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Impacts of Antimicrobial Compounds in Urban Waterways Receiving Sewer Overflows

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Impacts of Antimicrobial Compounds in Urban Waterways Receiving Sewer Overflows IMPACTS OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS IN URBAN WATERWAYS RECEIVING SEWER OVERFLOWS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science in the University of Canterbury by Gemma Haley Wadworth University of Canterbury 2016 Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without out the many people who gave me their help and support throughout my time as a Masters student. My experience throughout this project would not have been as great as it was without these people who I have been able to meet and work with along the way. Firstly, I was lucky to have such amazing supervisors, Dr Sally Gaw and Dr Susie Wood. Thank you to Sally for her continual encouragement through challenging times in the lab and for her understanding and support throughout the project, particularly in the busy final stages. Her input into this project and fantastic knowledge on the subject area has been much appreciated. Thank you to Susie for her awesome supervision at Cawthron and for the continued help over skype and email. Her ability and willingness to make time for students in her busy schedule from afar is truly incredible. Further, thank you to Dr Grant Northcott for his advisory role on the project and for hosting me at Plant & Food Research Ruakura, I value his experience, advice, teaching and taste for fine wine. My appreciation goes to all of the staff in the chemistry department and across the University for their help. Thank you to Rob Stainthorpe for his hard work, kindness and the ICP-MS analysis, to Dr Matt Polson for his support with the GC-MS and for being a good sport with my many questions, and to Sam Webb for the HPLC analysis of my media samples. I would like to thank Gill Ellis and Laurie Anderson for purchasing and their help with my store enquiries. Thank you to the friendly faces of Robert McGregor, Danny Leonard, Wayne Mackay, and Nick Oliver for building and fixing equipment. Thank you to Peter McGuigan in the Environmental Engineering lab for the lifesaving field equipment trolley and trusting me with the water quality probes, and to Michael Sandridge in Chemical and Process Engineering for his help with the TOC analysis. Thank you also to Daniel Gerhard for the advice on statistics. To all of the intelligent people at Cawthron, thank you for making me feel so welcome. Thanks to Dr Olivier Champeau for his input into the ecotoxicological experiment and for reassuring me that Science is nothing to cry over, thank you also to Dr Louis Tremblay for his insights into the study of ecotoxicity. Thanks to Veronica Beuzenberg, Janet Adamson, Laura Biessy and Joel Bowater for their assistance and helping me find my way around the lab. To all of the students and Holly (student at heart) thank you for the fun times, I’ll never forget the array of personalities at Cawthron. I would like to thank the people at Plant & Food Ruakura for making it such an awesome place to work. Thanks to Lucia Ying and Dwayne Jensen for pointing me in the right direction in the lab, I was really i grateful for how approachable and friendly you were. Thank you also to everyone for the ever interesting morning and afternoon tea conversations. Thank you the environmental chemistry research group. Life would not have been nearly as fun without their friendship, BYOs, and accompaniment on coffee and lunch breaks. Thank you in particular to Sam Webb, Christopher Sampson and Malea Zygadlo for their assistance in the field and again to Malea for being my fellow thesis battler. Thank you to Morkel Zaayman for his sage words, both work and non- work related. Thank you to Nicole McRae for showing me the ways of SETAC conference. This project has been hard work at times so thank you to my friends for keeping me sane along the way, to those in Christchurch who were there through it all (Sophie, Mary, Emily, Nina and Innes), and my other various flatmates (Jake, Todd, Collin and Joey), thank you for the fun. Thank you to my other good friends for making me laugh from afar – Kathryn, Anna, Aleisha, Nika, Elizabeth, Hannah, Amelia, Jacqui, Grant, Luke and Morgan – you are all amazing. Thank you to the Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management for their support in granting me a fees scholarship and to the Brian Mason Trust for funding this project. Lastly, thank you to my wonderful parents and my sister for your continual support and for always being there to lend an ear. Your support throughout my education has always been so important to me and thank you for helping me achieve my goals. ii Abstract Personal care products (PCPs) are a subset of emerging contaminants detected in waterways globally and include antimicrobial compounds, preservatives, organic UV-filters and industrial chemicals. These compounds are washed down household drains every day and can enter waterways via stormwater, sewer overflows and wastewater treatment plant effluents. There is growing concern about the effects of PCPs on aquatic ecosystems as many of these compounds impact microorganisms and are endocrine disruptors. Though research into the presence of PCPs is increasing, the majority of studies originate from Europe and North America and there is limited data on the presence and effects of PCPs in New Zealand waterways. The results from the work undertaken in this thesis will contribute to the development of any future regulations for PCPs in New Zealand. The occurrence of PCPs and effects on bacterial community structure were investigated over six months in two Christchurch urban streams previously impacted by sewer overflows: Dudley Creek Diversion and Cross Stream. The UV-filters benzophenone-3 and octyl-methoxycinnamate, and bisphenol A were frequently detected. Concentrations of UV-filters were lower during the winter months. Other detected compounds included methyl paraben, octylphenol, o-phenylphenol and triclosan. Compounds were detected in the low ng/L range in stream water and low ng/g range in sediment. As no sewer overflows occurred over the course of the study there were limited differences observed between upstream and downstream concentrations. Previous sewer overflows were likely to be the source of benzophenone-3 at Dudley Creek Diversion as downstream sediment concentrations were significantly higher than upstream. Triclosan was also detected in two sediment samples downstream at Dudley Creek Diversion in March and April but was not detected in any upstream samples. The sediment bacterial communities at Dudley Creek Diversion were significantly different at upstream and downstream sites of the overflow outfall indicating that contaminants derived from sewerage inputs may alter sediment bacterial community composition. Though concentrations were lower than those reported to have toxic effects in waterways, several compounds were identified using multivariate multiple regression with distance- based linear modelling as having an effect on the structure of bacterial communities including benzophenone-3, octyl-methoxycinnamate, triclosan and bisphenol A. The effect of the antimicrobial triclosan on the photosynthetic activity of the green alga Stigeoclonium sp. and cyanobacteria Phormidium autumnale was investigated. Stigeoclonium sp. was more sensitive to triclosan than Phormidium autumnale, the 96 hr EC50 values were 1.23 and 3.17 mg/L, respectively. Both organisms examined are commonly found in New Zealand rivers and these results provide new information on the effect of PCPs in New Zealand waterways. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. i Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. iii Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Significance of personal care products as emerging contaminants ......................................... 1 1.2 Key target analytes and effects on physiological processes .................................................... 2 1.3 Fate of emerging contaminants in the environment ................................................................ 6 1.4 Photosynthetic microorganisms in urban streams ................................................................... 7 1.5 Effects of triclosan on freshwater microorganisms ................................................................. 7 1.6 Cyanobacteria and risk to human health ................................................................................. 8 1.7 Project Objectives ................................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Thesis Structure ...................................................................................................................... 9 2 Temporal variation of emerging organic contaminants and bacterial communities in urban streams
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