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Dessalegn Rahmato THE PEASANT AND THE STATE Studies in Agrarian Change in Ethiopia 1950s-2000s /Addis Ababa University Press ll. j n ^ V 1^ ' 3 . 4 iAAft' C^ U THE PEASANT AND THE STATE SOME AAUP BOOKS CURRENTLY IN PRINT • MJrtKC IM-Nl*; +C1-r • Balsvik. R. 2007 The Quest for • Bahru Zewde. 2002. Pioneers of MC h rn fe o - hflA" BluS Expression: The State and the Chmge in Ethiopia: The ‘i.r- hot riAh u>d-T+ JC University In Ethiopia under Three Reformist Intellectuals of the • Solomon Tadesse. 2008. Mineral Regimes. 1952-2005. Early Twentieth Century, Resources Potential of Ethiopia Br. 15.00 Co-published with James Cuney ■ Bahru Zcwde. 2008. Society, State • Mulugeta Eteffa 2007. The Bitter Publishers, Oxford & Ohio and History: Selected Essays Honey University Press, Athens Br. 95.00 Br. 25 .00 Br. 40.00 • Demissu Gemeda and Seid ■ Tsegaye Tegenu 2006. Evaluation of • -TA.f-7 IBf5C Mohammed. 2008. the Operation and Performance of +A* A r m HA* Fundamental Concepts of Algebra Ethnic Decentralization System in "IlMUi/M a translation of Br. 20.00 Ethiopia: A Case Study of the Garage Donald Levine's Greater • Emebet Mulugeta (edj. 2008. Urbar. People, 1992-2000 Ethiopia 2000 Br. 20.00 Poverty In Ethiopia: The Economic Br. 55.00 ■ Cnanmey, D. 2000. Land & and Social Adaptations of Women • Ydlibi, M. 2006. With Ethiopian Society In the Christian Kingdom Br. 15.00 Rulers: A Biography af Hasib YtBlbi of Ethiopia, from the Thineenih • VM’Or. «7l0 ‘J.y:: Br 40.00 to the Twentieth Century, Co­ h-fl +CD-1+ ■ QA<- «©•*.:: m n s ai S mr . published with the University of "Z6*/ Illinois Press and James Currcy 15.00 rK+rkr Br. Publishers, Oxford • l-Qtcntyt: M"7Xa>C*:: f i l v h 1847— 1983 *y/usxa>- r~rjR*na>- Br 30.00 Br 50 00 n-tkD- ,-t-S,h • i.pat'44 -MWl thT C f't -t-hrt • vn-/vA Micvr=: mnx 15.00 *».rs: +-H?' Br. *icrr.. imx 32 00 • -(M-t") %?' ')<■& (DAA. (TJx&D-t ?-tZh) Br. Br 60.00 ■ Rabenson, S. (ed). 2000. m (dak An a? /U hfr Internal Rivalries and Foreign Br. 25.00 ■ Balsvik. R. 2005. Haile Sellassie s • aoCCW ")«•> fflAX Students: The Intellectual and Social Threats: 1869-1879, Acta Tflflfl MS?ab MZA Background lo Revolution, 1952-1974, /Cthloplca Vol. Ill, tl**7 0*1?I ni**7 fth Co-published with Michigan State Co-published with Rutgers hfthte hA*7lb+ 1896- University University 1922 Br 40.00 Br 50 00 • +<51* Alt Yared Amare 1999. Br. 90.00 M • Household • +L6- ->u\ miB :: i s n I *>.?•:: PartJ A>A*I Resources. Strategies and Food ■MW h/890P* Sfth 1928P* (A.A.A.) Security In Ethiopia fJlTA-~r-th SCh h ltm - Br 65.00 Br 20 00 lifgi ly . ■ Woldemanam 2004. Principles of • Fekade Azeze. 1998. Unheard Br. 50.00 Electrical and Electronic Voices: Drought, Famine and • Abebe Dinku. 2007. A Textbook of Instrumentation God in Ethiopian Oral Poetry Building Construction Br. 55.00 Br. 20.00 ■ Gun, E and Hussein 40.00 ■ Andargatchew Tesftye 2004. The Br. Mohammed. 1997. • Bahru Zewde. 2007. A History of Crime Problem and Its Correction, Sllte- Modem Ethiopia 1855-1991 Vol. U Br. 55.00 Amharic-English Dictionary • Ketema Alemu 2003. Digital and Br 50 00 (2* edn) • Rabenson. S. (ed.). 1994 Br. 35.00 Analogue Communication Systems Br. 60.00 Trwodros and His ■ Wolde-Ghiorgis, Taffiua Deguefe Contemporaries 1855-1868, 2003. A Tripping Stone: Ethiopian Acta .Ethiopica Vol. 0, Co- Prison Diary pablished with Lund University Br 40.00 Press Br. 65.00 Forthcoming * Tenalem Ayenew 'Natural Lakes of Ethiopia' * ©•*/ * Biadgelign Ademc Mekonncn 'General Learning-Teaching Methods and Techniques' SB: All prices are at local wholesale rate. Dessalegn Rahmato THE PEASANT AND THE STATE Studies in Agrarian Change in Ethiopia 1950s-2000s Published by the Addis Ababa University Press Addis Ababa University Press P.O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel.+ 251-011-123 97 46 Fax.+ 251-011-124 32 91 E-mail: [email protected] © The Author and Addis Ababa University Press, 2009 ISBN 978-99944-52-24-8 First Published by Custom Books Publishing, 2008 Published by Addis Ababa University Press, 2009 Printed in Ethiopia by Berhanena Selam Printing Enterprise Also by Dessalegn Rahmato Agrarian Reform in Ethiopia (1985) ISBN 91-7106-226-2 Famine and Survival Strategies: A Case Study o f Northeast Ethiopia (1991) ISBN 91-7106-314-5 Land Tenure and Land Policy in Ethiopia After the Derg (Edited, 1994) ISBN 82-90817-08-8 Dentocratisation and International Assistance to Post-Conflict Ethiopia: Impact and Limitations. (Co-authored) Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies 2004 Contents List of Tables viii List o f Annexes ix List of Maps ix Notes ix Acknowledgment x Acronyms xi INTRODUCTION 13 1 Peasants and Rural Policies 27 Agriculture under the Imperial Regime 2 Commercial Farming 81 The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism 3 Land and Agrarian Unrest in Wollo 111 From the Imperial Regime to the Derg 4 Land Registration and Tenure Security 181 A Critical Assessment 5 Land, Local Governance and Rights Advocacy 229 Roadblocks to Peasant Empowerment 6 The Peasant and the State 283 Hegemony and Agrarian Change CONCLUSIONS 346 Tables, Annexes and Maps Tables 1.1 Crop Yield for Selected Years 2.2 Redistribution of Peasantry 1940-1970 2.3 Exports by Value 1972,1952 2.4 Yield Figures for Selected Crops with or without Modem Inputs 1.1 Total Land Area under Mechanization up to 1975 1.2 Area Cultivated in the Awash Valley 1.3 Cultivated Land Controlled by Ali Mirra 1.4 Production of Selected Crops in Awash Valley 1.5 Holdings of Chillalo Commercial Farmers 1.6 Class Background of Select Commercial Farmers 1.1 Unmeasured Land in Wollo by Tenure 4.1 Peasant Awareness of Land Laws, Dessic Zuria (%) 4.2 Peasant Views of Future Land Redistribution, Dcssic Zuria 4.3 Peasant Views on whether Land will be Take Away, Dcssic Zuria 5.1 Voluntary Organizations at the Kebcllc and Wared a Level 6.1 Percentage Distribution of Holdings by Size (in ha.) Annexes 3.1 Wbllo Provincial and Atvraja Authorities, Imperial and Derg Period 3.2 Main Rebel Leaders Identified in Mol Archives 5.0 List of Kebelle Committees (early 2000s) Maps 1 Ethiopia: Administrative Divisions (circa 1974) 2 Ethiopia: Packagc Programme Areas 1974 3 Wollo: Zones and Administrative Division (1980s) Notes The administrative division of the country has changcd sev­ eral times in the last fifty years. During the imperial regime, the country was divided into three administrative units: prov­ ince, awraja (sub-province), and woreda (district). The m ikitl woreda. (sub-district) was in use in the 1950s and 1960s but was abolished later. The Derg retained the three-tier system but introduced further complications in 1986. Provinces were split into two, and so-called “autonomous regions" were created. These “regions”, which included Tigrai, Afar and Ogaden, were given limited rights of internal self-rule. Until this date, and all through the imperial period, Wollo, for ex­ ample, was one province with twelve awrajas. From 1986, it was split into two provinces, called North and South Wollo. The present government has redrawn the country’s ad­ ministrative map along ethnic lines, and changed the bounda­ ries of former units. The country now is divided into nine eth­ nic-based politico-administrative units called K illils, each one of which is further divided into Zones and woredas. Below the woreda is the kebelle, which is now formally the lowest admin­ istrative unit. In a way, the present kebelle marks the return of the m ikitl woreda but in a different guise. The Zone is in many instances approximately the same as