SCAR BULLETIN No 156, January 2005

Home , Antarctic Protected Area, Arrival Heights, Backdoor Bay, Biscoe Point, Cape Crozier, Cape Denison

NO. 156 JANUARY 2004

THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH

Twenty-seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting Cape Town, South Africa, 24 May – 4 June 2004

Decisions, Resolutions and Measures

The texts of the Decisions and Resolutions, and the text of Measure 1 (2004), together with a summary of the Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Managed area No. 2, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, adopted at XXVII ATCM were reproduced in SCAR Bulletin No 155, October 2004. A summary of the Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Managed Area No. 3, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V land, together with Measures 2–4, are reproduced here. The full versions of all the Decisions, Measures and Resolutions are on the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat website at http://www.ats.org.ar/

Measure 1 (2004) Antarctic Protected Area System: Management Plans for Antarctic Specially Managed Areas

The Representatives, Parties active there; Recalling Article 4 of Annex V of the Protocol on Recommend to their Governments the following Measure Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, for approval in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 6 providing for the designation of Antarctic Specially of Annex V to the Protocol on Environmental Protection Managed Areas; to the Antarctic Treaty: Noting that the draft Management Plans appended to this That the Management Plans for: Measure have been endorsed by the Committee for • Antarctic Specially Managed Area No. 2, McMurdo Environmental Protection; Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land; and Recognising that these Areas support significant scientific, • Antarctic Specially Managed Area No. 3, Cape wilderness, ecological, heritage and aesthetic values Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Land, and would benefit from improved coordination between which are annexed to this Measure, be adopted.

Management Plan for Historic Site and Monument No. 77 and Antarctic Specially Managed Area No. 3

Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Land, East Antarctica

Latitude 67°00ʼ13”S — 67°00ʼ50”S; Longitude 142°40ʼ00.1”E — 142°41ʼ27”E

Introduction hut sites remaining from this period. Cape Denison hosted Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay is one of the principal some of the earliest comprehensive studies of Antarctic sites of early human activity in Antarctica. It is the location geology, geography, terrestrial magnetism, astronomy, of the base of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of meteorology, glaciology, oceanography, biology, zoology 1911-14 organised and led by Dr (later Sir) Douglas and botany. It was also the base of numerous explorations Mawson. An important symbol of the ʻheroic ageʼ of inland and features artefacts associated with these sledging Antarctic exploration (1895-1917), it is one of only six parties, including food caches and equipment. Due to the

1 SCAR BULLETIN NO. 156 considerable historical, cultural and scientific significance represent significant educational values. The Areaʼs of Cape Denison, the entire area is designated as an isolation and extreme weather provide visitors with a Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA) consistent unique insight into the conditions endured by ʻheroic ageʼ with Articles 2, 4, 5 and 6 of Annex V of the Protocol on researchers and explorers, and a chance to form a deeper Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. It is also appreciation of their achievements. listed as a Historic Site and Monument in accordance with Environmental values Article IX(1) of the Antarctic Treaty and Article 8(2) of The paucity of relatively ice-free areas in the immediate Annex V of the Protocol. region means that Cape Denison represents an important Cape Denison is characterised by four valleys aligned assemblage of life forms. The closest ice-free areas of northwest/southeast. The majority of Australasian equal or greater size to Cape Denison are approximately Antarctic Expedition artefacts, including buildings 20 km to the east of Cape Denison, and approximately 60 (ʻMawsonʼs Hutsʼ) and other structures, are concentrated km to the west respectively. A haul-out site for Weddell, in the westernmost valley and on the ridges on either leopard and elephant seals, the Cape is also an important side of the valley. The historic huts and their immediate breeding area for Adélie penguins, Wilsonʼs storm-petrels, surrounds constitute Antarctic Specially Protected Area snow petrels and south polar skuas. (ASPA) No. 162. Flora at Cape Denison is represented by 13 lichen 1.0 Description of Values to be Protected species distributed on boulders and other moraines 1.1 Primary values throughout the peninsula. No bryophytes are evident. The lichensʼ distribution on rocks, which are subject to This ASMA is proposed on the grounds that Cape Denison different patterns of snow ablation, makes them vulnerable is a site of historic, archaeological, social and aesthetic to trampling and other interference by visitors, however values. infrequent visitation may be. Historic value Cape Denison has 13 small lakes. These are associated Antarcticaʼs ʻheroic ageʼ was a period of great human with glacial action, are a permanent feature, and are frozen adventure and discovery. Cape Denison, Commonwealth for most of the year. Since such lakes are also susceptible Bay, provides the setting for the buildings, structures to physical, chemical and biological modification within and relics of the Main Base of the Australasian Antarctic their catchment boundaries, a catchment-based approach Expedition (AAE) 1911–14, led by Dr Douglas Mawson. to the management of human activities is required. Cape Denison contains numerous relics relating to the work of Mawsonʼs expedition, including Mawsonʼs Huts Scientific values and other significant and relatively untouched artefacts Mawson, a geologist, planned his expedition in order to from the ʻheroic ageʼ. While the majority is concentrated examine the theories about continental connection and in the westernmost valley and its immediate surrounds, the processes of glaciation and climate. He also sought the historical boundaries of the Main Base extend to study the South Magnetic Pole and magnetic charting further. Artefacts and other evidence of occupation, such for navigational purposes; to conduct biological studies, as food caches, extend across the entire Cape, forming including the identification of new species; and to establish a rich resource of material available for research and a weather station. interpretation, and potentially yielding scientific data and 2.0 Aims and Objectives information about aspects of expeditioner life not included Management of the Area aims to assist in planning and co- in official written accounts. ordinating current and future activities in the Area, to avoid possible conflicts, and to improve co-operation between Aesthetic values Parties in order to avoid degradation of, or substantial risk This ASMA is designated to preserve not only the artefacts to, the values of the Area. Management objectives are: remaining in situ but also the cultural landscape of Cape Denison in which Mawson and his men lived and worked. • to prevent degradation of the Area, its features, Cape Denison is characterised by its almost incessant artefacts, and values; blizzard conditions, which severely limit access to the • to maintain the heritage values of the Area through 1 region and activities at the site. System and katabatic planned conservation and archaeological work winds pour down the plateau and funnel through the Capeʼs programs; and valleys; blasting the hut with gusts that in May 1912 reached • to provide for management activities which sup- 322 km/h. (The average wind speed for the month was 98 port the protection of the values and features of the km/h). Cape Denison is the windiest place in Antarctica, Area. and also the windiest place on Earth at sea level. 3.0 Management Activities Educational values The following management activities may be undertaken Cape Denisonʼs wildlife and undisturbed artefacts, framed to protect the values of the Area: against the dramatic backdrop of the Antarctic Plateau, • research and other activities essential or desirable

