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LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS TARJETAS GRÁFICAS Pedro Góngora Soria INDICE
LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS TARJETAS GRÁFICAS Pedro Góngora Soria INDICE 1.Historia 2.Evolución 3.Paseo gráfico Historia Las tarjetas gráficas no se consideraba en un principio como una parte fundamental. Se trataba de tarjetas integradas en la propia placa base, en las que con que dieran salida a la imagen (sólo texto a 80 o 40 columnas) hacia el monitor ya cumplían sobradamente con su misión. Pero como podemos ver hoy en día todo esto cambio radicalmente con el paso de los años y la evolución de la tecnología Historia El Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA), también tarjeta MDA o Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter (MDPA), fue introducido en 1981. Junto con la tarjeta CGA, fueron los primeros estándares de tarjetas de exhibición de vídeo para el computadora IBM PC . El MDA no tenía modos gráficos, ofrecía solamente un solo modo de texto monocromático (el modo de vídeo 7), que podía exhibir 80 columnas por 25 líneas de caracteres de texto de alta resolución en un monitor TTL que mostraba la imagen en verde y negro. La tarjeta MDA, al igual que la CGA, usaba el controlador Motorola 6845 para generar la imagen. Historia La Color Graphics Adapter (Adaptador de Gráficos en Color) o CGA se empezó a vender en 1981, y fue la primera tarjeta gráfica en color de IBM y el primer estándar gráfico en color para el IBM PC (y en aquella época, hablar de ordenadores personales era hablar de IBM). Solía tener 16KB de memoria (VRAM), y trabajaba a una resolución de 640x200 (tanto en modo texto como gráfico), soportando una paleta de 16 colores, de los que podía mostrar simultáneamente 4 colores a una resolución de 320x200. -
Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques
MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING TECHNIQUES AUSTIN LESEA SYBEX RODNAYZAKS c o to n en MCMXCVn MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING TECHNIQUES AUSTIN -LESEA RODNAY ZAKS SYBEX Published by: SYBEX Incorporated 2161 Shattuck Avenue Berkeley, California 94704 In Europe: SYBEX-EUROPE 313 rue Lecourbe 75015-Paris, France DISTRIBUTORS L P. ENTERPRISES 313 KINGSTON ROAD ILFORD, Essex. IG1 IPj Tel: 01-553 U $9.95 (USA) FF66 (Europe) FO REWARD Every effort has been made to supply complete and accurate information. However, Sybex assumes no responsibility for its use; nor any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which would result. No license is granted by the equipment manufacturers under any patent or patent rights. Manufacturers reserve the right to change circuitry at any time without notice. In particular, technical characteristics and prices are subject to rapid change. Comparisons and evaluations are presented for their educational value and for guidance principles. The reader is referred to the manu- facturer's data for exact specifications. Copyright Q) 1977 SYBEX Inc. World Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, copied, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including, but not limited to, photocopy, photography, magnetic or other recording, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Card Number: 77-20627 ISBN Number: 0-89588-000-8 Printed in the United States of America Printing 109 8 76 5 43 2 1 CONTENTS PREFACE .5 L INTRODUCTION 7 Concepts, Techniques to be discussed, Bus Introduction, Bus Details II. ASSEMBLING THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT ....... 17 Introduction, The $080, The 6800, The Z-80: Dynamic Memory, The 8085 III. -
Vendor Performance Tracking Report
