peter Marsala

18 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY New Members: GSA Welcomes You! James Martin Joanna M. Panosky Christopher Schmidt Michael Allen Urban Schae Alize Martin Konstantinos Papapavlou Sharon Schmidt Charles O. Usiaphre Nicole D. Martinez James Edwin Papin Karew K. Schumaker Amanda Van Lankvelt Ooga Masahiro Carolyn Parcheta Samuel Warren Scott Wanda Vargas Lawrence J. Mastera Andrew F. Parisi Spenser P. Scott Gale W. Vasquez Claude D. Mathes Jamie Maryl Parks Travis Lee Scott Gabriel Velin Sarah E. Matthews Nicole J. Parr Daniela Selke Christopher B. Vines Timothy P. Matthews Robert Peckyno Carley A. Senkowski Heather X. Volker Carl Daniel Matzek Sara Peek Kevin S. Severson Justin M. Von Bargen Sarah E. Mazza Adam J. Pelak Brandi M. Shabaga Markus Waidelich David Mazzucchi Lee E. Penwell Afroz Shah Trevor Scott Waldien Miles A. McCammon Nicholas Perez Malek M. Shami Christine Wallace Andrew L. McCarthy Brian Kai Perttu Tamika N. Shannon Rose Wallick Curtis Andrew McCoy Cara Peterman-Cowmeadow Seth G.G. Shantz Robert A. Walsdorf Sophie Julia McCoy John Michael Peters Rachel Jean Shapiro John Wang Gabriella R. McDaniel Elizabeth Petsios Douglas E. Shaver V. Dorsey Wanless Edward R. McGlynn Marco Matias Pfeiffer Jennifer M. Shepeck Jess Webber Timothy R. McGrady Heiko Pingel Janelle R. Sherman Jerimiah T. Wedding Mika McKinnon Carl T. Piowaty Lauren R. Sherson Jeremiah C. Wagener Kaleb McMaster Stefanie Pipis Jeremiah Sherwood Kevin D. Webster Calla McNamee Erica Pitcavage MooJoon Shim Kaitlyn M. Weider Margaret Bosque McPherson Carlos J.S. Plazas Niccole K. Shipley Codi S. Weiler Peter McVary Charles Podolak Danielle N. Sieger Matthew Weingarten Kimberly A. Mead Holly E. Polivka Michael L. Siegner Elizabeth Weisbrot Casey D. Meirovitz Peter M. Polivka Jonas Mota de Silva Shawn Wheelock Thomas Meister Courtney M. Porter Emily Ann Simon Melissa White Katherine J. Meixell James Potts Susan L. Sloth Logan E. Wicks April Menendez Sharmila V. Pradhan Noah Slovin Ashley N. Williams Helen Elizabeth Metts Brendon Quirk Andrea Nichole Smith Ben D. Williams Katherine Anne Mickelson Shelby Rader Casey James Smith Elyse K. Williamson Joseph C. Miller Anthony J. Raimondo Kathleen F. Smith Elizabeth G. Wilson Marc Miller Mark S. Raleigh Katy E. Smith James Adams Wilson Richard Ellis Mimms Amy Rath Mikki Smith Thomas M. Wilson Dylan R. Miner Luke Raymond Stacy E. Smith Veronica Woodlief Morgan L. Minyard Phillip J. Reed Marilyn Smulyan Bay R. Woods Euan Mitchell Machel Rhoden Michael J. Starks Abby May Woody Marissa Mnich Rodney L. Rice II Edward Curtis Starns Thomas S. Wright Saad Abd El Ghaffar Mohamed Carson Richardson Paul A. Stefanik Ernest M. Wylie II Claire A. Mondro Ellery R. Richardson Alison M. Straka Stacy L. Yager Meagan Julia Moore Kerry Riley Ariel Strickland John J. Yankech Jr. Mallory Morell Jason B. Robbins Valerie Stucker Carly C. York Danilo Moretti Tina Roberts-Ashby Ryan S. Studley Eleanor A. Yudelman Gregory J. Mosher Linda A. Rodriguez Christine L.K. Sumner Xiao Xu Sandra Mudafort Margarita Rodriguez Carl Swenberg Brenda Lee Zabriskie Riley P.M. Mulligan Rebecca Rodriguez Amanda E. Takacs Mohamed A. Zamdin Zackary W. Munger Caitlin Roeder Sean Tarpey Leah B. Ziegler Christopher R. Murley Nathan T. Rogers James Paul Taylor Amanda Zimmerman Michael Murphy John C. Rollins Allison Tether Christina Znidarsic Nicholas M. Murphy Matthew W. Rossi Tracy Anna Teyssier Nicholas Zupancich Katherine T. Murray Mikhail J. Rossignol Theodore R. Them II William O. Nachlas Brian Francis Ruane Drew B.R. Thomas TEACHERS Laurie Neilson-Welch Vivian Ruiz Mark Thomas Joshua D. Abernethy Kenneth D. Nelson Simone Runyon Sara E. Thomas Charise Ann Adams My M. Ngo Ashley Kate Russell Jessica L. Thompson Theresa Apodaca Shauna Nielsen Darcie Erin Ryan Reuben Angel Tineo Michael Benjamin Naohisa Nishida Nathaniel A. Ryan Atiqa S. Tirmizi Angela Best Erika Noll Joseph F. Sadorski Nicholas B. Traxler Lydia T. Chase Jennifer L. Oberst Jeannette C. Sager Jarek Trela Michelle Clark Philip O’Brien Mary A. Samolczyk Katie Tremaine Rebecca L. Coffman Aaron T. Ochsner Eduardo Sanchez Marissa M. Tremblay Val Comstock Michael O’Connor Joseph K. Sang Tyler Tripplehorn Doug Cullen Jennifer A.R. Olsen Ioan Vasile Sanislav Michael Trumbower Karen J. Curtin Jeffrey D. Olson Claudia Santiago John K. Tudek Joann Deakin Neil Fairchild Olson Peri Jordan Sasnett Robin Michele Tuohy Bill C. Dicks Elise Otto Tomohiko Sato Gulsen Ucarkus Hillary Downes-Fortune Marisa C. Palucis Tsurue Sato Tina Maria Ulrich Luis Figueroa Anoop Raj Pandey Courtney B. Savoie Arati A. Umarvadia Paul C. Fisher

