A . Century of Painters
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00080327 S t h e I ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BOMBAY I TOW N HALL, BOMBAY-400 001. Digitized with financial assistance from the Government of Maharashtra on 18 July, 2018 A CENTURY OF PAINTERS OP vaG ENGLISH SCHOOL. V^E. I. A . century of painters OF THE ENGLISH SCHOOL WITH CRITICAL NOTICES OF THEIR WORKS, AKD AK ACCOUNT O'P THfe pr o g ress of art in ENGLAND. Br 80327 RICHARD REDGRAVE, HA! (sunvEYon'op dbb Picronss Ato> utsPEoroBqeneoal for art ), SAMUEL- REDGRAVE. ** THERE ARB NOT 80 MANY VRONG OPINIONS IN THE TTOREH AS IS GENERALLY IMAGINED; FOR MOST PEOPLE HAVE NO OPINION AT ALL, BUT TARE UP WITH THOSE OP OTHERS, OR VITH MERE HEARSAY AND ECHOES.**^Zi0ci*A IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. LONDON: SMITH, ELDER AND CO., *65, OORNHILL. 1866. 00080327 00080327 [ The Right of Translation is reserved.'] CONTENTS. INTRODTJCTOEY CHAPTEB. 1 Absence of any Record of the Early English Artists—Walpole’s Work on Art—Opinions of English Art* by French Artists and German Critics—A British Gallery, a National Want—Hogarth’s depre catory Opinions of his Countrymen—State of Art Instruction— Value of Art to Manufacture—Sentiments expressed by Mr. Pitt and by Locke —Little Knowledge of tlie Works of our Early Painters—Destruction and Damage by Repairers and Cleaners— Alteration and Re-christening of Portraits—Fictitious Ancestors —Manufacture of Drawings by the Old Masters— Hogarth’s “ Black Masters ”—Spurious Copies—Langford’s Auctions—Loss of Paintings by Fire, from Fanaticism and Neglect—Multiplication by duplicate Copies and Replicas --------------_................................. CHAPTER I. The Painters who first practised Art in England, not exclusively Foreigners—Influence of Holbein—Excellence of the English Miniature Painters — Encouragement of Art by Charles I.— Rubens and Vandyke—The Native Artists who followed them— Decline and Debasement of Art under Lely and lCneller—^Verrio’s Decorations described—The Historical Portrait Style—Art run mad in Allegory — Native Portrait Painters in George I.’s and George II.’s Reign...............— .......................................................... a<t CHAPTER n . W illiam H ooahth . The great Founder of the English School—His personal Appearance and Character—The true Originality of his Art—^The “ Mamago VI CONTENTS. k la Mode ” described—Its clever Accessaries and Storied Back grounds—The First and Last Scenes analysed—His great Merits as an Artist—Invention— Colour and Characterstic Dra^ving— Description of an Interesting Work in Hogarth’s Manner hitherto overlooked............................................................................................ U CHAPTER m . • T he R oyal A cademy. Systems of Art Study—Their Absence in England—^And consequent Bad Art—Early Attempts to found Schools—^Exhibitions at the Foimdhng Hospital and the Society of Arts—^Their Success— Schism among the Artists—Out of which rose the Royal Academy —Its Constitution and Objects—^Its Opponents and their Grie vances—The House of Commons’ Inquiry, 1838—The Royal Commission of Inquiry, 1803—Report of the Commissioners^ Opinion upon their Recommendations............................................... 62 CHAPTER IV. R ichabd W ilson , R.A., and his Contemporaries . Eminent Artists who became Members of the New Academy—General State of Art at tlie Time—Both Portrait and Landscape—The Smiths of Chichester—Scott—Brooking—Baton—Serres—Richard Wiison, R.A., Portrait Painter, commences his Landscape Career —His Talent unrecognized and unrewarded—True Aim and Prin ciples of his Art—Opinion upon his Choice of Subjects—And upon his great Original Genius—His Materials and Mode of Painting —Elis Followers,George Barret, R.A., Julius 0. Ibhetson ............ 87 CHAPTER V. Sir J oshua R eynolds, P.R.A. His Early Education—Bent upon the Pursuit of Art—Greatly Gifted for this by Nature—Becomes the Pupil of Hudson—Fortunately soon quits his Teaching—After some practice in Devonshire he visits Italy—His First Impressions of Italian Art—The Source of his Future Inspiration—Correggio and Titian—Attempts to Imi tate the Colour of the Venetians—But Nature his True School— Untrammelled by Tradition—His Strivings after Excellence— Commences Practice in London—Is soon distinguished—But not Patronized by the Court—Walpole compares him disparagingly CONTENTS. •m with Ktunsay, the Court Painter—Sketch for the Eoyal Marriage —Reynolds’s Historical Paintings, Macbeth, Cardinal Beaufort, XJgolino—The Nativity—Opinion upon these Works—TTia Manner of Painting—^Ehfect npon our School—His Fugitive Colours— Causes of the Failure of his Pictures—^RecoUections of his Modes of Painting—Their Defects—Use of Bitumen and of Wax Mediums —^Reynolds’s Literary Abilities—Friendship with