Vendor Performance Tracking Report Printed: 5/3/2010 10:57:27AM Vendor Name FEIN Overall Performance to Invoicing Delivery Customer Actual Potential Rating Specification Rating Rating Service Rating Rating Rating Rating Submissions Submissions 1 Hour Signs, Inc. XXXXXX1644 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1 2 1 Nation Technology Corporation XXXXXX8612 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 1000 Friends of Florida, Inc. XXXXXX1163 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 1001 USES UTILITY BUILDINGS, INC. XXXXXX7932 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 1st Choice Contracting Services LLC XXXXXX8131 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 2-1-1 Big Bend, Incorporated XXXXXX1771 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 21st century research and evaluation, inc.XXXXXX7292 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5 9 3D Tirec Company, Inc XXXXXX2943 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 3M Company XXXXXX4178 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4 4 3M Company XXXXXX7775 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 12 12 4-H Clubs & Affiliated 4-H XXXXXX0229 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 4imprint XXXXXX7105 3.80 3.80 3.80 3.80 3.80 5 5 77 hardware & supply XXXXXX2015 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1 1 7-Dippity, Inc. XXXXXX2610 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 2 2 835 GLEM INC. -
Company Vendor ID (Decimal Format) (AVL) Ditest Fahrzeugdiagnose Gmbh 4621 @Pos.Com 3765 0XF8 Limited 10737 1MORE INC
Vendor ID Company (Decimal Format) (AVL) DiTEST Fahrzeugdiagnose GmbH 4621 @pos.com 3765 0XF8 Limited 10737 1MORE INC. 12048 360fly, Inc. 11161 3C TEK CORP. 9397 3D Imaging & Simulations Corp. (3DISC) 11190 3D Systems Corporation 10632 3DRUDDER 11770 3eYamaichi Electronics Co., Ltd. 8709 3M Cogent, Inc. 7717 3M Scott 8463 3T B.V. 11721 4iiii Innovations Inc. 10009 4Links Limited 10728 4MOD Technology 10244 64seconds, Inc. 12215 77 Elektronika Kft. 11175 89 North, Inc. 12070 Shenzhen 8Bitdo Tech Co., Ltd. 11720 90meter Solutions, Inc. 12086 A‐FOUR TECH CO., LTD. 2522 A‐One Co., Ltd. 10116 A‐Tec Subsystem, Inc. 2164 A‐VEKT K.K. 11459 A. Eberle GmbH & Co. KG 6910 a.tron3d GmbH 9965 A&T Corporation 11849 Aaronia AG 12146 abatec group AG 10371 ABB India Limited 11250 ABILITY ENTERPRISE CO., LTD. 5145 Abionic SA 12412 AbleNet Inc. 8262 Ableton AG 10626 ABOV Semiconductor Co., Ltd. 6697 Absolute USA 10972 AcBel Polytech Inc. 12335 Access Network Technology Limited 10568 ACCUCOMM, INC. 10219 Accumetrics Associates, Inc. 10392 Accusys, Inc. 5055 Ace Karaoke Corp. 8799 ACELLA 8758 Acer, Inc. 1282 Aces Electronics Co., Ltd. 7347 Aclima Inc. 10273 ACON, Advanced‐Connectek, Inc. 1314 Acoustic Arc Technology Holding Limited 12353 ACR Braendli & Voegeli AG 11152 Acromag Inc. 9855 Acroname Inc. 9471 Action Industries (M) SDN BHD 11715 Action Star Technology Co., Ltd. 2101 Actions Microelectronics Co., Ltd. 7649 Actions Semiconductor Co., Ltd. 4310 Active Mind Technology 10505 Qorvo, Inc 11744 Activision 5168 Acute Technology Inc. 10876 Adam Tech 5437 Adapt‐IP Company 10990 Adaptertek Technology Co., Ltd. 11329 ADATA Technology Co., Ltd. -
IBM Personal Computer XT Hardware Reference Library Technical
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE STATEMENT WARNING: This equipment has been certified to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device, pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC rules, Only peripherals (computer inputloutput devices, terminals, printers, etc.) certified to comply with the Class B limits may be attached to this computer. Operation with non-certified peripherals is likely to result in interference to radio and TV reception. Notice: As sold by the manufacturer, the IBM Prototype Card does not require certification under the FCC's rules for Class B devices. The user is responsible for any interference to radio or TV reception which may be caused by a user-modified prototype card. CAUTION: This product is equipped with a UGlisted and CSA-certified plug for the user's safety. It is to be used in conjunction with a properly grounded 115 Vac receptacle to avoid electrical shock. Revised Edition (April 1983) Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of this publication. Products are not stocked at the address below. Requests for copies of this product and for technical information about the system should be made to your authorized IBM Personal Computer dealer. A Reader's Comment Form is provided at the back of this publication. If this form has been removed, address comments to: IBM Corp., Personal Computer, P.O. Box 1328-C, - Boca Raton, Florida 33432. IBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligations whatever. -
