DOCSLIB.ORG

Cross-Border Cooperation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cross-Border Cooperation CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION BOUNDARY CITIES DEVELOPMENT DUE TO SCHENGEN AGREEEMENT SCHWARZKOPF FOUNDATION TRAVEL REPORT by TOMASZ LATO June 2016 Content 1. Questions of the travel ..................................................................................................... 3 2. Preparations ..................................................................................................................... 4 3. Implementation ................................................................................................................ 6 4. Travel experiences and insights concerning the travel questions ................................... 7 4.1. German-Polish border .............................................................................................. 7 4.1.1. Frankfurt (Oder)-Słubice ....................................................................................... 7 4.1.2. Guben-Gubin ....................................................................................................... 11 4.1.3. Görlitz-Zgorzelec ................................................................................................ 13 4.1.4. Zittau-Bogatynia .................................................................................................. 16 4.2. German-Austrian border ........................................................................................ 20 4.2.1. Freilassing-Salzburg ............................................................................................ 20 4.3. German-Swiss-French border ................................................................................ 23 4.3.1. Basel-Weil am Rhein-Lörrach-Saint Louis ......................................................... 23 4.4. German- French border .......................................................................................... 27 4.4.1. Strasbourg-Kehl .................................................................................................. 27 4.4.2. Saarbrücken-Forbach........................................................................................... 31 5. Possible difficulties and challenges ............................................................................... 34 2 1. Questions of the travel The purpose of the research is to investigate how the border cities cooperate and develop thanks to the Schengen Agreement and whether they benefit the European community. The Schengen Agreement was signed on 14 June 1985 in Schengen, village in Luxemburg. The agreement abolishes the control of persons crossing the borders between the Member States of the system, and in return strengthen cooperation on security and asylum policy. It also applies to cross-border cooperation. In the Schengen zone the people have four basic freedoms: free movement of people, free movement of goods, free movement of capital and free movement of services. One can select a place of residence, education, work, leisure or shopping. Cross-border agglomeration are “Europe in miniature” that present all of them every day. 80% of the population in Europe lives in urban areas. More than 60 cross-border agglomeration have been identified in Europe. They represent almost 25 million people.1 Nowadays in Europe we observe a migration crisis caused by a massive influx of immigrants. It is the strongest occurrence of this type since the Second World War. Europe did not have any ready answer how to deal with it and in the end of the year 2015 we could hear about a crisis of the Schengen Agreement and temporarily reinstated controls at the German-Austrian border. I started to wonder if this decisions could influence on my life. The average citizen of Europe does not feel any influence of the Schengen Agreement in one’s daily life, appreciating it only during travelling. However, there are places, areas of life and industry sectors which were significantly changed thanks to the lack of borders. I am Architect and Urban Planner, so in the first place I turned my attention on the cross-border partner cities and I focused on the influence on urban development. In order to increase the awareness of the positive impact of the agreement I investigated how border cities changed since the Schengen Area functions. 1 Cross-borde agglomerations and urban networks in Europe, MOT (2007) 3 2. Preparations Basing on a preliminary investigation I have chosen a group of various contiguous cities located in different European countries which work on overcoming the border-effects and create cross- border agglomerations: A) Frankfurt (Oder) / Słubice, B) Guben / Gubin, C) Görlitz / Zgorzelec, D) Zittau / Bogatynia, E) Freilassing / Salzburg, F) Weil am Rhein / Lörrach / Saint-Louis / Basel, G) Kehl / Strasbourg, H) Saarbrücken / Forbach. 4 All the cities are located along the German border. In my opinion it is characteristic for three main reasons: 1) Germany and France was the precursors of the abolition of border controls, they signed the first agreement already in the year 1985; 2) through the territory of Germany went the Iron Curtain that divided Europe for many years, we can easily compare western border agglomerations to eastern; 3) around 1,1 million migrants arrived in Germany in 2015, many refugees still want to cross the border. When I was writing the research project, the migration crises wasn’t so advanced yet. Temporary border controls were mentioned just as a theoretical possibility. When I started my trip they were already implemented. In the time I arrived in Salzburg, there were located the biggest makeshift refugee camps. In general I wanted to focus on local cooperation, however, during my preliminary insights I noticed that quite often the cooperation is managed on higher, regional level, due to different legal possibilities of the towns and cities. In most of the cases eurodistricts are mainly responsible for the support of integration of the border cities as the most important associations, but the initiative usually comes from the border cities themselves. 