the province during the Derg in post-1986 period or earlier, but the awraja has been abolished. The term KiUil is rendered as Region in English in official documents but 1 prefer the Amharic term bccausc it is less confusing. The spelling of Ethiopian place and personal names is not standardized and the same name may appear under dif­ ferent spellings. Thus, for example, Wollo may also appear as Wello, Welo, or Wallo. I have retained older spelling* where these are widely used, otherwise I have followed my own rules. References are given at the end of each essay. Following customary practice, Ethiopian authors are listed alphabetically by theirfirst name A brief note on the meaning of the terms “agrarian’’ and “agriculture/agricultural" as used in this work. Hie word “agri­ cultural'’ (or “agriculture") refers to the cultivation of the soil, the “technicalities of forming’’ in Marc Blochs words, and em­ braces such activities as land and livestock management, crop­ ping practices, and labor techniques. “Agrarian” on the other hand refers to the land and the social, economic and ownership institutions pertaining to it. It includes rights to land, class and power relations, and structures of production and appropria­ tion. Thus, the latter term is much broader than the former. Acknowledgment I would like to thank my friend Yeraswork Admassie who read parts of the book in draft and whose constructive criticism was very valuable. Addis Ababa, 2008 Acronyms AAA: Addis Anteneh and Associates A1DB: Agricultural and Industrial Bank AMC: Agricultural Marketing Corporation ANRS: Amhara National Regional State Bal: Balambaras CADU: Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit CBO: Community-Based Organization CSO: Central Statistical Office DA: Development Agent Dej: Dejazmach EC: Ethiopian Calendar EDU-. Ethiopian Democratic Union EHRCO: Ethiopian Human Rights Council EP1D: Extenstion and Project Implementation Department (of MoA) EPLF: Eritrean People’s Libration Front EPRP: Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party EWLA: Ethiopian Women Lawyers
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    Decolonial Embodied Historiography: Female Performing Bodies, Revolutions and Empires in Ethiopia A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Surafel Wondimu Abebe IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dr. Michal Kobialka – Co-Adviser Dr. Rachmi Diyah Larasati – Co-Adviser November 2018 © Surafel Wondimu Abebe 2018 i Acknowledgements My special gratitude goes to Ethiopian female artists. I had the privilege to think with and be inspired by some of these women. My curiosity about female performers’ history of resistance began in the 1990s when I had informal conversations with artist Asnakech Worku (1935-2011) and Telela Kebede at the foyer of the Ethiopian National Theatre. I always treasure Professor Rachmi Diyah Larasati’s multifaceted generosity. I came to graduate school due to her. She became my professor, mentor and co-advisor. Without the critical social and intellectual spaces that she created to students of the global south, I would not be able to survive the challenges of graduate school and strive to become a better human being. I also owe a very deep sense of gratitude to my co-advisor Professor Michal Kobialka who nurtured my intellectual growth through close mentorship and critical scholarship. Working with Professor Kobialka was a rare opportunity, a rewarding challenge, and an honor. A big thanks to him! Two of my committee members, Professors Margaret Werry and Shaden Tageldin also shaped the ways in which I developed my dissertation. As a DGS of the Department of Theatre Arts and Dance, as my professor, and as the chair of my committee, Professor Werry taught and guided me through graduate school.
