ROGER D. SOiW ISSN 0541 - 4938 Mycological Society of America NEWSLETTER

Volume 41 No. 1 April 1990 SUSTAINING MEMBERS. OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Th,e Society is very grateful for the support of its Sustaining Members. These members are lieted below; patronize them and let their representatives know of our appreciation whenever possible.

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Volume 41, No. 1; April, 1990

Terrence M. Hammill, Editor

Department of Biology SUNY College at Oswego Oswego, New York 13126

(315) 341-2768 (Laboratory) (315) 341-3031 (Department Off ice) (315) 342-3074 (Home Answering Machine)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sustaining Members ------Table of Contents ...... Editor's Comments ------Abstracts of Papers and Posters ------Additional Authors of Abstracts ------Changes of Address and/or Phone Number - Forthcoming Events ------Mycological Services Available ------Fungi Wanted ------Publications and Computer Programs for Give-Away, Sale, or Exchange ----- New Books by Members ------Publications Needed ------Vacancies for Mycologists ------Assistantships and Fellowships ------Employment Desired ------Major Honors, Awards, and Promotions --- Changes in Affiliation or Status ------Notes and Comments ------

COVER ILLUSTRATION: Wucor ntucedo. Mature sporangium. Magnification bar = 20 micrometers; X 900. Micrograph by T.M.H. Editor's Comments

April, 1990

First announce-: David J. McLaughlin, Department of Botany, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, is the new Editor-in-Chief of Mvcolouia, succeeding Ron Petersen ; Kudos clearly are in order for the outstanding job done by Ron Petersen and his staff at the University of Tennessee. Good luck, Dave!

Thanks for the kind comments from several of the MSA members who sent them to me after the October, 1989, issue came out. With this second issue prepared here at SUNY-Oswego, I wish to acknowledge the assistance of three undergraduate students who provided much logistical help for both issues, seniors -- Jennifer Collart and Monica Converse (paid with Newsletter support funds) -- and the frosh, Melissa Matolchi (a work-study student assigned to my laboratory). Those three spent many hours labelling, stuffing, sorting, bagging, handling, and doing other kinds of dog-body labor, and I could not have done without their help! I also want to thank June Johnston, Director of SUNY-Oswego Publications, and her assistant, Jody Longeill, for their valuable advice and quality work. The Newsletter was something of a new challenge for them and their staff, and I think the results have been excelleht. There are a couple of minor changes in the blue Newsletter Questionnaire (corrected typographical errors, a rearrangement of some items, and a new item -- New research projects). I think I have it about right, but suggestions for change are welcomed. There are three inserts: A. The MA Newsletter Questionnaire (blue) B. The Ernployee/Employer Data Form (green -- new address for Bob Pohlad) C. An MSA Newsletter Survey (yellow) I arranged the Abstracts of Papers and Posters presented at the Annual Meeting of MSA immediately following these comments. The Abstracts are listed alphabetically by the first author; additional authors are listed alphabetically following the listing of Abstracts (pages 46-48). The remaining pages (49-68) are from the MSA Newsletter Questionnaires returned since the October issue, 1989. Since I typed those pages where typing was needed, any errors are my fault, and I apologize in advance. It has been a pleasure preparing the past two issues. However, since I am not sure whether those two issues have been able to meet the needs of the membership, I have included a survey as an aid to preparation of future issues. Please respond. I want'to make the Newsletter as good as it can be (within my limitations), and you can help. Also, if you have suitable items (artwork, anecdotes, etc.) which can function as page fillers when there is a need, please forward them to me. Best wishes; I hope to see you at the meeting in Madison.

Sincerely, 7&mLL.e Terrence M. Hammill, Editor MSA Newsletter Abstracts of Papers and Posters

S. K. ABOULLiJl, A'L.!~.XL-SAUJCX 8. A-ISSh -Z. -Q. AN, J. W. HENDRIX, D. E. HERSXMAN, Liology depertment, Collep? of Science, and G. T. HENSON. Department of Plant . University of dasi*uh, 3asrd1, IMQ. Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington iff ect of ternpereture, relztive humieity and 40546. inf loreccence extract on the mycelial growth Endogonaceous mycorrhizal community mZ conieicl geminetion cf I..euf:inelle associated with soybean as affected by crop ---!iccett&e Ctrv., tile caus~lp~:ti.,oel: of rotation and soil fumigation. infloreecene rot Cisease of date palm. Propagules of mycorrhizal fungi in a Western The infiorescence rot disease caused by Kentucky field highly productive for soybean Laufiinella scaettae iu the most important and previously planted for two years to diseese three tin^ cbout 30 nfllions date corn, milo, fescue, or soybean were pclm trees in Iraq. The temperature range determined by HPN bioassay before and after for .the mycelial growth, conidial germimtion fumigation with 67% methyl bromide-33% and conidial germ tube length was between chloropicrin and throughout a season in the 10 and 3C C. The optimum temperature for production of a crop of soybeans. Twenty the mycelial growth, geninetion of conitia species of Endogonaceae, mostly Glomus auG gem tube length was occurred at 20 C. species, were found. In soybean plots, soil Best mycelial growth and conidial production fumigation eliminated most propagules in the occu~redat r.h , vrhile best conidial upper 15 cm of soil; but after production of germination occurred at 95% r.h. Tissue a crop of scybeans, populations of total extract obt~inedfrom inflorescence of propaqules recovered to prefumiqation i'bidraai, Zahdl and Khikri cultivars numbers and were higher than populations in enhances conidial germination xhile extract non-fumigated soil. Soil from plots grown obtainee from inf lorescene of 1;hcnmi continuously to soybean had fewer species and lower populations of propagules of cultiver snowed inhibitoq effect. Glomus spp. than plots rotated with the other three crops; however, populations of Giuas~oraspp. were high in continuous soybean plots. Populations and number of M.F.ALI FN. C.F. FRIESE. E.B. ALLEN, and LM. SHULTZ, Dept of species were higher in fescue plots than in Biology, Systems Ecology Research Group, San Diego State the others. Colonization of roots did not University. San Diego, CA 92182-0057 and Dept of Biology, become extensive until about eight weeks Utah State University, Logan UT 84322-5305. after planting, about the time plants VA rnycorrhizal fungi associated with entered the reproductive phases. tridentata across Western North America.

VA mycorrhizal fungi associated with a single subspecies of plant. Basin Big Sagebrush, were collected over the entire range of its distribution during the growin6 season of 1989. Sites sampled D. A. ANDERS and J. C. ZAK Ecology Research Group, range@from Baja California. Mexico to British Columbia, Canada, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, to North Dakota, to New Mexico. Ten 3 cmxl0 cm deep cores from Lubbock.-. TX~ ~~~ 79409. ~ different shrubs were taken at each site and analyzed for VAM species abundance and seasonality of wood-decomposing fungal species composition and density, % root infection, soil basidiomvcetes from woodrat middens in the Chihuahuan and water and soil P. G)omus was common among most sites. Sonoran beserts. The fungi were predominantly GI. trom the Baja Peninsula and across the desert through California and New Woodrat middens may function as important centers of wood Mexico. Sjlomus tonuosum was common in Nevada and Baja decomposition in desert ecosystems. This smdy examined the California. GI.predominated in the central Great spatial and temporal occurrances of wood decomposing Basin. GI,was common from British Columbia to basidomycetes on wood from middens in the Chihuahuan and North Dakota. Glaaswra was common in North Dakota. Sonoran deserts. Distinct temporal and spatial variability in Scutelloswra extended from southwestern Wyoming numbers of species and species composition were observed. across to Reno Nevada. -. were common across New The majority of basidiomycetes from both deserts were isolated during Aupst. A greater number of species were Mexico. Nevada, and California. There is a wide diversity of VAM isolated from middens in the Sonoran verses the Chihuahuan fungi associated with a single wide ranging plant subspecies. desert at all sampling times. Although the two deserts shared Thus, the species composition of fungi appear to be regulated in species in common, the fungal species composition of part by habitat. middens in the Sonoran did differ from the Chihuahuan. Penio~horaramaricicola was predominately found in the Chihuahuan rather than the Sonoran. Differences in the species composition of the basiaiomycete assemblages assiciatea with woodrat middens could result in differing wood decomposition rates between the two desen ecosystems, and the importance of middens to the overall decomposition of wood. R.K. ANTIBUS, TIMOTHY P. WEILAND, AND R.L. -ROGER %. -ANDERSON and A. E. LIBERTA. Biology Dept. SINSABAUGH. Biology Department, Clarkson 1llinoi.s State University, Normal, IL 61761. University, Potsdam, NY 13699. Growth and VAM colonization and growth of little bluestem grass production of hydrolytic enzymes by (Schizachyrium scoparium) in fumigated and non- Phellinus igniarius and Piptoporus fumigated soil. betulinus in pure cultures and on birch wood. Little bluestem grass was grown in fumigated and non-fumigated sandy, low nutrient soil to which Phellinus igniarius and Pi to orus was added supplemental N, P. K and Ca and Mg (bases). betulinus are common macro+?!7 ungi o standing In non-fumigated soil, between the first and second dead birches in upstate New York. Our study growing seasons plants decreased in mean percent objectives were to compare hydrolytic colonization (36.9 vs. 20.8%) and colonized root enzymes for these fungi whem grown in pure length (2,438 vs. 1,627 cm), except for the base culture, and to determine whether similar treated plants that increased in colonized root patterns of growth and enzyme production length between the first and second growing season were observed on birch wood in microcosms (2,625 vs. 3,473 cm). In contrast, in fumigated containing different soil types. when soil plants increased in mean percent colonization grown with cellobiose as a carbon source P. (1.3 vs. 3.2%) and colonized root length (100 vs. betulinus showed higher total activities 445 cm) between the first and second growing seasons. t an P. i niarius of #-glucosidase, In the second growing season, base treated plants e2docellhxylosidase. Both fungi produced the most biomass per plant in fumigated produced similar levels of exocellulase in and non-fumigated soils. The soils are relatively culture, and P. i niarius produced higher high in available P (14-28 ug/g) but low in acid phosphatase zctivities. These available Ca (276-482 ug/g) and Mg (59-76 uglg). patterns of enzyme production remained The results indicate that mycorrhizae may enhance consistent when fungi were grown on birch plant growth in our soil when limiting nutrients sticks in microcosms. Birch stick mass loss (Ca and Mg) are provided. was affected by fungus and soil type used in microcosms. P. i niarius generally caused higher m~ssbnp. betulinus. When the two fungi were combined on single resource units mass loss was less than for individual species grown separately. R.K. ANTIBUS, DEBRA B. SINSABAUGH AND A.E. Differences in mass loss paralleled LINKINS biomass accumulation, measured by ATP and 111. Biology Department, Clarkson ergosterol, in resource units. University, Potsdam, NY 13699. The effects of phosphorus source on acid phosphatase activity and phosphorus uptake in ectomycorrhizal fungi. PARTHA BANEWE. Dept. of Biology, Illinois State Six ectomycorrhizal fungi were grown witk University, Normal, IL 61761 (Presently at the Dept. of Plant low leveis of inorganic or organic Biology. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1L 62901). phosphorus (phytic acid) to determine tht Laboratory experiments on competition between two effects of P source on isozyme patterns, rhizoplane fungi Penicillium chrvso- and Trichoderma acid phosphatase activity and uptake of 32~ hardanurn. inositol phosphate. Isolates studied inc1uded:~~enococcumeo hilum, Scleroderma Based on results of a field study involving rhizoplane cltrinum, Hebelomz cr%dki?orme, microfungi associated with little bluestem (Schizachyium Lactarius sp., Amanita rubescens and scovarium], a common tallgrass prairie species, it was Entoloma sericeurr,. Significant hypothesized that Penicillium ~~IVSOE- and Trichoderma interspecies difterences were observed in harzianum outcompeted each other in unfumipted and isozyme patterns and cell surface acid fumigated soils, respectively. To test this hypothesis and phosphatase activity. Phosphorus source, investigate the mechanisms of competition, interactions either inorganic or organic P, did not between the two fungi were stuhed in laboratory experiments affect isozyme patterns and generally did using an artificial model system. Competition did occur. not influence phosphatase production. Instances of advantageous priority effects caused by one However, C. eo hilum demonstrated a five- organism on the other were also established. In addition, fold increashsurf ace phosphatase some demmental residual effects on the growth of one species activity when grown on organic P. In were observed when it was grown along with the killed mass general 32 P uptake from inositol phosphate of the other in the same numtive humemployed prior w correlated well with cell surface killing. phosphatase activity. Growth on phytic acid increased uptake of 32~,with this effect being most pronounced in C. aeo hilum. These results provide evidence or the involvement of phosphatase in Mark T. Banlk. Michael J. Larsen. Harold H. Burdsall. Jr. Center + for Porest Mycolory Research. Porest Products Laboratory. organic P utilization. USDA-Pores1 Service. Madison. W1. Thc formation of clamp connections between compatible baaidiospore germlinr8 of species of Armillaria.