Vendor Performance Tracking Report
Vendor Performance Tracking Report Printed: 11/1/2010 1:29:41PM Vendor Name FEIN Overall Performance to Invoicing Delivery Customer Actual Potential Rating Specification Rating Rating Service Rating Rating Submissions Rating Rating Submissions 1 Hour Signs, Inc. XXXXXX1644 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1 1 1 Nation Technology Corporation XXXXXX8612 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 1000 Friends of Florida, Inc. XXXXXX1163 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 1001 USES UTILITY BUILDINGS, INC.XXXXXX7932 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 1st Choice Contracting Services LLCXXXXXX8131 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 2-1-1 Big Bend, Incorporated XXXXXX1771 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 21st century research and evaluation,XXXXXX7292 inc. 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5 9 3D Tirec Company, Inc XXXXXX2943 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 3dp interiors, Inc. XXXXXX2997 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1 1 3M Company XXXXXX4178 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4 4 3M Company XXXXXX7775 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 23 23 4-H Clubs & Affiliated 4-H XXXXXX0229 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 4imprint XXXXXX7105 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 6 6 77 hardware & supply XXXXXX2015 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1 1 7-Dippity, Inc. -
Acc'essing and Programming the Video Cards
Chapter 10 Acc'essing and Programming the Video Cards This chapter explains methods of programming the most popular video cards on the PC market. Even though the video cards mentioned here differ in their capabilities, they are all based on the same basic principle. High level languages such as BASIC, Pascal or C often have their own specific keywords and commands for controlling screen display. However, many of these commands merely call BIOS or DOS functions, which are both slow and inflexible in execution. Direct access Direct access to the video card is the alternative. Applications from Lotus 1-2-3® to dBASE® use direct video access coding, to guarantee both speed and that element of extra control over the video display. The main disadvantage: Programming in assembly language is required, since the communication here occurs at the system level. This chapter examines the programming needed for the best known video cards on the market Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA), also called a monochrome card Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), also called a color card Hercules Graphic Card (HGC) Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) Video Graphics Array (VGA) Most of the graphic cards on the market are compatible with one of the cards mentioned in this chapter, and the descriptions stated here should apply to those cards. 457 10. Accessing and ProgramnUng the Video Cards PC System Programming Video Graphics Array (VGA) This also applies to the newest generation of video cards, the VGA card. Designed in conjunction with the IBM PS/2 system, the VGA card is now available to the general public as an add-on card. -
September 1979
