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An Inventory of Distribution and Varilltion in Salt Marshes from Different Settings Along the Maine Coast

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An Inventory of Distribution and Varilltion in Salt Marshes from Different Settings Along the Maine Coast Maine Geological Survey Neotectonics of Maine 1989 An Inventory of Distribution and Varilltion in Salt Marshes from Different Settings along the Maine Coast George L. Jacobson, Jr. Heather A. Jacobson Department ofB otany and Plant Pathology Institute for Quaternary Studies University of Maine Orono, Maine 04469 ABSTRACT Planimetry studies of maps of coastal geology prepared by the Maine Geological Survey show that over 3000 2 separate tidal marshes, encompassing approximately 79 km , lie along the coast of Maine. The distribution of tidal marshes as well as their size and vegetation are shown to be related to geologic setting, sediment supply, and developmental history, all of which vary greatly along the 5970 km long coast. Systematic surveys of vegetation in 18 marshes reveal much variability in species composition, species richness, and zonation patterns. Species composition is influenced by freshwater input. Species richness is higher in older marshes situated in stable geologic settings. Zonation patterns represent a transition between those of southern New England and those of the Bay of Fundy region. INTRODUCTION Salt marshes of the eastern seaboard of North America can a/ternijlora Loisel., Spartina patens, (Ait.) Muhl., and Juncus be separated into three types that are named for the region in balticus Willd. are the dominant plant species in those Bay of which they occur: Bay of Fundy-type, New England-type, and Fundy marshes. Atlantic Coastal Plain-type (Johnson, 1925; Chapman, 1974; New England-type salt marshes, on the other hand, are Frey and Basan, 1978). Bay of Fundy-type marshes are closely predominantly high-marsh meadow, with low-marsh plants oc­ associated with estuarine clay flats. In the scheme of marsh curring mostly along borders of tidal creeks (Miller and Egler, maturation proposed by Frey and Basan ( 1978), these could be 1950; Nixon, 1982). These marshes are developmentally ma­ described as developmentally young marshes, in which ture, with steep banks at the seaward edge, low sedimentation meandering watercourses are common. Their sediments consist rates, and mosaic patterns in the vegetation. The predominant of soft, red, clayey mud, and hard-caked silt with scattered bits plant taxa in marshes of southern New England are Spartina, of vegetal remains; they are sometimes overlain by a surficial Juncus, Distichlis, and Panicum (Johnson, 1925; Chapman, veneer of peat. Silts tend to be homogeneous with no visible 1940a, 1940b, 1974; Miller and Egler, 1950; Redfield, 1972; stratigraphy and no primary structure (Johnson, 1925; Klein, Niering and Warren, 1980; Nixon, 1982; Bertness and Ellison, 1963; Klein and Sanders, 1964; Chapman, 1974). 1987). Sediments therein usually consist of horizontally-bedded Vegetation of marshes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia grayish or brownish "springy" marine peat (Chapman, 1974), was described initially by Ganong ( 1903) and Chapman ( 1937), which is composed of roots, stems, and leaves of grasses (Nixon and more recently by Pielou and Routledge ( 1976), Reimold and Oviatt, 1973). The peat also includes variable amounts of ( 1977), Thomas ( 1983), and Gordon and others ( 1985). Spartina silt, although inorganic material is generally less available to 69 G. l. Jacobson, Jr. and H. A. Jacobson these marshes than to those farther north. Marsh sediments are prepared from aerial photographs, and delineate supratidal, in­ often underlain by black, brackish-to-freshwater peat, sand, till, tertidal (marsh, beach, and flat), and subtidal (flat and channel) or bedrock (Johnson, 1925; Redfield, 1972). environments. By comparison with marshes in the regions described Using a Numonics (brand) electronic digital planimeter, for above, only a few of Maine's salt marshes have received sig­ each marsh shown on the maps we measured both the total area nificant attention in the literature (exceptions include e.g. Hill, and the length of the low-marsh/mud interface. Areas of salt 1923; and Chapman, 1974). The coast of Maine is in many ways marsh separated by either a tidal creek or a river were counted a transition zone between the Bay of Fundy and southern New as separate marshes, because they are not physically joined and England. Thus, we have here an opportunity to study transitional our field studies show that they often sustain remarkably dif­ characteristics of marsh vegetation in the context of strong ferent assemblages of plant species. Thus, large marsh com­ gradients in surface-water temperature, tidal range, wave energy, plexes such as those in Wells and Scarborough are represented available sediments, and local terrain. in the data set as several discrete marshes. Tests for quality For example, in the summer months surface-water tempera­ control showed that the accuracy of the planimeter and the tures range from I 8°C to 9°C in