5 3. Implementation My research trip took place on 22 February -14 March 2016. The main plan was to visit the border site and observe the effects of cooperation. The task was to check the following issues: • Integration of urban space and infrastructure – cohesion of regions, stage of urbanization, joint development plan or separated, coherent space or incoherent, barriers or continuity, bilingual signs or monolingual, complementing of functions or duplication. • Integration of public transport – way of functioning: common network or separated, common system of tickets or separated, adapted to people who live and work on different sides of the border or not. • Cultural events – individual or common, multicultural and integrating events. • Promotion of the agglomeration – common or individual. Before my trip I also tried to get in touch with representatives of local authorities. Some of them wanted to gladly answer my questions, from others I didn’t get any answers. I also personally visited several of them. Moreover, I talked to local tourist information offices’ workers to find useful information about, for example, local events and promotion strategy. In every city I stayed with the locals through one of the popular websites. Thanks to that I was closer to the people living there and could get know their stories and points of views. I also planned to collect some specific figures about population, area, etc. However, they were really difficult to find or they were never collected in any constructive way, so I was forced to give them up. In fact, the best and most important indicator for the impact of the border in everyday life is the frequency of border crossings, however, nobody measures it. 6 4. Travel experiences and insights concerning the travel questions 4.1. German-Polish border The Germany-Poland border was created in the year 1945 after the end of the Second World War without any significant consultations with the involved countries. It was placed along Oder –Neisse line. The border was a compensation to Poland for territories lost to the Soviet Union. In effect several German river cities were divided into two parts – Görlitz-Zgorzelec, Guben- Gubin, Frankfurt (Oder)-Słubice. 4.1.1. Frankfurt (Oder)-Słubice Słubice used to be a district of Frankfurt. Due to this fact the urban space is quite coherent. However, there are significant differences in the connection with the river. On the Frankfurt side the space is visibly more open to the water, the neighboring buildings are directed to it and there are located boulevards. In Słubice we can find only neglected embankments and postwar buildings reversed from the border. Pic 1 German-Polish border – Oder, view from Frankfurt’s riverbank 7 One of the most important implementation along the border, concerning urban planning, and the principal achievement is the transformation of Ziegenwerder island on the Oder River into a park with a cross-border dimension (signs in both languages, cross-border events). This project was financed by the Interreg IIIA and PHARE programmes. On the Polish sides just next to the bridge are located petrol stations, shops with tobacco and supermarkets, were a lot of German people go for shopping. There are quite popular because of the much lower prices. Between Poland and Germany we can travel by bus no 983 in the VBB tariff connecting Plac Bohaterów in Słubice, Frankfurt railway station, both town centers, two universities and Słubice shopping center. In Frankfurt the well-developed way of public
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Practical Guide for Partners and Participants
    safelink INFOPACK Practical guide for partners and participants. Project’s aim and objectives safelink 2 Project’s calendar r Project Duration – 15.10.2019 – 31.01.2020 YOUTH EXCHANGE - 11/11/2019 - 18/11/2019 safelink 3 Project’s background d Taking in account the general needs of socialization of young people, they expose themselves on the internet without knowing methods and measures through how to use the social networks in a conscientious, responsible and safe way. At general level we can observe a weak social virtual responsibility among young people. Behind an avatar, they feel free to experiment, without any awareness of the real life impact. The general need of socialization of the young people, in the context of modern technology and social networks development, facilitated also the development of the virtual threats, at social, personal and professional level. Thus, in the last years, the number of cyber bulling cases increased dramatically, especially those cases where the young people were the victims. safelink 4 Activities and methodology y During the youth exchange, the young participant will get involved in activities special designed to contribute to their self development, most of them based on non formal education methods with a big impact on their intercultural learning process and many other active and creative methods, games or exercises meant to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and the exchange between participants. 5 08:30 - 09:30 Breakfast 17:00 - 17:30 Coffee break 10:00 - 11:30 1st working session 17:30 - 19:00 4th working session timetable / 11:30 - 12:00 Coffee break 19:00 - 19:30 Reflection groups 12:00 - 13:30 2nd working session 19:30 - 20:30 Dinner 13:30 - 15:30 Lunch break 21:00 - 22:00 Evening activities working session 15:30 - 17:00 3rd session Arriving day (10/11/2019): We will start after dinner with [GET TO KNOW EACH OTHER GAMES] and continue with an [welcome party] Day 1 (11/11/2019): AM: [Project’s presentation, Get to know each other games] [Teambuilding games] PM: [Expectations, Contributions, Fears.