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for understanding, protecting and maintaining the felsic orthogneiss intruded about 2350 million years ago values of the Area; (Ma) into an older metamorphosed sequence. Above the • the removal of objects not related to the AAE of basement the area features a lower zone of relatively 1911–14 and/or the British Australian New Zealand polished rock and a higher zone of relatively unpolished Antarctic Research Expeditions (BANZARE) of rock; the former being especially prominent below 12 1929–31 and that compromise the historic and aes- metres above sea level and indicative of more recent uplift thetic values of the Area, provided that removal does and exposure than the upper zone. An upper and lower not adversely impact ; moraine are apparent, with the upper moraine, closer • essential maintenance of other objects and infra- to the edge of plateau, containing a diversity of angular structure; boulders. The lower moraine is dominated by local rocks • installation of signage to indicate the boundaries sorted into bands, perhaps the result of an ʻice pushʼ from of the HSM and ASMA; the sea rather than being genuine glacial moraine. • visitation of the Area to assess whether it continues Water bodies to serve the purposes for which it was designated The glacial lakes are generally oriented parallel to the and to ensure that management activities are ad- foliation of the basement rocks. At the height of summer equate; and Cape Denison also features numerous melt streams which • consultation with other national Antarctic programs flow into Commonwealth Bay. with a view to ensuring the above provisions are Biological features implemented effectively. Cape Denison is a site for breeding Adélie penguins, 4.0 Period of designation Wilsonʼs storm-petrels, snow petrels and the south polar This ASMA is designated for an indefinite period. skua. Other species sighted include the Cape petrel, Antarctic petrel, southern giant petrel and emperor penguin. 5.0 Description of the Area Weddell seals, southern elephant seals and leopard 5.1 Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and seals have been recorded as hauling out and, in the case natural features of elephant seals, moulting at Cape Denison. Cape Denison (67°00ʼ13”S—67°00ʼ50”S; 142°39ʼ02”E— The only flora evident at Cape Denison is lichens. 142°41ʼ28”E) is located in the centre of Commonwealth 5.2 Access to the Area Bay, a 60 km-wide stretch of coast in George V Land some 3,000 km south of Hobart, Australia. The Cape Sea, land and air access to Cape Denison is difficult due itself is a rugged, 1.5 km-wide tongue of ice, snow, rock to the rugged topography and climate of the area. Sea ice and moraine projecting into Commonwealth Bay from the extent and uncharted bathymetry may constrain ship access steeply rising wall of the ice cap of continental Antarctica. to approximately 3nm from the coastline. Access is then On the western side of the Cape is Boat Harbour, a 400m- gained either by small watercraft or by helicopter, although long indentation in the coast. attempts to land are frequently hampered by heavy seas The designated ASMA (Map A) extends from Landʼs and prevailing north-westerly or katabatic winds. Boat End (67°00ʼ46”S, 142°39ʼ24”E) in the west, along the landings may be made at Boat Harbour and due north of coastline to the northern tip of the western shore of Boat Sørensen Hut. The helicopter landing site and approach Harbour (67°00ʼ24”S, 142°39ʼ28”E), across the mouth of and departure flight paths are indicated on Map C. Boat Harbour (in a straight north-easterly diagonal) to the There are no roads or other transport infrastructure on northern tip of Penguin Knob (67°00ʼ17”S, 142°39 31”E) shore. Land vehicles should only be used in accordance on the eastern shore of Boat Harbour, and then along the with the Code of Conduct (see Section 8.0). coastline in a south-easterly direction down to John OʼGroats Pedestrian access within the Area is unrestricted except (67°00ʼ47”S, 142°41ʼ27”E). The southern boundary in places where AAE buildings, artefacts, or bird or extends in a straight line from Landʼs End to John lichen colonies are present, and should be conducted in OʼGroats along latitude 67°00ʼ47”S. With the exception accordance with the Code of Conduct (see Section 8.0). of the boundary across the mouth of Boat Harbour, the 5.3 Location of structures and other anthropogenic northern coastal boundary extends to that land above the objects within and near to the Area lowest tide. Cape Denison is notable for being the location of four Natural features: Topography and geomorphology historic buildings and a Memorial Cross constructed by The topography of Cape Denison is defined by a series the AAE of 1911-1914. The buildings and their immediate of four rocky ridges, running south-southeast to north- environs are protected by ASPA 162. northwest, and three valleys. The largest, most westerly Within the ASMA there are several AAE structures, of these valleys contains the AAE buildings, which are including survey markers and the mast on top of protected within ASPA XXX. The basement of the Cape Anemometer Hill, about 150 m east of Mawsonʼs Main Denison area consists of partially migmatised, massive Hut. On 5 January 1931 members of the BANZARE party (including Douglas Mawson) visited Cape Denison

3 SCAR BULLETIN NO. 156 to claim formal possession of George V Land on behalf 6.2 Visual Protection Zone of Great Britain, and used the mast to support the The visual catchment of Mawsonʼs Huts and the Memorial proclamation flag and canister containing the proclamation Cross is of particular importance within the Cape Denison itself. A small timber plaque and proclamation are the only cultural landscape. In order to protect the landscape setting ʻformalʼ artefacts of that visit remaining in situ today. and ʻsense of placeʼ of Mawsonʼs Huts, a Visual Protection Cape Denison additionally features six other structures. Zone is defined within the ASMA and no new structures The automatic weather station (AWS) is located at should be built within the Zone. 67°00ʼ33”S; 142°39ʼ51”E on a rise near Round Lake and The Visual Protection Zone (see Maps A) is the area approximately 150 m southeast of Mawsonʼs Main Hut. enclosed by the western and eastern ridge lines of the valley Sørensen Hut is located about 400m east of Mawsonʼs containing the historic structures. The boundary extends Main Hut at 67°00ʼ29”S; 142°40ʼ12”E. It was constructed from the coastline (67º00ʼ24.9”S, 142º39ʼ14.3”E) and by the Australian national program in 1986 to provide runs southeast along the western side of the westernmost temporary shelter for parties conducting conservation works ridge to the ice plateau (67º00ʼ46.8”S, 142º39ʼ37.2”E); and contains some provisions and field equipment. northeast along the edge of the ice plateau to 67º00ʼ43.9”S, Granholm Hut is situated at 67°00ʼ29”S; 142°39ʼ26”E, 142º40ʼ5.6”E; north-northwest between Round Lake and some 160 m northwest of Mawsonʼs Main Hut. It was Long Lake to 67º00ʼ33.7”S, 142º39ʼ59.8”E; then as far as constructed in 1978 to provide a temporary shelter and Magnetograph House (67º00ʼ20.3”S, 142º39ʼ46.6”E); and workshop for parties working on Mawsonʼs Huts. then northwest along the eastern side of the eastern ridge To the east of Granholm Hut is a stack of Oregon and line to the sea (67º 00ʼ 15.7” S, 142º 39ʼ 28.2” E). Baltic pine timbers for use in conservation work on the 6.3 Helicopter Zone Main Hut. This stack is secured with galvanised cables Helicopter operations have the potential to disturb breeding attached to rock bolts. A similar timber stack is located and moulting wildlife. To minimise disturbance to seals on rocks some 100 m southeast of the Main Hut and 10 and nesting birds at Cape Denison during the summer m east of the designated helicopter landing site. months, helicopters should only land at the site indicated The HSM marker adjacent to the Main Hut will be on Map C and approach and depart in accordance with the replaced by appropriate signage to indicate that the whole flight paths indicated on the map. Departure paths have of Cape Denison has been designated as a Historic Site. been selected to avoid wildlife concentrations as much as Objects left by Mawsonʼs expedition are scattered possible. Use of a single-engined helicopter is preferable; throughout the Area, and appear from year to year however twin-engined helicopters may be used with due depending on snow cover. regard for the potentially greater disturbance to wildlife. 5.4 Location of other protected areas in or near to the The presence of seals and the breeding cycle of birds Area nesting in the Area are charted at Appendices Bi and Bii; twin-engine helicopter operations should be avoided during ASPA XXX , encompassing the four AAE huts, is located weeks that birds are hatching eggs or raising chicks (late within the Cape Denison ASMA, and exists to protect their October to early March). historic and social values. The Cape Denison ASMA is to be simultaneously listed as 7.0 Maps of the Area Historic Site No. XXX under the Antarctic Treaty. Map A: Cape Denison Management Zones. This map There are no other ASPAs or ASMAs within 50 km of shows the boundaries of the ASMA, the Historic Site, the Cape Denison. Visual Protection Zone, ASPA No. 162, and significant topographic features of the Area. The inset map indicates 6.0 Zones within the Area the location in relation to the Antarctic continent. All activities within the Area are to comply with the Map B: Cape Denison Visual Protection Zone (not provisions of the Madrid Protocol and the Code of Conduct reproduced here). contained in this management plan (see Section 8.0). In Map C: Cape Denison Flight Paths and Bird Colonies (not addition to these general guidelines, three zones are defined reproduced here). in which restrictions on certain activities are deemed necessary in order to meet the management objectives 8.0 Code of Conduct for the Area. The actions of individuals contribute significantly to 6.1 ASPA 162 protecting the Antarctic environment. This Code of Conduct ASPA X162 (Mawsonʼs Huts) is located within the ASMA. is intended to provide general guidelines to help minimise This ASPA encompasses the four Australasian Antarctic environmental impacts at Cape Denison, but it cannot be Expedition huts in order to protect their historic and social expected to cover every situation. All visitors, including values. Entry to the ASPA and activities within it require national program personnel and tourists, should consider a permit and must be carried out in accordance with the their responsibilities and seek to minimise their impact on ASPA Management Plan. all aspects of the environment and most particularly the values described.