Basidioapore dilutions on rater agar of meveral North A~~SIC.~ biological species (NABS) of Armillaris were examined for the presence of clamp connections followinp germination and formation Of "juvenile hyphae'. After two wceks all spore dilutions examined exhibited clamp connections. These included six isolates each Of NABS 1 and 111. two of NABS V and 11 of NABS Variation in aflatoxin production VII. Ccrmlnmled sport. from tnc same fruitin# body for two isolates of NABS I and two iaolates of NABS VII were palred on vitro was significantly greater among water agar. Clamps were observed in 23-36 percent of theme vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) Dairingr. a value that is son.i.ten1 with Inr expected number for than among members of single VCGs. a bifactorial mating system. Intrampeelem pairings of serminated bamidlompores of two imolates of NABS 1 mnd two isolates of NABS Several quantitative aspects of aflatoxin Vl1 were lOOX coapatibllc. ba-cd on clamp formation Indleatlng production was significantly consistent bultiallellsm at the incompatibility loci. Intermpecific within VCGs. Implications for stability palrinss Of apores from one imolate each of NABS 1 and V11 laeked Clamp connections. Agar plug. from the vmrioul p.irInsm were and inheritance of aflatoxin production transferred to an enriched medium in order to observe colony will be discussed. morphology. Transfers from spore pairlnls involvlns NABS VI1 were often uninterpretable. Translerm from NABS I spore pairins. exhibited the expected "fluffy" or "crusto8e" colony morphology accordlne to the absence or presence of clamp connections. Confrontations of haploid isolates ("non-Juvenile" hyphse) from the same fruitins bodies that ylelded the mporce for pairing. provided date comparsble to those obtained through the use of Clamp formation. Clamp connection iormatlon between "Iuvenile ABBES BELKHIRI, JOHN BUCHKO and GLEN R. KLASSEK hyphae" of compatible basidiosporem may offer an additional tool Dept. of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, for the deflnltion of specie. in Armillaria. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2. Species assignment of Pythium isolates by PCR ampli- fication and restricti~ibosomalDNA.

