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Oligochaete (Annelida, Clitellata) Сommunities in Lakes of the Ural Mountains (Russia)

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Oligochaete (Annelida, Clitellata) Сommunities in Lakes of the Ural Mountains (Russia) Zoosymposia 9: 077–094 (2014) ISSN 1178-9905 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zoosymposia/ ZOOSYMPOSIA Copyright © 2014 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1178-9913 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.9.1.13 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A640AB4A-2D44-499E-9158-DB73F48978FF Oligochaete (Annelida, Clitellata) сommunities in lakes of the Ural Mountains (Russia) MARIA BATURINA1*, TARMO TIMM2 & OLGA LOSKUTOVA1 1 Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Syktyvkar, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Centre for Limnology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The oligochaete fauna of 25 lakes located in the Polar and Subpolar regions of the Ural Mountains in Russia was studied. In total, 46 oligochaete taxa were collected, 32 of them identified to species level. Naididae had the highest number of taxa (19); the other taxa belonged to Pristinidae (2), Enchytraeidae (6), Tubificidae (10), Lumbriculidae (8) and Lumbricidae (1). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to characterize the relationship between abundance of oligochaete species, abundance and biomass of all oligochaetes, abundance of separate families and environmental factors. Latitude, elevation, silt, detritus, moss and algal periphyton and depth were found to be factors influencing the distribution of oligochaetes. Key words: oligochaetes, fauna, distribution, mountain water bodies, Ural Mountains, Komi Republic, Russia Introduction The European high-mountain water bodies represent an important resource of unpolluted water for the future but are becoming increasingly threatened by local (e.g. tourism and water extraction) and global (climate change) environmental impacts (McGregor et al. 1995; Lencioni et al. 2004). The geographical position of the Ural Mountains on the border of Europe and Asia contributes to a great interest in the fauna of this region. The investigated lakes are situated within the National Park “Yugyd Va”, one of the largest territories protected as natural areas in the European Northeast, and also included on the list of the UNESCO’s World Heritage sites. The local benthic fauna has been regularly studied over the last two decades by researchers at the Institute of Biology of the Komi Branch of Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of two projects: “Biodiversity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Subpolar Ural Mountains: mechanisms of formation, a modern condition, the forecast of natural and antropogenic dynamics" and the UNDP/GEF project “Strengthening Protected Areas System of the Komi Republic to Conserve Virgin Forest Biodiversity in the Pechora River Headwaters Region” (2008–2013). In this paper, we compare the oligochaete fauna of 25 lakes in the Polar and the Subpolar Ural Mountains. We also assessed some ecological factors responsible for differences in the distribution of oligochaete communities (e.g., depth, elevation, bottom sediment). Study area The 25 lakes under study are located in the Komi Republic of the Russian Federation on the western slope of the Polar Urals (PU area, 10 lakes) and Subpolar Urals (SPU area, 15 lakes), in the extreme Northeast of Europe. All of these lakes are located in areas ranging from latitude 64°00' to 68°08' N, and longitude 59°40' to 65°21' E; the elevation of the PU lakes range from 200 to 500 m a.s.l. in PU, while the elevation of the SPU lakes range from 200 to1000 m a.s.l. Two of these lakes belong to the Kara River basin while the others are drained by tributaries of the Pechora River (Fig. 1, Table 1). Accepted by Adrian Pinder: 14 Jan. 2014; published: 12 Jun. 2014 77 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 FIGURE 1. Location of the study area. These lakes are of diverse origin: tarns, glacial, thermokarst, floodplain lakes. They are frozen for most of the year; only ice-free during the months of June through September. The surface water temperature of most of these lakes ranges from 10 to 15 ºС in summer, although the temperature in floodplain lakes can reach 25 ºС. The lakes vary in size (in PU 0.22–1.5 km2, SPU 0.05–1.45 km2), depth (in PU 1.3–37 m, SPU 2.0 –21 m), and water transparency (5–11 m). The substrates of these lakes vary, including rocks, pebbles, gravel, sand and mud (silt). They are ultraoligotrophic and oligotrophic. In the investigated lakes the hydrogen ion concentration (as pH) measured usually fluctuates from slightly acidic to weakly alkaline. For example, during the sampling period the lowest pH (4.6) was observed just after the end of snowmelt (early in June) in a lake of the Maly Patok River basin, while the highest recorded pH values (8.6) were seen in August. Water mineralization and conductivity are very low; saturation with oxygen is typical, during the observation period dissolved oxygen being always present in the profundal zone of the lake. Most of the lakes are pristine, without any direct human impact. They can be reached only with helicopter or special cross-country vehicles. Severe climate conditions and inaccessibility are the reasons that the fauna of these local lakes has not been investigated until the recent time. Methods The Polar and Subpolar Ural lakes were studied during summer seasons of 1998 through 2010. Quantitative zoobenthos samples (46 from PU lakes and 54 from SPU lakes) were taken with a Petersen dredge (sampling area 0.040 m2) on soft bottoms and with a hydrobiological scraper (S = 0.09 m2, 230 µm mesh size net) on stony and gravel bottoms. The zoobenthos samples were taken from different depths. After the samples had been sorted, oligochaetes were prepared for identification. The worms were mounted in a glycerin-water solution and identified to species level under a light microscope (Leica DM 4000 B), following the methodologies and keys presented in Timm (2009). Some part of the material remained unidentified, including several taxa in the family Enchytraeidae and juvenile individuals. These individuals were determined only to family level. Oligochaete biomass was determined as a wet weight using a torsion balance (WT-250, Poland). 78 · Zoosymposia 9 © 2014 Magnolia Press BATURINA ET AL. OLIGOCHAETE (ANNELIDA, CLITELLATA) СOMMUNITIES TABLE 1. List of the lakes under study. Elevation above sea Depth o Area N Name of lake River basin Coordinates 2 Substrate type (km ) level (m) (max / widespread) Polar Ural 1 Lake No 1-B.U. Bol`shaya Usa N 67o28'; E 65o45' 0.25 154.7 7 / 3.5 rk, pb 2 Bol'shoe Kuz-ty Bol`shaya Usa N 67o36'; E 65o39' 1.5 289.1 4.6 / 2 rk, pb 3 Chan-ty Malaya Usa N 67o42'; E 65o42' 0.5 244.3 37 / 20 rk, pb 4 Maloe Shuch`e Malaya Usa N 67o48'; E 66o10' 4.0 270.0 36 / 20–30 sd, rk 5 Usva-ty Malaya Usa N 67o44'; E 65o59' 1.8 245.4 12 / 1.3 rk, pb, sd 6 Gnet-ty Kara N 67o58'; E 65o34' 0.8 189.7 7 / 3 rk, pb, sd, sl 7 Koma-ty Kara N 68o08'; E 65o21' 0.9 91.5 4 / 2 sd, sl 8 Plaun-ty Malaya Usa N 67°45′; E 65°40′ 0.44 175.8 13 / 3.5 rk 9 Bezymyannoe-U Malaya Usa (near Lake Usva-ty) N 67°28′; E 65°38′ 0.22 154.1 5.2 / 3 rk, sd 10 Protochnoe Malaya Usa N 67°46′; E 65°35′ 1.31 172.5 1.3 / 0.8 rk, pb, sl Subpolar Ural 11 Bol'shoe Balban-ty Kozhim N 65°12′; E 60°14′ 0.92 654.9 15 / 8 sl, rk 12 Maloe Balban-ty Kozhim N 65°09′; E 60°13′ 0.5 687.6 10 / 8 sd, sl, rk 13 Verkhnee Balban-ty Kozhim N 65°03′; E 60°09′ 0.12 1007.0 12 / 8 sl, sd, rk 14 Trubka Kozhim (small river of Limbeko-yu ) N 65°05′; E 60°08′ 0.1 850.0 2 / 1 sd, pb 15 Padezha-ty Kozhim (small river of Limbeko-yu ) N 65°11′; E 60°03′ 1.45 694.3 21 / 9 sl, rk Zoosymposia 16 Forel`noe Kozhim (small river of Limbeko-yu ) N 65°16′; E 59°55′ 0.42 757.4 14 / 4 rk, sl 17 Lake No 1-K Kos`u (small river of Lomes-vozh) N 64°54′; E 59°54′ 0.2 1048.3 5.7 / 2.5 rk, sl, sd 18 Lake No 2-K Kos`u (small river of Lomes-vozh) N 64°55′; E 59°54′ 0.34 1010.2 6.3 / 2 rk, sl, sd o 9 © 2014 Magnolia Press · Press Magnolia 2014 © 9 19 Lake N 3-K Kos`u (small river of Lomes-vozh) N 64°56′; E 59°55′ 0.17 785.2 11 / 8.5 rk, pb, sd, sl 20 Nom-ty Maly Patok N 64°39′; E 59°40′ 0.08 562.0 16 / 9 rk, sd 21 Patok Maly Patok N 64°40′; E 59°41′ 0.24 560.6 16 / 5 rk, pb, sd, sl 22 Losinoe Vangyr N 64°58′; E 59°10′ 0.06 274.8 2 / 1 sl 23 Lake No 1-V Vangyr N 64°59′; E 59°10′ 0.05 278.5 8.5 / 6 rk 24 Lake No 2-V Vangyr N 64°59′; E 59°09′ 0.15 278.0 2 / 1 rk 25 Mezhgornoe Kos`u (small river of Nidysej) N 65°15′; E 59°41′ 0.03 601.7 9 / 2.4 rk, sl, sd Abbreviation used: sl – silt, sd – sand, pb – pebbles, rk – rocks (boulders) 79 During the sampling period, water depth, temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (as pH), conductivity and oxygen content were measured using the portative analyzer Multi 340i/SET (Germany).
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