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8.1 Access to and movement within or over the Area new structures should be constructed, nor additional • All land vehicles are prohibited within the Area, scientific equipment installed in the Area, except for with the exception of small all-terrain vehicles the conservation, research or maintenance activities which should be used on snow and ice surfaces only specified in Section 3.0 above. and with due consideration of historic artefacts. • All equipment and infrastructure left in the Area • Pedestrian access within the Area is unrestricted but should be periodically reviewed for maintenance artefact-rich areas (such as the scatter immediately and potential removal. to the north of the Main Hut), bird or lichen colo- 8.4 The location of field camps nies, and penguin ʻhighwaysʼ should be avoided. • Existing non-historic infrastructure should be used 8.2 Activities which are or may be conducted within the by Parties undertaking activities in accordance with Area this management plan, in preference to establishing • Historic conservation and archaeological work. new infrastructure. • Research, including scientific research. • Tents should be pitched on the wooden platform adjacent to Sørensen Hut. Use of the huts and • Visitation for the purposes of education or recre- any supplies should be reported to the Australian ation, including tourism in line with Recommenda- national program as soon as practicable to ensure tion XVIII-1. the safety of other people who may be reliant upon • Essential maintenance of non-historic infrastructure known stores. and removal of non-historic objects. These activities should be conducted by authorised personnel 8.5 The taking of or harmful interference with native only. flora and fauna 8.3 The installation, modification, or removal of • Approach distances to wildlife should be consis- structures tent with those agreed within the Committee for Environmental Protection. Until guidelines are • To preserve the historic, archaeological, social, aes- adopted by the Committee, Table 1 below provides thetic and environmental values of the ASMA, no guidance.

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• Visitors should not wash, swim or dive in the lakes. impacts, and to fulfil the aims and objectives of this These activities could contaminate the water body Management Plan: and disturb the water column, microbial communi- • National program personnel, tourists and other ties, and sediments. non-government personnel proposing to visit, land, Table 1: Minimum distances to maintain when and/or conduct activities in the Area should inform approaching wildlife on foot the Australian national program of their intentions as soon as is practicable. Species Phase of life On foot (m) • The details of all field activities should be ac- Snow petrels Nesting 15 curately recorded for transfer to the management Wilsonʼs storm-petrels Nesting 15 database of the Australian national program. See South polar skuas Nesting 15 Section 9.0 below. Adélie penguins Summer: on ice or away from colony 5 9.0 Information exchange Summer: breeding Parties with active programs in the Area and non- birds in colonies 15 government operators should exchange information Breeding Weddell obtained during visits to the Area that may have a bearing seals and pups on the operation of this Management Plan. For example, the (includes weaners) All times 15 expedition or tour leader should submit to the appropriate Mature seals on their authority a report describing the activities undertaken in own (all species) All times 5 the Area. Such reports should include, as appropriate, the information identified in the Visit Report form contained 8.6 The collection or removal of anything not brought in Appendix 4 of Resolution 2 (1998)(CEP 1). Parties into the Area by the visitor should maintain a record of such activities and, in the • Cape Denison is listed as a Historic Site under Annual Exchange of Information, should provide summary the Antarctic Treaty. In accordance with Annex V, descriptions of activities conducted by persons subject to Article 8 (4) of the Protocol, no historic structure their jurisdiction, which should be in sufficient detail to or other artefact at Cape Denison should be dam- allow evaluation of the effectiveness of this Management aged, destroyed or removed, unless removal of an Plan. artefact is essential for conservation purposes. Any Parties should, wherever possible, deposit originals or artefacts may only be removed by authorised and copies in a publicly accessible archive (eg the Mawsonʼs appropriately trained personnel. The repatriation of Huts website at http://www.aad.gov.au/ mawsons_huts) to the artefact to the location at Cape Denison from maintain a record of visitation or usage of the site, to be which it was removed is generally preferable unless used both in any review of this Management Plan and to further damage or deterioration may result from assist in organising the use of the Area. repatriation. 10.0 Supporting Documentation • If an artefact is to be removed, the Australian Not reproduced here. national program should be informed so that docu- Appendix A mentation regarding that programʼs archaeological Fauna recorded at Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay research at Cape Denison may be amended accord- Breeding populations (pairs) of seabirds at Cape ingly. Denison 8.7 The disposal of waste Not reproduced here. • All wastes, including human wastes, should be Appendix B removed from the Area . Helicopter operations: Breeding cycles of nesting • Refuelling of vehicles, generators and other es- seabirds at Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay sential equipment should be conducted with due Not reproduced here. care for the surrounding environment. Refuelling activities should not be conducted in the catchment Appendix Bii areas of lakes or melt streams, at the ice edge, or Helicopter operations: Seals at Cape Denison, in other sensitive areas. Commonwealth Bay Not reproduced here. 8.8 Reports to be made to the appropriate authority regarding visits to the Area Appendix C To enhance cooperation and the coordination of activities Flora recorded at Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay in the Area, to allow for effective site monitoring and Not reproduced here. management, to facilitate the consideration of cumulative

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Measure 2 (2004) Antarctic Protected Area System: Management Plans for Antarctic Specially Protected Areas

The Representatives, which are annexed to this Measure, be adopted: Recalling Articles 3 and 5 of Annex V to the Protocol on • Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 113 Litch- Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, field Island, Arthur Harbour, Anvers Island, Palmer providing for the designation of Antarctic Specially Archipelago, Antarctic Peninsula Protected Areas; • Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 122 Arrival Noting that the draft Management Plans for the following heights, Hut Point Peninsula, Ross island Antarctic Specially Protected Areas have been endorsed • Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 139 Biscoe by the Committee for Environmental Protection; Point, Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarc- Recognising that these areas support significant scientific, tic Peninsula wilderness, ecological, heritage and aesthetic values, • Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 142: Svar- and would benefit from special protection; thamaren, Muhlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Recommend that their Governments, in accordance with Land paragraph 1 of Article 6 of Annex V to the Protocol, • Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 162: approve the following Measure: Mawsonʼs Huts, Commonwealth Bay, George V That the Management Plans for the following sites, and Land, East Antarctica.

Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 113 Litchﬁeld Island, Arthur Harbour, Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago

1. Description of values to be protected 5. Maps and photographs Litchfield Island was originally designated on the grounds Map 1: Litchfield Island, ASPA No. 113, in relation to that “Litchfield Island, together with its littoral, possesses Arthur Harbour and Anvers Island. an unusually high collection of marine and terrestrial life, is Map 2: Litchfield Island ASPA No. 113: Physical features unique amongst the neighboring islands as a breeding place and selected wildlife. Not reproduced here. for six species of native birds and provides an outstanding example of the natural ecological system of the Antarctic 6. Description of the Area Peninsula area”. 6(i) Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and The current management plan reaffirms the original natural features reasons for designation associated with the bird Litchfield Island (64°46'15" S, 64°05'40" W, 0.35 km2) is communities. In 1964 Litchfield Island supported one of situated in Arthur Harbour approximately 1500 m west the most extensive moss carpets known in the Antarctic of Palmer Station (US), Gamage Point, Anvers Island, Peninsula region, dominated by Warnstorfia laculosa in the region west of the Antarctic Peninsula known as which was then considered near its southern limit. the Palmer Archipelago (Map 1). The designated Area is 2. Aims and objectives defined as all of Litchfield Island above the low tide water level, excluding all offshore islets and rocks. • avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the Few meteorological data are available for Litchfield values of the Area; Island. Longer-term data for Palmer Station show monthly • allow scientific research on the natural ecosystem air temperature averages recorded over a 22-year period and physical environment; ranging from -7.8°C in August to 2.5°C in January. The • minimize the possibility of introduction of alien minimum recorded temperature is -31°C and the maximum plants, animals and microbes; is 9°C, while the annual mean is -2.3°C. • allow visits for management purposes. Litchfield Island is composed of an unusual assemblage 3. Management activities of late Cretaceous to early Tertiary age rock types called • Copies of this management plan shall be made the Altered Assemblage. The primary rock types are available at Palmer Station (US), Anvers Island. tonalite and trondhjemite. Also common are granite and volcanic rocks. The soils of Litchfield Island have not • Markers, signs or other structures shall be secured been described, although peaty soils may be found in areas and maintained in good condition. where there is, or once was, rich moss growth. • Visits to ensure management and maintenance There are a few small ponds on Litchfield Island: measures are adequate. one contains the algae Heterohormogonium sp. and 4. Period of designation Oscillatoria brevis, another contains Gonium sp., Prasiola Designated for an indefinite period. crispa, P. tesselata and Navicula sp.

