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Homo Sapiens Older Than Previously Than Conducting Light with Very Low Thought Loss B56133 The Science Magazine of the Max Planck Society 3.2017 The Roots of Humankind SOCIAL POLICY OPTICS 3D PRINTING CLIMATE RESEARCH A New Rule for Glass Fibre Built Sailing Close Public Pensions Rainbows with Light to the Wind Max Planck Innovation is responsible for the technology transfer of the Max Planck Society and, as such, the link between industry and basic research. With our inter- disciplinary team we advise and support scientists in evaluating their inventions, filing patents and founding companies. We offer industry a unique access to the innovations of the Max Planck Institutes. Thus we perform an important task: the transfer of basic research results into products, which contribute to the economic and social progress. Connecting Science and Business www.max-planck-innovation.de ON LOCATION Photo: Valérie Schwab-Lavriˇc At the End of the World Dusty, windy, desolate – “an end one would rather not see” is how Argentinian author Mempo Giardinelli describes the Patagonian mesetas. Yet Gerd Gleixner and his colleagues from the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry specifically chose the region for one of their research expeditions: its enormous, grassy, high plateaus of volcanic origin offer conditions that are hard to find anywhere else in the world. The steep slopes of the Andes mean that the clouds arriving on westerly winds from the Pacific release their rain on the Chilean side of the mountain range. But the clouds carried over from the east also pass over the flat plateaus, the only significant rainfall in the region occurs near the mountains. These exceptional geographical circumstances of the mesetas make it possible to take soil and sediment samples over thousands of miles along a north-south route that always has identical precipitation conditions, thus affording a unique opportunity to investigate the effect of temperature on the soil’s carbon exchange rate isolated from the influence of rainfall. Gleixner’s research group is particularly interested in how ecosystems react to climate change. By identifying resistant biomolecules and using them as biomarkers, the researchers are able to exploit the soil and sea sediments in the Argentinian mesetas as a climate archive. Gleixner’s team is reconstructing climatic events from the past 10,000 to 20,000 years in order to determine the capacity of organisms and ecosystems to adapt to future climatic changes. For the researchers, the old refrigerator in the middle of this image, which someone disposed of in the grassy expanse of the plateaus, symbolized the need to find parameters that can help cool our planet’s climate systems down again. 3 | 17 MaxPlanckResearch 3 Contents In retirement: The age at which people can retire is one of the main points of 18 THE ROOTS OF HUMANKIND 10 dispute in the political discussion. an Kahnert/dpa (small image) 18 Face to Face with Neanderthals PERSPECTIVES Neanderthals and modern humans must have coexisted in Europe for New Ways to Promote Talent several thousand years. What happened when they encountered each 06 other and how they influenced one another are riveting questions. 06 Flowering Research Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 07 “The euro project has failed” in Leipzig are searching for the answers. 08 Global Movement for Science 26 Change That Came from the Plowed Field 08 Impressive Ceremony to Mark Centenary The transition to agriculture changed human society more drastically 09 Center for Systems Biology Opened than almost any other innovation. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena are investigating 09 On the Net this revolution from very different perspectives. 34 Environmental Sins from Prehistoric Times VIEWPOINT Human beings are currently changing the Earth on an unprecedented 10 A New Rule for Public Pensions scale. But when did the transformation of our planet begin – and with Few if any socio-political topics prey it the human age, the Anthropocene? Using new methods, researchers on the mind as much as financial at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History are security in old age. However, per- searching for the earliest traces of human activity. ceived truth is a poor foundation on which to base pension security. FOCUS 18 Face to Face with Neanderthals 26 Change That Came from the Plowed Field 34 Environmental Sins from ON THE COVER “Where did we come from?” is one of the fundamental questions Prehistoric Times of humankind. Archaeologists, anthropologists and geneticists are finding more and more clues about where the first humans came from, how they spread throughout the world and how they lived. Cover: P.PLAILLY/E.DAYNES/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY; photos this page: MPI for the Science of Human History (large image), Sebasti 4 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 17 image) (small In the furnace: The glass fibers In harmony: Fully automated In the harbor: On board the Maria S. drawn from the melt are as thin pipetting robots analyze tens Merian, geologist Ralf Schiebel waits 48 as a human hair. 54 of thousands of proteomes. 