ad More Scope for yourMoney owerweee 05255 [mum - 15 f F. # Exclusive OS255 $ 859* 'Canadian price. Includes two P612 probes. Duty and federal sales tax included. FOB shipping point. Pr)yinciai taxes extra where applicable Subject to change on parts without notice. and labour FEATURES AVAILABLE FROM STOCK 15MHz, dual trace, For immediate availability from 2mV/cm sensitivity stock visit the ACA Electronic Centre Here's an all new scope at nearest you in Toronto, Montreal, a new low price. The model 100ns/cm to 0.5 sec/cm Calgary and Vancouver. Shop in 0S255 is the first in a new family time base speeds person or by mail. Master Charge and Chargex-Visa accepted. of Gould/Advance scopes Variable sensitivity incorporating more features and sweep speed per dollar than previous scopes. Excellent overall trigger FREE With the 15 MHz, dual trace performance includes model 0S255 you get two PB12 A.C., D.C. or T.V. trigger. CATALOG probes at no extra cost, sum and Algebraic sum Write or phone ELECTRONIC difference capability, channel 2 and difference for your free CENTRES ACA Electronic inversion, and improved trigger of channels 1 and 2 Centre catalog. features. Plus the 0S255 is packaged X -Y display on a new in a new tubular improved 8 x 10 cm CRT housing configura- Reliability, serviceability tion designed for and portability Allan Crawford rugged field use Includes two PB12 and ease (X1, X10) probes Associates Ltd. of servicing. Toronto 416/678-1500. Montreal 514/731-8564 Vancouver 604/294-1326 Ottawa 613/829-9651, Calgary 403/230-1341, Halifax 902/469-7865 Circle No. -
Company Vendor ID (Decimal Format) (AVL) Ditest Fahrzeugdiagnose Gmbh 4621 @Pos.Com 3765 01Db-Stell 3151 0XF8 Limited 10737 103M
Vendor ID Company (Decimal Format) (AVL) DiTEST Fahrzeugdiagnose GmbH 4621 @pos.com 3765 01dB-Stell 3151 0XF8 Limited 10737 103mm Tech 8168 1064138 Ontario Ltd. O/A UNI-TEC ELECTRONICS 8219 11 WAVE TECHNOLOGY, INC. 4375 1417188 Ontario Ltd. 4835 1C Company 5288 1MORE INC. 12048 2D Debus & Diebold Messsysteme GmbH 8539 2L international B.V. 4048 2N TELEKOMUNIKACE a.s. 7303 2-Tel B.V. 2110 2WCOM GmbH 7343 2Wire, Inc 2248 360 Electrical, LLC 12686 360 Service Agency GmbH 12930 360fly, Inc. 11161 3Brain GmbH 9818 3C TEK CORP. 9397 3Cam Technology, Inc 1928 3Com Corporation 1286 3D CONNEXION SAM 9583 3D Imaging & Simulations Corp. (3DISC) 11190 3D INNOVATIONS, LLC 7907 3D Robotics Inc. 9900 3D Systems Corporation 10632 3D Technologies Ltd 12655 3DM Devices Inc 2982 3DRUDDER 11770 3DSP 7513 3DV Systems Ltd. 6963 3eYamaichi Electronics Co., Ltd. 8709 3i Corporation 9806 3i techs Development Corp 4263 3layer Engineering 7123 3M Canada 2200 3M CMD (Communication Markets Division) 7723 3M Cogent, Inc. 7717 3M Germany 2597 3M Home Health Systems 2166 3M Library Systems 3372 3M Scott 8463 3M Touch Systems 1430 3Pea Technologies, Inc. 3637 3Shape A/S 6303 3T B.V. 11721 4G Systems GmbH 6485 4iiii Innovations Inc. 10009 4Links Limited 10728 4MOD Technology 10244 64seconds, Inc. 12215 77 Elektronika Kft. 11175 8086 Consultancy 12657 89 North, Inc. 12070 8D TECHNOLOGIES INC. 8845 8devices 9599 90meter Solutions, Inc. 12086 A & G Souzioni Digitali 4757 A & R Cambridge Ltd. 9668 A C S Co., Ltd. 9454 A Global Partner Corporation 3689 A W Electronics, Inc. -
Vývoj Počítačov III.B
editor Otto Bisák Vývoj počítačov III.b Nástup 16 – bitových počítačov nebol taký rýchly ako sa spočiatku predpokladalo. Príčinou boli väčšinou výrobcovia hardvéru, ktorí pomalšie reagovali na vývoj procesorov. Prvý 16 – bitový mikroprocesor zhotovený z viacerých čipov bol IMP – 16 od National Semiconduktor, ktorý bol predstavený v roku 1973. V roku 1975 predstavil prvý 16 – bitový mikroprocesor vyrobený na jednom čipe bol PACE, vyrobený NMOS technológiou. Prvý svoj 16 – bitový mikroprocesor vyrobil skoro v rovnakom čase aj Texas Instruments pod názvom TMS 9900 s puzdre so 64 vývodmi. Intel uviedol svoj prvý 16 – bitový mikroprocesor v roku 1978 pod menom Intel 8086, vyrobený technológiou NMOS s veľkosťou adresnej pamäte 1 MB. Ďalším 16 – bitovým procesorom bol Intel 80 186, vyvinutý v roku 1982 a bola to vylepšená forma procesora 8086. Rovnako mal 16 – bitovú zbernicu a vyrábala sa i verzia Intel 80 188 pre 8 – bitové zbernice. Pôvodná frekvencia bola 6 MHz a väčšinou sa používali ako mikrokontroléry. V osobných počítačoch sa vyskytovali iba výnimočne. Podobné mikroprocesory vyrábala i spoločnosť AMD v licencii pod označením Am 80 186. Mikroprocesor Intel 80286 bol oficiálne pomenovaný ako iAPX 286 ako 16 – bitový procesor. Predstavený bol 1. 1. 1982 s frekvenciou 6 až 8 MHz a neskoršie až 12,5 MHz. Predstavoval veľký skok v pred v technológii procesorov. Jeho puzdro bolo PGA (Pin Grid Array) mriežkové usporiadanie vývodov. Je dodávaný i v lacnejšom prevedení PLCC (Plastic Leadless Chip Carrier) plastový bezvývodový nosič čipu. Čip 80 286 ma v malom puzdre ďaleko väčší výkon a obsahuje asi 130 000 tranzistorov a v dôsledku toho sa viac zohrieva. -
Evolución Tecnológica Del Hardware De Vídeo Y Las GPU En Los Ordenadores Personales
Enseñanza y Aprendizaje de Ingeniería de Computadores. Número 7, 2017 Evolución tecnológica del hardware de vídeo y las GPU en los ordenadores personales Francisco Charte, Antonio J. Rueda, Macarena Espinilla, Antonio J. Rivera Departamento de Informática. E.P.S. Universidad de Jaén. {fcharte,ajrueda,mestevez,arivera}@ujaen.es Resumen. En este artículo se ofrece una revisión de los hitos más importantes en la evolución del hardware gráfico. La comunicación entre los ordenadores y las personas ha ido avanzando a lo largo del tiempo, alcanzando la interactividad con la aparición de los sistemas de tiempo compartido a principios de la década de los 60 del siglo pasado. Los ordenadores personales, cuya expansión se inició casi dos décadas después, adoptaron desde un inicio la visualización de informa- ción en una pantalla como medio principal de comunicación con el usuario. El hardware a cargo de esa tarea ha ido evolucionando paulatinamente hasta, en la actualidad, convertirse en parte indispensable de la arquitectura del computador, hasta tal punto que una gran parte de los ordenadores portátiles y de sobremesa incorporan el hardware gráfico en el mismo circuito integrado que aloja al mi- croprocesador. Palabras Clave: Vídeo, hardware gráfico, GPU, shaders. Abstract. This article provides a review of the most important milestones in the evolution of graphics hardware. Communication between computers and people has been advancing over time, reaching interactivity with the emergence of time- sharing systems in the early 1960s. Personal computers, whose expansion began almost two decades later, used the visualization of information on a screen as the main means of communication with the user from the very beginning. -
Vendor Performance Tracking Report
Vendor Performance Tracking Report Printed: 4/1/2011 3:48:26PM Vendor Name FEIN Overall Performance to Invoicing Delivery Customer Actual Potential Rating Specification Rating Rating Service Rating Rating Submissions Rating Rating Submissions 1 Hour Signs, Inc. XXXXXX1644 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1 1 1 Nation Technology Corporation XXXXXX8612 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 1000 Friends of Florida, Inc. XXXXXX1163 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 1001 USES UTILITY BUILDINGS, INC.XXXXXX7932 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 180-Change XXXXXX5241 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 2 1st Choice Contracting Services LLCXXXXXX8131 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 20/20 Media Holdings, Inc XXXXXX6900 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 21st century research and evaluation,XXXXXX7292 inc. 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5 7 3D Tirec Company, Inc XXXXXX2943 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 3dp interiors, Inc. XXXXXX2997 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 2 2 3M Company XXXXXX4178 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4 4 3M Company XXXXXX7775 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 25 25 463-050-903 XXXXXX0903 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1 1 4-H Clubs & Affiliated 4-H XXXXXX0229 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2 2 4imprint XXXXXX7105 3.86 3.86 3.86 3.86 3.86 7 7 77 hardware & supply XXXXXX2015 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1 1 7-Dippity, Inc.