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The plant communities at Litchfield Island were found in both sediments and inter- and sub-tidal limpets surveyed in detail in 1964 when the vegetation was well- (Nacella concinna), with an estimated mortality of up to developed and comprised several distinct communities 50% but, numbers recovered soon after the spill. with a diverse flora. An outstanding feature was one of In the period 1978-92 only about 35 people visited the most extensive moss carpets known in the Antarctic Litchfield Island. Visitation was undoubtedly low over Peninsula region, dominated by W. laculosa. Rock surfaces this period, and has remained at a minimal level, primarily supported a variety of lichen-dominated communities in related to censuses and work on terrestrial ecology. addition to the numerous epiphytic species that occurred 6(ii) Restricted and managed zones within the Area on the moss banks. In recent years, increasing populations of Antarctic fur None. seals (Arctocephalus gazella) have caused significant 6(iii) Structures within and near the Area damage to the moss banks and carpets at lower elevations. A permanent survey marker was installed by the USGS South polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) nest in the on 9 February 1999 near the summit of the island at moss banks and cause some local destruction. 64°46ʼ13.97”S, 64°05ʼ38.85”W at an elevation of 48 m, The invertebrate fauna of Litchfield Island has not been about 8 m west of the cairn. A survival cache is located studied in detail. The tardigrades Macrobiotus furciger, near the crest of a small hill approximately 100 m south Hypsibius alpinus and H. pinguis have been observed in of the small boat landing site. moss patches, predominantly on north-facing slopes. 6(iv) Location of other protected areas within close Seven bird species breed on Litchfield Island, making proximity of the Area it one of the most diverse avifauna breeding habitats The nearest protected areas to Litchfield Island are: Bis- within the Arthur Harbour region. A small Adélie penguin coe Point (ASPA No. 139) 16 km E; South Bay (ASPA (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony on the eastern side of the No. 146), 27 km SE; and Eastern Dallmann Bay (ASPA island has been censused regularly since 1971. Numbers No. 153) 90 km NE, adjacent to Brabant Island (Map 1). of breeding pairs have declined substantially over a 30- year period. 7. Permit conditions Southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) breed Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance in small numbers on Litchfield Island. It is likely that with a Permit. Wilsonʼs storm petrels (Oceanites oceanicus) breed within 7(i) Access to and movement within the Area the Area, although numbers have not been determined. Up Access to the Area shall be by small boat, or over sea to 50 pairs of south polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) ice by vehicle or on foot. Vehicles are prohibited and all occur on the island and brown skuas (Catharacta movement within the Area shall be on foot. Landing by loennbergi) are closely associated with the Adélie penguin aircraft is prohibited within the Area and any necessary colony. 12-20 kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) are seen overflight shall be conducted according to the height re- regularly and a small number of Antarctic terns (Sterna strictions imposed in Table 3 (not reproduced here). vittata) regularly breed. 7(ii) Activities that are or may be conducted in the Area, Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) are now including restrictions on time or place common on Litchfield Island from around February each year. Elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) a few Weddell • Scientific research that will not jeopardize the seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) haul out on accessible ecosystem values or the value as a reference site; beaches. Both crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) • Essential management activities; and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) may also be seen • The appropriate authority should be notified of on ice floes near Litchfield Island. any activities/measures undertaken that were not The predominantly soft mud substrate approximately included in the authorized Permit. 200 m off the northeastern coast of Litchfield Island 7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures has been described as supporting a rich macrobenthic Structures shall not be erected within the Area except as community, characterized by a high diversity and biomass specified in a Permit. All structures, scientific equipment of non-attached, deposit-feeding polychaetes, arthropods, or markers installed shall be for a specified period and molluscs and crustaceans. The fish species Notothenia adequately identified. All such items should be made of neglecta, N. nudifrons and Trematomus newnesi have been materials that pose minimal risk of harm to fauna or of recorded between 3 and 15 meters depth. The Antarctic contamination of the Area. limpet (Nacella concinna) is common. 7(iv) Location of field camps In January 1989 the vessel Bahia Paraiso ran aground Camping should be avoided within the Area. However, 750 m south of Litchfield Island, releasing more than when necessary for essential purposes specified in the 600,000 liters (150,000 gallons) of petroleum into the Permit, temporary camping is allowed at the designated surrounding environment. The intertidal communities site on the terrace above the penguin colony. Camping on were most affected, and hydrocarbon contaminants were surfaces with significant vegetation cover is prohibited.

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7(v) Restrictions on materials and organisms which can origin may be removed unless the impact of removal is be brought into the Area likely to be greater than leaving the material in situ. No living animals, plant material or microorganisms shall 7(viii) Disposal of waste be deliberately introduced. Dressed poultry should be free All wastes shall be removed from the Area. Human wastes of disease or infection and all parts shall be completely may be disposed of into the sea. removed and incinerated or boiled long enough to kill any 7(ix) Measures that are necessary to ensure that the aims potentially infective bacteria or viruses. No herbicides and objectives of the Management Plan can continue or pesticides shall be brought into the Area. Any other to be met chemicals, including radio-nuclides or stable isotopes, shall be removed at or before the conclusion of the activity. 1. Permits may be granted to carry out biological Fuel is not to be stored in the Area. Anything introduced monitoring and site inspection activities. shall be removed at or before the conclusion of the stated 2. Any specific sites of long-term monitoring shall be period. appropriately marked. 7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora or 3. Visitors shall take special precautions against fauna introductions. Of concern are pathogenic, micro- Taking or harmful interference with native flora or fauna bial, invertebrate or plant introductions sourced is prohibited except in accordance with a permit. from other Antarctic sites or from regions outside Antarctica. Footwear and other equipment shall 7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into be thoroughly cleaned before entering the Area. the Area by the Permit holder 7(x) Requirements for reports Collection or removal of anything not brought into the Area by the Permit holder shall only be in accordance with a Parties should ensure that the principal holder for each Permit and should be limited to the minimum necessary to Permit issued submits to the appropriate authority a report meet scientific or management needs. Anything of human describing the activities undertaken.

9 SCAR BULLETIN NO. 156

Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 122 Arrival Heights, Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island

1. Description of values to be protected • encourage the consideration of the values of the An area at Arrival Heights was originally designated Area in the management of surrounding activities in Recommendation VIII-4 (1975, SSSI No. 2), after a and land uses, in particular to monitor the levels, proposal by the United States on the grounds that it was and encourage the minimization of, sources of “an electromagnetic and natural ʻquiet siteʼ offering ideal electromagnetic radiation; conditions for the installation of sensitive instruments • allow access for maintenance, upgrade and manage- for recording minute signals associated with upper ment of communications equipment; atmosphere programs.” While it is now recognized that the • allow visits for management purposes; and electromagnetically ʻquietʼ conditions have to some degree • allow visits for education or public awareness been degraded by base operation and radio communication purposes associated with the scientific studies. activities adjacent on the Hut Point Peninsula, the nature, magnitude and extent of these transmissions is such that 3. Management activities the original values for which the site was designated are The following management activities are to be undertaken still considered worthy of protection. Moreover, the to protect the values of the Area: original geographical characteristics of the site, such as • Signs showing the location and boundaries with its elevated position and thus broad viewing horizon, the clear statements of entry restrictions. volcanic crater morphology, and the close proximity to • Signs showing the location of the Area shall be dis- the full logistic support of nearby McMurdo Station (US) played prominently, and a copy of this management 1.5 km south and Scott Base (NZ) 3 km SE, continue to plan shall be available in the principal research hut render the Area valuable for upper atmospheric studies facilities, at McMurdo Station and Scott Base. and boundary layer air sampling studies. • Markers, signs or structures erected within the In recent years increases in nearby science and Area for scientific or management purposes shall support operations have raised the levels of locally be secured and maintained in good condition, and generated electromagnetic noise since the site was first removed when no longer necessary. designated. It is recognized that the values of the Area • Visits shall be made as necessary to assess whether as an electromagnetically ʻquietʼ site are at risk from the Area continues to serve the purposes for which broad and narrow band electromagnetic interference, it was designated and to ensure management and particularly from the nearby stations, as identified in maintenance measures are adequate. SCAR Recommendation XXIII-6 (1994). However, • Electromagnetic noise surveys shall be undertaken there are scientific, financial and practical constraints within the Area bi-annually to detect equipment associated with any proposed relocation of the Area and faults and to monitor levels of interference to the associated facilities. Thus, the current preferred option identify and mitigate their sources. for management is to minimize both internal and external • National Antarctic Programs shall consult together sources of electromagnetic interference to the maximum to ensure these steps are carried out and to appoint extent practicable, and to monitor these levels routinely an Activity Coordinator. so that any significant threat to the values of the site can be identified and addressed as appropriate. 4. Period of designation The vulnerability of this research to disturbance through Designated for an indefinite period. chemical and noise pollution, in particular electromagnetic 5. Maps and photographs interference, is such that this Area requires continued Map A: Arrival Heights regional topographic map. special protection. Inset: Ross Island region, showing the location of McMurdo 2. Aims and objectives Station (US) and Scott Base (NZ), and the location of Management at Arrival Heights aims to: the other protected areas on Ross Island. • avoid degradation of, or substantial risk to, the Map B: Arrival Heights site topographic map. values of the Area; Not reproduced here. • allow scientific research in the Area, in particular 6. Description of the Area research on the atmosphere, while ensuring pro- 6(i) Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and tection from incompatible uses and uncontrolled natural features equipment installation; • minimize the possibility of generation of excessive Arrival Heights is a small range of low hills near the SE electromagnetic noise interference within the Area end of Hut Point Peninsula, SE Ross Island, 1.5 km north of through regulating the types, quantity and use of McMurdo Station and 3 km northwest of Scott Base. Hut equipment that can be installed and operated; Point Peninsula is formed by a line of craters that extends