    [Show full text]
  • Canton of Basel-Stadt
    Canton of Basel-Stadt Welcome. VARIED CITY OF THE ARTS Basel’s innumerable historical buildings form a picturesque setting for its vibrant cultural scene, which is surprisingly rich for THRIVING BUSINESS LOCATION CENTRE OF EUROPE, TRINATIONAL such a small canton: around 40 museums, AND COSMOPOLITAN some of them world-renowned, such as the Basel is Switzerland’s most dynamic busi- Fondation Beyeler and the Kunstmuseum ness centre. The city built its success on There is a point in Basel, in the Swiss Rhine Basel, the Theater Basel, where opera, the global achievements of its pharmaceut- Ports, where the borders of Switzerland, drama and ballet are performed, as well as ical and chemical companies. Roche, No- France and Germany meet. Basel works 25 smaller theatres, a musical stage, and vartis, Syngenta, Lonza Group, Clariant and closely together with its neighbours Ger- countless galleries and cinemas. The city others have raised Basel’s profile around many and France in the fields of educa- ranks with the European elite in the field of the world. Thanks to the extensive logis- tion, culture, transport and the environment. fine arts, and hosts the world’s leading con- tics know-how that has been established Residents of Basel enjoy the superb recre- temporary art fair, Art Basel. In addition to over the centuries, a number of leading in- ational opportunities in French Alsace as its prominent classical orchestras and over ternational logistics service providers are well as in Germany’s Black Forest. And the 1000 concerts per year, numerous high- also based here. Basel is a successful ex- trinational EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse- profile events make Basel a veritable city hibition and congress city, profiting from an Freiburg is a key transport hub, linking the of the arts.
    [Show full text]
  • Presencing the Slovenian-Hungarian Border in Goričko and the Rába Valley
    Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 65(2), 355–378 (2020) DOI: 10.1556/022.2020.00015 “Eyes Have No Border”. Presencing the Slovenian-Hungarian Border in Goričko and the Rába Valley Received: April 16, 2020 • Accepted: June 23, 2020 Ingrid Slavec Gradišnik – Katalin Munda Hirnök ZRC SAZU Institute of Slovenian Ethnology, Ljubljana – Institute for Ethnic Studies, Ljubljana Abstract: The article draws on the written and oral memories of people living along the border between Slovenia (Goričko in Prekmurje) and Hungary (the Rába Valley). They are presented as comments on a century-long process of political changes in this borderland and demonstrate a plethora of ways in which border shifts intrude on people’s everyday lives. People’s concern with the border is reflected in the fact that it is a topic that emerges in any conversation with individuals living next to it, whether in the context of work, family, daily errands or stories of the past and present. In this article, informed by two concepts–border and memory– we present memories and perceptions of the border as they are expressed in casual comments or observations and semi-structured conversations with interviewees in the field. Life in borderlands is always localized, and there are visible divergences in the experience of the border on the Slovenian and Hungarian side. In Prekmurje, historical events along the border, especially the post-Trianon one, and the memory of these events are perpetuated through anniversaries of the annexation of Prekmurje to the Kingdom of SCS, whereas in the Rába Valley, memories especially relate to the Iron Curtain period.