68 for the next departure. Kahnert/dpa Sebastian SPECTRUM PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE image), 42 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 48 Glass Fibre Rainbows 68 Sailing Close to the Wind (large Scanner for Individual Proteins Fibres made of glass can do more Personal Portrait: Ralf Schiebel 42 Homo sapiens Older than Previously than conducting light with very low History Thought loss. Using photonic crystal fibres, 42 Neutrinos Drive Supernovae physicists are manipulating the REGULAR FEATURES Human properties of laser light and using of 43 Pointing a Finger at Electronics the fibres to develop sensors for 03 On Location 44 The Amazing Flexibility of the medicine and technology. 16 Post from – Massachusetts, USA Science Human Mind Fascinating Hive Mind the 44 With the Grip of a Gecko for right) 76 Flashback 45 Gut Bacteria Affect Aging to BIOLOGY & MEDICINE MPI The Old House and the Sea 45 Gravitational Waves Detected (left 79 Max Planck Community page: 54 The Protein Puzzle for the Third Time 79 From the Lab to the Stage The human body consists of tens this 46 DNA from Prehistoric Humans 80 “We want to bring the best minds of thousands of proteins that occur Chemistry Discovered in Cave Soil together” for in different variants. Using clever photos 46 Shedding Light on the Cosmic Web 81 Childcare Subsidies algorithms and a lot of computing Being Overweight Increases Risk 82 Fascinated by Microbiology 47 power, scientists aim to decode the of Alzheimer’s LIBRARY; Weis/MPI 83 Research Establishments human proteome for the benefit 47 Zika Viruses Produced in the Lab of medical science. 83 Publisher’s Information Ulrike PHOTO Diagnosing Cancer with a Breath Test 47 Griesch, MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY Axel 60 Built with Light 3 D printing is the future. But it’s Weishart, not yet possible to get the most out of the materials and the production Tilman processes used. Scientists are work- P.PLAILLY/E.DAYNES/SCIENCE ing to help the new method come Cover: Photos: of age. 3 |17 MaxPlanckResearch 5 PERSPECTIVES New Ways to Promote Talent Annual Meeting of the Max Planck Society focuses on junior scientists A ceremonial setting: Max Planck President Martin Stratmann speaks during the Plenary Assembly in the Kaisersaal in Erfurt. search, confirmed his ministry’s inten- tion to promote the networks. The Annual Meeting began with the presentation of the Stifterverband Science Prize. Peter H. Seeberger, Direc- tor at the Max Planck Institute of Col- loids and Interfaces, received the award and the accompanying cash prize of 50,000 euros for his pioneering work on automated sugar synthesis. In addition, outstanding junior scientists were presented with awards including the Otto Hahn Medal, which recogniz- es outstanding scientific achievement by doctoral students. In the meeting of the Max Planck To attract the best international talent, was the Max Planck Schools: interre- Senate, Rüdiger Willems was confirmed you need an enticing offer and high gional research and education net- as the new Secretary General of the Max visibility – as Max Planck President works established in collaboration Planck Society. The lawyer has held the Martin Stratmann discussed in his with the German Rectors’ Conference office on a provisional basis since Feb- closing speech at the 68th Annual and other partners. In his address, ruary 2017 and previously served as Meeting, held in late June in Erfurt, Georg Schütte, State Secretary in the Deputy Secretary General for more than Jena and Weimar. One central issue Federal Ministry for Education and Re- ten years. Flowering Research “Jugend forscht” – The Max Planck Society congratulates young researchers The most talented participants in Germany’s “Jugend forscht” initiative were honored at a ceremony held in Erlangen in May. The Max Planck Society has donated the prize in the physics category for some time now. Gerd Leuchs, Director at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, presented the first prize in this year’s national competition to three ele - mentary school students from Berlin. Matthias Grützner, Julian Egbert and Arne Geipel jointly uncovered a surprising phenomenon: when a jet of water encounters a coarse surface, such as a wooden board, regular spiral-shaped patterns can form that are reminiscent of a sunflower’s disc florets. The 16-year-olds found an explanation for this in the minute pro- trusions in the rough surface, which break up the running water and thus form the pattern. The three pupils tested their theory using an experiment in which they allowed water to fall onto a nail and then recorded the flow with a camera. The results confirmed their tentative explanation. The jury praised the resourceful and intelligent manner in which the young Proud winners: Matthias Grützner, Julian Egbert and Arne researchers investigated the phenomenon they had uncovered – and the Geipel (from left) receive their “Jugend forscht” certificates fact that they independently reached a theoretical description.
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