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11 SCAR BULLETIN NO. 156 south from the flanks of Mt. Erebus. The basaltic rocks (ASPA 157) 32 km N; Cape Royds (ASPA 121) 35 km are particularly rich in ultramafic inclusions, including NNW; Tramway Ridge (ASPA 130) 40 km N; Lewis Bay dunite, peroditite, pyroxenite, gabbro and sandstone. The (ASPA 156) 50 km NE; New College Valley (ASPA 116) soil consists mostly of volcanic scoria overlying volcanic 65 km N; Cape Crozier (ASPA 124) 70 km NE; NW White tuffs from Mt Erebus, with rocky and weathered volcanic Island (ASPA 137) 35 km S. magma. 7. Permit conditions The highest elevation within the Area is Second Crater at Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with 255 m, one of two inactive volcanoes that are a part of the a permit. Conditions for issuing a permit are that: boundaries of the Area. The boundary of the Area extends in a straight line from Trig T510 NW over First Crater to • it is issued for scientific study of the atmosphere, in the 150 m contour. The boundary follows this contour particular for studies of electromagnetic radiation, north to a point immediately west of Second Crater. The trace gases, air particulates, auroras and geomag- boundary extends east to Second Crater, the lip of which netism or for other scientific purposes consistent forms the NE corner of the Area. The boundary then with the management plan; extends south in a straight line to Trig T510. • it is issued for management and maintenance of The research facility is at approximately 220 m (700 science support facilities; ft) above sea level, and has excellent views of McMurdo • it is issued for educational or public awareness Sound, Mount Erebus and the Royal Society Range. activities associated with the scientific studies being The majority of McMurdo station is hidden from view, conducted; enhancing the radio-quiet characteristics of the area. • it is issued for health and safety reasons, or for Arrival Heights is located at a geomagnetic latitude of essential management purposes; about 80 degrees, right above the boundary between the • the actions permitted are in accordance with the auroral zone and the polar cap. It is also close enough to management plan and will not jeopardize the sci- the geographic pole for total darkness to occur at local entific values of the Area; noon for a significant part of the year. This allows low • the permit, or a copy, shall be carried; intensity auroral events to be observed. Its location near • a report shall be supplied to the authority named; the geomagnetic pole also means that Arrival Heights lies • permits should be valid for a stated period. inside the polar cap at all times. 7(i) Access to and movement within the Area The Area is an electromagnetically quiet site offering Access to the Area is permitted by vehicle and on foot. good conditions for the installation of sensitive instruments Landing of aircraft and overflight within the Area is to record high-resolution (less than a minute) signals prohibited. Transient overflight or landing may be allowed associated with upper atmosphere research programs. if specifically authorized by permit. Science programs being conducted at Arrival Heights Entry by vehicle is restricted to those carrying out laboratories examine natural phenomena occurring in the science, servicing or equipment maintenance, installation earthʼs atmosphere and magnetosphere. The broad focus of of new facilities in accordance with a permit, and those these science programs is toward improved understanding permitted persons accompanying such people at the time of of the mechanisms that couple solar processes with those the visit. All other visitors should enter the Area on foot, of the terrestrial environment. leaving any vehicles at the ʻGlacier Roadʼ intersection. The instruments that measure local fields, including geomagnetic field sensors and very low frequency 7(ii) Activities that are or may be conducted in the Area, receivers, are sensitive to perturbations that propagate including restrictions on time or place from remote generation regions Activities that may be conducted within the Area The VLF antennas are located in the crater of the include: larger cone, which provides shielding from local radio • scientific research; transmissions and station noise. • management activities; 6(ii) Restricted and managed zones within the Area • use of radios by visitors is allowed but should be minimized. None. 7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures 6(iii) Structures within and near the Area No structures are to be erected within the Area except as Both the New Zealand and United States programs have specified in a permit. All scientific equipment installed research and living facilities within the Area. A Satellite within the Area outside of research hut facilities must be Earth Station (SES) is located on First Crater. approved by permit and clearly identified by country, name 6(iv) Location of other protected areas within close of the principal investigator and year of installation. All proximity of the Area such items should be made of materials that pose minimal The nearest protected areas to Arrival Heights are on Ross risk of environmental contamination of the Area, and Island: Cape Evans (ASPA 155) 22 km N; Backdoor Bay structures should be electromagnetically compatible with

12 NO. 156 JANUARY 2004 activities in the Area. The time period for removal of minimum necessary to meet scientific or management equipment shall be specified in the permit. needs. Material of human origin may be removed unless No Radio Frequency (RF) transmitting equipment the impact of removal is likely to be greater than leaving other than low power transceivers for local essential the material in situ. communication may be installed within the Area. 7(viii) Disposal of waste Installation or modification of structures or equipment is All wastes shall be removed from the Area. subject to assessment of the likely impacts of the proposed installations or modifications on the values of the Area, as 7(ix) Measures that are necessary to ensure that the aims required according to national procedures. and objectives of the management plan can continue to be met 7(iv) Location of field camps • Permits may be granted to enter the Area to carry Camping within the Area is prohibited. Overnight visitation out scientific monitoring and site inspection activi- is permitted in buildings equipped for such purposes. ties, which may involve the collection of data for 7(v) Restrictions on materials and organisms that can be analysis or audit, or for protective measures. brought into the Area • Any specific sites of long-term monitoring shall be There are no specific restrictions on materials and organisms appropriately marked. that can be brought into the Area. • Spectral bands of specific science interests that 7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora or warrant special protection should be identified by fauna parties active within the Area and electromagnetic Taking or harmful interference with native flora or fauna noise should be outside those frequencies. is prohibited, except in accordance with a permit. Where • Intentional electromagnetic radiation outside the animal taking or harmful interference is involved, this agreed frequency bands and power levels is pro- should be in accordance with the SCAR Code of Conduct for hibited except within agreed frequency bands and the Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica. power levels or in accordance with a permit. 7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into 7(x) Requirements for reports the Area by the permit holder Parties should ensure that the principal holder for each Material may be collected or removed from the Area only permit issued submits to the appropriate authority a report in accordance with a permit and should be limited to the describing the activities undertaken.

Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 139 Biscoe Point, Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago

1. Description of values to be protected In summary, the Area at Biscoe Point therefore has high Biscoe Point was originally designated on the grounds value for its outstanding: 2 that the “Site contains a large (approximately 5000 m ) • examples of vegetation communities, soils and but discontinuous stand of the two native vascular plants, associated terrestrial ecology; Antarctic hair grass (Deschampsia antarctica) and, less • ornithological interest, with several of the resident commonly, Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis). breeding bird species and associated paleoeco- The present management plan reaffirms the exceptional logical features possessing unusual properties, and ecological and scientific values associated with the rich which are the subject of long-term studies; and flora and invertebrate fauna within the Area. One stand of mosses in the prominent valley on the northern side of • utility as a reference site for comparative studies the main island extends almost continuously for 150 m and monitoring. along the valley floor, covering an area of approximately 2. Aims and Objectives 2 6500 m . • avoid degradation of the values of the Area by Biscoe Point is also valuable for ornithological research. preventing human disturbance and sampling ; Long-term studies are being conducted on both Adélie • allow scientific research; (Pygoscelis adeliae) and gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) • minimize the possibility of introduction of alien penguin colonies present within the Area. plants, animals and microbes to the Area; Until recently, Biscoe Point was on a peninsula joined to • allow visits for management purposes. Anvers Island by an ice ramp extending from the adjacent glacier. The ice ramp disappeared as the glacier retreated, 3. Management activities and a narrow channel now separates Anvers Island from • Copies of this management plan shall be available the island on which Biscoe Point lies. at Palmer Station and at Yelcho Station.

13 SCAR BULLETIN NO. 156

• Markers, signs or other structures shall be secured grass Deschampsia antarctica and Antarctic pearlwort and maintained in good condition. Colobanthus quitensis. • Visits to ensure management and maintenance The apterous midge Belgica antarctica has been measures are adequate. observed associated with the well-developed loam and closed swards of grass. 4. Period of designation Designated for an indefinite period. At least six species of birds breed on the island on which Biscoe Point lies. The most numerous colony is of 5. Maps and photographs Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae), a gentoo penguin Map 1: Biscoe Point, ASPA No. 139, in relation to Biscoe (Pygoscelis papua) colony was discovered in 1992-93. Bay and Anvers Island (not reproduced here). South polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) and brown Map 2: Biscoe Point, ASPA No. 139: Physical features skuas (C. loennbergi) breed within the Area and hybrids and access guidelines. also occur. Kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) and Antarctic Map 3: Biscoe Point, ASPA No. 139: Penguin colonies, terns (Sterna vittata) breed within the Area. approximate vegetation extent, and known contaminated Small numbers of non-breeding Antarctic fur seals sites (not reproduced here). (Arctocephalus gazella), Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) and southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) 6. Description of the Area have been observed on beaches in summer. 6(i) Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and Human activity appears to have been minimal. natural features 6(ii) Restricted and managed zones within the Area Biscoe Point (64°48ʼ47”S, 63°47ʼ41”W) is at the western extremity of a small island (0.53 km2), located close to the None. southern coast of Anvers Island (2700 km2) about 6 km 6(iii) Structures within and near the Area south of Mount William (1515 m), in the region west of the No structures are known to be present within the Area. Antarctic Peninsula known as the Palmer Archipelago. 6(iv) Location of other protected areas within close The Area is defined to include all land above the low proximity of the Area tide water level of the main island on which Biscoe Point is situated (0.53 km2), all offshore islets and rocks within The nearest protected areas to Biscoe Point are: Litchfield 100 m of the shore of this main island, and most of the Island (ASPA No. 113), 16 km W; South Bay (ASPA No. predominantly ice-free promontory 300 m to the north 146), 12 km SE; and Eastern Dallmann Bay (ASPA No. (0.1 km2) (Map 2). The landward (eastern) boundary on 153) 85 km NE. the northern promontory bisects the peninsula at the point 7. Permit conditions where it protrudes from Anvers Island, distinguished by a Entry into the Area is prohibited except in accordance with small bay cutting into the glacier in the south and a similar, a Permit issued by an appropriate national authority. although less pronounced, coastline feature in the north. 7(i) Access to and movement within the Area The total area including the main island and the northern promontory is approximately 0.63 km2. Access to the Area shall be by small boat, by aircraft, or over sea ice by vehicle or on foot (Map 2). When necessary No meteorological data are available for Biscoe for purposes consistent with plan objectives, aircraft may Point. Data for nearby Palmer Station show monthly operate and land within the Area. Helicopter landing is air temperature averages recorded over a 22-year period permitted at two designated sites (Map 2) ranging from -7.8°C in August to 2.5°C in January. The minimum recorded temperature is -31°C and the maximum 7(ii) Activities that are or may be conducted in the Area, is 9°C, while the annual mean is -2.3°C. including restrictions on time or place Specific descriptions are not available of the geology of • Scientific research; island on which Biscoe Point lies, or of the peninsula to • Essential management activities; the north. However, the bedrock appears to be composed • The appropriate authority should be notified of mainly of gabbros and adamellites of Late Cretaceous to any activities/measures undertaken that were not Early Tertiary age belonging to the Andean Intrusive Suite, included in the authorised Permit. which dominate southeastern Anvers Island. 7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures A number of small seasonal streams and ponds have not Structures shall not be erected within the Area except as been scientifically described. The freshwater environment specified in a Permit. Removal of structures, equipment has thus far escaped significant disturbance from seals. or markers for which the period specified in the Permit has Information on the hydrology of the separate promontory expired shall be a condition of the Permit. to the north is not available. The most significant aspect of the vegetation is 7(iv) Location of field camps the abundance and reproductive success of the two Temporary camping is allowed within the Area at the native Antarctic flowering plants, the Antarctic hair designated site about 50 m north-east of helicopter landing

14 NO. 156 JANUARY 2004 site (A), on the northern coast of the main island on which Permit and should be limited to the minimum necessary Biscoe Point lies. Camping on surfaces with significant to meet scientific or management needs. vegetation cover is prohibited. 7(viii) Disposal of waste 7(v) Restrictions on materials and organisms which can All wastes shall be removed from the Area. Human be brought into the Area wastes may be disposed of into the sea. No living animals, plant material or microorganisms shall 7(ix) Measures that are necessary to ensure that the aims be deliberately introduced. Dressed poultry should be free and objectives of the management plan can continue of disease or infection and shall be completely removed and to be met incinerated or boiled long enough to kill any potentially infective bacteria or viruses. No herbicides or pesticides 1. Permits may be granted to carry out biological shall be brought into the Area. Any other chemicals, monitoring and site inspection activities. including radio-nuclides or stable isotopes, shall be 2. Any specific sites of long-term monitoring shall be removed at or before the conclusion of the activity. Fuel appropriately marked. is not to be stored in the Area. Anything introduced shall 3. Visitors shall take special precautions against be removed at or before the end of the stated period. introductions. Of concern are pathogenic, micro- 7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora or bial, invertebrate or plant introductions sourced fauna from other Antarctic sites or from regions outside Antarctica. Footwear and other equipment shall Taking or harmful interference with native flora or fauna be thoroughly cleaned before entering the Area. is prohibited. 7(x) Requirements for reports 7(vii) Collection or removal of anything not brought into the Area by the Permit holder Parties should ensure that the principal holder for each Permit issued submits to the appropriate authority a report Collection or removal of anything not brought into the Area describing the activities undertaken. by the Permit holder shall only be in accordance with a

15 SCAR BULLETIN NO. 156

Management Plan Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 142 Svarthamaren