A method for rapid assignment of Pythium isolates to TIKmy J. BARM, sl!Jzvm J. tKmciLm1 d SWlT A. species was developed based on a neuiprep for Q3RD&. l~eparbnent of Biological Sciences, State DNA isolation and on poiymerase chain reaction (PCR) University of New York, College at Cortland, Cort- amplification of several sections of the rDNA repeat, land, NY 13045 ard l~eparbnentof Batany, Vnive~ including the intergenic region. PCR products were sity of lbmese, Knoxville, ?N 37916 digested with batteries of restriction enzymes and the resulting RFLPs were used to determine species pvcena leaiam (Perk.) Saho: culture mat charac- clustering. Consensus patterns for 15 species of teristics, mating studies and analysis of in vitro Pythium were determined. In several cases the method basidiome prcduction. was useful in resolving taxonomic problems insoluble ?he production of agaric basidimata in pxe culture by morphological criteria, and in classifying isol- is the exa?ption and oertainly a too infrequent lates which do not produce oogonia or zoospores and phenomenon. Many different species of rmshrogm can thus are difficult to classify. PCR results were com- be enticed to prpduce myoelial mats in culture, how- pared with RFLP profiles of mitochondria1 DNA to wer the vast majority of these captxred individuals confirm the reliability and internal consistency of rarely will undqo a caplet& life cycle frcun ba- the molecular approach. The PCR approach is more sidiospore to basidiospore in the laboratory. A re rapid and convenient than the use of labelled probes cent collection and isolaticm of an individual of and it provides enough information for species assip- Wce~leaiam (#3 SAG/#6113 TJB), fran a decayirq nment so that full sequencing of DNA segments from beech log in oentrdl New York, has been &eerfully each isolate is not necessary. prcrcfucing its exquisitely colored caespitose clusters of basidicmta on MEA and other media in plre culture in the laboratory. Phenatypic plasticity of the monokaryatic and dikryotic mycelial mats will be shwn and discussed. The mating system for this in- &vidual is tetrapolar. Mon&&yotic basidimata production is often initiated but becgnes arrested at &f ferent plases of stipe elongation and pileus for- J. W. ECRETT. Department of Biology, Tulane Uni ver- mation. A mpmductive hymenium is never formed in sity, New Orleans, LA 70118. Nitrogen control of the monokaryotic basidicpne producers. wein all secondary metabolism. parts of the basidiaane are generally dikaryotic, the spores are mkaryotic. An analysis of the macro- Secondary metabolites are low molecular weight com- and mirroscopic characters of this species as it oc- pounds of diverse chemical structure, that occur in curs in culture will be presented and mapared to families of related metabolites, have erratic taxon- those diagnostic features that are used to recognize omic distribution, are usually synthesized after ac- this agaric in its MWhabitat. tive growth has ceased, and serve no obvious function in cellular metabolism. The best known fungal metab- olites are bioactive compounds such as antibiotics, mycotoxins, and immunosuppressants. Secondary.metab- olite production is sensitive to nutritional control. Fermentation microbiologists have developed a large P. BAYMAN and P. J. COTTY. USDA Southern data base about the role of nitrogen in maximizing Regional Research Center, P.O. Box 19687, industrial production of economically important com- 70179. New Orleans, LA pounds. A temporal relationship between the deple- Aflatoxin production and genetic vari- tion of nitrogen and the initiation of polyketide ation in AsD~~u~~~usflavus. mycotoxin synthesis is common1y observed in submerged Aspernillus flavus is notorious for culture. Ammonia and complex amino acids are pre- variability in aflatoxin production, both ferred nitrogen sources for aflatoxin and anthraqui- between and within strains. Because A. none biosynthesi s. Despite the enormous phenomenol- flavus is asexual, population genetics of ogical literature, no generalized mechanism for aflatoxin production has been difficult nitrogen control of fungal secondary metabol ism has to study. We determined genetic been elucidated. relatedness among isolates of A. flavus using vegetative compati bi 1 it; tests. p¶. BERRa, G. SAENZ, T. WHITE and J. TAYLOR, Q, BER-. M. E. BORAAS, and K. H. NEALSOK. Department of Plant Biology, University of University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Center for Great California, Berkeley, CA 94720 and Hoffmann- Lakes Studies, 600 E. Greenfield Avenue, La Roche, Emeryville, CA 94608. Milwaukee. WI 53204. Molecular resolution of conflicting In vitro antagonism of bioluminescent fungi by cleistothecial and condial characters in Trichoderma harzianum. Talaromvces and relatives? Two species of bioluminescent fungi. Panellus stypticus We are interested in whether the sexual olearius were placed in contact with three characters defining the genus Talaromvces or and Omphalotus the asexual characters of species within different strains of Trichoderma harzianum.. Subsequent Blaromvces are better predictors of light emission by the luminous fungi and advance of [he phylogenetic relationships. Tmis fungal pathogens were compared. Relativc diffcrcnces delimited from other Trichocomaceae by sexual among the pathogens were reflected in the rate of characters, i-e., soft cleistothecia with mycelial advance, the total area over khich spores were walls of loosely interwoven hyphae. Most produced upon le host fungi. and decreases in host Talaromvces species have penicillium bioluminescence. After ten days differences in the total ,anamorphs but a few (e.g., 2. Jevcettanus or surface areas of spore production varied from 1 to 53 T. bvssochalmvdoides) produce Paecilomvces percent. Differences in the reduction of bioluminescence asexual states. These paecilomvces states of the same material ranged over 2 orders of magnitude. resemble the anamorphs of ~vssochlamvs and Final reduction in luminescence ranged over 6 orders of Thermoascus species. Dlaromvces species may magnitude. Marked reduction in bioluminescence was be monophyletic, as implied by current observed to precede the advance of spore production. The taxonomy, or they may be polyphyletic with greatest reduction in luminescence was correlated with the Paecilomvces-producing species being more the presence of T. harzianum hyphae. Two strains of closely related to pvssochlamvs and T. harzianum, NRRL 1698 and ATCC 58674, were capable of Thermoascus than to the Penicillium-producing killing both bioluminescent fungi within the study period Talaromvces species. To test these while a third strain, NRRL 13019, was capable of killing hypotheses we have developed a character set only Omphalorus olearius. for these taxa independent of cleistothecial and conidial characters. Phylogenies inferred from DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit and the 5.8s rDNA will be compared to phylogenies based on cleistothecial and condial characters to L. B'iTlKCI & S. LLPO. Ccntml gmdh of Scleratim cepivonm by evaluate the phylogenetic value of these several strains of Trichodem sw. characters. Antagonistic activity of 60 strains of Trict-dem spp. (T. harzia- nun, T. hmtvn, T. kmirgii, T. satuniiSclemtiunii vfi ~ana~sd7ZEl&ratory ccndiiuns.Tne pa- miqewas ~lployedto detect the activity of the diffusible mtablites on mycelial grwth anc: sclemtia fomtion. Sun? Jzmes D. Bever, Department of Botany, Duke strains of all species except T. satmnism produced 1Wb qwth inhibition at 24 h. A reduced3 of strains of all species were University, Durham, NC, 27706. Differentiation of Natural Allium vineale able to inhibit sclemtial formation, at 12 d, Wen sclerotia Populations in Response to Mineral Versus mtvration was cnpletly achieved in the ccrcml disks. Ftycelial cords, larger sclerotia (3-5tim the cahm! size) and little; Biotic Components of Soil. stalked, imture ones (formirg the rind later) were fonred by other of strains with lwr activity. ha1 cultures on agar- Allium vineale bulbils from 10 individuals set from each of three populations were grown mlt, using cne sclerotiun and a mycelial disc of Trichodem as iimla, were carried art. The cutmna cbserwd with the mst in pots of pasteurized soil inoculated with ;active strains were: 1) yellw pignntatim in the interface zone fresh or autoclaved whole soil inoculum and S. cepivonm grwing just to the Trichodem advancing from each site of these three populations. - of Plants grew larger with fresh soil inocu- zcne, where MTI? new sclerotia fomtion ocarrred; 2j sclemtia lum. This effect is likely to be due to germination inhibited; 3) sclerotia germination produci~xne new mycorrhizal fungi. The total plant weights sclemtia; Trichoderma, in turn, inhibited Wse I?& sclerotia were greater when grown with their own germination and covered them by a heavy sprulatim. In cases 2 and inoculum than when grown with other inocu- 3 MTI? sclemtia were apty and others internally disorganized, lum -- regardless of whether the inoculum spliting under a little pression. In Loth situatims sclerotia or was fresh or autoclaved. This suggests fragnwrts of them were mble to gwminate Wm transfered to fresh that the Allium populations are adapted to Mia or of they did new sclerotia were not fd.Mycoparasitirm the mineral component of their native of myceliun or sclemtia were not cbserwd. Experimsrts under field soils. Bulb weights were also greater when conditions, with several strains of Trichodem will be perfo&, grown with their native soils. However, ladting for a possible biolcgical mml of mion witkrrst'i- the populations grew relatively better with disease. their own soii amongst the autoclaved inoculum than with their own soil amongst the fresh inoculum. This result suggests that these populations are locally adapted to the mineral -- but not the biotic compo- nent of the soil. J. li BHAlTACHAWJEE. Department of Micrubidogv condrcted in Sept-r 1989, S. amla capilliconidia wre fd Miami University, Oxford. OH 45056 attached to phoretic mites of dung beetles more often than spores !The Unique Biosynthet~cPathway for Lysine in Fungi of any other species. Dispcrsai is similar to that reported for secondary capilliconidia of Basidiobolus spp. In mired cultures ibim Is an essential amino acid (obtained from diet) for humans and animals. on agar. the mbs. Sawinia so., is an imortant prey organism :Havcr, it is synthesized by ruo mutually exclusive pstbways in bneterio, lunpi, for S. anmala. The fasci~tingamoeba has a presurptive phoretic iand plants. Bscterin, piants, and certain pbycomywtes usc the diaminop~wlicacid stage that elmgates and sdheres to any objects that contact it. pathm my, wbe~llsthe yeastsandother htherfuqi use Ibea-sminosdipte pathway Although re have not been able to distinguish the amebae on ifor the biosvnthesis of Ivrine. Genetic and biochemical analysis of lvsine trapped mites, ue assure that they here as do the cspillicMidia taurotmphs of SacchammvcPs mmisiar have confirmed eight en- steps and with which they are intersprred on the dvlg surface. Amebae are lmore thmn mlve unl~nkedpews responsible for the a-smimdipate pathway. able to uithstand desiccation on cover glass shards for at least iHomocitrate spthase cntaI.yzes the firs1 committed step (a-kctoglumnte + acevl 72 hrs. providing circumtantial evidence that they could survive disprsat thrqn air attached to the phoretlc mites. Thus. CaA - homncitnte) of the pathway. Homocitrate - cis-homoaeonitate - direct dispersal for both predator and prey nay ensure a food .homoisocitrntr - a-ketoadipate - a-sminoadipate are the intermediates of the first source for S. anomale in new substrates. :half of the patbuay luclll~udinside mitochondria and the specific ~ctiunsare .analopus to tho= ol the cllric acld cycle lead~tqto the synthesis of glutamate. la-Aminondipate - a-sminondipte-scmialdchyde - saccharopine - lysine constitute !the second half of the pathway. Homocltrate sytbase. homoimitrate ~dehydrugenase.a-sminoadipate roduetase, saccbampine debywnase hnve been !purified sod characterized from wild type S. previsiae. ?be cis-homuumnitase and !a-kctondipate transsminase have been parIiall!. characterized. The presence of one tor more of these enzymes has also heen demonstrated in scveral pstsand molds M. BLACKYELL', J.Y. SPLTA~ORA~,D. MLLOCH~, and J.Y. TAYLOR', !includingYarmwia~~~,Neu--,and &nicillium pbrvsonenum. Homoc~tratesynlhase is leedhuck inhibited by lysine and its Deparlmmt of Botany. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 , Departmyt of Botany, University of Tormto, Toronto, ~analogues,all of the enryws erhibit repression when S. fcmvisiae is pmm in Ontario MSS 1A1 , and Departrnf of Plant Science, University of llvs~nesupplemented medium. and the enzymes of tbe -d ball d tbe pathway California, Berkeley, CA 94RO ~areunder the pcneral rqyhtion of amino acids syathcslk Several lysioc penes . Ww evidence fro. an amrph for the renwal of Pyxidiwhora frm lhave been cloned bv functional complementation of specific lysine auxotrophs with the Hypareales. !plasmids fmm a S. gerevisiae pnomic library. The cloned pcne in the ipiasmid YEp620 Is localized on a 6.9 kb Pstl-EeoRI DNA inserl, tbe pene is Placement of Pyxididore Bref. 6 lav. in the Hypocreales alusys clocsl~zedon a 2.8 kb Xhol-Xhol DNA inserl of the plasmid pS052. thempene has been suspect. Early deliquescent ascl and absence of apical is localized on a 3.2 kb Sphl-BamHI DNA insert of the pSCS plasmid, and the paraphyses are mt typical of the ordcr. Recognition of these 'mpene is localized on a 1.9 kh BamHI-Xbal DNA insen of the pS051 plasmid differences led Arnold to prgase the new fmity Pyxidiwhoraceae Lvsine is an important fermentation product. Also, the a-aminondipale pathway for the genus and to suggest a relationshtp with the wnbe used as a marker lor phvlupeny as we11 as a tawt lor tbe rapid detection Melanosporaceae. Lurc(qvist accepted the fmily and suggested that and wntml of important oppnnunistic funel patbopcns. Lysine is not cataholizod it is misplaced in the Hypocreales. Most recently, von Arx and as sole nitmgen wumh?. S. rrrevisiae. Instead, such lysine becomes toxic to the van der Walt placed the Pyxidiophoraceae in the Ophiostaateles, cells and causes ahnnrmal morphology, cell division, and loss of viability. Such partially on the basis of a anamorpl. rwrted for several abnormalities mav serve as a model lo sludv the mechanism of hyperlysinemia, a species. In a discussion of the relationships of PyxidioMora, severe metabolic disorder for I:hinr catabolism in children. Blackwell and Malloch chose nor to e@esize the evidence of anamorphs because the cwmctions Mere mt proven conclu~ively. However, a presuwtive synmnatous anamorph of Pyxic!iomora sp. has been discovered that is characterized 4' holoblastic conidia an percurrent or synPodial proliferation, a tm not kmin the hyvocreales. Although similarity of cultures established from the conidia and ascospore products supports the ccnnution, neither culture prodxed s-te or G.F. Bills and J.D. Polishook. I4erck Sharp 6 Dohme perithecia. Because of the imortance of veritying the existence Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahvay, NJ of a non-hypocrealean ansmorph tyue in Pyxidiophora, we used 07065. mother appmsch to obtain cvidmsr of the correction. Primer directed nplification of nuclear encoded ribosansl RUA genes by the polyrrrase chain reaction and direct DNA squcncing allowed Kicrofungi from Carpinus caroliniana. caparison of the two cultures. About LOO bases in the highly conserve0 rDNA were identical in the tw cultures. The 300 bases This studv is an attempt to characterize the fungal re ermined in the internal tramcribed spacer regions, kmto flora inhabiting the bark of Carpinus caroliniana be variable in f-i, were also icentical. Molecular widem sqqmrts the canection, and ue cmsider the mnmmrph to be that (American Hornbeam, Ironwood). Trees were sampled of Pyxidiochora sp. Thus, sdditimnl amrph evidence to exclude from various sites in central New Jersey. Ten trees Pptidiochora trrm the Hypocreales is provided. were selected at each site. From each tree, 24 one cm bark discs were removed. The bark discs were surface-sterilized and were distributed onto three isolation media. Colonies of fungi were alloved to develop and then transferred to slants for L. D. Boeck. Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly enumeration and identification. Thus far we have Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IK 46285. examined nearly 900 bark discs from 40 trees and tilofungin, a new semi-synthetic anti -6andida recovered over 60 species of fungi. As expected, the antibiotic from Aspergillus. £lor6 is dominated by common genera of Hyphomycetes. however a suprisingly high proportion of the isolates iCandida is an important human pathogen for whose are Coelomycetes. A few Basidiomycetes were recovered ltreatment few agents are available. In additi,on, with our method. A comparative analysis of the !those antibiotics that are clinically effective are differences in species diversity and the frequencies pikely to exhibit host toxicity. Aspergillus species of species recovered among individual trees, among ihave been shown to produce several lipopeptide anti- different sites, and among isolation media is lbiotics that likewise possess activity vs. Candida. presented. These lipo~eptides,which include Echinocandin 6 ;(ECB), appear to act on various target sites and are lalso likely to exhibit host toxicity. However, minor changes in their fatty acid acyl chain substituents ihave been shown to exert major changes in activity M. BLACKWELL and D. IVILLOCH. Department of Botany. Lwisia~ :and/or toxicity. Successful studies previously State University. Baton Rouge, LA 70803, and Department of Botany. University of Toronto, loronto, Ontario M5S 1A1. :conducted at Lilly for removal of an acyl group from Dispersal biology of Stvlowse m. la related lipopeptide possessing gram positive ;activity, A21978C, led to the discovery that a Stvlow~e S.W. UooG, previously repnrted only trm the tyw local ity, Derbyshire, U.Y., is camon in noose c~ngat severe. La~dianlocalities. It was present within 2-6 aays of incubarior, in all of the dung sanples examined. In a field study similar process could be applied to ECB. Therefore, Harold H. Burdsall. Jr..and Mark T. Banik. Center several Aspergillus species obtained from an ongoing for Forest Mycology Research. USDA-Forest Products soil screen,were used to produce ECB by fermentation. Laboratory. Madison. WI. Cultural characteristics ZCB was subsequently isolated and partially purified, :after which bioconversion to the polypeptide nucleus of the North American Species of Armillaria in was accomplished by deacylating with Actinoplanes culture. ut3hensis. The bioinactive peptide nucleus of ECB Several tissue or multisporous cultures from each was then isolated and chemically reacylated with of the nine North American species of the .various acyl analogs. An octyloxybenzoyl acyl group Armillaria mellea complex and A. tabescens were was shown to confer a favorable therapeutic index. compared on a 1.5 percent malt extract. 2 percent This promising new compound, known as cilofungin, is agar medium. Cultures were grown at 12. 16. 20. currentfy on clinical trial. 24. 28. 32 and 36 C. After four weeks all cultures were diametrically measured and molrphological characters recorded from those grown at 24 C. Except for NABS VII cultures of all species of the --A. mellea complex grew at similar rates at all ;E.W.A. Boehm and D.J. McLaughlin. Cereal Rust Labora- temperatures. NABS VII grew substantially faster tory, USDA-ARS, and Department of Plant Biology, Uni- at 32 and 36 C. Isolates of all species. except bersity of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108. NABS I11 and IX and A. tabescens. were culturally An ultrastructural karyotype for Eocronartium w- consistent morphologically. NABS VI was the most cola. distinct culturally possessing a mostly vhite. fluffy culture mat. Most other species were Definitive karyotypes for small fungal nuclei are reddish-brown and appressed. NABS I1 had a best obtained at meiotic pachytene, using three- distinctive feathery edge and NABS V stained the dimensional reconstructions of synaptonemal complexes. agar reddish-brown. NABS I and X were Paciytene nuclei in Eocronartium muscicola, a simple undistinguishable. both possessing extensive scptate auricularioid moss parasite, related to the reddish-brown crustose area in the center of the Uredinales , were preselected prior to serial section- colony with a hyaline margin. NABS VII cultures ing for TEN using epifluorescence microscopy. Seven- generally were heavily zonate and stained the agar teen synapsed homologues were resolved in each of reddish-:.mwn. Lack of consistency within some four fully reconstructed nuclei originating from two species M opposed to others may indicate a lack of differe~ltmoss hosts. Five of the seventeen chromo- integrity of these species. solnes were cross correlated among the four nuclei based on calculated length and centromeric index. One chromosome cf ~haracteristiclengt+ and centromeric index was found to be associated with the spindle pole body (Spa). This is the first report of a syn- aptonemal complex in association with a fungal SPB and may relate to the heterochromatin found to sub- C. BRAD=. P. WOOD, W. BLACK., B. WARNS and C. tend the SPE in non-pachytene stages. NEAR. hlycotech Bioproducts, Inc., P.O. Box 4113, Butte, MT 59702. De\,elopment of Lieauveria bassiuna rnycoinsecticides. S.H. BOYUCHKO and J.P. TEWARI. Department of Plant Production techno103 is a key element in developing Science, University of A1 berta, Edmonton, A1 berta, rnycoinsecticides, not only in evaluating economics, but also Canada T6G 2P5. Variation among barl ey cul tivars in strain selection, formulation, application methods, and to VA mycorrhizal colonization. regulato~compliance. The VA mycorrhizal fungi are generally be1 ieved to be Production of B. bassiana conidia has been developed using host non-specific, but certain host preferences are solid substrate culture with yields of 2-5 X 10'%0nidia per known to exist. Field and greenhouse trials were kg of substrate. The product is a stable dry powder suitable therefore conducted to determine whether various VA mycorrhizal fungi show variations in colonization of for a number of formulation options. the roots of barley cultivars. Additionally, the Fifty isolates have been compared for virulence and conidia growth benefits accrued to the barley cultivars were production in developing mycoinsecticides for grasshopper measured. Field experiments did not show any and ,vsy moth control. Conidia production efficiency is an significant differences in levels of root colonization by indigenous Glomus spp. in 22 barley important criteria in strain selection. Liquid spray and bait cultivars over a 3 year period. However, greenhouse formulations have been tested in laboratory. outdoor cage and field trials for rassho per control at application rates studies, in which 8 barley cultivars were inoculated 1B 1B with Glornus dimor~hicum,G. intraradices, or G. equivalent to 10 to 10 conidia per ha, In cage trials mosseae, indicated that certain barley cultivars are 80-100% mortality was obtained with 1012 and 1013 conidia colonized to a greater extent by VA mycorrhizal fungi per ha equivalent. than others. Glomus intraradices and $. mosseae generally colonized barl ey more than 5. dimor~hicum. Formulations and application methods designed for ,vsy Also, 4 of the 8 barley cultivars exhibited greater moth control in urban and suburban areas have been yield and seed size when inoculated with E. mosseae developed and tested in laboratory and field trials. Mortality and G. intraradices over the controls, but not with rates of 80- 10070 have been obtained in laboratory trials, and -6. dirnor~hicum. It therefore appeared that barley 63% in initial field trials using economical application rates. cultivars varied in their susceptibilities to VA mycorrhizal colonization and that colonization and Production should be integrated at a very early stage in growth benefits exhibited in the plants was also mycoinsecticide develop men^ pro,orams. gcvernec oy the VA mycorrhizal species present in the soil. Lonsequeotly, vanous DNA probes were tested in Southern analysis of total B. E. CALLAK. Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West pnomic DNA lo determine whether hybridization patterns were Burnside Road, Victoria, B.C. V8Z 1M5 CANADA. characteristic for particular formae spedales and/or races. A 6 kb fragment Evaluation of taxonomy and biogeography of the that contained the rDNA penes from B. minis f.sp. hordei (BGH) CR3 Xylariaceae using cultural characters and anamorphs. was cloned and used as a probe to identify restriaion fragment length The Xylariaceae is a large and complex cosmopolitan polymorphisms (RFLPs) in DNAs from the formae speciales and races family whose taxa have historically been delimited by indicated previously. Restriction patterns obtained by digestion of DNA with 18 different restriction endonucleases showed no significant stromatal color, gross morphology and habit. The plymorphisms in the rDNA pnes from the races of the barley powdery f om-genera and habit of xylariaceous anamorphs are mildew. However, the rDNA restriction fragment phenotypes of formae often key characters currently used to delimit genera speciales exhibited sienificant polymorphisms for digestions with various and are usually the most reliable criteria for restriction enzymes including Smal (Xmal) and EcoRI. Other probes were placing intermediate forms into the appropriate genus. tened including the 6-tubulin gene from BGH-CR3, hsp7O from soybean, Cultural and anamorphic features have also been useful random clones from a BGH CR3 library, and mitochondrial genes from in identifying groups of closely related taxa. These Neurospora crassa (mt-mochrome b, mt-cyrochrome oxidase, mt-5s features help to determine in geographically separated rDNA). Chararueristic RFLPs were detected for the formae speciales with collections if variations in stromatal morphology rDNA genes, hsp70, mt-qlochrome oxidase and mt-25s rDNA. Variations and spore size are reflected in the morphology of the in restriction patterns for races of the barley mildew were obtained with conidial state. hsp70, ml-cvtochrome oxidase, and mt-2.5s rDNA. Xylariaceous taxa occur with greatest frequency and diversity in the tropics. Recently, several large collections of tropical specimens have been examined and cultured. Comparisons of temperate and tropical ~collections,and occurence of taxa in widely geographically separated regions dl1 be discussed. M. A. CASTELLANO Forestry Sciences Laboratory, PNW Forest Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331. Biogeography of gastroid Basidiomycotina and Ascornycotina. L. M. m. Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164- Most gastroid (truffles and false-truffles) Ascomycotina, 6430. Observations on a Cvstodendron species from Basidiomycotina, and sporocarpic Endogonaceae form Vaccinium. mycorrhiza. They depend primarily on various mammals Cvstodendron is a poorly known genus based on C. for spore dispersal. Biogeography of truffles and false- drvophilwr.. It is characterized by sessile, truffles is influenced by the physiological habit of the penicillare clusters of conidiogenous cells with fungus (mycorrhizal or saprophyte), global climate well-developed collarettes and minute, globose change, topography, continental drift, and host specificity. conidia. Cvstodendron has been connected to teleomorphs in the Helotiales but little else is The unique triparite association of host, fungus and known about them. Cvstodendron sp. on stems of mammal rnycophagist reduces the opportunity for wild and cultivated Vacciniwn cormbosun in New migration. The rnycogeography of the northern and Jersey was indistinguishabie from the type of C. drvo~!illwn on host tissue. In culture, however, southern Hemispheres offers an interesting array of the fungus is morphologically more similar to similar and dissimilar fungi for comparison. phialoce~haladimorahos~ora. The Cvstodendron from Vaccinim. and 1. dimor~hosoora both produce coni~iophores of variable length, clusters of conidiopenous cells and dimorphic conidia, with the firsc-formed conidium ovoid in shape and subsequent co~idiaglobosh. This is the first report of dimorphic conidia in Cvstodendron. Based on the morphologicai similarity between the two genera, Aebi in 1972 proposed that J'hialoce~hala be placed in synonymy with Cvstodendron. Evidence from cultural studies of Cvstodendron and J'hialoce~hala R. J. Chacko, G.J. Weidmann and D.O. TeBeest, Dept. of is presented to support the maintenance of EtPaFhology, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayettwille, AR J'hialoce~hala and Cvsrodendron as distinct genera. 72701 Mycelial analysis of Heterokoryotic colonies of Colle- totrichm ploeosporioides f. sp. aeschynanene. ?he potential for genetic exchange via parasexual K.M.T.CASON' and J.K. ROBERTSZ. Departments of 'Plant Pathology means in Colietotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschv- and 'Biochemistry. University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. nomene (GA)was inves tiga tea using auxotrophic mut- DNA restriction fragment pnlynorphisms lor identification of aml ants. CGA isolates from Arkansas and Louisiana were powdery mildew isolates (Bhmmia gmminir). paired on minimal media to generate heterokaryons. Heterokaryons exhibited a slower growth rate and poor The powdery mildew fqusBherio gmminis (=E?siphc gruminis), an sporulation. Conidia collected from heterokaryotic important plant pathogen of cereals, has long been known to exhibit colonies segregated as parental types when tested on biolopical speaalization for host species and host cultivar. Availability of appropriate selective media. Plate cultures of heter- rapid, precise methods for identification of subspecies based on the okaryotic colonies 2-3 weeks old were analyzed to de- anamorph which is the most common morph encountered in nature, would termine the pattern of heterokaryotization within the aid in providing accurate data reparding the epidemiology, host-parasite colony. Eight radii were selected fran test colonies relationship, and systematics of this funp. Phenetic analysis of three and 1 sq. inn mycelial blocks were transferred to se- formae speciales (f.sp hordei from barley, f.sp. fririci from wheat, and tsp. lective media for analysis. Sequential mycelial trans- bromi from bromus carhonicus). and l3 races of the barley mildew showed fers from the outer margin to the center of the colony that rnorpholw of the anamorph cannot be used to identify subspecies. were transferred to minimal plates from two radii. model in which parasexuality may play a role in From the remaining six radii three mycelial blocks generating nuclei containing recombinant from the outer, middle and central portions of the genotypes which are interfertile and compatible colony were .transferred to minimal media and minimal with one of the progenitor nuclei. Illegitimate media supplemented with one of the parental require- mating thus represents a special case of ments. Results indicate that heterokaryotic regions intersterile and interfertile mating behavior. do not extend beyond the central portion of the colony because the dikaryons resulting from such events In sane cases both auxotrophic canponents were uni- contain two genomes with + alleles in common at formly distributed in the outer region of the colony. at least one of the five loci. Ability to engage In other heterokaryons only one parenk was found at in illegitimate mating is a strain-specific the periphery of the colony. 'Ihis study suggests that characteristic but does not appear to be the auxotrophic portion of the colony is nutritionally inherited as a simple Mendelian trait. supplemented by a smaller prototrophic region at the center of the colony.

