Metallographic Preparation of Cast Iron Application Notes
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Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons Under Similar Hardness
metals Article Wear Behavior of Austempered and Quenched and Tempered Gray Cast Irons under Similar Hardness 1,2 2 2 2, , Bingxu Wang , Xue Han , Gary C. Barber and Yuming Pan * y 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; [email protected] 2 Automotive Tribology Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; [email protected] (X.H.); [email protected] (G.C.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Current address: 201 N. Squirrel Rd Apt 1204, Auburn Hills, MI 48326, USA. y Received: 14 November 2019; Accepted: 4 December 2019; Published: 8 December 2019 Abstract: In this research, an austempering heat treatment was applied on gray cast iron using various austempering temperatures ranging from 232 ◦C to 371 ◦C and holding times ranging from 1 min to 120 min. The microstructure and hardness were examined using optical microscopy and a Rockwell hardness tester. Rotational ball-on-disk sliding wear tests were carried out to investigate the wear behavior of austempered gray cast iron samples and to compare with conventional quenched and tempered gray cast iron samples under equivalent hardness. For the austempered samples, it was found that acicular ferrite and carbon saturated austenite were formed in the matrix. The ferritic platelets became coarse when increasing the austempering temperature or extending the holding time. Hardness decreased due to a decreasing amount of martensite in the matrix. In wear tests, austempered gray cast iron samples showed slightly higher wear resistance than quenched and tempered samples under similar hardness while using the austempering temperatures of 232 ◦C, 260 ◦C, 288 ◦C, and 316 ◦C and distinctly better wear resistance while using the austempering temperatures of 343 ◦C and 371 ◦C. -
Role of Austenitization Temperature on Structure Homogeneity and Transformation Kinetics in Austempered Ductile Iron
Metals and Materials International https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00245-y Role of Austenitization Temperature on Structure Homogeneity and Transformation Kinetics in Austempered Ductile Iron M. Górny1 · G. Angella2 · E. Tyrała1 · M. Kawalec1 · S. Paź1 · A. Kmita3 Received: 17 December 2018 / Accepted: 14 January 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract This paper considers the important factors of the production of high-strength ADI (Austempered Ductile Iron); namely, the austenitization stage during heat treatment. The two series of ADI with diferent initial microstructures were taken into consideration in this work. Experiments were carried out for castings with a 25-mm-walled thickness. Variable techniques (OM, SEM, dilatometry, DSC, Variable Magnetic Field, hardness, and impact strength measurements) were used for investi- gations of the infuence of austenitization time on austempering transformation kinetics and structure in austempered ductile iron. The outcome of this work indicates that the austenitizing temperature has a very signifcant impact on structure homo- geneity and the resultant mechanical properties. It has been shown that the homogeneity of the metallic matrix of the ADI microstructure strongly depends on the austenitizing temperature and the initial microstructure of the spheroidal cast irons (mainly through the number of graphite nodules). In addition, this work shows the role of the austenitization temperature on the formation of Mg–Cu precipitations in ADI. Keywords Metals · Casting · ADI · Heat treatment · Mg2Cu particles 1 Introduction light/heavy trucks, construction and mining equipment, railroad, agricultural, gears and crankshafts, and brackets, Austempered ductile iron (ADI) belongs to the spheroidal among others [5–7]. In the literature, numerous papers have graphite cast iron (SGI) family, which is subjected to heat been published on ADI: particularly, on the numerical sim- treatment; i.e., austenitization and austempering. -
Structure/Property Relationships in Irons and Steels Bruce L
Copyright © 1998 ASM International® Metals Handbook Desk Edition, Second Edition All rights reserved. J.R. Davis, Editor, p 153-173 www.asminternational.org Structure/Property Relationships in Irons and Steels Bruce L. Bramfitt, Homer Research Laboratories, Bethlehem Steel Corporation Basis of Material Selection ............................................... 153 Role of Microstructure .................................................. 155 Ferrite ............................................................. 156 Pearlite ............................................................ 158 Ferrite-Pearl ite ....................................................... 160 Bainite ............................................................ 162 Martensite .................................... ...................... 164 Austenite ........................................................... 169 Ferrite-Cementite ..................................................... 170 Ferrite-Martensite .................................................... 171 Ferrite-Austenite ..................................................... 171 Graphite ........................................................... 172 Cementite .......................................................... 172 This Section was adapted from Materials 5election and Design, Volume 20, ASM Handbook, 1997, pages 357-382. Additional information can also be found in the Sections on cast irons and steels which immediately follow in this Handbook and by consulting the index. THE PROPERTIES of irons and steels -
