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ACLÍMATE COLOMBIA Open Data to Improve Agricultural Resiliency OPEN DATA’S IMPACT* www.odimpact.org ACLÍMATE COLOMBIA Open Data to Improve Agricultural Resiliency By Andrew Young and Stefaan Verhulst JULY 2017 OPEN DATA’S IMPACT* www.odimpact.org ACLÍMATE COLOMBIA Open Data to Improve Agricultural Resiliency By Andrew Young and Stefaan Verhulst** JULY 2017 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License * “Special thanks to Akash Kapur who provided crucial editorial support for this case study, and to the peer reviewers [odimpact. org/about] who provided input on a pre-published draft.” ** Project conducted in collaboration with the Web Foundation, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Mobile Solutions, Technical Assistance and Research (mSTAR) program at FHI 360. to Improve Agricultural Resiliency ACLÍMATE COLOMBIA Open Data to Improve Agricultural Resiliency OPEN DATA | SUMMARY In Colombia, as in many other countries, the ef- matecolombia.org) leverages a diversity of data fects of climate change are increasingly evident. sources, including many open government data- ACLÍMATE COLOMBIA ACLÍMATE One sector that has been particularly hard hit is sets, to help farmers understand how to better agriculture. In this sector, unanticipated weather navigate shifting weather patterns. Although still shifts and extended drought periods have created relatively young, Aclímate Colombia has already major challenges for the country’s farms, perhaps had a tangible impact and received widespread especially for small, independently owned farms. recognition. It is a powerful example of how da- The Aclímate Colombia project is a cross-sector ta-sharing across sectors—along with the use of partnership led by the International Center for sector-relevant intermediaries—can take high-lev- Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), a civil society orga- el data science insights and translate them into nization, with private-sector industry groups and concrete, actionable information, in the process government actors. The platform (available at acli- helping farmers increase their livelihoods. 3 to Improve Agricultural Resiliency OPEN DATA OPEN DATA | CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND PROBLEM FOCUS / COUNTRY CONTEXT ACLÍMATE COLOMBIA ACLÍMATE Agriculture is a very important sector in Colom- traditional growing processes are thrown into bia and in the tropics in general. As Ruben G. upheaval as a result of new weather patterns, Echeverría, Director General of the Internation- global warming presents many challenges al Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) put it: to the food-growing potential of Colombia. “Parts of the humid tropics have the potential to It represents a particularly serious challenge become future breadbaskets for the world. They for small farmers, who constitute a large pro- are where some 70 percent of the world’s poor portion of the crop growers in the country. As people now live, and they contain most of the Echeverría notes: “Climate change poses a world’s biodiversity.”1 Colombia, in particular, serious threat for these smallholder farmers, holds tremendous possibilities as a provider of who already face significant challenges from crops such as coffee, bananas and rice. poor soils, volatile rainfall patterns, lack of knowledge on best cultivation practices, and However, in order for countries like Colombia lack of investment in new technologies that to achieve their potential, they must be able can help them.”2 to adapt to the effects of climate change. As 1 CIAT Communicaciones, “A Powerful Voice for Climate-smart Agriculture in the Tropics,” December 6, 2014, CIAT, https://ciat.cgiar.org/news-2-2/a-powerful-voice-for-climate-smart-agriculture-in-the-tropics. 2 Ibid. 4 The example of rice is illustrative. Rice is of decade of increases in irrigated rice yields was particular importance to the agriculture sector wiped out between 2007 and 2012 when yields in Colombia, representing the primary source dropped from 6 to 5 tons per hectare.5 Though of income for small farms and a staple food for explanations vary, climate change is seen as much of the population, in particular lower-in- the likely cause of the decrease. As the glob- come communities.3 The country’s agriculture al research partnership, Consultative Group on sector produced around 1.7 million tons of pad- International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) puts dy rice in 2014 – around 65 percent of which it, “subtle shifts in rainfall as well as more ex- was produced by lowland irrigated rice and 35 treme weather are forcing rice growers to toss percent rainfed rice.4 Recent years, however, aside old assumptions about when, where and have been hard for the country’s rice sector. A what to plant.”6 to Improve