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 19 New Members: GSA Welcomes You! Vesuvius TEACHERS (continued) Michael P. Collins A Biography Wayne H. Fletcher John Fuhring Alwyn Scarth Jeffrey V. Freeman Arnold Getz John Willard Gaul Michael D. Glascock “What might the future hold for Sandra S. Grosso Walter Alfred Graf III this, the most dangerous volcano Sky H. Harris Joseph P. Green in all of Europe? Scarth discusses Grace Eva Hepler Mark E. Harder the warning signs of an eruption Alison Hutt Gary J. Kartye and considers current contingency Debra Irvin Kathleen Kroll plans for the 600,000 people who Patricia Joyce Judd Bryan Lamb live in the 236-square-kilometer Doru Toader Juravle Jeffrey Nicholas Licht area around the summit of this Jackie Kane Mary M. MacDonald ferocious force of nature.” Deanna Mazanek Ellen Marks —Kate Wong, Scientific American Louise McMinn Dennis P. Michels Debra E. Odom Francis M. Miller Cloth $29.95 978-0-691-14390-3 Not for sale in the United Kingdom or David Wayne Olcott Jim W. Miller Republic of Ireland John McA. Preacher James D. Mullins III Ryan S. Previti Jim O’Donnell Craig Richardson Adam Seth Osborn Edie Gair Shull Laurie Pudwill Predicting the Urban Ingemar Skoog Mark Roos Thomas G. Smith Charles Saltzman Unpredictable Steve Sparkowich Cliff Thompson The Tumultuous Science of Denise A. Thompson Sanjay Tiwari Earthquake Prediction Derek VanderHyden Ross Wade Gregg T. Wachtelhausen Susan Hough Frank Weisel “In this well-written account, Dawne M. Welch Hough examines the elusive and Kay Wyatt controversial question of short- term earthquake prediction. Those AFFILIATES living in quake-prone areas simply Philipp Angehrn want to know when scientists will Rachel Arnold be able to predict the next (big) Michael Bartmon one. Hough’s excellent account Ronald E. Bravo provides context and insight into Vickery E. Cleveland why this seemingly straightforward Robert Coley question has both fascinated and frustrated researchers for so many decades.” Quick Reference —Mark Zoback, Stanford University GSA Member News & Cloth $24.95 978-0-691-13816-9 Information on the Web More news about GSA members: Earthquake and www.geosociety.org/news/memberNews.htm Volcano Deformation Information about current, past, Paul Segall and future GSA meetings: “This excellent and timely book www.geosociety.org/meetings/ presents and develops models for earth deformations. Applications Dates and information about other geoscience- of the models to various related meetings: deformation data illustrate their www.geosociety.org/calendar/ usefulness, but at the same time make clear the limitations and Resources for K–12 earth science educators: approximations involved.” www.geosociety.org/educate/resources.htm —John W. Rudnicki, Northwestern University Find your science at GSA: Cloth $90.00 978-0-691-13302-7 www.geosociety.org/themes/

GSA Connection: Read excerpts at www.geosociety.org/GSA_Connection/ press.princeton.edu

20 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY

DO NOT PRINT THIS INFORMATION GSA TODAY 2/10 ID12 10118 Y.E.S. Network Young Earth-Scientists

Globe Image Credit: Used with permission from NASA Inaugural Young Earth-Scientists Congress Beijing, China http://www.yescongress2009.org/

The First World Young Earth-Scientists (Y.E.S.) Congress took Geological Society of America and the American Institute of place on 25–28 October 2009 in Beijing, China, at the China Professional Geologists. University of Geosciences in Beijing. The rich and diverse pro- The 2009 Congress was organized as a direct result of the gram of technical presentations relating earth-sciences to soci- International Year of Planet Earth (2007–2009) with the goal of ety included talks by young geoscientists from Austria, Australia, contributing toward making societies safer, healthier, and more Italy, India, Tanzania, the USA, Argentina, the UK, China, Sri prosperous by using largely underutilized earth-science Lanka, Malawi, France, South Africa, Norway, Russia, the Neth- knowledge in decision making and by connecting young erlands, Mexico, and Brazil. Talks focused on many pressing earth-scientists from around the globe. issues, including groundwater, natural disasters, health, energy Global economies and the geosciences are not mutually ex- and sustainability, climate, mineral resources, megacities, deep clusive. The future belongs to the incoming generation of earth, oceans, soils, biodiversity, digital earth engineering, earth-scientists. Well-informed politicians make better policies, GeoParks, and Geoheritage conservation. and the Y.E.S. Network is committed to increasing teamwork, Combined on-site and remote discussion roundtables were collaboration, outreach, and connecting the next generation of unique to this conference and covered such topics as women politicians with earth-scientists. With climate change and a in the geoscience workforce, climate change, natural hazards, growing world population, political support of the geosciences transfer of credentials and international licensure, natural re- is an absolute necessity. sources and energy sustainability, issues facing geoscience ed- The next Y.E.S. Congress will be held in 2012 in conjunction ucation and research, and industry-academic linkages, with a with the 34th International Geological Congress in Brisbane, final synthesis and strategy roundtable. Australia. The synthesis and strategy roundtable session identified a Mary Seid, GSA student member, seid@isgs.illinois.edu number of key findings on which the Y.E.S. Network will ac- tively work. The Y.E.S. Network was envisioned by a group of earth-scientists who realized the growing need to educate pol- icymakers on earth-science issues that will significantly affect the younger generation. This vast network of over 300 senior and junior scientists in geological surveys and industries from around the world will depend on cutting-edge science, com- munication, and a strong vision to come up with strategies to address the issues identified by the Congress. The 2009 Y.E.S. Congress is considered a launching pad for the future. The Y.E.S. Network plans to grow its membership and increase awareness of the issues connecting the geosci- ences and society through education, visibility at numerous international conferences, and outreach in membership coun- tries. The Y.E.S. Network will continue to build on the support of many international organizations (UNESCO, IYPE, and the IUGS) as well as those in the United States, including The Pictured, left to right: Jiao Yang, Mary Seid, Dean Feller, and Sun Pengfei.

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 21 GSA Foundation Update

Donna L. Russell, Director of Operations

Thank You for Your Donations!

During the past year, with the support of our donors, the You can help continue to provide the critical support for Foundation has provided funding for many GSA programs, these and other programs with your contributions to the GSA including the following: Foundation. A gift of US$500 or more will add your name to the Penrose Circle roster. You may use the coupon below, or Congressional Science Fellow go to www.gsafweb.org and click on “Make a Donation.” EarthCache Field Forums GeoCorpsTM America Program On behalf of the GSA Foundation’s Board of Trustees, Geology in Government I extend our sincere appreciation to all those who donated Geology in Industry Program over this past year. Your support of the Foundation and GSA’s greatest needs is vital. Thank you so much! GSA Annual Meeting GSA Public Service Award International Travel Mann Mentor Program Minority Student Awards President’s Student Breakfast Publications Public Forum Public Service Award Research Grants Most memorable early geologic experience: Section Student Travel An overnight hike to the Phantom Ranch in the Grand Canyon with major Professor Stanley Beus of Northern Shlemon Mentor Program Arizona University. Student Recruitment —Paul M. Crosby Teacher Advocate Program Women in Science Award

Support GSA 1 Enclosed is my contribution in the amount of $ Programs 2 Please credit my contribution to Greatest Need Donate now! GSA Membership Fund Other: Fund I have named GSA Foundation in my Will (please contact me)

3 Name 4 Mail to:

Address GSA Foundation P.O. Box 9140 City / State / Zip Boulder, CO 80301 Phone cut out or copy Or donate online at www.gsafweb.org

22 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY In Memoriam

The Society notes with sadness the deaths of the following members (notifications received between 1 Oct. and 30 Nov. 2009):

Robert W. Blair Sr. Durango, Colorado, USA 27 October 2009

Anton Brown Heathfield, East Sussex, UK 19 October 2009 To honor one of these colleagues Alfred L. Bush with a memorial, please go to www. Lakewood, Colorado, USA geosociety.org/pubs/memorials. 15 November 2009 This page also lists the memorials already completed and available for Victor Colombini reading. Lima, Ohio, USA notified 5 October 2009 If you would like to contribute to the GSA Memorial Fund, please con- John W. Morse tact the GSA Foundation, +1-303- College Station, Texas, USA 357-1054, [email protected], notified 30 November 2009 www.gsafweb.org.