A. W. CHEN. Russell Res. Ctr. PPRU. P.O. Box 5677. Athens, CA 30613. Transition to reproduction in Fanodema Jucidum and other basidiomycetes.

stages (grovth in vegetative medium, grovth in T.E. CHASE. TAYLOR. COBB. JR.. P.T. SPIETH, Six J. F.W. fruiting medium, transition to basidiocarp primor- and W.J. OTROSINA. University of California. Berkeley 94720 and USDA-Forest Service Pacific dium formation, stipe formation, growth of pileus, Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. and tube & spore formation) are identified in G. Berkeley. CA 94701. lucidum during transition to sexual reproduction. Mitochondria1 DNA differences among biological Cultures continue to grow vegetatively, or only species of Heterobasidion annosum. abortive fruiting bodies (vithout tube & spore for- mation) will be obtained if proper cultural parame- H. annosum, a basidiomycete root- and butt-rot ters are not maintained. These parameters include fungus of conifers. contains several biological medium components (carbon source, C/N ratio, thia- species (intersterility groups). Previous mating mine, pH and texture), and abiotic factors for tests and isozyme studies (which assess primarily incubation (temperature, light/darkness. COJventi- nuclear encoded genes) indicate that the S and P lation, and moisture). Methodology on fruiting in- groups in the western United States have undergone duction in s. lucidum is reviewed. Usually shifting a high degree of genetic divergence and that there from groving inoculum or spawn in vegetative medium is no gene flow between them. In order to assess to fruiting medium containing more complex carbohy- the cytoplasmic genome, we analyzed mitochondria1 drates is involved. Of critical importance are: 1) DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms transition to basidiocarp-primordium formation, and (mtDNA RFLPs) with a rapid screening method 2) transition to tube h spore formation. Damaging or employing the Hae 111 restriction endonuclease. killing cells in fruiting cultures can induce pri- RFLP patterns for S group strains from North mordia or tube & spore formation. When vorking vith America were clearly different from P group strains un-defined and heterogenous fruiting media, such as from North America. In addition. differences in vood or sawdust, and bran or corn meal, or using Rm9 patterns exist between European and North induction techniques vith no specific effects, the American S group strains. These results are results are not always consistent. The underlined consistent with our earlier studies based on processes during transition to basidiocarp formation nuclear genes. both of which demonstrated that the (storage and utilization of energy sources, change biological species of K. annosum represent well of mycelial growth pattern, light induction, lipid separated gene pools. synthesis, enzyme activities and ultra-structural studies on tube and spore formation) are selectively reviewed including other basidiomycetes.

T.E. CHASE and R.C. ULLRICH. Plant Pathology Dept.. University of California, Berkeley 94720 and Botany Dept.. University of Vermont. Burlington 05405. "Illegitimate" mating in Heterobasidion annosum. CHD-CHOU, 2. -Q. AN, J. 1. HENDRIX, Q. ZKAI, and H. R. BIEGEL. Department of Plant In previous studies we showed that intersterility Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington in H. annosum is regulated by five genes. 40546. designated Vl+/Vl-. V2+/V2-. V3+/V3-. S+/e, Effect of the Acremonium endophyte on P+/k.Any two homokaryotic strains are endogonaceous mycorrhizal fungi reproducing interfertile (able to form dikaryons) if they are on tall fescue. homoallelic for + alleles at one or more of these loci and also carry compatible mating-type Soil samples taken from field plots planted alleles. Cases in which intersterile pairings to tall fescue (cv. Ky 31) with low or high give rise to putative dikaryons are reported levels of the hcremonium coenowhialum here. Such "illegitimate" mating occurs endophyte were assayed for endogonaceous inconsistently, but is more frequent when propagules by an MPN bioassay procedure. pairings are incubated for a prolonged (30 day) Soil from low-endophyte plots contained more period rather than the normal 10 day period prior propagules and species than soil front high- to the routine subculturing step which is part of endophyte plots. Pure cultures of one the mating protocol. Analysis of progeny derived isolate of Glomus mosseae and two isolates from an illegitimate mating suggest a genetic of E. macrocarwum were used to inoculate it failed to hybridize with ascomycetous probes, endophyte-infected or -free fescue seedlings and was localized by an unsequenced Saprolegnia growing in the greenhouse in sand fertilized probe. Prior DNA sequence data of cox1 and 32 with a high or low rate of slow-release have indicated the probable use of the universal fertilizer. Colonization and reproduction genetic code in Phvtophthora. by E. rosseae, but not the E. pacrocamum We have cloned and sequenced a 3.9Kb gRI isolates, was inhibited by the high rate of fragment of the 6951 mtDKA containing the cob and' fertilizer. The G. mosseae and one of the -atp9 loci. This region contains four open reading -G. pacrocarwum isolates reproduced better on frames (ORFs). Two ORFs shox high degrees of pre- the endophyte-free fescue than on endophyte- dicted amino acid homology with ascomycetous cob infected. The other isolate of E. and 99loci. Whether the mitochondrial =9- macrocarwum did not reproduce well on either is functional, as in Saccharomyces, or silent, as in fescue seed source, although roots were filamentous ascomycetes is undetermined. One of the colonized. remaining ORFs is an inverted copy of a sequence directly upstream of ~2.All four ORFs are tran- scribed from the same DNA strand, but opposite to that of ~l,~2,and the other copy of the re- peated ORF. A search for homologies of the un- kno.wn ORFs to other mitochondrial genes is underway. J.D. CLARK School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. Didymium iridis mating systems: partial compati bili ty between mating series. k Oidymium iridis isolate (GB 1) from u. Department of Biology, Indiana Bristol England was crossed to Colllns' University, Bloomington, IN 47405. standard mating allele testers to determine Population Genetics and Host Range Expansion of its relationship to the mating series. Atkinsonella hv~oxvlon (Clavicipitaceae). When paired to the Central American series only a few plasmodia were produced in Shifts in host range represent the ultimate repeated crossings in 4 of the 28 possible starting point for most host-parasite associations combinations. These plasmodia produced yet this important process has received little sporangia containing many non-viable spores attention compared to research on variation in which displayed skewed mating type segrega- compatibility within prexisting species tion ratios. When paired with clones from combinations. ptkinsonella hv~oxvloq,classified the 3 non-interbreeding isolates, the GB 1 with endophytic fungi in the tribe Balansieae, has clones did not cross with the Ga 1 and Fla 1 extended its host range from two species of isolates but did produce plasmodia in 3 of panthonia over much of eastern North America to two the 4 possible combinations with the Pan 4c additional panthonia species occurring on montane isolate. These plasmodia also produced granitic outcrops in the southern Appalachians near spores with low viability and poor segrega- Highlands, NC where all four host species occur. tion ratios. On the other hand, pairings Preliminary data from seedling inoculations indicate that the basis of host range expansion is with the Appalachia series produced plasmod- Isozyme ia in most replica crosses of all 8 possible genetic changes in fungal populations. combinations. These plasmodia generally studies have revealed that isolates of the fungus produced viable spores and normal segregation from the new hosts represent only a few genotypes. ratios. Most g. iridis heterothallic iso- Relative fitnesses of infected versus uninfected host plants suggest that Atkinsonella is more ilates have mating type alleles which are com- Evolutionary changes patible with only a single geographically pathogenic on the new hosts. in isolates from the new hosts are facilitated by restricted mating series. The GB 1 isolate, differences in host flowering times, minimizing however, is partially compatible with 3 gene flow between isolates from the new and old separate series although it is closest to the hosts. Crosses between isolates from the new and Appalachia series in terms of compatibili ty. old hosts have been attempted to elucidate the nature of genetic control of host range. Evolutionary changes in Atkinsonella populations infecting the new hosts may represent incipient speciation.