Dr. Johnson— Writhes and Discourses at the Royal Academy—Their True Aim —^And Instructive Value—His earnest Love of Art—Manner of Life—Literary Associates—Amiable Temper— Chosen the first President of the Royal Academy—Successful Life—^Attacked by Paralysis—Death,... ___ ___________________________________ 110 CHAPTER VI. T homas Gaihsboroooh• • , R.A. Bom at Ipswich—Comes to London to study Art—Placed under Gravelotand Hayman, and enters the St. Martin’s Lane Academy —Mode of Study there—Returns to his Country Home—Had not the Advantage of Foreign Study—Its True Value—Copying— Forms his own Style—Its Ease and Facility—Decision and Power —His Works remain Undecayed—His Portraits equal to his Land scapes—Their Simplicity and Truth—His Manner and the Prin ciples on which he Worked—Description of his Landscapes and Rustic Art.......................................................................................— 164 CHAPTER VII. Foreigners who practised their Art in England in the Middle of the 18th Century—’The History Painters—Cipriani—Angelica Kauff- mann—Zoffany—Their Art described and its Influence on our School—The Landscape Painters— Zuccarelli—His Insipid Stage like Nature—Yet Fashion and Success— De Loutherhourg—His Mannered though Powerful Landscapes— His Eidophusicon— Exhibitions and their Teacliiug.... ..........................-........................... 1 7 3 CHAPTER Vm. F irst History P ainters of the E nglish School . Benjamin West, P.R.A.; James Barry, R .A .;and John Singleton Copley, R.A.—Their Art Education and Early Life Compaied— West and his Rehgious Subjects—Their High Contemporary VIU CONTENTS. Reputation and Subsequent Neglect—TJheir Merits and Defects— Bany, his Classic Bias—Study of the Antique and Italian Art— Opinion upon his Merits and Works—Critical Description of his Great Work at the Society of Arts—His Unfortunate Death— Copley—^His Theme the Heroism of liis Own Time—Criticism upon his Death of Lord Chatham—Major Pierson’s Victoiy and Death—^Relief of Gibraltar—His Fortunate Choice of Subjects— Manner of Painting ....................................................................186 CHAPTER IX. Geouoe R omney and J oseph W right (of D erby). Portrait Painting by the History Painters—The School which suc ceeded Reynolds—George Bomney—His Introduction to Art— Abandons his Fanuly, and comes to London—His Success as a Painter, and Journey to Rome—Returns and settles in London— Finds full Employment— His Longings after High Art—And Attempts at History—^Want of Perseverance—Due partly to defec tive Education—Takes his Stand outside the Royal Academy— Observations on this—His own Reasons for his Isolation—^He is successful and wealthy, but discontented—Lady Hamilton—Her strange History—Return to Ids Family and Death—Estimate of his Character and Art— Joseph Wright—Pupil of Hudson-.- Patronized in his Native County—Marries and visits Italy— Paints Effects of Moonlight and of Fire—Tries Portraiture at Bath—^His Election into the Royal Academy—And Refusal of the Distinction—His Works—And Valetudinarian Character ............ 231 CHAPTER X. P rogress of Historic A rt. Attempts of the Royal Academy to promote Sacred Art—Offer to Decorate Saint Paul’s Catliedral—Rejection of the Plan—Not to be lamented—Boydell’s Shakspeare Gralleiy—Its Origin and Art described—Want of Success—Henry Fuseli, B.A.—^His early Life —Attachment to Art—Dislike to Academies—Their true Uses— His own great Want of Elementary Training—Contributions to the Shakspeare Gallery—Publication of MackUn’s Bible; And Poets’ Gallery—Election of Fuseli into the Academy—^He pro jects the Milton Gallery — Its sad Failure: And tlie probable Causes— His Works from Shakspeare and Milton compared — His Genius and Art ........................................................................ 260 CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER XI. T he S uccessors of R eynolds. Nathaniel Dance, R.A.—Travels in Italy—His Portraits—Opinion PAGE upon his Art—Quits the Profession—James Northeote, R.A.— Apprenticed to his Fatlier, a Watchmaker—^Early Love of Art— Commences Portraiture—Introduced to Reynolds—Becomes his Favourite Pupil—^Visits Italy—On his Return has Recourse to Portraits—Then Tries Domestic Subjects—Boydell’s Gallery affords him Subjects in High Art—“ Murder of the Princes in the Tower”—Elected Royal Academician—His “ Wat Tyler" com pared with Opie’s “ Rizzio"—Effect of Opie’s Picture upon Northeote—His Pictures for the Shakspeare Gallery—Defective Motmer of Painting—^Absurd Inconsistencies in Costume—Com mon tO'tlie Art of the' Time—HiS 'Industrious and Idle Servant Girl—Criticism on tliis Serial Pictiure—His Animal Painting and Fables—^Writings on Art—Personal Character— James Opie R.A. —His Early Life—Connection with Dr. Wolcot—^Who Intro duces him in London—Impression made by him—His First Success—Followed