GSA Section Meeting Mentor Program Schedule

ROY J. SHLEMON MENTOR PROGRAM IN APPLIED JOHN MANN MENTORS IN APPLIED GEOSCIENCE LUNCHEONS HYDROGEOLOGY LUNCHEONS This program is designed to inform advanced undergradu- This program is designed to inform undergraduate, gradu- ate and beginning graduate students about careers in applied ate, and recently graduated students about careers in applied geoscience. The goal of the program’s volunteer mentors is to hydrogeology through mentoring opportunities with practic- provide real-world information and insight, based on their ing professionals in informal networking sessions over own careers, in an informal setting over FREE lunches. FREE lunches. Shlemon mentoring luncheons are held exclusively at GSA Northeastern/Southeastern: Tues., 16 March Section Meetings. North-Central/South-Central: Mon., 12 April Northeastern/Southeastern: Sun., 14 March & Mon., 15 March Rocky Mountain: Fri., 23 April North-Central/South-Central: Mon., 12 April & Tues., 13 April Cordilleran: Sat., 29 May Rocky Mountain: Wed., 21 April

Cordilleran: Fri., 28 May (two luncheons this day)

Photos from left to right: Baltimore at night. Photo courtesy Visit Baltimore. Worm burrows. Photo by Kevin R. Evans. Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, USA. Photo by South Dakota Tourism. Orange County coastal sunset, courtesy http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/3679706.jpg.

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 23 based on in situ analyses of oxygen ratios in zircons. Shan de Silva discussed his research on large ignimbrite flare-ups in the Penrose central Andes and noted that the overall thermal evolution of the crust can control ignimbrite flare-ups because it controls Conference melt production and storage. Peter Larson described the miner- alogy and O-isotope characteristics of caldera hydrothermal systems, and suggested that propylitically altered rocks in the Report deeper parts of caldera hydrothermal systems are reasonable sources for low-d18O rhyolites. 18 The day concluded with poster presentations by Tamara Low d O Rhyolites and Carley (zircon in Icelandic rhyolite), Lily Claiborne (zircon record at Mount St. Helens), Chris Folkes (O ratios in central Crustal Melting: Growth Andean silicic ignimbrites), Allison Phillips (hydrothermal al- teration of the Tuff of Sulfur Creek at Yellowstone), and Laura and Redistribution of the Waters (water concentrations in western Mexican volcanic arc siliceous magmas). Continental Crust The second day focused on Snake River Plain rhyolite mag- Twin Falls, Idaho, and Yellowstone National Park, matism. Barbara Nash provided an overview of the Bruneau- Wyoming, USA Jarbidge eruptive center and found that rhyolites there erupted at relatively high temperatures. Mike McCurry pointed out that 9–13 September 2009 the Snake River Plain is fundamentally a basaltic magma system and noted that some of the rhyolite domes in the eastern Snake CONVENERS River Plain could be products of fractional crystallization. Eric Christiansen compared Snake River Plain and Great Basin rhy- Peter Larson Washington State University, School of Earth olites. He proposed that crustal partial melting and subsequent and Environmental Sciences, Pullman, Washington 99164- fractionation are reasonable explanations for their formation. 2812, USA, [email protected] Bill Leeman described a model whereby the Snake River Plain/ Ilya Bindeman University of Oregon, Dept. of the Geological Yellowstone rhyolites are produced by extension where sub- Sciences, 1272 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, crustal adiabatic basalt melts can rise to moderate crustal levels USA, [email protected] and produce the rhyolites via partial melting. Scott Boroughs (central Snake River Plain low-d18O rhyo- John Wolff Washington State University, School of Earth and lites), Ben Ellis (phreatomagmatic rhyolites in the Snake River Environmental Sciences, Pullman, Washington 99164-2812, Plain), Kathryn Watts (the Kilgore Tuff, Heise center), and Chad USA, [email protected] Pritchard (Yellowstone post-collapse Upper Basin Member rhy- olites) gave short presentations in preparation for the next This Penrose Conference reflects a renewed interest in the day’s field trip. These were followed by posters: Matthew Brue- formation of low-d18O rhyolite magmas and in melting at inter- seke (silicic magmatism in the Santa-Rosa Calico volcanic field, mediate crustal levels, stimulated by a combination of the ap- Nevada), Jeff Callicoat (spatial and temporal significance of plication of new analytical techniques and the discovery of mid-Miocene volcanism in northeast Nevada), Henny Cathey voluminous low-d18O rhyolites in the Snake River Plain, Idaho, (O isotopes in zircons and geothermometry from the Bruneau- USA. Low-d18O rhyolites are important because significant sim- Jarbidge center, Snake River Plain), Matthew Cobble (Ti-in- ilar processes are required to dramatically affect the isotope quartz geothermometry for 15-Ma calderas, NW Nevada), ratio of the most major of elements in silicic magmas. Richard Gaschnig (timing of magmatism in the Atlanta Lobe of Forty-five scientists from around the world participated in the Idaho batholith), Will Starkel (radiogenic isotope con- the September 2009 Penrose Conference. Hugh Taylor, who straints on Snake River Plain rhyolite genesis), and John Wolff conducted some of the original fundamental work on oxygen (Snake River Plain rhyolite and basalt genesis). isotope applications to igneous petrogenesis, began the first Day four focused on Yellowstone and other rhyolite prov- day’s presentations with an historical overview of low-d18O inces. Chris Harris began with a discussion of the oxygen and magmas and a review of genetic models for their origin. He radiogenic isotopic characteristics of Archean to Mesozoic concluded that low-d18O meteoric hydrothermally altered wall magmatic rocks in South Africa. Tom Vogel described the ori- rocks must be involved in their genesis. Karlis Muehlenbachs gin of silicic volcanic rocks in caldera settings from central followed with a discussion of his early work and a review of America and emphasized subtle d18O decreases due to assimi- newer data on the low-d18O basalts of Iceland. Ilya Bindeman lation of rocks hydrothermally altered by tropical waters. reviewed recent developments in low-d18O magmatism and Sarajit Sensarma provided an interesting review of the geo- presented data for the eastern Snake River Plain and Yellow- chemistry of the Dongargarch bimodal igneous province, In- stone rhyolites. He proposed bulk shallow melting of altered dia, which, at 2.5 Ga, contains one of the oldest known rocks as the origin of the Snake River Plain/Yellowstone rhyolites ignimbrites on Earth. Jorge Vasquez described the thermo-

This conference was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant EAR 0926449.