Materials Technology – Placement
MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 01. An eutectoid steel consists of A. Wholly pearlite B. Pearlite and ferrite C. Wholly austenite D. Pearlite and cementite ANSWER: A 02. Iron-carbon alloys containing 1.7 to 4.3% carbon are known as A. Eutectic cast irons B. Hypo-eutectic cast irons C. Hyper-eutectic cast irons D. Eutectoid cast irons ANSWER: B 03. The hardness of steel increases if it contains A. Pearlite B. Ferrite C. Cementite D. Martensite ANSWER: C 04. Pearlite is a combination of A. Ferrite and cementite B. Ferrite and austenite C. Ferrite and iron graphite D. Pearlite and ferrite ANSWER: A 05. Austenite is a combination of A. Ferrite and cementite B. Cementite and gamma iron C. Ferrite and austenite D. Pearlite and ferrite ANSWER: B 06. Maximum percentage of carbon in ferrite is A. 0.025% B. 0.06% C. 0.1% D. 0.25% ANSWER: A 07. Maximum percentage of carbon in austenite is A. 0.025% B. 0.8% 1 C. 1.25% D. 1.7% ANSWER: D 08. Pure iron is the structure of A. Ferrite B. Pearlite C. Austenite D. Ferrite and pearlite ANSWER: A 09. Austenite phase in Iron-Carbon equilibrium diagram _______ A. Is face centered cubic structure B. Has magnetic phase C. Exists below 727o C D. Has body centered cubic structure ANSWER: A 10. What is the crystal structure of Alpha-ferrite? A. Body centered cubic structure B. Face centered cubic structure C. Orthorhombic crystal structure D. Tetragonal crystal structure ANSWER: A 11. In Iron-Carbon equilibrium diagram, at which temperature cementite changes fromferromagnetic to paramagnetic character? A. -
(ADI): Influence of Austempering Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical and Wear Properties and Ener
metals Article Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI): Influence of Austempering Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical and Wear Properties and Energy Consumption Prabhukumar Sellamuthu 1, D. G. Harris Samuel 1,*, D. Dinakaran 1, V. P. Premkumar 2, Zushu Li 3 and Sridhar Seetharaman 3 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai 603103, India; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (D.D.) 2 Research and Development, Nelcast Private Ltd., Chennai 600018, India; [email protected] 3 WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] or [email protected] (S.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-94440-89903 Received: 23 November 2017; Accepted: 22 December 2017; Published: 12 January 2018 Abstract: Alloyed Ductile iron, austenitized at 840 ◦C for 30 min in a special sealed austempering furnace, was austempered for 30 min in molten salt mixture at 4 trial temperatures of 300 ◦C, 320 ◦C, 340 ◦C and 360 ◦C. Tensile strength, yield strength, percentage elongation and impact energy were evaluated for the as-cast and austempered samples. Microstructures were investigated using microscopy, coupled with analyzing software and a scanning electron microscopy. The specific wear of samples was tested using pin-on-disc wear testing machine. X-ray diffraction was performed to calculate the amount of retained austenite present in the ausferrite matrix. As-cast microstructure consists of ferrite and pearlite, whereas austempered ductile iron (ADI) contains a mixture of acicular ferrite and carbon enriched austenite, called “ausferrite”. Hardness and strength decreased, whereas ductility and impact strength improved with an increase in the austempering temperature. -
Quantification of the Microstructures of Hypoeutectic White Cast Iron Using
Quantification of the Microstructures of Hypoeutectic White Cast Iron using Mathematical Morphology and an Artificial Neuronal Network Victor Albuquerque, João Manuel R. S. Tavares, Paulo Cortez Abstract This paper describes an automatic system for segmentation and quantification of the microstructures of white cast iron. Mathematical morphology algorithms are used to segment the microstructures in the input images, which are later identified and quantified by an artificial neuronal network. A new computational system was developed because ordinary software could not segment the microstructures of this cast iron correctly, which is composed of cementite, pearlite and ledeburite. For validation purpose, 30 samples were analyzed. The microstructures of the material in analysis were adequately segmented and quantified, which did not happen when we used ordinary commercial software. Therefore, the proposed system offers researchers, engineers, specialists and others, a valuable and competent tool for automatic and efficient microstructural analysis from images. Keywords: hypoeutectic white cast iron, image processing and analysis, mathematical morphology, artificial neuronal network, image quantification. 1 1. Introduction Cast iron is an iron-carbon-silicon alloy used in numerous industrial applications, such as the base structures of manufacturing machines, rollers, valves, pump bodies and mechanical gears, among others. The main families of cast irons are: nodular cast iron, malleable cast iron, grey cast iron and white cast iron (Callister, 2006). Their properties, as of all materials, are influenced by their microstructures and therefore, the correct characterization of their microstructures is highly important. Thus, quantitative metallography is commonly used to determine the quantity, appearance, size and distribution of the phases and constituents of the white cast iron microstructures. -
