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Fairy Lanterns Thismia Rodwayi F The Tasmanian Naturalist 135 (2013) FURTHER NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FAIRY LANTERNS THISMIA RODWAYI F. MUELL. (THISMIACEAE) IN TASMANIA: VEGETATION ASSOCIATIONS Vincent S.F.T. Merckx1 & Mark Wapstra2 1Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]; 2Environmental Consulting Options Tasmania, 28 Suncrest Avenue, Lenah Valley, Tasmania 7008, [email protected] INTRODUCTION The flowering plant Thismia rodwayi F. Muell. (‘fairy lanterns’ – Plate 1) belongs to the family Thismiaceae (Merckx et al. 2013). Thismiaceae have often been included in Burmanniaceae but molecular data indicates that the two families are not closely related (Merckx et al. 2006). Thismiaceae comprise about 63 species in five genera (Merckx et al. 2013). Most species occur in tropical rainforest, but a few occur in subtropical and temperate regions. Thismia rodwayi is such a temperate species. It was described in 1890 by Ferdinand von Mueller based on a specimen collected near Hobart, Tasmania, by Leonard Rodway (von Mueller 1890). The species has subsequently been found at several other localities in Tasmania, and is also known from Victoria, New South Wales, southern Queensland, and the north island of New Zealand (Jonker 1938; Roberts et al. 2003). In Tasmania Thismia rodwayi is presently listed as ‘rare’ under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. Vincent Merckx Plate 1. Thismia rodwayi from near the Myrtle Gully track on the lower slopes of Mount Wellington 71 The Tasmanian Naturalist 135 (2013) Like all species of Thismiaceae, Thismia fungus-plant specificity thus may explain rodwayi has a fully mycoheterotrophic the rarity of some plant species (Swarts & mode of life: the plant is leafless and Dixon 2009), mycoheterotrophic plants in achlorophyllous, and obtains all of its particular (see for example Hazard et al. nutrients and sugars from fungi. These 2012). fungi are obligate mycorrhizal partners of surrounding trees, from which sugars are To investigate whether Thismia rodwayi obtained in exchange for mineral and water has a tendency to co-occur with particular from the soil. Thus, Thismia ultimately plant species, we analysed the vegetation obtains carbohydrates from surrounding community associated with Thismia plants trees through shared mycorrhizal fungi. that were sampled across its distribution Recently, the mycorrhizal fungus of two range in Tasmania. The findings reported specimens of Thismia rodwayi from the herein formed part of a broader study of Meander area in Tasmania was identified mycoheterotrophic plants from around the with molecular methods (Merckx et al. world being undertaken by VM (and 2012). The detected fungus belongs to the various colleagues): further results will be Glomus Group A clade, which confirms progressively published on both Thismia earlier morphological observations that rodwayi and other species. The present Thismia rodwayi exploits an arbuscular paper “sets the scene” for the sampling mycorrhizal fungus (McLennan 1957). regime for subsequent research findings on Interestingly, the fungal DNA sequences Thismia rodwayi in particular. that were obtained from several root METHODS segments of both specimens were all identical. This suggests that Thismia In October and November of 2012 the rodwayi plants, like many other authors systematically searched for Thismia mycoheterotrophic plants and generally rodwayi in Tasmania. Both known sites, unlike chlorophyllous plants, exhibit based on records included in DPIPWE’s exceptional specificity towards their fungal Natural Values Atlas and described in TSS associates (Bidartondo et al. 2002; Merckx (2007), and potential sites, which included & Bidartondo 2008). sites in similar vegetation close to known sites and parts of the State predicted to Extreme mycorrhizal specificity may limit support the species (Wapstra et al. 2005), the occurrence of plant species, particularly were surveyed. Searches primarily focused if the associated mycorrhizal fungus is rare. on wet sclerophyll forest, which is known A particular mycorrhizal fungus may only to be the preferred habitat of Thismia occur in a particular vegetation type, or may rodwayi (Roberts et al. 2003; Wapstra et al. even show specificity towards a particular 2005). Wet sclerophyll forest is a common green plant species. This limits the vegetation type in Tasmania and generally distribution of the fungus and that of the consists of a tall eucalypt overstorey, a mycoheterotrophic plant that needs this secondary layer of soft broad-leaved shrubs particular fungus to survive. Such an and small trees such as Olearia argophylla extremely specific three-partite relationship (‘musk daisybush’, Asteraceae), Bedfordia occurs, for example, between the salicina (‘tasmanian blanketleaf’, underground orchid Rhizanthella gardneri, Asteraceae) and Pomaderris apetala Melaleuca shrubs from the Melaleuca (‘common dogwood’, Rhamnaceae), and a uncinata complex, and their shared dense understorey of