DOCSLIB.ORG

E-Content Geography Class-9 Dated: 04.05.20 Duration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
E-Content Geography Class-9 Dated: 04.05.20 Duration E-Content Geography Class-9 Dated: 04.05.20 Duration: 45min Chapter-2 Physical Feature of India (contd…): The Three Distinct Parallel Ranges of the Himalayas: The Himalayas are not the single mountain range. They consist of three nearly parallel mountain ranges. They are 1. The Greater or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. 2. The Middle or Lesser Himalaya or Himachal. 3. The Outer Himalaya or Shiwaliks. The Greater Himalayas or the Inner Himalayas or Himadri: - It is the northernmost and most continuous range of the Himalayas. - It consists of loftiest peaks and its average height is 6000m. - It is also called Himadri as it is abode of snow (perpetual snow cover all round year) and it consists of many giant ice-cap glaciers such as the Gangotri, the Yamonotri, the Alakapuri etc. which give rise to several perennial rivers of India. - It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks such as The Mount Everest (8848m) in Nepal, Mount Kanchenjunga (8598m) in Sikkim, Nanga Parbat (8126m) in Kashmir, Nanda Devi (7817m) in Uttrakhand, Namcha Barwa (7756m) in Arunachal Pradesh etc. - Mount Everest is the world’s highest mountain peak; locally called the Sagamatha in Nepal. Whereas, Mount Kanchenjunga is the world’s third highest peak and it is the highest peak of Himalaya in India located in Sikkim. - The folds of the Greater Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature and the core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite. The Middle or Lesser Himalaya or Himachal : - It lies between the Himadri in the north and the Shiwaliks in the south and runs west-east directions and almost parallel to the Greater Himalayas. - It is lower than the Greater Himalayas and its height varies between 3700m to 4500m. Its average width is 50km. - It is called Pir Panjal in Kashmir, Dhaola Dhar in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, Kumaon range in Uttrakhand and Mahabharat Lekh (range) in Nepal. The Pir Panjal range is the longest and most prominent range. - It forms the most rugged mountain system and and the ranges are composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. - It has alternating ridges and longitudinal valleys and the famous valleys are Kashmir Valley in Kashmir, Kangra andKullu valley in Himachal Pradesh , Kumaon Valley in Uttrakhand and the famous Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. - Many hill stations like Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital, Almorah, Ranikhet, Dalhausie, Dharamsala, Gangtok, Darjeeling , etc., also lie in its lower part. The Outer Himalaya or Shiwaliks: - It is the southernmost and the lowest range of the Himalayas. - Its height varies between 900 and 1100m and it is bout 10-50km broad. - It is prominent in the western half of the Himalayas and it disappears to the east of Nepal. - This range is made of unconsolidated river deposits and gravel washed down from the higher regions in the north. - The crustal rocks here is highly unstable and very much prone to earthquake and landslides. Deforestation and soil erosion is also common here. - The longitudinal valley lying between Himachal and shiwaliks are known as Duns. Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun, Patli Dun, Kothari Dun, etc., are famous Duns and are covered with thick deposits of gravel and alluvium. Assignment: 1) Name the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas. 2) Write any three main characteristics of Greater Himalayas. 3) Name the valleys and hill stations found in Himachal range. 