Heat Treatment
Heat Treatment R. Manna Assistant Professor Centre of Advanced Study Department of Metallurgical Engineering Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221 005, India [email protected] Tata Steel-TRAERF Faculty Fellowship Visiting Scholar Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ [email protected] HEAT TREATMENT Fundamentals Fe-C equilibrium diagram. Isothermal and continuous cooling transformation diagrams for plain carbon and alloy steels. Microstructure and mechanical properties of pearlite, bainite and martensite. Austenitic grain size. Hardenability, its measurement and control. Processes Annealing, normalising and hardening of steels, quenching media, tempering. Homogenisation. Dimensional and compositional changes during heat treatment. Residual stresses and decarburisation. 2 Surface Hardening Case carburising, nitriding, carbonitriding, induction and flame hardening processes. Special Grade Steels Stainless steels, high speed tool steels, maraging steels, high strength low alloy steels. Cast irons White, gray and spheroidal graphitic cast irons Nonferrous Metals Annealing of cold worked metals. Recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth. Heat treatment of aluminum, copper, magnesium, titanium and nickel alloys. Temper designations for aluminum and magnesium alloys. Controlled Atmospheres Oxidizing, reducing and neutral atmospheres. 3 Suggested Reading R. E. Reed-Hill and R. Abbaschian: Physical Metallurgy Principles, PWS , Publishing Company, Boston, Third Edition. Vijendra Singh: Heat treatment of Metals, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi. Anil Kumar Sinha: Physical Metallurgy Handbook, McGraw- Hill Publication. H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and R. W. K. Honeycombe: Steels- Microstructure and Properties, Butterworth-Heinemann, Third Edition, 2006 R. C. Sharma: Principles of Heat Treatment of Steels, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publisher. Charlie R. Brooks: Heat Treatment: Structure and Properties of Nonferrous Alloys, A. -
Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings 150 Lb & 300 Lb Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Specifications
® CORPORATE OFFICE TEL (800) 766-0076 LOCAL (323) 890-4455 FAX (323) 890-4456 WWW.SMITHCOOPER.COM Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings 150 lb & 300 lb Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Specifications • Manufacturing facilities are ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001 • Class 150 China fittings are UL listed and FM approved at 300 PSI • Class 300 China fittings are UL listed ® • Malleable castings conform to ASTM A197 • Hot-dipped galvanized fittings conform to ASTM A153 • Malleable fitting dimensions conform to ASME B16.3 • Malleable bushings, plugs and locknuts conform to ASME B16.14 • Malleable unions conform to ASME B16.39 • NPT threads on all fittings conform to ASME B1.20.1 • Independent lab verification that fittings meet applicable chemical & physical properties SCI Quality Plus • Quality control inspections both at the overseas factory and our US warehouses • All fittings 100% tested under water • Company engineer available at your request • $10,000,000 product liability insurance • SCI trademark logo on each fitting • SCI 5/50 guarantee • Pro Pak System makes products easier to handle and warehouse • Orders shipped with in 24 hours • Fax confirmation of every order • Knowledgeable customer service personnel Warranty and Limitations of Liability SMITH-COOPER INTERNATIONAL (SCI) warrants to its initial purchaser only, that its products which are delivered to this initial purchaser will be of the kind described in the order or price list and will be free of defects in workmanship or material for a period of five years from the date of delivery to our -
PVF Product Guide
Product Guide Pipes, Valves, Fittings plus Threaded Rod, Strut, Hangers & Accessories 1-800-849-3900 www.dillonsupply.com Index Pipe Fittings, Threaded � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 Weld Fittings � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 17 Traps and Strainers � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 26 Bushings, Double Tap Tank � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 Carbon Steel, Global � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 17 Steam Trap, Thermo-dynamic, Bushings, Hex � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 Forged Steel Socket Weld 3000#, Import � � � 18 Spirax-Sarco � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 26 Caps � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 3 Steam Trap, Universal Thermo-dynamic, 19 Couplings � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 Flanges and Flange Gaskets � � � � � � � � � � � Spirax-Sarco � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 26 Couplings, Reducing � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 Flange, Carbon Steel, Import � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 19 Strainers, Cast Iron, Spirax-Sarco � � � � � � � � � 26 Crosses � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 Flange, Floor � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 19 Universal Steam Trap Connectors, 26 Elbows, 45 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 Flange Gasket, Bolt and Nut Kit � � � � � � � � � � � � 20 Spirax-Sarco � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Elbows, 90 -