1. Description of values to be protected The Norwegian field station Tor is located in the • the colony of Antarctic petrels (Thalassoica ant- Svarthamaren nunatak at 71º53ʼS, 5º10ʼE. The station, arctica) is the largest known inland seabird colony including a 10-metre buffer zone around the station on the Antarctic continent buildings, is excluded from the Svarthamaren ASPA. • the colony constitutes a large proportion of the Access is by the shortest route from the ice. known world population of Antarctic petrels The main rock types are coarse and medium grained • the colony is an exceptional “natural research charnockites with small amounts of xenoliths. No laboratory” providing for research on the Antarctic continuous weather observations have been carried petrel, snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and south through in the Area, but prevalent air temperature has been polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki), and their ad- observed to range between -5º and -15ºC in January, with aptation to breeding in the interior of Antarctica somewhat lower minimum temperatures in February. 2. Aim and objectives The flora and vegetation are sparse compared with other areas in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella and Gjelsvikfjella. The • avoid human-induced changes to the population only plant species occurring in abundance is the foliose structure, composition and size of the colonies; green alga, Prasiola crispa. • prevent unnecessary disturbance to the colonies;t The north-eastern slopes of Svarthamaren are occupied • allow for undisturbed research on the adaptations by a densely populated colony of Antarctic petrels of the seabirds to the inland conditions; (Thalassoica antarctica) divided into three separate • allow access for other scientific reasons. sub-colonies. The total number of breeding pairs is The focus of the Primary Research is to improve the estimated to be approximately 250,000 pairs. In addition, understanding of how natural and anthropogenic changes in 500-1000 pairs of snow petrels (Pagodroma nivea) and the environment affect the spatial and temporal distribution approximately 80 pairs of south polar skuas (Catharacta of animal populations and how such changes affect maccormicki) breed in the area. interactions between key species in the ecosystem. 6(ii) Restricted zones within the Area 3. Management activities None • ensure the seabird colonies are adequately moni- 6(iii) Location of structures within the Area tored by non-invasive methods; • allow erection of signs/posters, border markers, There are no structures within the Area. etc. and ensure these are maintained; 6(iv) Location of other Protected Areas within close • visits to assess the Area and to ensure management proximity and maintenance measures are adequate None Any direct intervention management activity must be 7. Permit Conditions subject to an environmental impact assessment. Permits may be issued only by appropriate national 4. Period of Designation authorities. Designated for an indefinite period. 7(i) Access to and movement within the Area 5. Maps and Illustrations Access to the area is restricted by the following Map A: Dronning Maud Land (not reproduced here). conditions: Map B: Svarthamaren and surroundings (not reproduced • No pedestrian routes are designated but persons here). shall avoid disturbances to birds and also to the Map C: Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 142, sparse vegetation cover; protected area topographic map. • Vehicles should not enter the site; • No flying over the Area is allowed; 6. Description of Area • Helicopter landings are not allowed within the 6(i) Geographic co-ordinates, boundary markers and boundaries of the ASPA. natural features 7(ii) Activities that are or may be conducted within the The Svarthamaren ASPA is situated in Mühlig- Area, including restrictions on time and place Hoffmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, stretching from approx. 71º33ʼ17”S, 5º09ʼ12”E the north-west to approx. • Primary biological research; 71º55ʼ58”S, 5º15ʼ12”E in the south-east. The distance • Other research programs. from the ice front is about 200 km. The Area covers 7(iii) Installation, modification or removal of structures 2 approximately 6.4 km , and consists of the ice-free areas No structures are to be erected or scientific equipment of the Svarthamaren nunatak. installed except as specified in a permit.

16 NO. 156 JANUARY 2004

7(iv) Location of field camps 7(ix) Measures that may be necessary to ensure that No field camps should be established in the Area. The field the aims and objectives of the Management Plan station Tor should be used with permission. continue to be met 7(v) Restrictions on materials and organisms which may Permits may be granted to enter the Area to carry out be brought into the Area biological monitoring and site inspection activities. • No living animals or plant material shall be delib- 7(x) Requirements for reports erately introduced into the Area. Parties should ensure that the principal holder of each permit • No poultry products shall be taken into the Area. issued submits a report to the appropriate authority . • No herbicides or pesticides shall be brought into the Area. • Any other chemicals (including fuel) shall be removed from the Area before or at the conclusion of the activity for which the permit was granted. Limited fuel storage at the field station Tor is ac- ceptable. • All materials introduced shall be for a stated period and shall be removed at or before the conclusion of that stated period, 7(vi) Taking or harmful interference with native flora and fauna Taking or harmful interference with native flora and fauna is prohibited, except in accordance with a permit. It is recommended that those responsible for the primary research in the Area should be consulted before a permit is granted for taking of birds for purposes not associated with the primary research. 7(vii) Collection and removal of anything not brought into the Area by the Permit holder Material may be collected or removed from the Area only in accordance with a permit, except that debris of man-made origin should be removed and that dead specimens of fauna may be removed for laboratory examination. 7(viii) Disposal of waste All wastes is to be removed from the area.

Proposed Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 162 Mawsonʼs Huts, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Land, East Antarctica Latitude 67º 00ʼ 30” S, Longitude 142º 39ʼ 40” E

Note: This abbreviated ASPA Management Plan should In recognition of the rarity and richness of this social, be read in conjunction with the Management Plan cultural and scientific resource, all four Australasian for ASMA 3. Antarctic Expedition huts are designated as an ASPA, Mawsonʼs Huts are four timber huts that served as the embedded within the Cape Denison ASMA 3. winter base of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911–14 organised and led by geologist Dr Douglas 1.0 Description of Values to be Protected Mawson. An important symbol of the so-called ʻheroic This ASPA is proposed on the grounds that Mawsonʼs Huts ageʼ of Antarctic exploration (1895-1917), the huts at are a site of historic, archaeological, technical, social and Cape Denison are the least disturbed and altered of those aesthetic values. structures remaining from the era. The achievements of the The two huts that form the Main Hut were built of Mawson expedition include some of the earliest studies of Oregon timber frames clad with Baltic pine tongue-and- Antarctic geology, glaciology, oceanography, geography, groove boards. They were prefabricated in Australia, and terrestrial magnetism, astronomy, meteorology, biology, on-site construction was assisted by a branded letter code zoology and botany. on framing members and coded colours painted on board

17 SCAR BULLETIN NO. 156 ends. The three other AAE huts are: 7.0 Maps of the Area • The Absolute Magnetic Hut, constructed during See ASMA 3 February 1912. 8.0 Permit Conditions • The Magnetograph House was erected in March A Permit may be issued by a national authority. 1912 to house equipment used to measure varia- 8.1 Access to and movement within or over the Area tions in the South Magnetic Pole. Onshore access to and within the huts is on foot. • Construction of the Transit Hut commenced in May 1913, with packing case timbers being affixed to 8.1.1 Visitor management an Oregon frame. Day visits to Mawsonʼs Huts may be permitted Mawsonʼs Huts are of aesthetic value; the building form • visitors do not touch the buildings or artefacts. of the huts themselves shows the functional and efficient provided that: planning that was undertaken in response to the site • Visitors may enter the Main Hut and Magnetograph position and the elements endured by the expedition . House if accompanied by a person who has ap- 2.0 Aims and Objectives proved cultural heritage skills; • avoid degradation or risk to the value of the Area • visitation of the interior of the huts is limited to up • maintain the historic values of the Area; to four (4) persons inside the Main Hut, and up to three (3) persons in the Magnetograph House; . • allow management activities; and • prevent unnecessary human disturbance. 8.2 Activities which are or may be conducted within the Area 3.0 Management Activities See ASMA 3 • conservation and archaeological work; 8.3 The installation, modification, or removal of • visits for management purposes; structures • review and update the Management Plan; See ASMA 3 • consultation among national Antarctic programs to ensure these provisions are implemented; and 8.4 The location of field camps • installation of signage to indicate the boundaries. Tents should be pitched on the wooden platform adjacent to Sørensen Hut. 4.0 Period of Designation 8.5 Restrictions on materials and organisms that may This ASPA is designated for an indefinite period. be brought into the Area 5.0 Description of the Area See ASMA 3. 5.1 Geographical coordinates, boundary markers and 8.6 Taking or harmful interference with native flora or natural features fauna Cape Denison is a 1.5 km-wide peninsula projecting into See ASMA 3 the centre of Commonwealth Bay. The ASPA covers four 8.7 The collection or removal of anything not brought areas. Each area consists of one hut and a five (5) metre into the Area by the Permit holder buffer zone extending from the perimeter of the hut. The huts are located at: See ASMA 3 • Main Hut: 67º00ʼ31”S, 142º39ʼ39”E; 8.8 Disposal of wastes • Transit Hut: 67°00ʼ30”S, 142°39ʼ42”E; All wastes should be removed from the Area. • Absolute Magnetic Hut: 67°00ʼ23”S, 142°39ʼ48”E 8.9 Measures that may be necessary to ensure aims and • Magnetograph House: 67°00ʼ21”S, 142°39ʼ37”E. objectives of the Plan can continue to be met 5.2 Access to the Area • Provision of information for visitors including a Sea, land and air access to Mawsonʼs Huts is difficult due briefing video and interpretative literature; to the rugged topography and climate of the area. See • a post-visit survey to assist in the formal monitoring ASMA 3 Management Plan. of visitor impact; 5.3 Location of structures and other anthropogenic • off-site interpretation that maximises the use of objects within and near to the Area available media, including the Internet; and The ASPA is located within the Cape Denison ASMA • the development of skills and resources to assist in the protection of the Areaʼs values. 5.4 Location of other protected areas in or near to the Area 8.10 Reports to be made to the appropriate authority regarding visits to the Area ASPA 162 is located within the Cape Denison ASMA 3. Parties should ensure the principal holder for each Permit 6.0 Zones within the Area submits a report describing the activities undertaken There are no zones within ASPA 162.