4) What are Duns? Name any two famous Duns found in Shiwaliks range. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-44568-9 — Active Faults of the World Robert Yeats Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-44568-9 — Active Faults of the World Robert Yeats Index More Information Index Abancay Deflection, 201, 204–206, 223 Allmendinger, R. W., 206 Abant, Turkey, earthquake of 1957 Ms 7.0, 286 allochthonous terranes, 26 Abdrakhmatov, K. Y., 381, 383 Alpine fault, New Zealand, 482, 486, 489–490, 493 Abercrombie, R. E., 461, 464 Alps, 245, 249 Abers, G. A., 475–477 Alquist-Priolo Act, California, 75 Abidin, H. Z., 464 Altay Range, 384–387 Abiz, Iran, fault, 318 Alteriis, G., 251 Acambay graben, Mexico, 182 Altiplano Plateau, 190, 191, 200, 204, 205, 222 Acambay, Mexico, earthquake of 1912 Ms 6.7, 181 Altunel, E., 305, 322 Accra, Ghana, earthquake of 1939 M 6.4, 235 Altyn Tagh fault, 336, 355, 358, 360, 362, 364–366, accreted terrane, 3 378 Acocella, V., 234 Alvarado, P., 210, 214 active fault front, 408 Álvarez-Marrón, J. M., 219 Adamek, S., 170 Amaziahu, Dead Sea, fault, 297 Adams, J., 52, 66, 71–73, 87, 494 Ambraseys, N. N., 226, 229–231, 234, 259, 264, 275, Adria, 249, 250 277, 286, 288–290, 292, 296, 300, 301, 311, 321, Afar Triangle and triple junction, 226, 227, 231–233, 328, 334, 339, 341, 352, 353 237 Ammon, C. J., 464 Afghan (Helmand) block, 318 Amuri, New Zealand, earthquake of 1888 Mw 7–7.3, 486 Agadir, Morocco, earthquake of 1960 Ms 5.9, 243 Amurian Plate, 389, 399 Age of Enlightenment, 239 Anatolia Plate, 263, 268, 292, 293 Agua Blanca fault, Baja California, 107 Ancash, Peru, earthquake of 1946 M 6.3 to 6.9, 201 Aguilera, J., vii, 79, 138, 189 Ancón fault, Venezuela, 166 Airy, G.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Assessment of Large Mammals in the Namcha Barwa Region of South-Eastern Tibet
    ORYX VOL 30 NO 1 JANUARY 1996 Preliminary assessment of large mammals in the Namcha Barwa region of south-eastern Tibet Qiu Ming Jiang and William V. Bleisch In 1994 the authors made two rapid assessments of wildlife in the remote Namcha Barwa region, south-eastern Tibet, China. They conducted interviews, examined and recorded trophies in the possession of local Menba, Luoba and Kangba Tibetans and made opportunistic field observations. Despite the extensive forests in this extremely remote region, wildlife populations appeared to be low except in inaccessible areas along county borders. Frequent reports of tiger predation on cattle, horses and mules in glaciated valleys on the south slope of the Himalayas may indicate a shortage of natural prey. Uncontrolled hunting, human population growth and expedient economic development threaten the survival of large mammals in the region. Habitat ized by Terminalia myriocarpa, Lagerstroemia minuticarpa, Garcinia morella, Sloanea sinensis, The Namcha Barwa region lies within the Fissistigma oldhamii and other broadleaved Linzhi District in the south-east of the Xizang evergreen species. The trees Alingia sp., (Tibetan) Autonomous Region in China Actinodaphne lancifolia and Cryptocarya chinen- (Figure 1). Zoogeographically, it lies at the sis form an understorey. Between 1100 and junction of the Eastern Himalayas, the 2500 m there are well-developed subtropical, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the Hengduan montane, broadleaved forests, containing oak Mountains and the Assam Region (Zhang et Quercus tungmaiensis and evergreen chinkap- ah, 1982). The Yarlung Tsangpo River (the ins Castanopsis xizangensis and C. lamellosa. Brahmaputra in India) runs from west to east, Alder Alnus nepalensis and birch Betula utilis cutting through a range of high mountains dominate the lower slopes and valley bottoms.
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL Or GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 90, NO. B5, PAGES 3589-3615, APRIL 10, 1985 and SOUTHERN PERUVIAN MARGINS of SOUTH AMERICA
    JOURNAL or GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 90, NO. B5, PAGES 3589-3615, APRIL 10, 1985 SEISMIC POTENTIAL FOR LARGE AND GREAT 1NTERPLATE EARTHQUAKES ALONG THE CHILEAN AND SOUTHERN PERUVIAN MARGINS OF SOUTH AMERICA: A QUAITITATIVE REAPPRAISAL l Stuart P. Nishenko Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University Palisades, New York Abstract. The seismic potential of the al., 1978, 1979; Nishenko and McCann, 1981]. Chilean and southern Peruvian margins of South Seismic gaps have been defined as those segments America is reevaluated to delineate those areas along active convergent or transform plate bound­ or segments of the margin that may be expected to aries that have not experienced a repeat of a experience large or great interplaZe earthquakes large or great interplate earthquake for more within the next 20 years (1984-2034). Long-term than a few decades and thus are considered likely estimates of seismic potential (or the condi- sites for future large or great events. While tional probability of recurrence within a speci- these observations provide estimates as to the fied period of time) are based on (1) statistical location and maximum likely size of future earth­ analysis of historic repeat time data using quakes, they do not provide estimates to better Weibull distributions and (2) deterministic esti- than a few tens of years as to the time of occur­ mates of recurrence times based on the time- rence of future large shocks. The lack of more predictable model of earthquake recurrence. Both precise temporal estimates primarily reflects the methods emphasize the periodic nature of large absence of local recurrence time, source size and and great earthquake recurrence, and are compared plate velocity data in the definition of the with estimates of probability based on the categories of seismic potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphic Evolution of Dehra Dun, NW Himalaya: Tectonics and Climatic Coupling
    Geomorphology 266 (2016) 20–32 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Geomorphic evolution of Dehra Dun, NW Himalaya: Tectonics and climatic coupling Swati Sinha, Rajiv Sinha ⁎ Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India article info abstract Article history: The Dehra Dun is a good example of a piggyback basin formed from the growth of the Siwalik hills. Two large riv- Received 22 November 2015 ers, the Ganga and the Yamuna, and their tributaries deposit a significant part of their sediment load in the Dun Received in revised form 1 May 2016 before they enter the Gangetic plains. This work documents the geomorphic complexities and landform evolu- Accepted 2 May 2016 tion of the Dehra Dun through geomorphic mapping and chronostratigraphic investigation of the incised fan sec- Available online 6 May 2016 tions. Lesser Himalayan hills, inner and outer dissected hills, isolated hills, proximal fan, distal fan, dip slope unit, fl fi Keywords: oodplains, and terraces are the major geomorphic units identi ed in the area. Isolated hills of fan material (IHF), fi Intermontane valleys proximal fan (PF), and distal fan (DF) are identi ed as fan surfaces from north to south of the valley. The OSL Himalayan foreland based chronology of the fan sediments suggests that the IHF is the oldest fan consisting of debris flow deposits Valley fills with a maximum age of ~43 ka coinciding with the precipitation minima. The proximal fan consisting of sheet Fan deposits flow deposits represents the second phase of aggradation between 34 and 21 ka caused by shifting of deposition locus downstream triggered by high sediment supply that exceeded the transport capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • B.A. 6Th Semester Unit IV Geography of Jammu and Kashmir
    B.A. 6th Semester Unit IV Geography of Jammu and Kashmir Introduction The state of Jammu and Kashmir constitutes northern most extremity of India and is situated between 32o 17′ to 36o 58′ north latitude and 37o 26′ to 80o 30′ east longitude. It falls in the great northwestern complex of the Himalayan Ranges with marked relief variation, snow- capped summits, antecedent drainage, complex geological structure and rich temperate flora and fauna. The state is 640 km in length from north to south and 480 km from east to west. It consists of the territories of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh and Gilgit and is divided among three Asian sovereign states of India, Pakistan and China. The total area of the State is 222,236 km2 comprising 6.93 per cent of the total area of the Indian territory including 78,114 km2 under the occupation of Pakistan and 42,685 km2 under China. The cultural landscape of the state represents a zone of convergence and diffusion of mainly three religio-cultural realms namely Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists. The population of Hindus is predominant in Jammu division, Muslims are in majority in Kashmir division while Buddhists are in majority in Ladakh division. Jammu is the winter capital while Srinagar is the summer capital of the state for a period of six months each. The state constitutes 6.76 percent share of India's total geographical area and 41.83 per cent share of Indian Himalayan Region (Nandy, et al. 2001). It ranks 6th in area and 17th in population among states and union territories of India while it is the most populated state of Indian Himalayan Region constituting 25.33 per cent of its total population.
    [Show full text]
  • NW-49 Final FSR Jhelum Report
    FEASIBILITY REPORT ON DETAILED HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY IN JHELUM RIVER (110.27 KM) FROM WULAR LAKE TO DANGPORA VILLAGE (REGION-I, NW- 49) Submitted To INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA A-13, Sector-1, NOIDA DIST-Gautam Buddha Nagar UTTAR PRADESH PIN- 201 301(UP) Email: [email protected] Web: www.iwai.nic.in Submitted By TOJO VIKAS INTERNATIONAL PVT LTD Plot No.4, 1st Floor, Mehrauli Road New Delhi-110074, Tel: +91-11-46739200/217 Fax: +91-11-26852633 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tojovikas.com VOLUME – I MAIN REPORT First Survey: 9 Jan to 5 May 2017 Revised Survey: 2 Dec 2017 to 25 Dec 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Tojo Vikas International Pvt. Ltd. (TVIPL) express their gratitude to Mrs. Nutan Guha Biswas, IAS, Chairperson, for sparing their valuable time and guidance for completing this Project of "Detailed Hydrographic Survey in Ravi River." We would also like to thanks Shri Pravir Pandey, Vice-Chairman (IA&AS), Shri Alok Ranjan, Member (Finance) and Shri S.K.Gangwar, Member (Technical). TVIPL would also like to thank Irrigation & Flood control Department of Srinagar for providing the data utilised in this report. TVIPL wishes to express their gratitude to Shri S.V.K. Reddy Chief Engineer-I, Cdr. P.K. Srivastava, Ex-Hydrographic Chief, IWAI for his guidance and inspiration for this project. We would also like to thank Shri Rajiv Singhal, A.H.S. for invaluable support and suggestions provided throughout the survey period. TVIPL is pleased to place on record their sincere thanks to other staff and officers of IWAI for their excellent support and co-operation through out the survey period.
    [Show full text]
  • District Disaster Management Plan Ramban 2020-21
    Government of Jammu and Kashmir District Development Commissioner Ramban DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN RAMBAN 2020-21 © DDMA, Ramban Edition: First, 2019 Edition: Second 2020 Authors: Drafted By : Feyaiz Ahmed (Junior Assistant) Edited By: Nazim Zai Khan (KAS), Deputy Commissioner Ramban Published by: District Disaster Management Authority – Ramban Jammu & Kashmir, 182144 Preparation: This document has been prepared purely on the basis of information obtained from different authentic sources and the information received from concerned departments in the District. Disclaimer: This document may be freely reviewed, reproduced or translated, in part or whole, purely on non-profit basis for any non-commercial purpose aimed at training or education promotion as cause for disaster risk management and emergency response. The Authors welcome suggestions on its use in actual situations for improved future editions. The document can be downloaded from http://www.ramban.gov.in. For further queries and questions related to this Document please contact at: Email: [email protected] Phone: +91-1998-266789: Fax: +91-1998-266906 Main Source: - J&K State Disaster Management Plan & National Disaster Management Plan Page 2 of 76 MESSAGE I am happy to present the Disaster Management Plan for District Ramban (Jammu & Kashmir). The aim of the plan is to make Ramban a safe, adaptive and disaster-resilient District. It will help to maximise the ability of stakeholders to cope with disasters at all levels by integrating Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) & Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) into developmental activities and by increasing the preparedness to respond to all kinds of disasters. This plan takes into account the trends that have been mentioned in J&K Disaster Management Policy and State Disaster Management Plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Pir Panjal Regional Festival Integrating the Isolated Border Districts in J&K & Building Peace from Below*
    No 142 IPCS ISSUE BRIEF No 142 APRIL 2010 APRIL 2010 Building Peace & Countering Radicalization Pir Panjal Regional Festival Integrating the Isolated Border Districts in J&K & Building Peace from Below* D. Suba Chandran Deputy Director, IPCS, New Delhi This essay focus on two districts in the Jammu sub region of J&K—Rajouri and Poonch, along the Pir Panjal range of the outer Himalayas. The primary objective is to highlight the conflict transformation (both positive and negative) in this region during the recent years; to explore the opportunities of an Pir Panjal festival bringing the various communities together and build peace from below; integrate the border districts with the national mainstream; and improve the physical and psychological connectivity of the Pir Panjal region with the rest and remove the feeling of physical isolation. Idea of using a festival to promote tourism in J&K is not a new one; those who have witnessed the Ladakh festival, in all its colorful glory and culturally rich historical past, would agree how it has brought the region, its people and culture to the limelight. Of course, there are other places – from Dal lake to Gulmarg and from Bhaderwah to Basohli, which can easily boast the same – in terms of their rich culture, colorful people and beautiful places. The irony of J&K, however has been - there are numerous such regions in J&K, unfortunately remaining in the periphery, physically isolated and psychologically looking inward. Ladakh festival, now celebrated during August every year, attracts global attention and tourists who visit the land of moon, as it is popularly referred, to enjoy the culture, people and places.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Background
    Chapter 3 Geological Background The Andes belong to an active continental margin comprising the western margin of South America. The name is attributed to the mountain chain, which stretches over 5000 km from the Caribbean to Tierra del Fuego. Their relief rises east of the 8000 m deep sea trench reach- ing heights up to 7000 m above sea level, ones of the highest peaks on earth. The oceanic Nazca plate moves to the east subsiding beneath South America, with a relative velocity with respect to each other of 8.5 cm/yr (fig.3.1). The convergence between the two plates has a slight ENE obliqueness. The Andes are divided into three distinct active volcanic zones of different subduction ge- ometries: Northern, Central and Southern Andes (fig.3.1). The Central Andes stretch in between latitudes 16◦Sand28◦S. In this thesis, the study area is located in the southern part of Southern Central Andes (20-21◦S). Overview of the Central Andes As in all subduction zones, the Andes is segmented in forearc, magmatic (or volcanic) arc and backarc regions. The volcanic arc has shifted eastwards since Jurasic times (280 Ma). The recent volcanic arc from the last 25 Ma is the Western Cordillera (fig.3.2). Thus the actual forearc is located west of it, consisting from the coast line to the east of the following geomorphological units: Coastal Cordillera, Longitudinal Valley, Precordillera and Preandean Depression (fig.3.2; inset). In the backarc region the Subandean ranges mark the eastern limit of the Andean tectonic deformation, rising up to 6000 m high to the west, at the Eastern Cordillera.
    [Show full text]
  • RAMBAN © DDMA, Ramban Edition: First, 2019 Authors: -Parvaiz Naik, (KAS), Tehsildar HQA Ramban Drafted & Assist By: Feyaiz Ahmed (Junior Assistant)
    Page 1 of 75 DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN RAMBAN © DDMA, Ramban Edition: First, 2019 Authors: -Parvaiz Naik, (KAS), Tehsildar HQA Ramban Drafted & Assist by: Feyaiz Ahmed (Junior Assistant) Published by: District Disaster Management Authority – Ramban Jammu & Kashmir, 182144 Preparation: This document has been prepared purely on the basis of information obtained from different authentic sources and the information received from concerned departments in the District. Disclaimer: This document may be freely reviewed, reproduced or translated, in part or whole, purely on non-profit basis for any non-commercial purpose aimed at training or education promotion as cause for disaster risk management and emergency response. Authors welcome suggestions on its use in actual situations for improved future editions. The document can be downloaded from http://www.ramban.gov.in. Email: [email protected]: Phone No. 01998-266789: FAX No. 01998-266906 Main Source: - J&K State Disaster Management Plan & National Disaster Management Plan Page 2 of 75 Page 3 of 75 Deputy Commissioner Ramban MESSAGE I am happy to present the Disaster Management Plan for District Ramban (Jammu & Kashmir). The aim of the plan is to make Ramban a safe, adaptive and disaster-resilient District. It will help to maximize the ability of stakeholders to cope with disasters at all levels by integrating Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) & Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) into developmental activities and by increasing the preparedness to respond to all kinds of disasters. This plan takes into account the trends that have been mentioned in J&K State Disaster Management Policy and State Disaster Management Plan. Implementation of the plan requires sincere cooperation from all the stakeholders especially the active participation of civil society, community based organizations and Government.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Subspecies of Large-Eared Pika, Ochotona Macrotis (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae), from the Eastern Himalaya Andrey A
    Russian J. Theriol. 16(1): 30–42 © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY, 2017 A new subspecies of large-eared pika, Ochotona macrotis (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae), from the Eastern Himalaya Andrey A. Lissovsky*, Molly McDonough, Nishma Dahal, Wei Jin, Shaoying Liu, Luis A. Ruedas ABSTRACT. We examined 212 complete sequences of the cytochrome b gene for all pika species (Lagomorpha: Ochotona) as well as 250 skulls of pikas from the eastern Himalayan region. The results of our analyses suggest that a new and distinct subspecies of large-eared pika — Ochotona macrotis gomchee ssp.n. occurs in Bhutan. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that this subspecies holds a sister-taxon relationship to other O. macrotis. The cranial shape of O. m. gomchee ssp.n. is similar to that of remaining O. macrotis; pelage colouration and ear length differentiate O. m. gomchee ssp.n. from all other represen- tatives of O. macrotis. We hypothesize that pikas from the Great Bend of the Tsangpo River, which were previously assigned to O. forresti, in fact belong to O. macrotis; the correct name for that particular subspecies is therefore amended to O. m. duoxionglaensis. The distributional ranges of O. m. gomchee ssp.n. and O. m. duoxionglaensis are hypothesized to be separated by a broad matrix of unsuitable habitats. How to cite this article: Lissovsky A.A., McDonough M., Dahal N., Jin Wei, Liu Shaoying, Ruedas L.A. 2017. A new subspecies of large-eared pika, Ochotona macrotis (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae), from the Eastern Himalaya // Russian J. Theriol. Vol.16. No.1. P.30–42. doi: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.16.1.03 KEY WORDS: Ochotona macrotis, Ochotona forresti, Himalaya, cytochrome b, morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • Messinian Or Pleistocene Valley Incision Within the Southern Alps Sascha Winterberg*, Vincenzo Picotti and Sean D
    Winterberg et al. Swiss J Geosci (2020) 113:7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-020-00361-7 Swiss Journal of Geosciences ORIGINAL PAPER Open Access Messinian or Pleistocene valley incision within the Southern Alps Sascha Winterberg*, Vincenzo Picotti and Sean D. Willett Abstract Many of the valleys on the southern slope of the Alps are over-deepened, having bedrock valley foors well below sea level. This has typically been attributed to incision that occurred during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) when sea level dropped by hundreds of meters, leading to incision of many of the margins of the Mediterranean. We reassess this interpretation by documenting the correct elevation of the valley foor of the Adige river, one of the major val- leys draining the Southern Alps, and by estimating the vertical motion of that valley foor since the end of Messinian incision. We re-evaluated the bedrock incision in the Adige valley using existing borehole data and seismic profles. We estimate the vertical post-Messinian uplift using thermochronometric data that reveal the removed rock mass and then infer the expected isostatic uplift. These data are combined to reconstruct paleo-river gradients and to test viability of incision profles. We fnd that the erosive surfaces in the drill holes restore to a paleo-elevation well below estimates of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) sea level. Restored valley gradients are often reversed compared to todays river gradients, as the uplift correction is higher upstream. A Messinian age of the erosional unconformities within the Alps can therefore be excluded based on the current best estimates of Messinian Mediterranean sea level and post-Messinian rock uplift.
    [Show full text]