S. A. CLARY and M. E. S. HUDSPETH. Dept. Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861

Nucleotide sequence of Phytophthora mitochondrial BRUCE J. COCHRANE, REX T. NELSON, BIENVENIDO G. DNA: Sequence of the apocytochrome b and ATP sy- YANGCO,AND DIANE TE STRAKE. Department of Biology and thase subunit 9 region. College of Medicine, Univ. of S. Florida, Tampa. FL. 33620. rDNA polymorphisms and phylogenetic relationships in Baridiobolus. Seven mitochondrial genic loci have been pre- viously established in Phytophthora megasperma 695T. The genus Basidiobolus (Zy~omycotina;Entomophthorales) is a These include subunits for cytochrome c oxidase widespread saprobe that ou;rsionally causes mycoses in man and other (~1.2, 3), apocytochrome b (cob),subunit 9 of vertebrates. While as many as ei~htspecies of the genus have been AT? svnthase (atp9), and the small and large ribo- proposed, our analyses of both isozye and rDNA polyfnorphisms soza: RNAs (E, s).The validity of the -9 locus was questionable as, unlike the other loci, support only two of these species (B. ranurunl and B. microsporus). S.C. CROAN and T.L.Highley. U.S. Department of However, there is extensive heterogeneity among Nonh American Agriculture. Forest Service. Forest Products saprobic isola!es that. based upon parsimony analysis, separates them Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive. Madison. WI from human and European saprohic isolates. We have examined 53705-2398, U. S. A. additional isolates. using hoth RFLP analysis and sequencing of PCR Selection of Fungal Antagonists for Biological products obtained from amplification of the internal transcribed spacer Control of the Blue Stain Fungus Ceratocystis region of rDNA gcnes. These analyses suggest that, in contrast to coerulescens isolates ohtained from the New World. those from the Old World are homogeneous. In light of these data, we suggest that more extensive The objective of this study was to find a fungal analysis will he required to clarify the taxonomy-of the genus, and to antagonist that could be used to control blue stain establish whether geopraphic patterns of human infection are reflective in wood caused by Ceratocystis coerulescens. We of genetic differentiation within Basidioholus, or whether they are studied interaction of C. coerulescens with the assoc~atedwith cultural or social laclors. following fungi in dual culture on agar medium: white-rot basidiomycetes--Bjerkanderd adusta. Coriolus versicolor. Ganderma applanatum. Lentinus edodes. Phanerocheate chrysosporium. Phlebia brevispora. and Schizophyllum commune; brown-rot basidiomycetes--Antrodia carbonica. Coniophora MONICA L. CONVERSE and T. PI. WlrlILL. De~artmentof puteana. and =a placenta, and one Biology; SUNY College at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126. mold--Talaromyces flavus. Viability examination Electron microscopy of mitosis during sporangial showed that all these organisms killed C. development in Mucor mucedo (Mucorales). coerulescens. B. adusta not only killed the fungus but also decolorized the blue stain. C. uteana Fungi in the tlucorales reproduce asexually by forming released an antibiotic-like substance :ha! inhibited spores within sporangia. Sporangial development is the growth of C. coerulescens at a distance. The accompanied by numerous mitoses prior to cleavage and other fungi inhibited the growth of C. coerulescens sporogenesis. Sporangia of Mucor mucedo contain hun- only on contact. Our results indicate that blue dreds of spores, each with 20-30 nuclei, the products stain can be controlled by fungal antagonists. of mitosis. Nuclear division has been examined in W. mucedo, and the results confirm our understanding of the process in the Mucorales. In such fungi, mitosis is intranuclear, i.e., the nuclear envelope remains intact throughout the entire process of divi- sion. In K. mucedo, dividing nuclei possessed an intranuclear, microtubular spindle apparatus which D. CULLEN and S.F. COVERT. 1. Forest Products Labora- developed between intranuclear spindle pole bodies. tory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, k!I, 53705. The spindle pole bodies were in the form of electron- 2. Dept. of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, opaque disks closely appressed to the inner nuclear Madison. UI 53706. envelope. During prophase, a short spindle apparatus Heterologous protein expression in filamentous fungi. appeared laterally within a nucleus, and lengthened while spindle pole bodies migrated toward polar posi- Recent research into heterologous gene expression tions. Indistinct chromosomes apparently attached in filamentous fungi has been prompted by two princip1,e to the spindle microtubules, but did not align on a factors: 1. The development of efficient gene metaphase plate. Toward the end of mitosis, equal transfer systems for several species, and 2. The amounts of nucleolar material appeared to be located ability of filamentous fungi to secrete copious in the ends of dumbbell-shaped nuclei. Nuclear poles quantities of protein in submerged culture. moved apart until daughter nuclei resulted from Aspergillus nidulans has been used as a model system separation of the constricted envelope connecting for expression of commercial enzymes (bovine chymosinl the poles. 232 pharmaceuticals (interferon; tissue plasminogen activator). Related species such as A. awamori, A, niger, and oryzae, and cellulolytic Trichoderma reesei strains have also been used. The advantages of filamentous fungi as expression systems relative to yeasts and prokaryotes will be discussed. M. COOKE , P. MOUTOGLIS, AND P. WIDDEN. Biology Dept. , ~oncordi'aUniversity, 1455 de Maisonneuve West, Montreal .F.Q., Canada.

VAM Fungi in a maple forest in the Laurentians. K. J. C7YMMEK and K. L. KLOMPARENS. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Electron Optics, Pesticide Rates of infeetion of maple roots and the occurrence Research Center. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI of VAM spores In soil were surveyed durinq a single 48824-1 31 1. season in a maple forest in the Laurentians , close to the northern limit for sugar maples in Canada. The Ultrastructure of Ascosporogenesis in Thelebolus The stand is currently suSject to acie precipitation crustaceus using Cryo-techniques. with an average pH of 4.3. Thelebolus crustaceus, a 5-12 ascal, 64-spored operculate The data. shaw that both rates of infection and discomycete, was examined using low temperature SEM and numbers of spores vary seasonally. The major freeze-substitution TEM to determine morphological aspects internal structures in the maple roots were hyphal during ascosporogenesis. Early in ascocarp development, the coils and vesicles, arbusciles bein9 only rarely ascogonial coil was encompassed by ascogenous hyphae, observei. The major taxa present in the .soil 'as resulting in a spherical mass. As the ascocarp matured, asci spores were species of .Giomus, ' Sclerocysfis ~ushedthrough the upper layers of-ascogenous hyphae and rubiformis, an8 a spe'cies of Acalospora. showed their prominent operculate tips. The young ascus shswea a diploid nilcleus and ciosely associated mitochondria in the area of the ascus apex and proliferate vacuolation in the on malt extract agar medium for 2-3 d. Cultures of lower portions of the ascus. After meiosis I and II and the four single cell origin are capable of developing normal subsequent mitoses, a pair of membranes, apparently derived fruiting bodies. This evidence indicates that the from the fusion of numerous plasmalemmal invaginations. dikaryotic phase is present in the stipe tissue of A. formed a cylinder around most of the ascus protoplasm. The tabescens and leads us to believe that the general double membrane invaginated to surround the individual nuclei life cycle in Armillaria may not be as unusual as has and accompanying organelles, thus delimiting the ascospore been proposed. initials. Wall material was deposited between the double membranes forming the ascopore wall. Other observations include the appearance of clusters of glycogen particles, several different types of cisternae, and small numbers of microtubules running adjacent to the and ascospore ascus PX?Z E. DESJpP2Ih:S. Ncrthe-m Reqional Research walls. Also, peculiar plasmalemmal invaginations were seen Center, USDA/ARS, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, in the ascus, ascogonium, and ascogenous hyphae. These IL 61604. plasrnalemmal invaginations developed into ring-like Biochemical and Genetical Approaches to the Ecology structures which appeared to break off and enter the of Phytopathogenic Fusarium cytoplasm. Eventually, the mature ascus ejected its ascospores in single mass. a Gibberella pulicaris (a~m3rph:Fusarium wrbucinum) is a heterothallic ascomycete and amenable to both classical and molecular genetic analyses. This species is broadly adapted as a soil saprophyte and as a plant pathogen with a wide host range. Our 5. T. W. DARMONO and H.H. BURDSALL. JR. Center for pulicaris collection of more than 100 strains fran Forest Mycology Research, Forest Products soils and from diseased plants presents a wide range Laboratory. Gifford Pinchot Dr.. Madison. WI 53705. of genetically inheritable variation for a ndxr of A method for identifying mating types of single traits that my be relevant to plant pathcqenesis. spore isolates in Armillaria mellea. Many of these ecologically and geographically diverse, but morphologically similar, strains have We developed a method to distinguish the four mating mintdined their sexual interfertility, which allows type interactions in Armillaria mellea. Pairs of confirmatior, of their identity as rmkers of a monosporous isolates are grown 10 mm apart on oak reproductively unique, biological species. Genetic wood extract (OWE) agar in petri plates in anc3 biochemical analyses have identified tricho- polyethylene bags. After 14 d incubation at room thecene toxins and phytoalexin detoxification conditions. a strip. 2x35 mm. is cut across the two enzymes as important for pathogenicity of this colonies perpendicular to the interaction zone. species. Population analysis supports the hypothesis This strip, composed of parts of both colonies and that selection for the ability to produce toxins the interaction zone, is transferred onto squeezed and to aetor-ify phytoalexins has directed evolution orange juice (SOJ) agar in petri plates. These are of 5. pulicaris from a soil saprophyte to a plant incubated in a polyethylene bag at room conditions pathogen. for 14 d. A compatible interaction results in a change of the colony morphology along the entire agar strip. It may be expressed as appressed or crustose secondary mycelium. In a common B interaction. such changes occur only in the interaction zone. The ends of the agar strip remain PHILLION and R. C. ANDERSON. Department of white and fluffy while the midd'le section is Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, appressed. Both the common A and common AB Normal, IL 61761. interactions remain fluffy and unchanged. The Mycorrhizal association of little bluestem on burned genotype of these can be deduced by studying the and unburned sand prairies. compatible and common B interactions. In addition,. by crossing with monosporous testers we found that This study examined the influence of burning on the nuclear migration occurs in common A and compatible productivity, tissue inorganic nutrient interactions but does not occur in common B concentration and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae interactions. (VAM) fungus association of a sand prairie community in central Illinois. Burning significantly affected VAM fungus colonization and colonized root length, plant production and tissue inorganic nutrient concentration. Productivity was found to be. significantly higher on the- burned site than on the T.W. DARMONO and BURDSALL. JR. Center for H.H. unburned during the growing season. Forest Mycology Research. Forest Products Laboratory. For samples taken from May through October, percent Vm fungal Gifford Pinchot Dr.. Madison. WI 53705. Evidence of colonization levels were significantly lower on the the dikaryotic cells of the stipe tissue of burned site than on the unburned site. Armillaria tabescens. In contrast, zolonized root lengths were longer on the burned site than on the unburned site but differences Diploid nuclei are reported to occur not only in the between sites were not always statistically basidia but also in the secondary mycelium as well as significant. Above- and belowground tissue samples in the stipe tissue of Armillaria spp. In the study showed significantly higher levels of several of the life cycle of Armillaria tabescens, we found inorganic nutrients on the burned site than the that most viable single cells obtained by maceration of stipe tissue are capable of germinating to form unburned site in early May and late June samples. This was true when nutrients were expressed as clamp connections. Clamp connections are also present on hyphae developed from stipe tissue placed concentratiops($ and ppmi in tissue and nutrients in tissu~per mL(mg and g/mL) . STEPHAhTIEm, Department of Plant Pathology, J.T.~ELL~EI~,D.A. GLAWE~,M.R. TAYSEY~,and L.L. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 and TEWS . ,Dept. Biol. Sci., Univ. Tex., El Paso, TX KENNFM WELLS, Department of Botany, University of 79968. 'Dept. Plant Path., Univ. Ill., Urbana. IL California ,' Davis, CA 95616. 61801, :~~~t.Biol., Ind. Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, Biol. Dept., Wisc. St. Univ., Oshkosh, WI Ustilago cvnodontis intersterility groups. 54911. Mycology test bank (exam file): preliminary version. The consistent nature of the pairing pattern of single basidiospore isolates of Ustilago cvnodontis The MSA Teaching Committee, with permission from the is confirmed. Infections of the host, Cynodon MSA Council, has compiled and edited a collection of dactvlon from intra-and intercollection pairings, mycology examination questions, for use by MSA result in viable basidiospores. F, isolates of members. The purpose of this test bank is to save field collecLions and selected laboratory pairings teachers time and to improve the quality of questions were examined for evidence of an intersterility available, not to provide a standardsfor assessment system epistatic to the compatibility system. The purposes or to suggest what should or should not be nature of the partial intersterility isolates is included in a curriculum. A progress report is being stable. Germination rates of F progeny from 1 made at this annual meeting in order to solicit Sntracollection pairings were reduced in comparison suggestions for the preliminary version of the test with intercollection pairings. Intercollection bank that is available for distribution. A final experiments showed variability. Pooled data showed version will be available at the 1991 annual meeting. significant differences. Growth and infection was variable, when using the same isolates on different plants, pointing to the importance of the host in the developnt of Ustilago cynodontis.