    [Show full text]
  • World Council of Churches
    World Council of Churches Financial Report 2018 World Council of Churches 150 Route de Ferney P.O. Box 2100 1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland Contents page Report to the Member Churches on the 2018 Financial Report 5 Report of the Statutory Auditor to the Executive Committee 8 and to the Member Churches Schedule I: Consolidated Balance Sheet 10 Schedule II: Consolidated Income & Expenditure Account 11 Schedule III: Consolidated Statement of Movements in Funds & Reserves 12 Schedule IV: Consolidated Cash Flow Statement 14 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 15 Schedule V: Restricted Funds 34 Schedule VI (a) and (b): Restricted Funds Programmes 35 Schedule VII: Unrestricted and Designated Funds 37 Schedule VIII: Unrestricted Operating Funds 38 Annual Summary of Contributions 39 Non-financial Contributions 48 Note on Membership Contributions 52 Financial Report 2018 5 REPORT TO MEMBER CHURCHES ON THE 2018 FINANCIAL REPORT We present with pleasure the financial report of the World Council of Churches for 2018. The year marked the start of the second four-year planning period since the 10th Assembly, with work shaped by the WCC Strategic Plan 2018-2021, and the accompanying financial strategy, approved by the central committee in June 2018. The 10th Assembly, Busan 2013, called the churches and ecumenical partners to join in a “Pilgrimage of Justice and Peace.” In 2018, the regional focus of the pilgrimage turned to Latin America and the Caribbean, and the WCC celebrated its 70th anniversary, with meetings with church leaders from around the world, including Pope Francis. In the year’s Annual Review, the general secretary affirmed that “our fellowship has taken concrete steps in the ecumenical quest for unity, precisely by walking, working and praying together.” Financial results 2018 In 2018, the WCC reported total income of CHF 24.8 million, total expenditure and transfers of CHF 29.3 million and a resultant net decrease in funds and reserves of CHF 4.5 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Rules Applicable to the Equitable Maritime Boundaries Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: an Egyptian Perspective
    Legal Rules Applicable to the Equitable Maritime Boundaries Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: An Egyptian Perspective Ibrahim Ahmed EL Diwany United Nations – The Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme 2018 Disclaimer The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations, The Nippon Foundation of Japan, The Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt or Utrecht University. Abstract The Eastern Mediterranean Sea Basin is a semi-enclosed Sea bordered by ten States. The growing economic interests in the basin natural resources have motivated the basin States to claim jurisdiction over its exclusive economic zones and continental shelves. The absence of defined maritime boundaries, in this confined basin with numerous islands, have generated contesting claims between basin States on the overlapping undelimited maritime areas. The majority of maritime boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are not delimited yet. Only four maritime boundaries, out of seventeen potential boundaries, were delimited by agreements. The delimitation of maritime boundaries in the basin is vital. It establishes legal certainty to maritime boundaries that enables basin States to exercise safely their sovereignty rights for exploring and exploiting their natural resources in their maritime areas. The research paper aims to identify the legal rules and principles governing maritime boundaries delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Basin and its application on the delimitation of Egypt’s maritime boundaries with opposite and adjacent States. It explores in the first part the “equidistance/special circumstances” rule applicable for the delimitation of the territorial sea, the “agreement/equitable result” rule applicable for the delimitation of the extended maritime zones and the “equidistance/relevant circumstances” rule considered in recent jurisprudence.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of the Middle East Gas: Opportunities & Challenges
    The greater strategic and economic significance that the eastern Mediterranean has gained is not linked to the discovery of vast natural gas reserves in its developing countries, nor to its proximity to resource-poor European countries, it is rather correlated with the fact that its countries whose borders were drawn in the aftermath of World War I continue to bear the brunt of border conflicts, pursue of primacy and influence peddling Development of the Middle East Gas: Opportunities & Challenges By Brigadier General Khaled Hamadeh Director of the Regional Forum for Consultancy and Studies Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 2. Discovered Gas Fields & Competing Oil Companies ................................................................................... 3 3. Oil Companies .................................................................................................................................................... 5 4. Signed Agreements ............................................................................................................................................ 5 5. Geopolitical Risks .............................................................................................................................................. 8 5.1 Turkey – Reactions to Retain Role ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Maritime Boundaries Delimitation, Management and Dispute Resolution