  • Using a Geographical Information System Within the BASIS Research Program in Ethiopia

    Using a Geographical Information System Within the BASIS Research Program in Ethiopia

    Using a Geographical Information System within the BASIS Research Program in Ethiopia A report prepared for the Institute for Development Anthropology (IDA) under the BASIS/Institute for Development Research (IDR) program for Ethiopia Report prepared by: Michael Shin, Ph. D. Department of Geography and Regional Studies University of Miami Table of Contents 1 Levels of Analysis and the South Wollo 1 2 Spatial Analysis in the South Wollo 5 3 Data Issues within the South Wollo 7 References 9 Appendix A: Trip Report for Michael Shin 10 1 This report provides a preliminary account of how a geographical information system (GIS) can be integrated within the BASIS research program in Ethiopia, and provides recommendations for its development and use. Part I shows how data from different levels of analysis, and diverse sources, are integrated into a comprehensive food security database for the South Wollo. Spatial analyses which can be used to organize, inform and extend the on-going market surveys and market inventories in the South Wollo are illustrated in Part II, and the final section provides suggestions for future data collection efforts. Data for this report were collected by Dr. Michael Shin during his visit to Ethiopia between 27 July 1999 and 7 August 1999, which was shortened by approximately one week due to inclement weather and sporadic travel times. Presentation graphics within this report were created with the ArcView (version 3.1) GIS distributed by Environmental Systems Research, Incorporated, and MacroMedia FreeHand (version 8.0.1) graphic design software. Due to high start-up costs, both financially and in terms of technical capacity building which are documented in Shin (1998), subsequent GIS analyses for the South Wollo food security project should be conducted in the United States.
  • Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund 2016 Annual Report

    Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund 2016 Annual Report

    2016 Annual Report Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund 2016 Annual Report TABLE of CONTENTS Forward by the Humanitarian Coordinator 04 Dashboard – Visual Overview 05 Humanitarian Context 06 Allocation Overview 07 Fund Performance 09 Donor Contributions 12 Annexes: Summary of results by Cluster Map of allocations Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund projects funded in 2016 Acronyms Useful Links 1 REFERENCE MAP N i l e SAUDI ARABIA R e d ERITREA S e a YEMEN TIGRAY SUDAN Mekele e z e k e T Lake Tana AFAR DJIBOUTI Bahir Dar Gulf of Aden Asayita AMHARA BENESHANGUL Abay GUMU Asosa Dire Dawa Addis Ababa Awash Hareri Ji Jiga Gambela Nazret (Adama) GAMBELA A EETHIOPIAT H I O P I A k o b o OROMIA Awasa Omo SOMALI SOUTH S SNNPR heb SUDAN ele le Gena Ilemi Triangle SOMALIA UGANDA KENYA INDIAN OCEAN 100 km National capital Regional capital The boundaries and names shown and the designations International boundary used on this map do not imply official endorsement or Region boundary acceptance by the United Nations. Final boundary River between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of Lake South Sudan has not yet been determined. 2 I FOREWORD DASHBOARD 3 FOREWORD FOREWORD BY THE HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR In 2016, Ethiopia continued to battle the 2015/2016 El Niño-induced drought; the worst drought to hit the country in fifty years. More than 10.2 million people required relief food assistance at the peak of the drought in April. To meet people’s needs, the Government of Ethiopia and humanitar- ian partners issued an initial appeal for 2016 of US$1.4 billion, which increased to $1.6 billion in August.