24 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY chemical evolution of the Pitchstone Plateau rhyolite, the can be generated that include structural, thermal, and chemical youngest Yellowstone rhyolite. These were followed by two constraints? (Branney); and (6) How can the mantle contribu- presentations on rhyolites of the High Lava Plains in eastern tion to silicic magmas be determined, and what are the mecha- Oregon by Martin Streck and Anita Grunder. They reviewed nisms for its involvement? (Leeman). Further discussion of the distribution, timing, and geochemistry of these rhyolites these points will certainly stimulate additional ideas and re- and compared them with the Snake River Plain/Yellowstone search on rhyolite formation. rhyolites. Poster presentations included Mark Ford (High Lava Plains rhyolite d18O values), Guillaume Girard (trace Participants: Jim Beard, Museum of Natural History; George elements in post-collapse Yellowstone rhyolites), and Terry Bergantz, Univ. of Washington; Ilya Bindeman, Univ. of Ore- Spell (extra-caldera Yellowstone rhyolites). gon; Scott Boroughs, Washington State Univ.; Mike Branney, The last day began with a double-headed talk by George Univ. of Leicester; Matthew Brueseke, Kansas State Univ.; Jeff Bergantz and Jim Beard, who described thermal aspects of Callicoat, Kansas State Univ.; Tamara Carley, Vanderbilt Univ.; assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) controls on crustal Henny Cathey, Univ. of Utah; Eric Christiansen, Brigham Young magma evolution. Calvin Miller discussed the applications of Univ.; Lily Claiborne, Vanderbilt Univ.; Matthew Coble, Stan- sphene and zircon as monitors of magmatic processes. Rebecca ford Univ.; Catherine Curtis, Univ. of Cape Town; Shan De Lange talked about the origin of low-Sr Mexican western vol- Silva, Oregon State Univ.; Ben Ellis, Univ. of Leicester; Chris canic arc rhyolites and proposed that they are the product of Folkes, Monash Univ.; Mark Ford, Oregon State Univ. ; Richard multiple episodes of partial melting. Finally, Craig Lundstrum Gaschnig, Washington State Univ.; Guillaume Girard, McGill presented an alternative model for forming compositionally Univ.; Anita Grunder, Oregon State Univ.; Chris Harris, Univ. of zoned silicic magma chambers, whereby thermal diffusion Cape Town; Leif Karlstom, UC-Berkeley; Rebecca Lange, Univ. plays a major role in differentiation. Poster presentations of Michigan; Peter Larson, Washington State Univ.; Bill Leeman, followed: Catherine Curtis (South African Koegel Fontein low- National Science Foundation; Craig Lundstrum, Univ of Illli- d18O rhyolites), Jim Beard (O-isotope behavior during nois–Urbana Champaign; Mike McCurry, Idaho State Univ.; magmatic processes), Leif Karlstrom (shallow crustal magma Calvin Miller, Vanderbilt Univ.; Karlis Muehlenbachs, Univ. of chamber growth and longevity), and Dorsey Wanless (mid- Alberta; Barbara Nash, Univ. of Utah; Mike Perfit, Univ. of Flor- ocean ridge crustal assimilation models). ida; Allison Phillips, Washington State Univ.; Chad Pritchard, The attendees split into six discussion groups in the conclud- Washington State Univ.; Sarajit Sensarma, Univ. of Lucknow; ing session, listed here with the topics and discussion leaders. Terry Spell, Univ. of Nevada–Las Vegas; Willliam Starkel, Wash- (1) How should an 18O-depleted magma be defined, and is there ington State Univ.; Martin Streck, Portland State Univ.; Kevin a correlation between rhyolite magma temperature and degree of Tarbert, Washington State Univ.; Hugh Taylor, California Insti- 18O depletion? (Grunder and Wolff); (2) Is the 18O-depleted signal tute of Technology; Jorge Vazquez, California State Univ. produced by a unique or general process of rhyolite genesis? Northridge; Tom Vogel, Michigan State Univ.; V. Dorsey Wan- (Miller); (3) What chemical fingerprints correlate with 18O/16O less, Univ. of Florida; Laura Waters, Univ. of Michigan; Kathryn and D/H? (Beard); (4) How are large-volume 18O-depleted mag- Watts, Univ. of Oregon; John Wolff, Washington State Univ. mas produced? (Watts and Phillips); (5) What plausible models

Snake River, Twin Falls, Idaho, USA. Photo by keasmus.

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 25 Center, MS 939, P.O. Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225- 0046, USA; [email protected]: (1) name, office or title, and affiliation of the nominee; (2) date and place of birth; (3) education, degree(s), and honors and awards; (4) major events in his or her professional career; and (5) a brief bibliography noting outstanding achievements and accomplishments.

March 01 Nominations due for the Limnogeology Division’s NEW Israel C. Russell Award. See the January GSA Today, p. 27, for details. 09 Abstracts deadline: Cordilleran Section Meeting. 13–16 Joint Meeting of GSA’s Northeastern and Southeastern Sections, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 26 GSA’s Officer and Councilor election ballots due. 31 Nominations due for the John C. Frye Environmental Geology Award. Learn more at www.stategeologists.org/awards_honors.php.

April 02 Nominations due for the Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology Division’s Farouk El-Baz Award for Desert Research. Submit (1) a statement of the significance of the nominee’s research, (2) a curriculum vitae, (3) letters of support, and (4) documentation of published research results that have significantly advanced the knowledge of the Bioturbated sandstone from the Dakota Formation on Rabbit Mountain Quaternary geology and geomorphology of desert near Longmont, Colorado, USA. Photo by keasmus. environments to P. Kyle House, Nevada Bureau Mines & Geology, Univ. of Nevada, MS 178, Reno, NV 89557-0178, USA; [email protected]. February 11–13 Joint Meeting of GSA’s North-Central and South-Central Sections, Branson, Missouri, USA. 15 Nominations due for the Geophysics Division’s George P. Woollard Award at http://geoscience. 21–23 Meeting of GSA’s Rocky Mountain Section, in unlv.edu/pub/GSA_Geop/woollard.html. Nominations association with the Western South Dakota Hydrology should include a description of the nominee’s specific Conference, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA. contributions and their scientific impact. 26 Deadline for expressions of interest for Penrose 20 Nominations due for the Sedimentary Geology Conference (see p. 11). Division’s Laurence L. Sloss Award for Sedimentary Geology. Submit via e-mail to Paul Link, Sedimentary Geology Division secretary, May [email protected], (1) a cover letter describing the 16–22 Field Forum: Significance of along-strike variations nominee’s accomplishments in sedimentary geology for the 3-D architecture of orogens: The Hellenides and contributions to GSA and (2) a curriculum vita. and Anatolides in the eastern Mediterranean, Samos, Greece. 25 GSA Officer and Councilor Elections begin (see p. 15). 27–29 Joint Meeting of GSA’s Cordilleran Section and the Pacific Section of the American 28 Nominations due for the Coal Division’s Association of Petroleum Geologists, Anaheim, Gilbert H. Cady Award. Send three copies of the California, USA. CALENDAR OF UPCOMING GSA DEADLINES & EVENTSfollowing to Ronald H. Affolter, USGS, Denver Federal

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Abstract Deadline: 10 August 2010

Right, top to bottom: Garden of the Gods, Flatirons Golf Course, Civic Park and downtown Denver, and Colorado Sand Dunes. Photos used with permission from Visit Denver, the Convention and Visitors Bureau.