a southwest to northeast gradient consistency of the operator were both well above the resolution (Larsen, 1985). Tidal amplitude ranges from around 2.5 m in of the maps. The resulting data provided the basis for statistical southern Maine to around 6.5 m in eastern Maine (Fefer and analyses of size-frequency, distribution, and total abundance of Schettig, 1980). Regional patterns of bedrock composition and salt marshes in Maine. structure, abundance and composition of Quaternary sediment, as well as differential rates of change in sea-level all result in Selection ofStudy Sites considerable variability in geologic settings (Kelley, 1987). One of those geologic variables, namely the differential rates of Many salt marshes in Maine have been used for agricultural change in sea level (Tyler and Ladd, 1980; Anderson and others, purposes intermittently since colonial times. Dikes were con­ 1984; several papers in this volume) has special consequences structed in marshes to exclude tides and to promote production for salt marshes. The apparently rapid rise in sea level in eastern of forage crops. These constructions, which are now in various Maine is probably unmatched elsewhere in New England or the stages of decay, are still easily recognizable in many Maine Bay of Fundy. Yet these fundamental environmental changes marshes (Smith and Bridges, 1982; Smith and others, this may well be having significant effects on the development and volume). Ditches constructed to control mosquito populations stability of marshes bordering that segment of the Gulf of Maine. by draining pooled water from the marsh surface are also com­ Significant changes in the nature or abundance of salt marshes mon in salt marshes of Maine. These attempts to alter marsh can, of course, have serious consequences for nearshore marine hydrology had varying success. The extent to which they con­ ecosystems. tinue to affect the modem vegetation is unknown. Given the lack of information about salt marshes in Maine, To avoid such anthropogenic complications, we restricted we recognize four areas of basic research necessary for under­ our work to marshes with little or no history of human distur­ standing the implications of ri sing sea level on our salt marsh bance. It is noteworthy that in Maine there are at least a few resource; the first two are necessary to provide a context for marshes that have never been diked or ditched. Such examples either of the others: (I) inventory of distribution and abundance of natural salt marshes are essentially nonexistent in southern of salt marshes in different regions of the coast of Maine; (2) New England. Our 18 study sites (Fig. 1) were salt marshes characterization of vegetation and its variability along this markedly different from one another in size, slope, tidal geographic gradient; (3) analysis of marsh development, par­ amplitude, proximity to open water, and other factors, some of ticularly in the context of changing sea-level; and (4) analysis which are summarized in Table 1. of productivity in these different marshes, and of how this productivity contributes to nearshore marine ecosystems. Vegetation Analysis In this paper we present a summary of work we have completed on the first two topics. Additional information and In each marsh we established from 2 to 6 transects, each detail about this work is available in Jacobson and others ( 1987), oriented perpendicular to the water's edge from bare mud to the Jacobson and Jacobson (l989) , and Kelley and others ( 1988). upland border. The number of transects in each marsh was determined by its areal extent and its width from bare mud to METHODS upland. Topography along each transect was surveyed with a theodolite. We recorded the occurrence and abundance of all Inventory ofMarshes vascular plant species in l-m2 plots placed at regularly spaced intervals along each transect. Species abundance was recorded Primary sources of data for this portion of the study were as one of the following cover classes: r ( 1% ), + (5% ), 10%, 20%, maps (I :24,000) of marine geology prepared by the Maine State .. ., 100%. Taxonomic nomenclature follows Gleason and Cron­ Department of Conservation (Timson, 1977). Those maps were quist (1963). 70 Inventory of salt marshes along the Maine coast 5o•+ 70° 0 300 N j MAINE BELLS MARSH WEST LUBEC SOUTH LUBEC EASTERN MARSH DOG TOWN ENGLISHMAN RIVER 0 50 PLEASANT RIVER GRANO MARSH HORSESHOE COVE TENANTS HARBOR NEWTOWN CREEK LITTLE RIVER RIVER PROUTS NECK GOOSEFARE BROOK SMELT BROOK CIDER HILL CREEK SPRUCE CREEK Figure I. Locations of salt marshes included in this study (from Jacobson and Jacobson, 1989). 2 2 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 79 km ; they range in size from 150 m up to over 2 km , with 2 a mean of 0.026 km . Approximately 90% of Maine's salt Extent, Distribution, and Abundance marshes have an area of less than 0. 1 km2 (Fig. 2); collectively 2 these small marshes total 32 km , or more than 40% of the total Salt marshes cover almost 11 00 km, or approximately 20% salt marsh area in the State. of Maine's 5970-km coastline (Jacobson and others, t 987).
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