D. F. FAIIR. -tic Bobny and Myoology IaboliitOry, ARS, m, ElARC-WeSt, Beltsville, MD 20705 The species of -ria on

in the a~thraahOS2of J, C. and D. J. Mclaughlin. Dept. of Plant The increasw in-t OW cornus caused by Discula sp. bas stindated the Biology, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. study of other frPIJi that are found on dogwoods. Cytology and phylogeny of the basidiomycete Eleven taw of Sevtoria have been described on XenoaloeaerioDhori. Cornus. The signific~ceof bosts, spore mrphology and mnidiogenesis in the del~neation of these Sevtoria species will be discussed. Xeno- erioDhori (Auriculariaceae sensu lato) is a heterobasidiomycete parasitic upon sedge species. It has been collected in Minnesota from Scl rDuovirem. In an effort to clarify its relationships to other auriculariaceous fungi, T. Flynn'. O.K. Miller, J:.', and H.H. Burdsal12. Dept. of Biology, VPIBrSU, Blacksburg, Va 24060'. FPL, CFMR, P.O. Xenoaloea was examined ultrastructurally and Box 5130, Madison, Wi 5370j2 ligh: microscopically. Meiosis begins and synaptonemal complexes are formed in DNA hybridization studies on the Armillaria mellea species probasidia which are produced within the leaf complex. clustered beneath the stomata. Metaphase I is The Armillaria mellea species complex is a cluster of recognized in the metabasidia which emerge morphologically similar, but reproductively isolated biological through and mature outside the stomata. species. The extreme morphological similarity might suggest high genetic similarity, and this hypothesis was tested by Basidiospores are formed which may develop comparing the genomes of56 strains representing eight North ballistospores or bud as yeasts. Ultrastructural American biological species. The genomes were compared by characters of nuclear division and septa1 pore hybridizing heterologous whole-cell DNA preparations and structure are believed to hold particular promise assaying the duplex molecules with S1 nuclease. The mating compatibility and DNA hybridization experiments compared in establishing a phylogeny of auricularoid fungi. intersterile tester strains, isolated and identified by Jim Xemghzi possesses a spindle pole body (SPB) Anderson, with isolates taken from a broader geographic area with layered discs which nucleate a well- which includes the states of Wa, Az, 11, and Va. The genomic similarity within a given biological species ranges from about developed array of astral microtubules from 80-99%, and the similarity among biological species in the A. metaphase to telophase. The SPB differs mellea complex ranges from 40-70%. The exannulate species, structurally between meiosis I and II. The hyphal A. rabescens, shares about 30% similarity with the rest of the septa are perforated by multiple simple pores. genus. These data confirm that these biological species, identified by mating compatibility, are genetically distinct entities, but identifying new strains using macroscopic compatibility assays can sometimes be misleading. Our hybrization experiments have measured similarity, and have shown variation in genetic complexity (genome size). The genetic complexity, estimated by homologous DNA reassociation rates (Cot curves), generally agree with the hybridization data. Species concepts. speciation, and alloploidy are discussed with these results in mind. K. FCSS and J. R. GARCIA, Biology Deparbwnt, Ball media tested and D. arenaria exhibited significantly State University, Muncie, IN 47306 better growth on YpSs agar. In standing broth culture, both species also grew best on YpSs. Methylation of proteins and phospholipids during the Growth occurred between 5-35 C and the optimum differentiation of ME racernosus. temperature for dry weight production was at 25-30 C. Maximum growth was achieved after 7 days in 25 ml of Earlier studies with this dimorphic mold shaied that medium in standing 125 ml flasks. Growth was the specific activity of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) initially greater in shake flasks but by day 5 the . Synthetase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis dry weights were not significantly greater than in of SAM, increased during the aerobic germination of standing cultures. sporangiospores. Those studies showed that the enzyme activity remained at dormant-spore level for approximately the first 90 minutes and increased significantly after the 3 hour point, a time when the spores are rounded and swelling. The present L w. Department of Botany, study was undertaken in order to try and determine Unlverslty of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996- the reason(s) for the increase in specific activity. 1100. Varlatlon of matlng systens In Studies designed to look at total protein methyla- Harasmlu&. tion, during spore gemination, shai an initial in- Sixteen apecles representing seven sectlons crease at a time when the spores are swelling and a In tlPrasmln& vere establlshed in monokaryon subsequent decrease as the smllen spores begin cultures made from fresh materlal collected to from the Great Smoky and Blue Rldqe £om germ tubes. Fkspholipid. methylation also nountalns. Self-crosses revealed varlatlons shms the same general pattern. An examination of in matlng system type at the sectional level. individual methylated proteins revealed approximately Some sectlons vere predominantly tetrapolar lbifactorlal), vhlle other sectlona vere seven proteins that are inethylated during germination. elther predomlnantly blpolar lunlfactorlal) These proteins appear to be more highly methylated or furnished lnconcluslve patterns. Results at a time when the swollen spores begin to synthesize of Inter-collection matlnqs vlth n. rotula, gem tubes. These preliminan? results suggest that P~rrhoce~halus, B. slccua, and n. pulcherrl~es are reported, lncludlng the observed increase in the specific activity of lntercontlnental matlnqs. SAM Synthetase might provide additional SAM for the observed methylations.

ANDREA GARGAS and JOHN W. TAYLOR Dept, of L. F. GRAND, R. K. JONES, AND R. D. MILHOW, Plant F'lant Biology, University of California, Pathology Department, Box 7616, North Carolina State Berkeley, CA 94720. University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616. Colletotrichum Molecular evolution and phylogeny of lichenized spp. isolated from strawberries in North Carolina. and non-lichenized fungi based on PCR amplified 18s rDNA sequences. In fall 1988 and spring 1989 a severe outbreak of anthracnose on strawber~ycultivar Chandler provided This study focuses on the relationships an opportunity to compre ane identify the three between the ascomycetous orders Pezizales. species of Colletotrichum reported m strawberry in Helotiales . Lecanorales and Caliciales . We have North Carolina. Of the 280 isolates obtained, 83% used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify were identified as C. acutatum ard 17% as _C specifically the fungal nuclear 18s rDNA from qloeo-rioides. C. fraaariae, previously an both licherized and non-lichenized fungi. Their important cause of-anthracnose in North Carolina, was 18s genes amplified so far vary in size from 1.8 not identified. C. acutatum was isolated from kb to 3.2 kb, and their DNA sequences (from diseased fruit, cfowns, stolons, petioles, and leaves asymmetric amplifications) supply additional while s. gloeo-rioides was isolated cnly from evidence for insertions in this region. diseased crowns. Abundant perithecia of Glomerella Arrangements of orders within the cingulata, the teleomorph of C. loeosporioides, were Ascomycotina remain controversial, and DNA prcduce6 in culture by isolatz

Dendryphiella salina and D. arenaria are common deuteromvcetes found in coastal marine habitats. kr studied the culture conditions necessary tci grow inoculum for future fermentation studies. both species grew well on all the agar C. GRUHN and S.K. BOYLE, Departments of Biology S C G PT. ' T. D. LEA!lTERS1, G. ELSAYED' and C. and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute &&em Apgional Res. Ctr., has, USDA. and State,University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Peoria, IL 61604 and Biol. Control Insects Res. Inhibition of polyamine synthesis in dermatophytes. Lab., ARS, USDA, Colunbia, MO 65205. Regulation of insect cuticle-degrading enzymes £ran The diamine, putrascine, and the polyamines, the mycoinsecticide Metarrhizium anisopliae. spermidine and spermine are aliphatic cations required for normal growth and development in all Metarrhizium anisopliae is a promising mycoinsecti- cells. In bacteria and plants, putre_scine synthesis cide for biocontrol of agricultural pests. Its host utilizes either ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) or range includes both the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria arginine decarboxylase (ADC); fungal and mammalian mllonella) ard the Cabbage Imper (Trichoplusia cells appear to lack ADC. The minimal inhibitory -ni). We obtained five strains of M. anisopliae £ran concentrations of difluromethylornithine (DF'MO) and the USDA-ARS Collection of Ehtomogenous Fungi monofluromethyldehydroornithine (MFMO), inhibitors Cultures. These strains were sel&ed fran-a wide of ODC, and diflurornethylarginine (DM), an geographical range. Strains were cultured on a inhibitor of ADC, were determined for Trichophyton basal salts medium containing glucose, gelatin or and Microsporum species. In general, Trichophyton wified cuticle £ran either G. mellonella or T. species were more sensitive than Microsporum -ni. Cuticle-grown cultures OT three str& s-kwe.3 species; DFMA inhibits growth as effectively as elevated lwels of proteases when canpared to DFMO but at a 10-fold lower concentration. Both glucose or gelatin-grown cultures. Scme proteases ODC activity and polyamine accumulation were shdRd as nwch as 10,000-fold induction by cuticle. inhibited in either genera. ADC activity was not There was a 2- to 6101d increase in endochithase detectable in either genera; conversion of radio- activity in cuticlegrown cultures wer glucose labeled DFUA to DFMO was not detected in spite of gram cultures of all strains; exochitinase remained demonstrable arginase activity. The ultrastructure unchanged. Hawever, exochitinase in gelatin-grown of inhibited cells revealed disrupted calcium cultures sha& a 5- to 4C-fold increase over that metabolism, increased mitochondria and altered on glucose-gram cultures. Strain-dependent membrane systems. DFMO limits dermatophyte regulation of lipase was observed. Thus, natural growth by inhibition of ODC and polyamine synthesis; strain variability was significant in enzyme in contrast, DFMA limits growth in as yet unspecified patterns, and no evidence of coordi~teregulation manner as ADC was undetectable. The usefulness of was found. A correlation between enzyme lwels and inhibitors of poiyamine synthesis in studying virulence parameters was !-,atapparent. Thus, fungal biology or treating fungal infections enzymes may not be the scl? vjrulenoe determinants remains to be explored. and alternative factors such as toxins from entomqenous fungi are presently being explored.