Rock glacier, northern Colorado. Photo by Marli Bryant Miller, University of Oregon, wwwmarlimillerphoto.com. View Classified and GeoMart ads online at www.geosociety.org/advertising.htm

sion to educate students in materials science, support phone numbers and e-mail addresses) to http://wit- interdisciplinary research, and enhance regional indus- tenberg.interviewexchange.com/jobofferdetails. try competitiveness and innovation. The successful can- jsp?JOBID=16327. didate is expected to establish a vigorous, externally‐ funded research program involving undergraduate and VISITING FACULTY OPPORTUNITY- TECTONICS graduate students and to teach courses related to their COLORADO COLLEGE field of expertise. Applicants should submit their appli- The Department of Geology at Colorado College invites   cation online at www.wwu.edu/jobs. Applications should applications for a one-year non-tenure track position in include a cover letter; full CV; statement of research Tectonics, to begin in August 2010.  plans; and statement of teaching philosophy and inter- The faculty visitor will teach courses in field analysis ests. In addition, applicants should arrange to have of geological structures, physical geology, and subjects three letters of recommendation sent to Tina Copsey, in the candidate’s areas of specialization. Appointment       MS 9065, Western Washington University, 516 High St., will be at the assistant professor level for candidates Bellingham, WA 98225‐9065, USA. Review of applica- holding a Ph.D. The Ph.D. or ABD is a requirement for       tions will begin on 15 Feb. 2010 and continue until the employment. Specialization areas of particular interest     position is filled. WWU is an equal opportunity employer. are thermochronology, petrology, structural geology, and GIS. Undergraduate research is an integral part of      DEPARTMENT HEAD the Colorado College Geology curriculum; thus an ability     ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OR PROFESSOR to advise research in the candidate’s areas of expertise GEOLOGY AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING is highly desirable.       SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES & Applicants must be committed to high-quality inno-    TECHNOLOGY vative undergraduate teaching, including field-oriented The Department of Geology and Geological Engineering courses. The Block System of education at Colorado      at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology invites College, in which professors teach and students take applications for a 12-month position as Department only one course at a time for 3-1/2 weeks, lends itself      Head at the Associate or Professor level. The successful to field and project-based teaching. The visitor will     applicant should have a background in geology and/or teach 6 out of 8.5 blocks in the academic calendar. The geological engineering, a record of academic or indus- department has excellent field equipment and labora-    trial leadership, and a history of successful research in tory facilities for teaching and research in all geological a field that complements existing department strengths. disciplines. Information on the positions, facilities, and   The Department Head is expected to lead departmental department is online at www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ growth in the areas of enrollment, research, industry GY/. Colorado College is committed to increasing diver- relations, and fundraising, in addition to managing fac- sity of the community and curriculum. Candidates who ulty, staff, and the academic programs. Some teaching can contribute to that goal are particularly encouraged is expected. The department offers two undergradu- to apply. ate and three graduate degrees in geology, geological Applicants should send a statement of teaching and Classified Rates—2010 engineering, and paleontology, with eleven faculty, 90 research interests, a curriculum vita, and the names and undergraduate students and 45 graduate students. A addresses of three referees by 26 Feb. 2010 to Christine Ads (or cancellations) must reach the GSA advertising office no later Ph.D. in Geology, Geological Engineering, or a closely Siddoway, Chair, Colorado College, 14 E. Cache la than the first of the month, one month prior to the issue in which they related field is preferred. Twelve-month salary range will Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, +1- 719-389- be commensurate with background and experience. The 6717; [email protected]. The search will are to be published. Contact [email protected], School of Mines is committed to recruiting and retaining remain open until the visitor position is filled. +1.800.472.1988 ext. 1053, or +1.303.357.1053. All correspondence a diverse workforce. To apply for this position, appli- The Colorado College welcomes members of all must include complete contact information, including e-mail and mail- cants must apply on-line at http://sdmines.sdsmt.edu/ groups, and reaffirms its commitment not to discriminate ing addresses. To estimate cost, count 54 characters per line, includ- sdsmt/employment. If you need an accommodation to on the basis of race, color, age, religion, sex, national ing punctuation and spaces. Actual cost may differ if you use capitals, the on-line application process, please contact Human origin, sexual orientation, or disability in its educational boldface type, or special characters. Rates are in U.S. dollars. Resources, +1-605-394-1203. Review of applications programs, activities, and employment practices. will begin 1 March 2010 and will continue until the posi- EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER. Per line each tion is filled. SDSM&T is an EEO/AA/ADA employer & Per Line for addt’l month provider. GEOLOGY, VISITING ASSISTANT PROFESSOR STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY/PETROLOGY/ Classification 1st month (same ad) VISITING ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MINERALOGY Positions Open $8.85 $8.60 BIOGEOSCIENCES, WITTENBERG UNIVERSITY ST. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY Opportunities for Students The Department of Geology invites applications for a The Geology Department at St. Lawrence University First 25 lines $0.00 $4.50 visiting appointment at the assistant professor rank seeks an individual with expertise in structural geology Additional lines $4.50 $4.50 beginning 23 August 2010. Applicants should be broadly and petrology or mineralogy to fill a Visiting Assistant trained in the geosciences with expertise in the bio- Professor position that is potentially renewable for up to Fellowship Opportunities $8.85 $8.60 geosciences, specifically in the areas of paleoclimatol- a maximum of three years. ogy, geochemistry, geobiology, or geomicrobiology. We are a small, high quality, undergraduate pro- Positions Open Preference will be given to candidates with interest gram that emphasizes both field and laboratory aspects and experience in areas involving mineralogy, includ- of the science. Our students are commonly involved ing biomineralization, mineral-microbe interactions, with faculty in research and the nearby Adirondack MONCRIEF CHAIR IN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY and weathering. The primary teaching responsibili- Mountains, Canadian Shield, and St. Lawrence Valley WESTERN STATE COLLEGE OF COLORADO ties will include introductory geology and advanced offer rich opportunities for study. Field labs and trips Western State College of Colorado invites applications courses in the candidate’s area of expertise. Advanced are an important component of the training we offer our for the Moncrief Chair in Petroleum Geology starting courses would be designed to attract students from students. A high percentage of our majors advance to August 2010. Teaching responsibilities include courses the interdisciplinary areas of the successful candidate’s graduate programs. Each of the five faculty members in in the petroleum geology curriculum and structural expertise. Contributing to interdepartmental programs the department is involved in teaching introductory geol- geology, as well as contributing to the geology core such as environmental studies or the University’s first- ogy courses as well as upper-level courses for majors. curriculum. A master’s degree in geology or related field year interdisciplinary course would also be encour- The successful candidate will be expected to teach and experience in the oil and gas industry is required. aged. The successful candidate will be expected to structural geology and petrology or mineralogy, contrib- Candidates with a Ph.D. will be considered for a tenure demonstrate excellence in teaching and to supervise ute to the teaching of our introductory geology course track appointment. For full position information and student research in their area of expertise. Current fac- and labs, teach electives within the area of expertise and application procedures, visit www.western.edu/jobs. ulty expertise in the department includes mineralogy, supervise student research projects. Applications will be accepted until the position is filled. igneous and metamorphic petrology, economic geology, Applicants preferably will have a Ph.D., demonstrated AA/EOE. process geomorphology, and process sedimentology. ability in teaching, and a proven research record in their This appointment is renewable for up to three years; it specialty. Interested candidates should submit a cur- ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE AND offers the successful entry-level candidate an opportu- riculum vita, a letter of application expressing what the ENGINEERING CENTER (AMSEC) nity to gain experience in teaching and advising student candidate feels she/he would contribute to the Geology WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY research in a liberal arts and sciences setting while program at St. Lawrence, and three letters of recom- The Advanced Materials Science and Engineering participating fully in university benefits, including faculty mendation to: Dr. Catherine Shrady, Search Committee, Center (AMSEC) of Western Washington University development opportunities. Geology Department, St. Lawrence University, Canton, CLASSIFIEDinvites applications for a tenure‐track faculty ADVERTISING position Wittenberg University is a small, private, residential NY 13617. at the assistant professor level in the field of materials undergraduate institution firmly committed to the liberal Application deadline is 15 February 2010, and all science, broadly defined. Qualified candidates in all arts and sciences. Interested applicants are encouraged materials must be received at that time. subfields of materials science will be considered, to visit our website (www.wittenberg.edu) for details with preference given to individuals whose research and about the University and department. Wittenberg par- ASSISTANT OR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR teaching interests are in the areas of inorganic materi- ticipates in AA/EOE/ADA. We encourage women and VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY als chemistry, energy‐related materials, polymers and minority applicants to apply as we are committed to SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES & composites, or mineral physics. A Ph.D. degree in a creating an ethnically and culturally diverse community. TECHNOLOGY related field is required. This interdisciplinary position Review of applications will begin 15 March 2010 and The Department of Geology and Geological Engineering will include appointments in two departments (chemis- continue until the position is filled. at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology invites try, physics, engineering technology, or geology), to be Please submit a resume, a brief statement about applications for a nine-month tenure track position in determined based upon the candidate’s specialty disci- teaching and research in a liberal arts and sciences vertebrate paleontology at the Assistant or Associate pline. AMSEC is a new $1.2 million program with a mis- setting, and a list of at least three references (with Professor level. The successful applicant should have a