    MARITIME BOUNDARIES DELIMITATION, MANAGEMENT AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION DELIMITATION OF THE MOZAMBIQUE MARITIME BOUNDARIES WITH NEIGHBOURING STATES (INCLUDING THE EXTENDED CONTINENTAL SHELF) AND THE MANAGEMENT OF OCEAN ISSUES ELÍSIO BENEDITO JAMINE The United Nations and Nippon Fellowship Programme 2006-2007 Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Office of Legal Affairs United Nations, NY, USA ABSTRACT The Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) establishes the jurisdictional regimes under which a coastal State can claim, manage, and utilize its ocean resources. With an increasing recognition of the need to administer competing resource use interests in the ocean and seabed, and the requirement to ensure sustainable exploitation of these resources, Mozambique has an ambitious program for the establishment of its maritime boundaries, including the outer limits of its extended Continental Shelf (CS). Mozambique faces the problem of lack of delimitation and negotiation of the maritime boundaries, connected to the lack of a comprehensive framework for management of maritime issues, lack of appropriate technology to quantify, qualify, and exploit the resources that lie in the sea, and lack of means by which to exercise and guarantee its sovereign rights. These problems obstruct the Mozambican State, as a sovereign subject of international law of the sea (LOS), from being able to take independent initiatives in pursuit of her internal and external policy objectives. The lack of delimitation of the maritime boundaries appears as a constraint for the State. Mozambique is not in a position to exercising all her rights and duties in accordance with LOSC with respect to jurisdiction and the exercise of sovereignty in these spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Welcome Brochure Basel
    WELCOME Basel. Business, life, culture. MULTIFACETTED CITY OF THE ARTS Basel’s innumerable historical buildings form a picturesque setting for its vibrant cultural scene, which is surprisingly rich for such a small canton: around 40 mu- THRIVING BUSINESS LOCATION CENTRE OF EUROPE, TRINATIONAL seums, some of them world-renowned, such as the Fondation Beyeler and the Basel is Switzerland’s most dynamic busi- AND COSMOPOLITAN Kunstmuseum Basel, the Theater Basel, ness centre. The city built its success on There is a point in Basel, in the Swiss where opera, drama and ballet are per- the global achievements of its pharma- Rhine Ports, where the borders of Switzer- formed, as well as 25 smaller theatres, a ceutical and chemical companies. Roche, land, France and Germany meet. Basel theatre that stages musicals, and count- Novartis, Syngenta, Lonza Group, Clari- works closely together with its neigh- less galleries and cinemas. The city ranks ant and others have raised Basel’s pro- bours Germany and France in the fields of with the European elite in the field of fine file around the world. Thanks to the ex- education, culture, transport and the envi- arts, and hosts the world’s leading con- tensive logistics know-how that has been ronment. Residents of Basel enjoy the su- temporary-art fair, Art Basel. In addition established over the centuries, a number perb recreational opportunities in French to its prominent classical orchestras and of leading international logistics service Alsace as well as in Germany’s Black For- over 1,000 concerts per year, numerous providers are also based here.
    [Show full text]
  • M E M O R a N D U M
    M E M O R A N D U M TO: Technical Committee on Gaseous Fire Extinguishing Systems FROM: Barry Chase, Staff Liaison DATE: March 20, 2019 SUBJECT: NFPA 12/12A/2001 First Draft Meeting Agenda (F2020) April 24-26, 2019, Memphis, TN 1. Call to Order – April 24, 2019, 8:00am ET 2. Chair’s comments 3. Previous minutes [April 25, 2017, Linthicum Heights, MD] 4. NFPA Staff Liaison Presentation a. NFPA Standards Development Process b. NFPA Resources 5. NFPA 2001 First Draft a. Public input [see attached] b. Report of the Task Group on Total Flooding Design Concentration Requirements (5.4.2) [P. Rivers] c. Presentation on Halocarbon Blend 55 (related to PI 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 58, 60) [Robert Richard – Honeywell] d. April 25, 8:00AM - Presentation on Toxicity of Halocarbon Impurities (related to PI 74) [Kurt Werner, Government and Regulatory Affairs Manager, 3M Electronics Materials Solutions Division] e. April 25, 9:00AM - Presentation on Toxicity of Halocarbon Impurities [Steve Hodges, Alion Science and Technology] f. Committee revisions g. Staff notes and editorial issues 6. NFPA 12 First Draft a. Public input [see attached] b. Report of the Task Group on Low Pressure Containers (4.6.6.1.1) [K. Adrian] c. Committee revisions d. Staff notes and editorial issues 7. NFPA 12A First Draft a. Public input [see attached] b. Committee revisions c. Staff notes and editorial issues 8. Other business 9. Next meeting location and dates 1 of 371 All NFPA Technical Committee meetings are open to the public.