Agricultural Resiliency OPEN DATA IN COLOMBIA OPEN DATA OPEN DATA | In some ways, the state of open data in Colom- One notable problem stems from the fact that bia is quite encouraging. For example, in the Colombia’s open data supply is fragmented, 2015 Open Data Index, an assessment of data with little clarity on where and how to access availability across a number of sectors put to- the most useful datasets. As of August 2016, gether by Open Knowledge International, the the government’s official open data por- country ranked number four, up from 12 in 2014. tal, Datos Abiertos Colombia (datos.gov.co), This ranking is probably a reflection of the houses around 2,460 datasets and 70 visu- general openness of data relating to national alizations. An additional data portal, Ciudatos COLOMBIA ACLÍMATE statistics, procurement tenders, location data- (ciudatos.com), was established by the Coro- sets, and election results. However, despite the na Foundation in 2015, in collaboration with country’s good performance on such measure- other civil society actors and funders across ments, our research and interviews with key the region. The portal contains city-focused players suggest several remaining shortcom- public datasets and data drawn from percep- ings. While these shortcomings exist in many tion surveys conducted by Red Colombiana (perhaps most) countries that have experiment- de Ciudades Cómo Vamos — “the network of ed with open data, they are nonetheless im- city-level networks in Colombia dedicated to portant to understand for assessing the overall improving urban life.”7 open data ecosystem. 3 Elizabeth Stuart, Emma Samman, William Avis and Tom Berliner, The Data Revolution: Finding the Missing Millions, Research Report 03, Development Progress, 2015, https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9604.pdf 4 S. Delerce, et al., “Assessing Weather-Yield Relationships in Rice at Local Scale Using Data Mining Approaches,” PLoS ONE, August 25, 2016, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0161620. 5 CTIAR and CCAFS, “Big Data for Climate-smart Agriculture,” Change for the Better: The CCAFS 2015 Annual Report, https://ccafs.cgiar.org/bigdata#.V6jLT5ODGko. 6 Ibid. 7 Social Progress Imperative, “Contributing to Novel Open Data Platform in Columbia,” March 27, 2016, http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/contributing-to-novel-open-data-platform-in-colombia/. 5 The existence of these two portals, KEY ACTORS while signs of a strong open data move- KEY DATA PROVIDERS ment, also leads to a certain fragmenta- tion. For example, users may be unsure Government of Colombia where to search for data, and may have The primary government actor pushing forward trouble combining information stored Aclímate Colombia is the Ministry of Agriculture at the two locations for further analy- and Rural Development (MARD). MARD’s mission sis. Further complicating matters is the is to “formulate, coordinate and evaluate policies World Bank’s Climate Change Knowl- that promote competitive, equitable and sustain- edge Portal, which also hosts a number able development of forestry, fisheries and rural of Colombian open datasets, mostly on development agricultural processes, criteria of to Improve Agricultural Resiliency temperature and rainfall.8 decentralization, consultation and participation, to help improve the level and quality of life of the Co- Colombia originally expressed interest lombian population.”12 in joining the Open Government Part- 9 CIAT project lead Daniel Jimenez notes that the nership (OGP) in 2011. Many of its OGP OPEN DATA | commitments—and, perhaps as a re- Colombian government, and MARD in particu- lar, were the central funders for the project, and sult, much of the country’s government helped to facilitate communication between CIAT innovation and data work more gener- and important actors in the agriculture sector, en- ally—is focused on fighting corruption. abling CIAT to access and analyze datasets held This points to a further weakness in the by stakeholders in other sectors.13 open data space—for all its availability, data has had relatively little impact on While MARD is the most important government issues like economic development or collaborator on the project, the primary govern- COLOMBIA ACLÍMATE catalyzing entrepreneurship and busi- ment data provider is the National Institute of Hy- ness.10 Overall, the lack of incentives for drology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies users in the business community to ac- (IDEAM), which collects and—as a result of recent cess and use open data has resulted in legislation14—opens climate data for the country.15 minimal demand for open data.11 KEY DATA USERS AND INTERMEDIARIES CIAT The central actor in the development of Aclímate Colombia is the International
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