28 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY View Classified and GeoMart ads online at www.geosociety.org/advertising.htm robust background in field geology and vertebrate pale- field mapping, paleomagnetism, modeling, major and ontology research, and will teach courses and advise trace-element geochemistry data, and low- and high- students at the undergraduate and graduate level. He temperature geochronological data. A recent Ph.D. in CALL FOR PAPERS or she is expected to develop a funded research pro- geology is required, as well as a demonstrated track gram that complements current departmental research record of recent publications. Candidate must be flu- emphases in Cretaceous marine reptiles and White River ent in English and/or Spanish. The position requires and late Tertiary-Quaternary mammals. Supervision residency in Panama, and candidates must be willing to of research by graduate students and undergraduate carry out extensive fieldwork. This is a one-year position PENINSULAR RANGES seniors is also expected. The department offers B.S., renewable for a second year depending on progress and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees with emphases in geology or availability of funding. Work starts in July 2009. Stipend BATHOLITH paleontology, including an M.S. in Paleontology. The is $35,000-40,000/year depending on qualifications, Museum of Geology is building a new Paleontology with additional funds for G travel N and I fieldwork. S I Deadline T R E V D A D E I F I S S A L C Research Center to house its collections of 300,000+ for application: 30 April. Candidates should send a let- specimens. The new faculty member is expected to ter of interest and curriculum vita to Camilo Montes, Deadline for manuscript work closely with faculty and staff at the Center and in [email protected]. June 2010 the department. A Ph.D. in geology, paleontology, or a submission: closely related field is required at the time of appoint- ment. Nine-month salary range will be commensurate Opportunities for Students with background and experience. The School of Mines is committed to recruiting and retaining a diverse work- A GSA volume on the Peninsular force. To apply for this position, applicants must apply Graduate Assistantships, The University of Akron, on-line at http://sdmines.sdsmt.edu/sdsmt/employment. Ohio. Graduate assistantships in the Department of Ranges batholith, Baja and south- If you need an accommodation to the online application Geology and Environmental Science are available for process, please contact Human Resources, +1-605- students wishing to pursue an M.S. in geology begin- ern California, is currently in the 394-1203. Review of applications will begin 22 Feb. 2010 ning in the fall term of 2010. The Department of Geology and will continue until the position is filled. SDSM&T is and Environmental Science faculty maintain externally early stages of preparation. The an EEO/AA/ADA employer & provider. funded research programs to study topics as diverse as volume will address both the ground water, pollution impacts, geomicrobiology, envi- POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS ronmental change, biodiversity, geophysical subsurface Jurassic and Cretaceous batho- SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE characterization, mineral exploration, structural geology, The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (www. and quaternary geology. The faculty provides a broad- liths and related extrusives. Plans stri.org) invites applications for postdoctoral positions based education focused on both academic and applied are for a series of overview papers; to carry out research in Panamá and the Caribbean. aspects of the geological and environmental sciences. The goal of the Panamá Geology Project (http:// Assistantships include 9-month appointment and tuition a number of trans-batholith tran- biogeodb.stri.si.edu/jaramillo/fossildb/pgp/PGP/Home. waiver. Review of applications will begin 1 Feb. 2010. html) is to reconstruct the history of the isthmus, its rela- For more information, please visit our Web site, www. sects; topical papers dealing with tion to the Caribbean and South American plates and uakron.edu/colleges/artsci/depts/geology/, or contact isotopic, chemical, structural, and its biological and paleogeographic implications using Dr. Verne Friberg, [email protected]. geophysical aspects of the batho- Check out the myriad ways lith; as well as structural effects you can connect with GSA through GSA Connection recorded in prebatholithic rocks the Internet and social media during the evolution of the batho- GSA’s monthly e-new magazine brings you current information on GSA programs, lith. Also to be included are stud- meetings, events, books, government and ies of individual plutons, ranging international affairs, pending deadlines, from gabbro to pegmatites, that and media coverage. Read it now at www. characterize various elements of geosociety.org/GSA_Connection. GSA the batholith. A section is planned GSA Today Online for geologic problems, such as GSA Today is always open access. Tertiary fault history, that have is Online! Check out our new Web pages at www. been solved through the analysis geosociety.org/gsatoday/, and thanks for of batholithic data. your patience as we tidy up from moving the hosting of GSA Today in-house.