18 NO. 156 JANUARY 2004

9.0 Exchange of Information conducted by persons subject to their jurisdiction, which Parties should maintain a record of activities approved should be in sufﬁcient detail to allow evaluation of the for this ASPA and, in the Annual Exchange of Informa- effectiveness of this Management Plan. tion, should provide summary descriptions of activities

Measure 3 (2004) Antarctic Protected Area System: Historic Sites and Monuments: Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Land and Plaque and Monument at India Point and, Humboldt Mountains, Central Dronning Maud Land.

The Representatives, contained within its waters. Site incorporated within Recalling Recommendations I – IX, VI-14 and Measure ASMA No. 3 Part of this site is also designated as 3 (2003); ASPA No. 162. Noting the requirements of Article 8 of Annex V to the Location: 67˚00ʼ30”S, 142˚39”40”Original proposing Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Party: Australia Treaty to maintain a list of current Historic Sites and Party undertaking management: Australia Monuments and that such sites shall not be damaged, 2. That the following site be added to the List of Historic removed or destroyed; Sites and Monuments approved by the Antarctic Recommend to their Governments the following Measure Treaty Consultative Meeting” annexed to Measure 3 for approval in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article (2003): 8 of Annex V and paragraph 4 of Article IX of the No. 78: Memorial plaque at India Point, Humboldt Antarctic Treaty: Mountains, Wohlthat Massif, central Dronning Maud 1. That Historic Site and Monument numbers 12 and 13 be Land erected in memory of three scientists of the removed from the Antarctic Treaty list of Historic Sites Geological Survey of India (GSI) and a communication and Monuments and be subsumed into the following technician from the Indian Navy – all members of the new Historic Site and Monument to be added to the ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica, who sacriﬁced “List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by their lives in this mountain camp in an accident on 8th the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting” annexed January 1990. to Measure 3 (2003): Location: 71º45ʼ08”S, 11º12ʼ30”E No. 77: Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Original proposing Party: India Land, including Boat Harbour and the historic artefacts Party undertaking management: India

Management Plan for Historic Site and Monument No. 77 and Antarctic Specially Managed Area No. 3 Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, George V Land, East Antarctica Latitude 67°00ʼ13”S — 67°00ʼ50”S; Longitude 142°40ʼ00.1”E — 142°41ʼ27”E

Introduction geography, terrestrial magnetism, astronomy, meteorology, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay is one of the principal glaciology, oceanography, biology, zoology and botany. sites of early human activity in Antarctica. It is the location It was also the base of numerous explorations inland and of the base of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911- features artefacts associated with these sledging parties, 14 organised and led by Dr (later Sir) Douglas Mawson. including food caches and equipment. An important symbol of the ʻheroic ageʼ of Antarctic exploration (1895-1917), it is one of only six hut sites Note: a fuller version of the Management Plan is given remaining from this period. Cape Denison hosted some of as the second Annex to Measure 1 (2004) at the the earliest comprehensive studies of Antarctic geology, beginning of this issue of SCAR Bulletin.

Management Plan for Historic Site and Monument No. 78 Memorial plaque at India Point, Humboldt Mountains, Wohlthat Massif, central Dronning Maud Land Latitude: 71º45ʼ08”S Longitude: 11º12ʼ30”E

Proposed site Description Plaque and Monument at India Point, Humboldt Moun- Memorial plaque erected in memory of three scientists of tains, Wohlthat Massif, central Dronning Maud Land. Geological Survey of India (GSI) and a communication technician from Indian Navy - all members of ninth Indian

19 SCAR BULLETIN NO. 156

Expedition to Antarctica, who scarified their lives in this the site. Use of vehicles should be carefully managed. All mountain camp in an accident on 8 January 1990. visits should recognize the values to be protected. Background Description of the site In pursuance of the scientific goals set for the Ninth Indian The memorial plaque is on the foothills of northwestern side Antarctic Expedition to Antarctica, a mountain camp was of Flanuten peak in the southern Humboldt Mountains, east established on 6 January 1990 to facilitate geological of Somovken Glacier. The site is at an altitude of 1900m mapping of Humboldt Mountains and related studies. The at approximately 71°45ʼ08”S; 11°12ʼ30”E. following expeditioners inhabited the camp: The area is marked by high jagged peaks exhibiting 1. V K Srivastava 33 Years Geologist (GSI) typical Alpine topography. The surrounding hills rise to a 2. B L Sharma 46 Years Geologist (GSI) maximum elevation (2855m) east of Vindigghallet Glacier. 3. A K Bedi 42 Years Geophysicist (GSI) Several glaciers originate from these hills and descend 4. N C Joshi 27 Years Naval Technician westward to join Somovken Glacier. A prominent ice field (Indian Navy) with flat to very gentle slopes exists north of the site.. It was in the remote parts of the mountains in Central The site comprises Proterozoic metamorphic rocks Dronning Maud Land, that camp inmates lost their lives imprinted by Grenvillian and Pan-African orogenies. on 8 January 1990 in a tragic incident of gas poisoning. Gneissic rocks, including quartzofeldspthcic gneiss, Their bodies were recovered next day during a routine quartz-biotite gneiss, garnet-sillimanite gneiss and visit by the leader of the expedition and flown home for sillimanite-cordierite gneiss dominate the area. Foliation- necessary rituals. A black dolerite plaque engraved with parallel bands of 2-pyroxene granulites and calc-silicates the names of the departed was erected at the campsite in occur within the country gneiss. Late stage intrusions of their memory in February 1991. pegmatite, quartz veins and basic dykes are frequently Management Guidelines observed. The paragneisses exhibit khondalitic affinity. The Declaration of the site as a monument aims at ensuring that rocks exhibit a polydeformational and polymetamorphic the site of the tragic death is kept inviolate by preventing history with at least 3 major phases of folding with human disturbance and allowing visitation. associated metamorphism. A detailed location map is prominently displayed at the The maps and photographs are not reproduced here. Indian station “Maitri” and a sign describing the historical 1. Map of part of southern Humboldt Mountains importance of the area will be placed and maintained near 2. Map showing details of the site. 3. Photograph of the plaque 4. Photograph of the persons.

Measure 4 (2004) Insurance and Contingency Planning for Tourism and Non Governmental Activities in the Antarctic Treaty Area

The Representatives, That Parties shall require those under their jurisdiction Concerned at the potential impacts, including the organising or conducting tourist or other non-governmental imposition of additional costs, that tourist or other activities in the Antarctic Treaty Area, for which advance non-governmental activities may have on national notification is required in accordance with Article VII (5) programmes, and the risks to the safety of those of the Antarctic Treaty, to demonstrate compliance with involved in search and rescue operations; the following requirements: Desiring to ensure that tourist or other non-governmental • that appropriate contingency plans and sufficient activities undertaken in Antarctica are carried out in arrangements for health and safety, search and res- a safe and self-sufficient manner; cue (SAR), and medical care and evacuation have Desiring further to ensure that the risks associated with been drawn up and are in place prior to the start tourism or other non-governmental activities are fully of the activity. Such plans and arrangements shall identified in advance, and minimised; not be reliant on support from other operators or Noting that the “Procedures to be Followed by Organisers national programmes without their express written and Operators”, as set out in the Attachment to agreement; and Recommendation XVIII-1, contain some elements • that adequate insurance or other arrangements are relating to self-sufficiency and insurance; in place to cover any costs associated with search Recommend to their Governments the following Measure and rescue and medical care and evacuation. for approval in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article IX of the Antarctic Treaty: