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A Sheffield Hallam University Thesis
The polar sublime in contemporary poetry of Arctic and Antarctic exploration. JACKSON, Andrew Buchanan. Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20170/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20170/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. jj Learning and information Services I Adsetts Centre, City Campus * Sheffield S1 1WD 102 156 549 0 REFERENCE ProQuest Number: 10700005 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10700005 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 The Polar Sublime in Contemporary Poetry of Arctic and Antarctic Exploration Andrew Buchanan Jackson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2015 Abstract In this thesis I formulate the concept of a polar sublime, building on the work of Chauncy Loomis and Francis Spufford, and use this new framework for the appraisal of contemporary polar-themed poetry. -
Potential Regime Shift in Decreased Sea Ice Production After the Mertz Glacier Calving
ARTICLE Received 27 Jan 2012 | Accepted 3 Apr 2012 | Published 8 May 2012 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1820 Potential regime shift in decreased sea ice production after the Mertz Glacier calving T. Tamura1,2,*, G.D. Williams2,*, A.D. Fraser2 & K.I. Ohshima3 Variability in dense shelf water formation can potentially impact Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) production, a vital component of the global climate system. In East Antarctica, the George V Land polynya system (142–150°E) is structured by the local ‘icescape’, promoting sea ice formation that is driven by the offshore wind regime. Here we present the first observations of this region after the repositioning of a large iceberg (B9B) precipitated the calving of the Mertz Glacier Tongue in 2010. Using satellite data, we find that the total sea ice production for the region in 2010 and 2011 was 144 and 134 km3, respectively, representing a 14–20% decrease from a value of 168 km3 averaged from 2000–2009. This abrupt change to the regional icescape could result in decreased polynya activity, sea ice production, and ultimately the dense shelf water export and AABW production from this region for the coming decades. 1 National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan. 2 Antarctic Climate & Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. 3 Institute of Low Temperature of Science, Sapporo, Japan. *These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.T. (email: [email protected]) or to G.D.W. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 3:826 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1820 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. -
Species Status Assessment Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes Fosteri)
SPECIES STATUS ASSESSMENT EMPEROR PENGUIN (APTENODYTES FOSTERI) Emperor penguin chicks being socialized by male parents at Auster Rookery, 2008. Photo Credit: Gary Miller, Australian Antarctic Program. Version 1.0 December 2020 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Program Branch of Delisting and Foreign Species Falls Church, Virginia Acknowledgements: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Penguins are flightless birds that are highly adapted for the marine environment. The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species. Emperors are near the top of the Southern Ocean’s food chain and primarily consume Antarctic silverfish, Antarctic krill, and squid. They are excellent swimmers and can dive to great depths. The average life span of emperor penguin in the wild is 15 to 20 years. Emperor penguins currently breed at 61 colonies located around Antarctica, with the largest colonies in the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea. The total population size is estimated at approximately 270,000–280,000 breeding pairs or 625,000–650,000 total birds. Emperor penguin depends upon stable fast ice throughout their 8–9 month breeding season to complete the rearing of its single chick. They are the only warm-blooded Antarctic species that breeds during the austral winter and therefore uniquely adapted to its environment. Breeding colonies mainly occur on fast ice, close to the coast or closely offshore, and amongst closely packed grounded icebergs that prevent ice breaking out during the breeding season and provide shelter from the wind. Sea ice extent in the Southern Ocean has undergone considerable inter-annual variability over the last 40 years, although with much greater inter-annual variability in the five sectors than for the Southern Ocean as a whole. -
In the Annals of Antarctic Exploration the Names Shackleton, Scott and Mawson Are Well Known and Documented
In the annals of Antarctic exploration the names Shackleton, Scott and Mawson are well known and documented. However there were many others involved in the expeditions. The name of Ninnis came to light recently when Hayward’s Auction House sold some sketches by Aubrey Howard Ninnis, and the trail was very interesting. On 4 August 1914 Ernest Shackleton left Buenos Aires in Endurance for the Weddell Sea on his ‘Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition’ which aimed to cross the continent from the Weddell Sea via the South Pole to McMurdo Sound. Aurora was a steam yacht built in Glasgow in 1876 for a whaling company operating out of New Foundland from 1876 to 1910. In 1910 she was bought by Douglas Mawson for his Australasian Antarctic Expedition. In 1914 Sir Ernest Shackleton tasked Aurora to help set up supply depots along the route for his Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The Aurora sailed from Sydney on15 December 1914 for the Ross Sea where she moored to the shore in Cape Evans Bay, McMurdo Sound. Her mission was to land supplies and lay depots inland to 80 degrees south for the Shackleton party. Though secured to shore by six wire cable attached to anchors embedded in the ice, the Aurora was carried away by a blizzard on 6 May 1915 and driven many miles out to sea. Ten men were stranded on shore, but Ninnis was stranded on board. The ship managed to break free of the ice on 18 July 1915, and after much drama she finally berthed at Port Chalmers on 3 April 1916. -
Antarctic Primer
Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state. -
Seasonal Dynamics of Totten Ice Shelf Controlled by Sea Ice Buttressing
The Cryosphere, 12, 2869–2882, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2869-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Seasonal dynamics of Totten Ice Shelf controlled by sea ice buttressing Chad A. Greene1, Duncan A. Young1, David E. Gwyther2, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi3,4, and Donald D. Blankenship1 1Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 2Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 3Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia 4Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Correspondence: Chad A. Greene ([email protected]) Received: 18 April 2018 – Discussion started: 4 May 2018 Revised: 15 August 2018 – Accepted: 23 August 2018 – Published: 6 September 2018 Abstract. Previous studies of Totten Ice Shelf have em- et al., 2015). Short-term observations have identified Totten ployed surface velocity measurements to estimate its mass Glacier and its ice shelf (TIS) as thinning rapidly (Pritchard balance and understand its sensitivities to interannual et al., 2009, 2012) and losing mass (Chen et al., 2009), changes in climate forcing. However, displacement measure- but longer-term observations paint a more complex picture ments acquired over timescales of days to weeks may not ac- of interannual variability marked by multiyear periods of curately characterize long-term flow rates wherein ice veloc- ice thickening, thinning, acceleration, and slowdown (Paolo ity fluctuates with the seasons. Quantifying annual mass bud- et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016; Roberts et al., 2017; Greene et al., gets or analyzing interannual changes in ice velocity requires 2017a). -
Antarctica: Music, Sounds and Cultural Connections
Antarctica Music, sounds and cultural connections Antarctica Music, sounds and cultural connections Edited by Bernadette Hince, Rupert Summerson and Arnan Wiesel Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Antarctica - music, sounds and cultural connections / edited by Bernadette Hince, Rupert Summerson, Arnan Wiesel. ISBN: 9781925022285 (paperback) 9781925022292 (ebook) Subjects: Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914)--Centennial celebrations, etc. Music festivals--Australian Capital Territory--Canberra. Antarctica--Discovery and exploration--Australian--Congresses. Antarctica--Songs and music--Congresses. Other Creators/Contributors: Hince, B. (Bernadette), editor. Summerson, Rupert, editor. Wiesel, Arnan, editor. Australian National University School of Music. Antarctica - music, sounds and cultural connections (2011 : Australian National University). Dewey Number: 780.789471 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photo: Moonrise over Fram Bank, Antarctica. Photographer: Steve Nicol © Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents Preface: Music and Antarctica . ix Arnan Wiesel Introduction: Listening to Antarctica . 1 Tom Griffiths Mawson’s musings and Morse code: Antarctic silence at the end of the ‘Heroic Era’, and how it was lost . 15 Mark Pharaoh Thulia: a Tale of the Antarctic (1843): The earliest Antarctic poem and its musical setting . 23 Elizabeth Truswell Nankyoku no kyoku: The cultural life of the Shirase Antarctic Expedition 1910–12 . -
Leadership Lessons from Sir Douglas Mawson
LEADERSHIP LESSONS FROM SIR DOUGLAS MAWSON Sir Douglas Mawson was one of the most courageous and adventurous men Australia has produced. Through his determination and efforts he added to the Commonwealth an area in Antarctica almost as large as Australia itself. He was born in Yorkshire, England May 1882 and at the age of four his parents migrated to Sydney. He was educated at the University of Sydney and played a leading role in founding the Science Society. His great interest was geology and in 1902 he joined expeditions to survey the land around Mittagong and later the New Hebrides Islands. In 1905 he was appointed Lecturer in Mineralogy and Petrology at the University of Adelaide which he served in various capacities until his death. In 1907 a tour of the Snowy Mountains became his first experience of a glacial environment with an ascent of Mount Kosciusko and the beginning of his interest in Antarctica. At this time Britain, Germany and Sweden were involved in Antarctica, Ernest Shackleton was determined to reach the South Pole and in 1907 lead a party with Mawson joining as physicist and surveyor of the expedition. They reached the continent in February 1908 and Shackleton decided that Mawson, Professor Edgeworth David and Dr Forbes MacKay should travel 1800km to the Magnetic Pole. During the expedition they met very bad surfaces and some blizzards and they had underestimated the distance to the Magnetic Pole. While they reached their destination all were in poor condition with only seal meat to eat. They struggled back over hundreds of kilometres of ice caps and at last saw their ship, the Nimrod, less than a kilometre away when suddenly Mawson fell six metres down a crevasse. -
Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 78/Tuesday, April 23, 2019/Rules
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 78 / Tuesday, April 23, 2019 / Rules and Regulations 16791 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., nor does it require Agricultural commodities, Pesticides SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The any special considerations under and pests, Reporting and recordkeeping Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as Executive Order 12898, entitled requirements. amended (‘‘ACA’’) (16 U.S.C. 2401, et ‘‘Federal Actions to Address Dated: April 12, 2019. seq.) implements the Protocol on Environmental Justice in Minority Environmental Protection to the Richard P. Keigwin, Jr., Populations and Low-Income Antarctic Treaty (‘‘the Protocol’’). Populations’’ (59 FR 7629, February 16, Director, Office of Pesticide Programs. Annex V contains provisions for the 1994). Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is protection of specially designated areas Since tolerances and exemptions that amended as follows: specially managed areas and historic are established on the basis of a petition sites and monuments. Section 2405 of under FFDCA section 408(d), such as PART 180—[AMENDED] title 16 of the ACA directs the Director the tolerance exemption in this action, of the National Science Foundation to ■ do not require the issuance of a 1. The authority citation for part 180 issue such regulations as are necessary proposed rule, the requirements of the continues to read as follows: and appropriate to implement Annex V Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321(q), 346a and 371. to the Protocol. et seq.) do not apply. ■ 2. Add § 180.1365 to subpart D to read The Antarctic Treaty Parties, which This action directly regulates growers, as follows: includes the United States, periodically food processors, food handlers, and food adopt measures to establish, consolidate retailers, not States or tribes. -
32. Mawson's Huts and Cape Denison
32. Mawson’s Huts and Cape Denison Updated: 2014 67°00’31”S, 142°40’43”E – Mawson’s Huts and Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, East Antarctica, Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 162, and Historic Site and Monument No. 77. Key features ‐ Historic huts and original contents from the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911‐ 1914 led by Dr (later Sir) Douglas Mawson. ‐ A largely unmodified cultural landscape with expedition huts, objects and artefacts in their original context, demonstrating the living conditions, scientific research, isolation, and environmental extremes of the expedition. Description Topography: Cape Denison is a largely ice‐free peninsula adjacent to the polar plateau. The cape consists of rocky ridges and valleys. The Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) extends from Land’s End to John O’Groats, and south to the moraine line. Fauna: Confirmed breeders: Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) in multiple colonies, and small numbers of Wilson’s storm petrels (Oceanites oceanicus), snow petrels (Pagodroma nivea), and south polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki). Other: Weddell, leopard, and elephant seals haul out (Leptonychotes weddellii, Hydrurga leptonyx, Mirounga leonina), and emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus), cape petrels (Daption capense), and Antarctic petrels (Thalassoica Antarctica) have been observed. Flora: 13 lichen species, and non‐marine algae have been recorded in the area. Historic Huts and Artefacts: Four huts from the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911‐1914 stand at Cape Denison: the Main Hut and the Magnetograph House which are intact; and the Absolute Magnetic Hut and Transit Hut which are standing ruins. Also present are remains of scientific instruments and installations, wireless masts, a memorial cross, and scatters of artefacts. -
A Case Study of Sea Ice Concentration Retrieval Near Dibble Glacier, East Antarctica
European MSc in Marine Environment MER and Resources UPV/EHU–SOTON–UB-ULg REF: 2013-0237 MASTER THESIS PROJECT A case study of sea ice concentration retrieval near Dibble Glacier, East Antarctica: Contradicting observations between passive microwave remote sensing and optical satellites BY LAM Hoi Ming August 2016 Bremen, Germany PLENTZIA (UPV/EHU), SEPTEMBER 2016 European MSc in Marine Environment MER and Resources UPV/EHU–SOTON–UB-ULg REF: 2013-0237 Dr Manu Soto as teaching staff of the MER Master of the University of the Basque Country CERTIFIES: That the research work entitled “A case study of sea ice concentration retrieval near Dibble Glacier, East Antarctica: Contradiction between passive microwave remote sensing and optical satellite observations” has been carried out by LAM Hoi Ming in the Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen under the supervision of Dr Gunnar Spreen from the of the University of Bremen in order to achieve 30 ECTS as a part of the MER Master program. In September 2016 Signed: Supervisor PLENTZIA (UPV/EHU), SEPTEMBER 2016 Abstract In East Antarctica, around 136°E 66°S, spurious appearance of polynya (open water area within an ice pack) is observed on ice concentration maps derived from the ASI (ARTIST Sea Ice) algorithm during the period of February to April 2014, using satellite data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR-2). This contradicts with the visual images obtained by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which show the area to be ice covered during the period. In this study, data of ice concentration, brightness temperature, air temperature, snowfall, bathymetry, and wind in the area were analysed to identify possible explanations for the occurrence of such phenomenon, hereafter referred to as the artefact. -
Cape Denison MAWSON CENTENNIAL 1911–2011, Commonwealth Bay
Cape Denison MAWSON CENTENNIAL 1911–2011, Commonwealth Bay Mawson and the Australasian Geology of Cape Denison Landforms of Cape Denison Position of Cape Denison in Gondwana Antarctic Expedition The two dominant rock-types found at Cape Denison Cape Denison is a small ice-free rocky outcrop covering Around 270 Million years ago the continents that we are orthogneiss and amphibolite. There are also minor less than one square kilometre, which emerges from The Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) took place know today were part of a single ancient supercontinent occurrences of coarse grained felsic pegmatites. beneath the continental ice sheet. Stillwell (1918) reported between 1911 and 1914, and was organised and led by called Pangea. Later, Pangea split into two smaller that the continental ice sheet rises steeply behind Cape the geologist, Dr Douglas Mawson. The expedition was The Cape Denison Orthogneiss was described by Stillwell (1918) as supercontinents, Laurasia and Gondwana, and Denison reaching an altitude of ‘1000 ft in three miles and jointly funded by the Australian and British Governments coarse-grained grey quartz-feldspar layered granitic gneiss. These rock Antarctica formed part of Gondwana. with contributions received from various individuals and types are normally formed by metamorphism (changed by extreme heat 1500 ft in five and a half miles’ (approximately 300 metres and pressure) of granites. The Cape Denison Orthogneiss is found around In current reconstructions of the supercontinent Gondwana, the Cape scientific societies, including the Australasian Association to 450 metres over 8.9 kilometres). Photography by Chris Carson Cape Denison, the nearby offshore Mackellar Islands, and nearby outcrops Denison–Commonwealth Bay region was located adjacent to the coast for the Advancement of Science.