--R. GWTA, R. K. JAYASWAL and L. A. LUCHER. F.A. HANEY, A.E. LIBERTA, and R.C. ANDERSON. Dept of Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, University. Normal, IL 61761. Effect of DNA Normal, 11. 61761 topoisomerase 11-targeting antitumor drugs on Neurospora crassa DNA topoisomerase 11. Influence of light intensity on growth and mycorrhizal colonization of little bluestem grass. The antitumor drugs m-AMSA, ellipticine, etoposide (VP16-213) and teniposide (VM26) act as potent Nonmycorrhizal plants grown in sterile and sterile- clastogens in mammalian cells by inducing DNA plus filtrate soil and mycorrhizal plants grown in topoisomerase IS-mediated DNA strand breaks. unsterilized soil were grown under three light Previous studies (Gupta, R, 1990. Mutation Res. 240: conditions; full sun. 70% full sun. and 53% full sun. 47-58) showed that 3 of these compounds were non- Nonmycorrhizal plants produced significantly more mutagenic in heterokaryon 12 (H-12), a strain of biomass and total root length than mycorrhizal --N. crassa that mimics a diploid eukaryotic system plants. Lower light intensities decreased and can detect multilocus deletions. To test mycorrhizal colonization as well as concentrations whether this nomutagenicity could be due to drug- of nutrients including magnesium, zink, boron, iron, insensitivity of E. crassa DNA topoisomerase 11, copper, and aluminum. Manganese did not decrease --in vitro studies were initiated. Using crude with light intensity but decreased in mycorrhizal nuclear extracts from H-12 as a source of DNA plants. topoisomerase 11, the effect of the drugs on the enzyme was determined by the bacteriophage P4 DNA unknotting assay (Liu. L. F., Davis, J. L. and Calendar, R., 1981, Nucleic Acids Res. 9:3979-3989). Preliminary studies indicate that the compounds T. C. HARRINGTON. Department of Plant Biology, inhibit the unknotting of P4 knotted DNA, suggesting University of New Hampshire, Durham. NH 03824. that DNA topoisomerase I1 of N. crassa is similar Isozyme variation in Ceraocystis coerulescens, C. to that of other eukaryotes with relation to drug- virescens and C. lariciwla. sensitivity. Starch gel electrophoresis was utilized to determine electromorphs for seven enzymes in Cerafocvstis coerulescens (Munch) Bakshi ;::asmorph = Chalara ungeri Sacc.) and three morpholog:-~~~lysimilar taxa. Seven conifer isolates from North A;.;..;ics and Europe had similar electromorphs; each electromorpk wa' founi on both continents. Conidia and conidiophores of these seven isolates were also morphologically similar and appeared to D. E. HEMMES AND R. C. RUABOHO. Biologv Department, fit into a single species, i.e., C. coerulescens. Thirteen University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720. isolates from hardwoods (eight from maple trees with Ultrastructural localization of adhesive material sapstreak disease and five saprophytic isolates) had secreted by zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora identical electromorphs for five of seven isozymes and usina lectin-gold complexes. differed substantially from the conifer isolates in isozvme electromorphs. he hardwood isolates had narrower conidia Zoospores of Phytophthora palmivora are attracted . and phialides than the conifer isolates. In spite of the to roots, stems, and leaves of seedlings of Carica synonymy supported by some, the hardwood type should be papaya where they encyst on or near the epidermal recognized as a distinct species, i.e., C. virescens (Davids.) layers. Concanavalin A-colloidal gold complexes C. Moreau. Apparently. C. virescens is restricted to specifically label fibrillar material secreted by eastern North Americn, where it may be a saprophyte on the zoospores and clearly identify the extent of various hardwoods or a pathogen of maple. Cerafocys~is the adhesive material. Encysted zoospores adhere coerulescens sensu slriclo is more widely distributed and directly to the cuticle on leaves and stems and causes blue stain of coniferous wood. Five isolates of C. then produce germ tubes which enter stomata and laricicola Redfern & Minter from larch in Scotland and the hydathodes to reach the interior of the plant. conifer isolates of C. coerulescens had nearly identical At the root surface, however, zoospores often isozyme electromorphs, but ascospores of the former were encyst 20-50 micrometers from the epidermal surface. slightly stouter than those of the latter. In contrast, a Cysts adhere to each other, but adhesive material North American isolate from Douglas-fir. designated as C. rarely extends to the root surface. Germ tubes coerulescens f. douglasii by Davidson, was morphologically grow from this halo of encysted zoospores to the similar to isolates of C. coerulescens but had distinct root where they directly penetrate epidermal cells. isozyme electromorphs. Ultrastructural aspects of the secretion of adhesive material will be discussed.

J. E. HENDRIX, Z. -Q. AN, J. B. GROVE, D. E. HERSHMAN, and G. T. HENSON. Departments of C.K. HAYES, X. JIN and G.E. HARMAN. New York State Plant Pathology and Agronomy, University of Agriculture Experiment Station, P .O. Box 0462 Geneva, Kentucky, Lexington 40546. NY 14456. Soil fumigation effects on vertical Principles in the development of biological control distribution of endogonaceous mycorrhizal systems against plant pathogenic fungi. fungi associated with soybean. Growers have routinely used chemical pesticides to restrict the growth of plant pathogenic fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi in a Western Kentucky However, the public perceives that some of these soybean field were determined by MPN chemical pesticides may pose threats to the bioassay before and after fumigation with environment or to human health. An alternative would 67% methyl bromide-33% chloropicrin and be to utilize natural antagonists to these plant before and after growing a crop of soybeans. pathogenic fungi as biofungicides. Three basic Giuas~oraaiuantea, Glomus macrocamurn, P. requirements need to be meet for the successful fecundis~orumand G. maculosum were present utilization of a biofungicide. The bioprotectant primarily in the upper 15 cm of soil, with strain employed must be genetically superior, either few propagules at 30-45 cm. Of the species as a consequence of strain selection or genetic found at 30-45 crn, G~u~sDo~~maruarita and manipulation. The delivery system should stimulate the growth of the bioprotectant and provide a Glomus intraradices predominated. Soil competitive advantage to it relative to competitive fumigation eliminated most propagules in the microflora. The biomass must germinate quickly over a upper 15 cm of soil but had little effect in range of environmental conditions and posses good the 30-45 cm layer. After production of a shelf life, as a consequence of appropriate crop of soybeans, the population of total fermentation conditions. Considerable strides have propagules had recovered in fumigated soil been accomplished in developing biological seed to prefumigation numbers and was higher than treatment systems utilizing the filamentous fungi, the population in non-fumigated soil. G. Trichoderma. This fungi not only protects seeds, but maruarita and G. 5ntraradices were a higher colonizes and may protect the entire subterranean proportion of the total community of portions of plants. Consequently, plant growth and propagules at the end of the season and may yield may increase. We utilized protoplast fusion to produce superior strains, developed seed treatment have had an advantage for recolonization sysrems that provided reliable results, and are because of their dominance at depths below developing fermentation systems that give rise to the zone of effective fumigation. However, efficacious~propagules. Consequently, this biocontrol species which were less common deeper in system is expected to be marketed by a major soil also recolonized the soil effectively. corporation soon. Techniques refined by this research could be performed on other plant pathogenic antagonists thus evolving a class of biocontrol agents each specific for a particular group of pathogens. G.W. Hesseltine. 5407 N. Isabell, Peoria, IL is more closely related to the Polyporaceae 61614 than to the Tricholocataceae. Morphological New food ,fermentations: ragi and related characters (dimitic hyphae and hyphal pegs) products. are consistent with this hypothesis. The results also suggest that neither Lentinus or In the Orient there are several different the Polyporaceae is monophyletic. classes of food fermentations. One class including ragi, bubod, murcha, Chinese yeast, and look-pang are based upon solid dry inoc- ulum used to start a variety 03 beverages and food fermentations. They are mixed cultures containing bacteria, yeast and fungi. A T.*,H. C. HOCH, and B. TERHUNE. '~ept.of Biology, study of 114 strains of Mucor from 45 of Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, and Dept. of Plant these starters showed that they belong to Pathology, N. Y. State Agric. Exp. Sta., Cornen Univ., Geneva NY Mucor circinelloides (82) and g. indicus (32) 14456. lmmunolocalization of Coiled Cytoplasmic Filaments in with 6 not identified. Identification was based, in part, upon sexual reactions with Uromyces appendiculatus uredospore germlings. known tester strains. None of the 56 Mucor strains tested utilized starch. fifty-three Uredospore germlings of Uromyces appendiculatus were homo- isolates from the amylase starters from 7 genized with glass beads, and a microparticulate fraction was regions showed that picros~orus (B. produced by differential ultracentrifugation. The material was chinensis) and B. orvzae were the species further fractionated on a column of Sephacryl S-1000, and a present, and all of them caused hydrolysis of peak containing mainly flexuous coiled filaments was obtained. starch. A third group of RhiZoDuS strains Their diameter was about 13 nm, and their typical maximum (7) were intermediate between B. orvzae and length was 500 - 540 nm. These appear similar to the "WFR" -R. micros~orus. Fourteen strains of RhiZoDuS class of "virus-like particle" described by McDonald and Heath tested for growth under anaerobic conditions (1978. Can. J. Bot. 56:963-975). The major polypeptide of grew bud did not sporulate. The third mold 36 present was Amvlomvces rouxii, found in 7 the filament fraction has a molecular weight of about kD, as countries; 70 strains were isolated: and measured by SDS-PAGE, with weaker bands between 29 and 34 these produced amylases. When various com- kD. Monoclonal antibodies were produced that were shown by binations of microorganisms, isolated from immunoblotting to recognize an antigen that co-migrates with a amylase starters, were tested as mixed-cul- 34 kD protein of the filament fraction. With indirect immuno- ture fermentations, the only combinations fluorescence microscopy, the antibody labels fusiform struc- that produced a good lao-chao product were tures distributed throughout the cytoplasm. With EM immuno- the combinations of Saccharomvces fibuliaera gold labeling, the antibody binds to bundles of cytoplasmic with Mucor circinelloides, M. indicus, Rhi- filaments most closely resembling structures previously identi- zo~usmicros~orus and Amvlomvces rouxii. fied as "filamentous distalsomes" (Hoch and Staples. 1983. Mycologia 75:795-824).

David S. Hibbett and Rytas Vilgalys. Department of Botany, Duke University, ~ukham,NC 27706. - Taxonomic relationships of Lentinus to the W. E. HIhTZ,J. C. ROYER, M. HUBBES and P. A. HORGEN. Polyporaceae: evidence from restriction Center for Plant Biotechnology, University of Toronto. analysis of enzymatically amplified Transformation-mediated insemonal mutagenesis of the dimorphic DNA. pathogen Ophoswma ulmi. Evolutionary relationships of Jentinus Fr. to Rotoplasts of Ophiostoma ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch Elm the Polyporaceae were elucidated using disease, were aansfmed to hygromycin resistance using a DNA restriction analysis of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). vector (vPS57) containing a promoter for i~openicillinN synthetase Five species in Mntinus sensu Pegler, three from ~enicillibnchryso@& fused to a bac'terial gene f& species in the Polyporaceae and two species hygromycin phosphotransferase. The transformation efficiency in the Tricholomataceae were examined. RDNA was 5 X 103 transformants per ug DNA per 10' protoplasts. The phenotypes were determined by restriction transforming DNA was stably integrated (mitotically) in single or analysis of enzymatically amplified rDNA (PCR tandem copies at unique or several &spersed sites within the Fingerprinting). This method generates transformant genornes. There appeared to be no targetting of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism specific integration sites within the genome for the transforming (RFLP) data without Southern hybridization or DNA. This provided a useful approach for generating mutations by autoradiography. With five different four- the insemonal disruption of functional genes. The crippled genes base restriction enzymes, one hundred unique were conveniently tagged by the transforming DNA and could be restriction fragments were resolved. Among recovered from genomic libraries. We have generated a the 16 individuals examined, there were developmental mutant (U9) in which the dimorphic phenotype has twelve unique rDNA phenotypes. A similarity been altered. Unlike the untransformed parental strain the U9 matrix based on presence or absence of mutant fails to switch from yeast-like growth to mycelial pwth comigrating restriction fragments was when transferred to selective medium. The transforming DNA analyzed by clustering (UPGMA) and distance integrated at a single locus and we hypothesize that the algorithms (Fitch-Margoliash analysis). transforming DNA interupted one of the genes or regulatory Results of all analyses were highly regions essential to phenotype transition. We are currently consistent and strongly suggest that Lentinus analysing the site of inteption. MICHAEL T. HOLMES, EDUARDO M. VADELL AND JAMES C. W. E. Horner and S. R. Lehrer. Tulane Medical CAVENDER. Department of Botany, Ohio University, Center, 1700 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112. Athens, Ohio 45701. Ecological Aspects of Allergenic/antigenic cross reactivity among Dictyostelids in Tropical Forest Soils basidiqmycetes.