    [Show full text]
  • Local and Regional Democracy in Switzerland
    33 SESSION Report CG33(2017)14final 20 October 2017 Local and regional democracy in Switzerland Monitoring Committee Rapporteurs:1 Marc COOLS, Belgium (L, ILDG) Dorin CHIRTOACA, Republic of Moldova (R, EPP/CCE) Recommendation 407 (2017) .................................................................................................................2 Explanatory memorandum .....................................................................................................................5 Summary This particularly positive report is based on the second monitoring visit to Switzerland since the country ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Government in 2005. It shows that municipal self- government is particularly deeply rooted in Switzerland. All municipalities possess a wide range of powers and responsibilities and substantial rights of self-government. The financial situation of Swiss municipalities appears generally healthy, with a relatively low debt ratio. Direct-democracy procedures are highly developed at all levels of governance. Furthermore, the rapporteurs very much welcome the Swiss parliament’s decision to authorise the ratification of the Additional Protocol to the European Charter of Local Self-Government on the right to participate in the affairs of a local authority. The report draws attention to the need for improved direct involvement of municipalities, especially the large cities, in decision-making procedures and with regard to the question of the sustainability of resources in connection with the needs of municipalities to enable them to discharge their growing responsibilities. Finally, it highlights the importance of determining, through legislation, a framework and arrangements regarding financing for the city of Bern, taking due account of its specific situation. The Congress encourages the authorities to guarantee that the administrative bodies belonging to intermunicipal structures are made up of a minimum percentage of directly elected representatives so as to safeguard their democratic nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Timber Construction in Switzerland – Example 1: Shed for Historical Rolling Stock of the Rhaetian Railway at Samedan
    Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications DETEC Federal Office for the Environment FOEN International Affairs Division Schafer, Achim 03.10.2017 2017 Market Statement for Switzerland Developments in Forest Product Markets Reference: Q375-0558 Shed for historical rolling stock of the Rhaetian Railway at Samedan (image source: Brasse Architekten, Samedan) 1/23 061.2-03-08-00251/00006/00002/Q375-0558 Reference: Q375-0558 Contents Inhaltsverzeichnis 2017 Market Statement for Switzerland .................................................................................................. 1 Developments in Forest Product Markets ............................................................................................... 1 General economic trends ................................................................................................................. 3 Developments in forest products markets ........................................................................................ 3 Overview and general trends .................................................................................................. 3 Excellence in Swiss timber construction ................................................................................. 4 Timber construction in Switzerland – example 1: Shed for historical rolling stock of the Rhaetian Railway at Samedan ......................................................................................................... 5 Timber construction in Switzerland – example 2: «FachWerk»
    [Show full text]
  • Basel, Switzerland
    Basel, Switzerland „Basel tickt anders“*: Development in the sense of a Pharma-High-Culture-Life-Science-Conglomerat * „Basel beats in a different way“ (Slogan by Basel Marketing) - “Basel: Culture Unlimited” (Slogan by Basel Tourism) Since its political separation from the current canton of biggest branch of the Swiss State Fair (Messe Schweiz Institute of Technology and Herzog & de Meuron is kind Basel-Land (country state) (1833), the Canton of Basel- which is also nanced by Zurich), with the world’s largest of expression of the think tank and the Basel NMM). Ba- Stadt is a city state with only 37km2, consisting of three watch and jewellery fair, and the world’s largest art fair, sel’s agglomeration program also funds transport infra- communities (Basel, Riehen, Bettingen) and 190,000 in- the “ART Basel”. Not least, the ART Basel shapes the structure in neighbouring countries. habitants. Basel is the third largest Swiss city. A third of cities reputation as a cultural city. Also the approx. 45 Politically, Basel is – in contrast to the conservative-bour- all Swiss exports come from this second most important museums contribute to a venue as well as various cul- geois surroundings – balanced out between red and green economic region of Switzerland. tural institutions. The cultural economy itself , however, is and civic majorities, without any real fundamental opposi- Basel is de ned by its border situation: politically, it bor- only most recently seen as a contributing factor to the cit- tion. This is characteristic for the Swiss direct-democratic ders France, Germany and the Canton Basel-Land, geo- ies economy.
    [Show full text]