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Distribution Patterns and Habitat Use of Black Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus Spp.) in Modified Landscapes in the South-West of Western Australia

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Distribution Patterns and Habitat Use of Black Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus Spp.) in Modified Landscapes in the South-West of Western Australia Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2008 Distribution patterns and habitat use of black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.) in modified landscapes in the south-west of Western Australia Marieke S. Weerheim Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Poultry or Avian Science Commons Recommended Citation Weerheim, M. S. (2008). Distribution patterns and habitat use of black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.) in modified landscapes in the south-west of esternW Australia. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/126 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/126 Distribution patterns and habitat use of black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.) in modified landscapes in the south-west of Western Australia Marieke Sandra Weerheim Master of Science (Environmental Management) School of Natural Sciences Edith Cowan University 15 December 2008 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis. Abstract Conservation planning for animal species inhabiting modified landscapes requires understanding of where animals occur and how they utilise both natural and modified habitats. In this study the distribution and foraging behaviour of the forest red-tailed cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso), Baudin’s cockatoo (C. baudinii) and Carnaby’s cockatoo (C. latirostris) was investigated in three study areas which each contained a different combination of modified habitats. Pickering Brook contained native forest and orchards, Wungong contained a mosaic of native forest and revegetation, while Karnet contained primarily native forest and paddocks. The relationship between cockatoo distribution and land use types was examined by constructing Generalised Linear Models based on bird counts and land use data along 90.5 km of road transects. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to select a set of the most parsimonious candidate models. Models were constructed at two scales: Regional models incorporated the datasets of all three study areas, while study area models used the datasets of single study areas. Models for the forest red-tailed cockatoo indicated selection against young post-1988 revegetation. This response was apparent at both the regional scale and within the Wungong study area. Baudin’s cockatoo selected in favour of orchards at the regional scale, but their distribution was unrelated to any land use variable within the (orchard-rich) Pickering Brook study area. No models were constructed for Carnaby’s cockatoo due to a limited number of observations for this species. Feeding observations demonstrated the importance of the native eucalypts marri (Corymbia calophylla) and jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) as a food source for the forest red-tailed cockatoo and Baudin’s cockatoo. In contrast Carnaby’s cockatoo fed most frequently in plantations of introduced pine (Pinus spp.). Contrary to model predictions, Baudin’s cockatoo was never observed feeding in apple orchards during the study. This discrepancy may be due to timing of the surveys outside the hours when Baudin’s cockatoo fed in orchards, or it could indicate that orchards are of limited importance as a food source. Forest red-tailed cockatoos consistently fed on particular marri trees while ignoring others, but this selectivity was unrelated to fruit morphology or seed nutrient content. Instead, foraging patterns may have been driven by ingrained habits, or by variation in the concentration of secondary compounds. iii In conservation efforts, identification of critical habitats is an important first step. This study highlighted the importance of studying habitat selection and constructing management plans at an appropriate scale, relative to the range of the target species. Wide ranging species like black cockatoos require regional scale protection of important broad vegetation types such as the northern jarrah forest, combined with landscape scale protection and restoration – for instance during post- mining revegetation – of specific feeding habitat and food species, such as pine for Carnaby’s cockatoo and possibly Fraser’s sheoak (Allocasuarina fraseriana) for the forest red-tailed cockatoo. iv Declaration I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: (i) incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education; (ii) contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; or (iii) contain any defamatory material. I also grant permission for the Library at Edith Cowan University to make duplicate copies of my thesis as required. Marieke Weerheim v Acknowledgements My first acknowledgements go to my team of supervisors. First, my principal supervisor, Prof. William Stock from Edith Cowan University who welcomed in a biologist from the other side of the world to take on a pretty large Masters project. The scale of which, I believe, would have scared me a bit had I know it in advance. Second but certainly no less I want to thank my co-supervisor Dr. Michael Craig from Murdoch University. Mike’s continuous support and advice kept me on the right track and, more importantly, motivated. Mike was always happy to read and comment on any document I sent him with a swiftness that could have created the false impression that he had nothing better to do. Both Will and Mike were a joy to work with and I feel privileged to have been able to learn from their experience. I gratefully acknowledge my other co-supervisors Dr. Andrew Grigg from Alcoa World Alumina (Alcoa) and Dr. Mark Garkaklis from the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC). Especially in preparatory stages of the project, Andrew and Mark were invaluable in opening doors for me, introducing me to the right people and generally making everything happen smoothly. Dr. Ron Johnstone and Tony Kirkby from the Western Australian Museum were the first people to teach me about black cockatoos. They undoubtedly were also the best teachers one could possibly wish for. Ron’s scientific knowledge of Western Australia’s black cockatoos is unrivalled and I thank him for sharing some of his experience with me. Tony guided me in my first attempts to distinguish between the calls of Baudin’s and Carnaby’s cockatoo and generously shared his wealth of field-based knowledge on interpreting the birds’ behaviour. The fieldwork component of the project would have been a difficult and lonely event without the help of a small army of field assistants. I am very grateful to all the people who helped me in the field, not bothered to get up at ridiculous hours and keep smiling throughout the day. In alphabetical order, these great people are: Sharyn Burgess, Alicia Dudzinska, Shannon Dundas, Hugh Finn, Chris Howe, Megan Jaceglav, Stevie McCulloch, Kylie McKay, Wesu Ndilila, Megan Oman, Karis Patterson, Monica Russell, Adele Scarfone, Conrad Slee, Marie Short, Paco Tovar and Kobus Wentzel. Pat Collins from the Forest Management Branch at DEC provided me with information on fire and sawlog harvesting history in all my study sites. She also offered valuable advice when I was selecting my study sites. vi One of the joys of emerging oneself in a novel topic is meeting people who work in the same field and share their enthusiasm and experience. I want to thank Dr. Tamra Chapman from DEC for her advice and allowing me to use her distribution maps in this document. I also thank Dr. Hugh Finn from Murdoch University for all the phone calls and discussions about “the cockies” and for his good company. And then there were the phenomenal GIS wizards. First of all, Katherine Zdunic at the GIS section of DEC who created all the beautiful maps of my study areas and guided me in digitizing my observation records as well as seemingly endless numbers of orchards and paddocks. I also want to thank Shane French and all the other people at the GIS section for their hospitality and enjoyable company on the many days I spent at their office at Kensington. I am also grateful for the assistance I received from Graeme Wake and his colleagues at the GIS section of Alcoa’s Huntly mine site. Finding my way inside the maze of tracks running through the Jarrahdale revegetation would have been much more difficult without the comprehensive field maps they created and neatly laminated for me. Thank you all for your time and help! Working on a mine site, even when it is closed and revegetated, places one under the care of Mine Site Security. I deeply thank all the people of Alcoa’s Huntly Mine Control for looking after the “cockatoo girl” and all her field assistants. Obtaining marri fruits from high up in a tree is an interesting challenge and having the help of a trained shooter made this task a whole lot easier.
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