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La Dominance Mycorhizienne En Tant Que Facteur Local Déterminant Des Processus Écologiques Forestiers

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La Dominance Mycorhizienne En Tant Que Facteur Local Déterminant Des Processus Écologiques Forestiers Université de Montréal La dominance mycorhizienne en tant que facteur local déterminant des processus écologiques forestiers Par Alexis Carteron Département de sciences biologiques Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en sciences biologiques Septembre 2020 © Alexis Carteron 2020 Université de Montréal Unité académique : Département de sciences biologiques, Faculté des arts et des sciences Cette thèse intitulée La dominance mycorhizienne en tant que facteur local déterminant des processus écologiques forestiers Présenté par Alexis Carteron A été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Pierre-Luc Chagnon Président-rapporteur Etienne Laliberté Directeur de recherche Mark Vellend Codirecteur David Rivest Membre du jury Nicolas Fanin Examinateur externe i Résumé L'association mycorhizienne implique nombre de plantes et de champignons, étant sans doute la symbiose mutualiste la plus importante et la plus répandue au sein des écosystèmes terrestres. Étant donné que la plupart des arbres forment des mycorhizes arbusculaires ou des ectomycorhizes qui se distinguent par leur écophysiologie, il est judicieux de caractériser les forêts en fonction de leur dominance mycorhizienne afin d'en mesurer les impacts sur les processus écologiques. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier les influences de la dominance mycorhizienne en forêt sur les propriétés abiotiques et biotiques du sol ayant un impact à l'échelle locale sur deux processus associés : la décomposition de la matière organique et la régulation de la diversité végétale. Les forêts étudiées, de dominance mycorhizienne très contrastée, présentent des propriétés physico- chimiques et des communautés microbiennes distinctes au niveau du sol, mais des patrons de distribution verticale des microorganismes du sol d'une similarité inattendue. Dans ces forêts nordiques décidues, la décomposition de la matière organique est favorisée dans les couches supérieures du sol, notamment grâce à la présence du réseau fongique et d'autant plus lorsque les ectomycorhizes prédominent, ce qui prouve l'aspect déterminant du contexte local. L'établissement d'arbres mycorhiziens arbusculaires peut être limité par la combinaison des conditions abiotiques et biotiques édaphiques de la forêt boréale, qui est dominée par les ectomycorhizes, contrairement aux forêts à dominance partagée entre mycorhize arbusculaire et ectomycorhize, où la diversité est favorisée à l'échelle de la communauté. Cette thèse démontre le rôle déterminant, au niveau local, exercé par la dominance mycorhizienne sur les processus écologiques, et soulève l'importance de l'hétérogénéité biotique et abiotique du sol pour mieux saisir le fonctionnement des écosystèmes terrestres. Mots-clés : Interactions plantes-sols, biodiversité microbienne, champignons saprotrophes, forêt tempérée nordique de feuillus, écotone tempéré-boréal, érable à sucre, hêtre à grandes feuilles, forêt boréale, cycle du carbone, changement climatique. ii Abstract Mycorrhizas, which involve plants and fungi, are probably the most important and widespread mutual symbioses in terrestrial ecosystems. Since most trees form arbuscular mycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizas that are ecophysiologically distinct from each other, it is useful to characterize forests according to their mycorrhizal dominance in order to measure their respective impacts on ecological processes. The objective of this thesis is to quantify the impacts of forest mycorrhizal dominance on the abiotic and biotic properties of the soil, which influence at the local scale two associated processes: the decomposition of organic matter and the maintenance of plant diversity. The forests studied have opposite mycorrhizal dominance exhibit distinct soil physico-chemical properties and microbial communities, but more similar vertical distribution patterns of microorganisms than expected. Decomposition is favored by organic matter in the upper soil layers, but also by the presence of the fungal network, especially when ectomycorrhizas predominate, illustrating the importance of the local environmental context. Establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal tree may be limited by the combination of abiotic and biotic edaphic factors of the boreal forest, which is ectomycorrhizal-dominated, in contrast to forests with shared dominance between arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas, where tree species diversity is favored at the community level. This thesis demonstrates the decisive role, at the local scale, played by mycorrhizal dominance on ecological processes, and raises the importance of soil biotic and abiotic heterogeneity to better understand the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Keywords: Plant-soil interactions, microbial biodiversity, saprotrophic fungi, northern broadleaf temperate forest, temperate-boreal ecotone, sugar maple, American beech, boreal forest, carbon cycle, climate change. iii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières ........................................................................................................................... iv Liste des tableaux ............................................................................................................................ ix Liste des figures .............................................................................................................................. xi Liste des abréviations ................................................................................................................... xvii Remerciements ............................................................................................................................... xx INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Plantes, sols et microbes : des interactions souterraines aux origines de processus écologiques ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Distribution des mycorhizes : hypothèses quant aux variations, causes et conséquences en forêt .............................................................................................................................................. 6 3. Différences clés entre mycorhizes arbusculaires et ectomycorhizes ..................................... 11 4. Quel impact local de la dominance mycorhizienne sur la réponse des communautés forestières aux conditions environnementales ? .......................................................................................... 15 5. Cadre conceptuel et objectifs de la thèse ............................................................................... 18 iv CHAPITRE 1 – Les forêts tempérées dominées par des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ou ectomycorhiziens sont caractérisées par un fort changement des champignons saprotrophes vers les champignons mycorhiziens plus en profondeur dans le sol ..................................................... 22 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 25 Material and methods ................................................................................................................. 28 Study area ............................................................................................................................... 28 Selection of forest plots ......................................................................................................... 28 Soil sampling ......................................................................................................................... 29 Soil analysis ........................................................................................................................... 29 Root colonization by fungi ..................................................................................................... 30 Fungal community characterization ....................................................................................... 30 Bioinformatics ........................................................................................................................ 31 Statistical analyses ................................................................................................................. 31 Results ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Soil chemistry variation across horizons and forest types ..................................................... 33 Root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi ................................................................................ 33 Overall fungal community ..................................................................................................... 35 Fungal guilds .........................................................................................................................
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