ferns. Thismia ectomycorrhizal Ceratobasidium fungus rodwayi can only be detected during the (Bougoure et al. 2009). The potential flowering period, when small orange 72 The Tasmanian Naturalist 135 (2013) flowers protrude from the forest floor study, a single Thismia flower was (Plate 1). However, these flowers generally observed near the Myrtle Gully track on the remain covered by leaf litter and are thus lower slopes of Mount Wellington (Plate 1) difficult to find. Therefore searches – this locality has not been included in consisted of carefully removing leaf litter at vegetation analyses presented herein potential Thismia patches as described by (single plant only). Wapstra et al. (2005). When a Thismia plant was found the wider area (up to c. 300 m radius) was subsequently scanned for more plants, growing at least a few metres from each other. The search was stopped after five such plants were found (because only five individuals were required for DNA/fungal studies). For each Thismia plant we recorded all vascular plants roughly growing within a 3 m radius. It is important to note that what we assign here as a Thismia ‘plant’ may refer to an individual or a cluster of multiple Thismia rodwayi flowers found within close proximity (e.g. within c. 10 cm). In the latter case subsequent dissection of the root system often revealed that the flowers emerged Figure 1. Map of Tasmania showing the from unlinked root systems, and thus are location of the sites where Thismia rodwayi was part of different Thismia rodwayi sampled as part of the present study individuals. Potential sites where no Thismia was found To compare the species diversity of green included South Bruny Island, Maria Island, plants growing close to Thismia between Tooms White Gum Forest Reserve, Mount the sites we calculated Jaccard distances Arthur, Mount Barrow, Holwell Gorge and using the R package ‘vegan’ (Oksanen et al. Notley Gorge. The failure to find Thismia 2012). Jaccard distances (measurements of at these sites is no proof of its absence. In dissimilarity) were used to cluster sites fact, the species has been previously based on their species similarity. observed at Mount Arthur (late 1960s) and Holwell Gorge (2009). RESULTS & DISCUSSION At sites where Thismia rodwayi was found We recorded Thismia rodwayi from ten it generally took less than 15 minutes to different sites, listed here as ‘TAS1’ to locate five plants that were several metres ‘TAS10’ (Table 1, Figure 1). No major apart. When this was achieved the formal range extensions were made. However, an search was stopped to undertake sampling, additional site on each of the Forestier and but it is possible that at these sites many Tasman peninsulas, and an additional site tens or even hundreds of plants were near each of the previously known Franklin, present, based on informal cursory South Sister and Warners Sugarloaf searches. For example, over 50 flowers locations, were recorded. In addition to the were detected in less than 1 hour of ten sites sampled as part of the present searching across approximately 1 ha at the 73 The Tasmanian Naturalist 135 (2013) Table 1. Site information Elevation Number of Site name Location Coordinates (m a.s.l.) Thismia1 Sandspit River, -42° 42' 42.52"N TAS1 220 >5 Wielangta State Forest 147° 50' 29.86"E Hylands Road, -42° 56' 7.06"N TAS2 195 >5 Forestier Peninsula 147° 54' 9.83E" Edwards Road, west of -43° 4' 21.20"N TAS3 90 >5 Huon River 146° 48' 33.29E" Pirates Road, Tasman -43° 3' 3.00"N TAS4 340 >5 Peninsula 147° 54' 26.66"E -43° 5' 15.64"N TAS5 Hills Road, Franklin 410 1 146° 58' 34.09"E New Road, west of -43° 4' 35.63"N TAS6 450 >5 Franklin 146° 56' 33.72"E -42° 45' 54.40"N TAS7 Styx Valley 265 4 146° 47' 3.75"E South Sister, north of -41° 32' 34.12"N TAS8 605 5 St Marys 148° 10' 23.19"E Meander (Warners -41° 40' 27.42"N TAS9 435 >5 Sugarloaf North) 146° 38' 37.01"E Meander (Warners -41° 40' 31.94"N TAS10 435 >5 Sugarloaf South) 146° 38' 27.29"E 1 this refers to a clump of Thismia plants, which may contain a single or many plants (see text) Sandspit River site, and similarly high apetala, Coprosma quadrifida (‘native numbers were detected at the Warners currant’, Rubiaceae) and Beyeria viscosa Sugarloaf North site in less than 15 minutes (‘pinkwood’, Euphorbiaceae) were most of searching less than 0.5 ha. Only at TAS5 commonly encountered. Nearly all Thismia could we find just a single clump of plants recorded were growing in proximity Thismia (3 flowers) – this is one of the most of Pomaderris apetala. Only near two anthropogenically disturbed sites ever Thismia plants was Pomaderris apetala not recorded for the species with introduced present: the single plant found at TAS5, and Rubus sp. (‘blackberry’) and Pinus radiata a Thismia at TAS7. However, in both of (‘radiata pine’) present nearby. We also these plots, Coprosma quadrifida was failed to detect a fifth plant at TAS7 (Styx), present, which is the second most common although potential habitat was widespread plant found near Thismia plants (Figure 2).
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