Facebook If you would like to submit a paper, or if you know of someone who We’re on facebook both as a fan page and as a group page under “Geological might be interested, please con- Society of America” at www.facebook. tact one of the editors: Doug com/pages/Geological-Society-of-America/ Morton, douglasmmorton@gmail. 67821277078. Check here for updates, pho- com; Scott Johnson, johnsons@ tos, and links to journals, events, and more. maine.edu; Dave Kimbrough, Twitter [email protected]; Follow GSA on Twitter as “@geosociety”; Scott Paterson, paterson@usc. and we’re at http://twitter.com/geosociety. GSA currently has over 350 followers, edu; Keegan Schmidt, klschmidt@ most of them “geotweeps” (your fellow lcsc.edu; Vicki Todd, vtodd2@ scientists and colleagues). comcast.net; or Paul Wetmore, [email protected]. LinkedIn The Geological Society of America is linked in at http://www.linkedin.com/. We invite GSA members and interested geosci- ence professionals to use this space for discussion and networking opportunities.

GSA TODAY, FEBRUARY 2010 29 Journal Highlights New to Social Bookmarking? Try it at www.gsapubs.org

GSA recently added social bookmarking to its online journals and books. Connotea, CiteULike, Del.icio.us, Digg, Facebook, Reddit, and Twitter links are in the footnotes section and at the bottom of the middle column of online articles or chapters. Social bookmarking allows users to create personal collections of bookmarks. These can then be saved for future reference or shared with others. For example, a Facebook user may share an article from GSA’s site with all of their Facebook friends with a click of a button. Users can also grab

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GSA Journals online:

p. 595 Playing the Grand Canyon ...... by the numbers p. 537 Exhumation and relaxation...... prescribed ...... p. 336 for King Lear . . . . p. 454 Tectonic mixture served on an Indian . . . plate...... p. 563 The broken beds of Ballantrae . . . . Shock and awe in the Lonar crater Stitching a suture . .in . .the . . .Central . p. 627 Asian orogen www.gsapubs.org

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Coming to GSA Today in March 2010 GSA Section Meetings

Northeastern–Southeastern Joint Meeting ✸ Science Article: Evaluating lateral compaction in 13–16 March, Baltimore, Maryland, USA deepwater fold and thrust belts: How much are we Early registration deadline: 8 Feb. 2010 missing from “nature’s sandbox”? by R.W.H. Butler and D.A. Paton

North-Central–South-Central Joint Meeting ✸ Penrose Conference Report: Tectonic 11–13 April, Branson, Missouri, USA Development of the Amerasia Basin, Banff, Alberta, Early registration deadline: 8 March 2010 Canada, 4–9 October 2009

✸ DRAFT Position Statement: Diversity of the Rocky Mountain Section Meeting Geoscience Community 21–23 April, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA Early registration deadline: 22 March 2010 ✸ GSA–ExxonMobil Bighorn Basin Field Award

Cordilleran Section Joint Meeting with Pacific Section, AAPG 27–29 May, Anaheim, California, USA GSA Today articles from 1995 on are open access Early registration deadline: 26 April 2010 via link at www.geosociety.org/pubs/.

30 FEBRUARY 2010, GSA TODAY Field Guide 15 America’s Most Vulnerable Special Paper 461 Coastal Communities Field Geology Education: edited by Joseph T. Kelley, Orrin H. Pilkey, and J. Andrew G. Cooper Historical Perspectives and Modern Approaches

Edited by Steven J. Whitmeyer, David W. Mogk, and Eric J. Pyle

edited by Jim E. O’Connor, Rebecca J. Dorsey, and Ian P. Madin

Special Paper 460

■ Volcanoes to Vineyards: Geologic Field ■ Field Geology Education: Historical ■ America’s Most Vulnerable Coastal Trips through the Dynamic Landscape of Perspectives and Modern Approaches Communities edited by Joseph T. Kelley, the Pacifi c Northwest edited by Steven J. Whitmeyer, David W. Mogk, Orrin H. Pilkey, and J. Andrew G. Cooper, 2009 edited by Jim E. O’Connor, Rebecca J. Dorsey, and Eric J. Pyle, 2009 SPE460, 179 p., ISBN 9780813724607 and Ian P. Madin, 2009 SPE461, 356 p., ISBN 9780813724614 $65.00 | member price $50.00 FLD015, 874 p., ISBN 9780813700151 $80.00 | member price $56.00 $60.00 | member price $42.00 Hildebrand Did Westward Subduction Cause Cretaceous–Tertiary Orogeny in Hydrothermal Processes above the • Did

W the North American Cordillera?

Yellowstone Magma Chamber: estwar EditedEdittedd bbyy GrGregoryeggorory S.S GGohn,ohhn,n CChristianhrrissttiann Koeooeberl,beberrll, KeKennethennnnete h G.G. MillerMiillleer,r, andandnd Wolfoollf UweUwU e ReimoldReimmoold Large Hydrothermal Systems and d Subduction Cause Cr Large Hydrothermal Explosions Robert S. Hildebrand etaceous–T er tiar y Or oge ny in the Nor th American Cor by Lisa A. Morgan, W.C. Pat Shanks III, and Kenneth L. Pierce dillera? • Special Pa per 457

Special Paper 458

Special Paper 459 ® Special Paper 457

■ Hydrothermal Processes above the ■ The ICDP-USGS Deep Drilling Project ■ Did Westward Subduction Cause Yellowstone Magma Chamber: in the Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure: Cretaceous–Tertiary Orogeny in Large Hydrothermal Systems and Results from the Eyreville Core Holes the North American Cordillera? Large Hydrothermal Explosions edited by Gregory S. Gohn, Christian Koeberl, by Robert S. Hildebrand, 2009 by Lisa A. Morgan, W.C. Pat Shanks III, and Kenneth G. Miller, and Wolf Uwe Reimold, 2009 SPE457, 71 p., ISBN 9780813724577 Kenneth L. Pierce, 2009 SPE458, 976 p. plus CD-ROM, ISBN 9780813724584 $40.00 | member price $28.00 SPE459, 95 p., ISBN 9780813724591 $135.00 | member price $95.00 $45.00 | member price $33.00