Integration of Mechanics Into Materials Science Research a Guide for Material Researchers in Analytical,Computational and Experimental Methods
Integration of Mechanics into Materials Science Research A Guide for Material Researchers in Analytical,Computational and Experimental Methods Yunan Prawoto Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UTM To my wife Anita, my daughters Almas and Alya. To all of you who cares about environment. Preface HIS book is written for my students. As an academician who returned to education after 15 years working in industry and business, I can under- T stand the hardship and difficulties for master and PhD students, as well as young researchers wanting to adopt the knowledge outside their area. While my formal education was in mechanics from bachelor until doctorate de- gree, I was lucky enough to work as an R&D manager/technician at the same time, responsible for the metallurgical department in an automotive supplier in its Detroit headquarters. I was also lucky enough to have worked for a laboratory that supports the metallurgical division of an oil company back in my early career. As a result, I can easily integrate the mechanics concept into materials science area. Among the students that I supervised, I noticed that students with pure materials background are commonly have great difficulties getting their works published, while the ones with mechanics background were able to publish their works with hardly any difficulties. Usually, it doesn’t take long for me to teach basic mechanics again, they can integrate the concept of mechanics into their research after that. By doing so, they can publish their work easier in high impact journals. This book was prepared for them to get a jump start to be familiar with a mechanics concept. -
Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings from China
CONTENTS Page Determination ....................................................................................................................... 1 Views of the Commission ....................................................................................................... 3 Information obtained in this review ..................................................................................... I-1 Background ................................................................................................................................ I-1 Responses to the Commission’s notice of institution ............................................................... I-1 Individual responses .............................................................................................................. I-1 Party comments on adequacy ............................................................................................... I-2 The original investigation and subsequent reviews .................................................................. I-3 The original investigation ...................................................................................................... I-3 The first five-year review ....................................................................................................... I-3 The second five-year review .................................................................................................. I-4 Previous and related investigations ......................................................................................... -
Enghandbook.Pdf
785.392.3017 FAX 785.392.2845 Box 232, Exit 49 G.L. Huyett Expy Minneapolis, KS 67467 ENGINEERING HANDBOOK TECHNICAL INFORMATION STEELMAKING Basic descriptions of making carbon, alloy, stainless, and tool steel p. 4. METALS & ALLOYS Carbon grades, types, and numbering systems; glossary p. 13. Identification factors and composition standards p. 27. CHEMICAL CONTENT This document and the information contained herein is not Quenching, hardening, and other thermal modifications p. 30. HEAT TREATMENT a design standard, design guide or otherwise, but is here TESTING THE HARDNESS OF METALS Types and comparisons; glossary p. 34. solely for the convenience of our customers. For more Comparisons of ductility, stresses; glossary p.41. design assistance MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL contact our plant or consult the Machinery G.L. Huyett’s distinct capabilities; glossary p. 53. Handbook, published MANUFACTURING PROCESSES by Industrial Press Inc., New York. COATING, PLATING & THE COLORING OF METALS Finishes p. 81. CONVERSION CHARTS Imperial and metric p. 84. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Steelmaking 4 Metals and Alloys 13 Designations for Chemical Content 27 Designations for Heat Treatment 30 Testing the Hardness of Metals 34 Mechanical Properties of Metal 41 Manufacturing Processes 53 Manufacturing Glossary 57 Conversion Coating, Plating, and the Coloring of Metals 81 Conversion Charts 84 Links and Related Sites 89 Index 90 Box 232 • Exit 49 G.L. Huyett Expressway • Minneapolis, Kansas 67467 785-392-3017 • Fax 785-392-2845 • [email protected] • www.huyett.com INTRODUCTION & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was created based on research and experience of Huyett staff. Invaluable technical information, including statistical data contained in the tables, is from the 26th Edition Machinery Handbook, copyrighted and published in 2000 by Industrial Press, Inc.