2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EONERA PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIS T. HIS T. ANOM . (Ma) ANOM . CHRON. CHRO N. HOLOCENE 65.5 1 C1 QUATER- 0.01 30 C30 542 CALABRIAN MAASTRICHTIAN NARY PLEISTOCENE 1.8 31 C31 251 2 C2 GELASIAN 70 CHANGHSINGIAN EDIACARAN 2.6 70.6 254 2A PIACENZIAN 32 C32 L 630 C2A 3.6 WUCHIAPINGIAN PLIOCENE 260 260 3 ZANCLEAN 33 CAMPANIAN CAPITANIAN 5 C3 5.3 266 750 NEOPRO- CRYOGENIAN 80 C33 M WORDIAN MESSINIAN LATE 268 TEROZOIC 3A C3A 83.5 ROADIAN 7.2 SANTONIAN 271 85.8 KUNGURIAN 850 4 276 C4 CONIACIAN 280 4A 89.3 ARTINSKIAN TONIAN C4A L TORTONIAN 90 284

TURONIAN PERMIAN ■ E 10 5 93.5 1000 1000 2009 Geologic Time Scale Poster C5 SAKMARIAN 11.6 CENOMANIAN 297 99.6 ASSELIAN STENIAN SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 299.0 5A 100 300 GZELIAN C5A 13.8 M KASIMOVIAN 304 1200 PENNSYL- 306 1250 15 5B LANGHIAN ALBIAN MOSCOVIAN MESOPRO- C5B VANIAN 312 ECTASIAN 5C 16.0 110 ACEOUS BASHKIRIAN TEROZOIC C5C 112 5D C5D MIOCEN E 320 318 1400

5E C5E NEOGENE BURDIGALIAN SERPUKHOVIAN 6 326 by J.D. Walker and J.W. Geissman, 2009 C6 APTIAN 20 120 1500 CALYMMIAN E 20.4 6A C6A EARLY MISSIS- M0r 125 VISEAN 1600 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 340 SIPPIAN M3 BARREMIAN C6C 23.0 345 6C CRET 130 M5 130 STATHERIAN

CARBONIFEROUS TOURNAISIAN 7 C7 HAUTERIVIAN 1750 25 7A M10 C7A 136 359 8 C8 Y L CHATTIAN M12 VALANGINIAN 360 L 1800 140 M14 140 9 C9 M16 FAMENNIAN BERRIASIAN

M18 PROTEROZOIC Use this colorful poster-size version of GSA’s 2009 OROSIRIAN 10 C10 28.4 145.5 M20 2000 30 11 C11 TITHONIAN 374 PALEOPRO- TIAR 150 M22 2050 12 E RUPELIAN 151 380 FRASNIAN TEROZOIC C12 M25 LATE KIMMERIDGIAN 385

OLIGOCEN E 156 GIVETIAN RHYACIAN M29 392 13 OXFORDIAN M C13 TER 33.9 160 2250 161 DEVONIA N EIFELIAN 35 15 C15 400 398 2300 Geologic Time Scale to decorate your offi ce or CALLOVIAN 16 C16 L PRIABONIAN 165 EMSIAN BATHONIAN 407 17 37.2 E C17 MIDDLE 168 PRAGHIAN 411 SIDERIAN 170 BAJOCIAN LOCKHOVIAN 172 416 18 BARTONIAN AALENIAN PRIDOLIAN 419 2500 2500 C18 CHANGES 420 L 40 176 LUDFORDIAN 421 40.4 GORSTIAN 19 C19 180 TOARCIAN 423 M HOMERIAN 426 NEOARCHEAN classroom. Includes explanation of the chart by SHEINWOODIAN 183 428 20 TELYCHIAN 436 C20 PLIENSBACHIAN AERONIAN 2750 M EARLY 440 E 439 SILURIA N RHUDDANIAN 45 LUTETIAN 190 190 444 2800 JURASSIC SINEMURIAN HIRNANTIAN 446

21 RAPID POLARITY 197 L KATIAN C21 455 EOCENE 200 HETTANGIAN SANDBIAN MESO- 48.6 201.6 460 461 3000 the compilers. 22 RHAETIAN ARCHEAN C22 204 M DARRIWILIAN 50 ALEOGENE 468 23 DAPINGIAN C23 P 210 472 E YPRESIAN FLOIAN 3200 24 480 479 E 3250 C24 NORIAN ORDOVICIA N TREMADOCIAN LATE 488 55 220 STAGE 10 55.8 Furon- 492 STAGE 9 PALEO-

25 E C25 THANETIAN gian 496 ARCHEAN L 500 PAIBIAN 501 GTSPOS, 1 rolled sheet (18” × 27”) GUZHANGIAN 3500 26 228 503 ARCHEAN 58.7 230 Series 3 DRUMIAN C26 507 60 CARNIAN STAGE 5 510 M SELANDIAN STAGE 4 3600 235 Series 2 517 27 61.7 LADINIAN 520 STAGE 3 C27 240 MIDDLE 521 241 28 3750 C28 E TRIASSIC ANISIAN DANIAN CAMBRIAN* EOARCHEAN ALEOCEN Terre- 29 245 STAGE 2 (sorry, no additional discounts) P $9.95 65 OLENEKIAN neuvian 3850 C29 65.5 EARLY 535 250 250 FORTUNIAN HADEAN 30 C30 INDUAN 251.0 540 542

*International ages have not been fully established. These are current names as reported by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers, 2009, Geologic Time Scale: Geological Society of America, doi: 10.1130/2009.CTS004R2C. ©2009 The Geological Society of America. Sources for nomenclature and ages are primarily from Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A., et al., 2004, A Geologic Time Scale 2004: Cambridge University Press, 589 p. Modifications to the Triassic after: Furin, S., Preto, N., Rigo, M., Roghi, G., Gianolla, P., Crowley, J.L., and Bowring, S.A., 2006, High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: Implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs: Geology, v. 34, p. 1009–1012, doi: 10.1130/G22967A.1; and Kent, D.V., and Olsen, P.E., 2008, Early Jurassic magnetostratigraphy and paleolatitudes from the Hartford continental rift basin (eastern North America): Testing for polarity bias and abrupt polar wander in association with the central Atlantic magmatic province: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, B06105, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005407.

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4C Magazine CD: Vinny Matassa AM: Leo Osaka Live: 7.5 in x 10.125 in AD: Vinny Matassa AP: Sandy Boss Febbo Trim: 8.375 in x 10.875 in CW: Nick Nelson PP: Charlie Wolfe Bleed: None Photo: None PM: Lindsay Radmann 1SOAPS-09-0103 COLORS PRODUCTION NOTES APPROVALS Cyan • All line art & logos are repro Proof_____ AD_____ CW_____ GCD_____ AE_____ Prod_____ Client_____ • Unless specified by workorder, all other images Magenta Last Touched :Cheri Citrowske, 12-2-2009 1:09 PM, Production:Volumes:Production:Studio:Cli are FPO Yellow ents:Subaru:SOAPS_Promos:Sponsorship:1SOAPS-09-0103_GSA Ad:1SOAPS-09-0103_GSA Black Adindd Scale: 1 in = 1 in PMS 280 C Printed at: None Revision #: 1

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