Our study site was at Tikal, Guatemala which is Basidiospore extracts contain allergens capable of located at 17.5' N. latitude. The preserve consists binding IgE antibodies and eliciting bronchial al- of approximately 355 square kilometers of Semi- lergic responses in sensitized asthmatics. Immuno- Evergreen Rainforest on limestone soils with 2500 mm print (IP) characterization of crude extracts of annual rainfall occuring mostly during the months of Calvatia cyathiformis (Cc) with sera from skin test June through January. Twenty-five species of cellu- and RAST positive subjects demonstrated 21 a1 lergen- 'lar slime molds, including four undescribed species ic bands. Gal c Bd9.3 (pl 9.3, 16 kD), was the most were Isol.ated from a relatively small area of the important allergen, based on the number of sera preserve, in and around the ancient city of Tikal. (l2/l9), reacting to it. IP inhibition showed that Tropical forest are of particular interest because of Cc, Coprinus quadrif idus, Psi locybe cubensis and species richness and diversity in many taxonomic Pleurotus ostreatus each contain a pi 9.3 allergen groups. Soil habitats in the tropical forest also that cross-reacts with the other species. Spore appear to harbor equivalent species richness and di- extracts of Pisolithus tinctorius and Ganoderma versity based on our studies of cellular slime molds. meredithae did not contain a 9.3 allergen. @lc Four trips (August '89, December '88, '89 and March Bd9.3 was isolated and rabbit antiserum was raised '90) were made in order to study seasonal variation. against it. lmmunodiffusion analysis of this Three sites of different moisture conditions were antiserum against crude Cc extract and Calf BD9.3 chosen for similarity analysis. Ecological analyses produced single precipitin bands that fused. IP Cere conducted using regression models and analysis with this serum also indicated shared epitopes for of variance. Our study has focused on the explora- the 9.3 antigen among these four species. These tion of species richness and diversity through both results demonstrate shared antigens among four microdistribution and macrodistribution within the families in two orders of basidimycetes. The Tikal area. We have also investigated the correla- presence of shared antigens among basidimycetes may tion between cellular slime molds and the abundance facilitate screening for basidiomycete allergies and of bacteria and fungi in the soil. Future regenera- aid phyletic studies. tion of tropical forest may depend upon the inocula- tion of cellular slime molds along with other micro- organisms into the soil. Therefore, preservation of isolated species using the lyophilization process described by Raper and Alexander (1945) was an impor- J. S. HORTON and C. A. RAPER. Department of tant Dart of. th~~-studv. Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405. Pulsed-field electrophoretic analysis of $chizo~hvllum commune chromosomes. John S. Hopple, Jr. Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC. 27706. Transverse alternating field electrophoresis (TAFE)was Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Genus used to separate chromosome-sized DNAs of the Co~rinusBased on Molecular and Morphological Basidiomycete ~chiw~hvllumcommune. Six bands were Evidence. observed in TAFE separations. ranging in size from 6200 to 1250 kb. Three bands appeared to be doublets, as Evolutionary relationships of select taxa judged by the intensity of their ethidium bromide within the genus m~rinuswere investigated staining, and by hybridization analysis using cloned using molecular and morphological data. probes. Polymorphisms in chromosome size were Co~rinusatramentarius, C. cinereus, C. observed between different strains of S. Fommuns. The cornatus, C. micaceus, C, patoui1lardii;and results of DNA hybridization experiments suggested that C. plicatilis were selected as taxa certain genes previously determined by genetic analysis representing a wide spectrum of variation to reside on different linkage groups may be present on within the genus for which adequate material the same chromosomal DNAs. The utility of pulsed-field was available. DNA coding for the large electrophoresis and chromosome-specific probes as an aid ribosomal subunit and part of the ITS region in the isolation of genes will be discussed. was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A restriction fragment map of the DNA was obtained through a combination of Southern blotting and PCR mapping. Morphological studies of the taxa were carried out through character analyses of traditionally significant taxonomic P. A. HUMBER. USDA-ARS Plant, Soil & Nutrition Labora- structures. Evolutionary relationships were tory, Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853. determined using phenetic and parsimony Thermotolerance of Conidiobolus species. techniques. Significance of morphological characters governing taxonomic Species of Conidrobolus (Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae) are classifications will be discussed. primarily saprobes occurring in plant dewitus and soil; sweral Preliminary evidence supports the species occur primarily as enromopathogens; a smaller number classifications of Moser (1983) and Orton of (saprobic andlor entomopathogenic) species can cause my- and Watling (1979) at the sectional level. coses of humans, equines, or other mammals. Vertebrate conidi- Further evidence indicates that Co~rinusis obolomvcoses are usually confined to the nasal passages and to not a monophyletic group, but rather is adjacent superficial tissues, both of which are generally appreci- paraphyletic. ably cooler than the core body temperature; these mycoses are only very rarely deep-seated or systemic. In this study, growth and survival of 47 strains from 2 16 species E. I. J-H i 0. K. HILLER. Departlent of Bioloq)', Birqinir of Conidiobolus from the USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopatho- Pol}Tecbnic Institute and State University, BlaOurq, BA 24061. genic Fungi (ARSEF; Ithaca. NY) were surveyed during 8-day Wysioloqical and norpboloqical Variation Between Populations of exposures to 35, 40, and 45°C. Entomopathogenic Conidiobolus &ill!&m, as Deterrined by lycorrhizal Experiments. spp. showed variable ability to survive at 35'C, and little or none to survive at 40'C. Several isolates (especially those isolated from Hyyrrhiral synthesis studies revealed that allopatric populations of vertebrate mycoses) survived or grew at 40'C; a strain of what differ in bost specificity. Tissue cultures of SL appears to be an undescribed Conidiobolus sp. isolated from a aranulatus used were fro1 Hepal, (associated with Pallichiana), dispersed (and apparently fatal) mycosis in a human grew at 45'C. Korea (udensiflora) and the U.S. (mm). lycorrhizal This study suggests that the further study oE entomopathogenic effectiveness was used to measure bost specificity. Useful characters Conidioboluc species (other than C. coromlus) for biocontrol is were defined as those uhich were stable vithin a population and still a reasonable possibility. Stria care should be exercised, how- neasured differences between uninoculated controls and mycorrhizal ever, to limit direct human cxposurc to Conidiobolus species treatrents. Usefu! characters, as defined by these two tests were: since some taxa can survive temperatures at which inoculations of shoot wet weiqht, total wet weiqht, percentaqe mycorrhizal short roots, mammals (especially if immunologically compromised) mipht shoot dry weiqht, total dry ueiqht and Bartiq net'penetration. These allow the establishment of potentially catastrophic mycoses. characters were subsequently used to measure variation in mycorrhizal Temperature may not be a factor in the localization of most cases effectiveness awnq the allopatric populations of S.. ,~fvertebrate conidiobolomycosis to the nose and adjacent Isolates associated vith &Q& uere lost effective with &&& tissues. and least effective with the other trees, whereas isolates frol E vallichiana and L densiflora showed variable effectiveness with all three trees. Pbenetic analyses used to determine hou similarly the isolates responded uith the hosts, confilled these results. We conclude that isolates associated with &Q& are mt specific for this bost, whereas isolates from tbe other two trees are not host specific. L.J.HUTCHISOK. Centre de Recherche en Riologie These results are discussed and hypotheses put fonrard to explain then. Forestisre, Facult6 de Foresterie et de GGodGsie, Universit6 Laval, Sainte Foy, QuGbec, Canada G1K 7P4. Tie taxonomic significance of enzymatic activity by ectomycorrhizal members of the Agaricales in vitro.

Cultures of Agaricalean fungi showed characteristic differences in their ability to degrade cellulose, lignin, pectin, lipid, amylose, gelatin, casamino S.W. KAMII\'SKYI & I.B. HEATH. Depl. Biology, York 1P3 acids or urea. The patterns of degradation observed University, 471)i: Keele SL. North Yo* Ontario, Canada. M3J reflected taxonomic affinities. For example, lipase lmmunocytochemistry of cytoskeletal proteins in -. activity was primarily detected in species of Amanita The obmycete, Saorolepnla W, is a tip-growing organism with an while amylase activity was found mainly in species apical cap of actin. The morphology of this cap is relatcd to hypha! of Amanita and Cortinarius. Gelatin degradation was gro~dh;it has been suggested to sewe, among other possible fundions, particularly prominent among species of Lactarius as a mechanical support for the newly-foming ~liwall. Actin in section Dapetes. Laccaria and Hebeloma strongly degraded both casamino acids and urea. The different patterns is found in older regions where it presumably has other functions. These changes are likely to be related to the co- degradation of these compounds has potential for localized adin-binding proteins (ABPs). To test this hypothesis il differentiating cultures of ectomycorrhizal will be necessary to use immunocylochemtst~(1C) with fixation and Agaricales particularly on a generic level. The permeabilization protocols which preserve the delicate and easily- results are also discussed in relation to the disrupted actin arrays in lifelike configurations, using hyphae which ecology of these fungi. are known to be Fngat the time of fmtion. Techniques were developed to tether hyphae on cwerslips, and to prepare them for rhodamine phalloidin (RPh) staining and 1C. These hyphae grow normally in nutrient solution, and are well supported during staining. Harsh permeabilizations, such as cold acetone, K. A. ~acobsl,J. D. MacDonaldl, and K. wells2. depolymerlze F-actin in -. Instead, we partially l~ept.of Plant Pathology, University of California, protoplasted with Driselase which did not affect the RPh pattem. Davis 95616, and Z~ept.of Botany, University of Tethered hyphal tips of Sapmkgu can show the previously California, Davis 95616. reported formalin-fixed RPh-staining pattern of a fine hBrillar cap Identification of Armillaria spp. in California. giving way to subapical cables and plaques but the pattem varies with the fiwtion. High or low concentrations of formal~nfollowed by Despite the wide distribution of Armillaria spp. in RPh result in poor preservation of parts of the actin array; this California, definitive identification of the species variant stability may be related to the ABP distribution. Fixation in this state has not been made. Basidiocarps were with paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde shows diffuse RPh staining collected from trees, stumps and surrounding ground which 1s most similar to the reported RPh pattem in living hyphae. cover in forested and nonforested sites throughout Preliminary studies with IC of cytoskeletal components have Northern California. A variety of coniferous and shown that the anti-adin pattem is simllar to that of RPh, using hardwood hosts from inland and coastal areas are post-IC RPh staining as an internal control and comparing FITC- represented. Monosporous cultures were paired with IC/RPh to RPh-stained preparations. This suggests that our 1C- known haploid tester strains to identify biological preparation procedures do not significantly alter Saoroleplrla actin species. Forty isolates have been collected and conhgurations. 1C-localization of ABP distribution will be discussed. those tested thus far were compatible only with Armillaria mellea (Group VI) and each other. These crosses indicate there may be little diversity among California Armillaria species. Results from further crossings and the implications of these findin~son distributior. patterns of this fungus will be preser.:~;. KAY, ERIC and RYTAS VILGALYS. Botany Department, R. W. KFRRIGAN, P. A. HORGEN. AND J. B. ANDERSON. Duke University, Durham, NC 27706 Department of Botany, Erindale College, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, CANADA L5L 1C6. Somatic Incompatibility and Genetic Variation in Genetic diversity in the global population of Agaricus pleurotus ostreatus from North Carolina bisporus.

motus is a heterothallic-tetrapolar Genetic analysis of approximately ninety uniquely derived Basidiomycete which reproduces sexually through wind- isolates of A. bisporus and allied species, using isozyme dispersed basidiospores. We analyzed the genetic and DNA RFLP markers, has produced data which are structure of a population sample of P. ostreatus from a two informative about relationships at several evolutionary hectare area in Durham, N.C. using somatic incompatibility levels. Among wild individuals, most genotypes are and RFLPs. Samples from each of 55 dikatyons were unique. It is also possible to recognize geographically paired in all possible combinations on agar to determine dispersed families of individuals which are putatively somatic incompatibility between genetically distinct descended, via secondary hornothallisrn, from a single individuals. Data from 1520 pairwise crosses show: 1) few progenitor, and to distinguish these from other lineages in compatible interactions in pairings of isolates from a single which outcrossing has intervened. At the population level, log; 2) compatible pairings only between adjacent isolates North American populations of A. bisporus harbor more from the same log; 3) no compatible interactions in pairings genetic diversity than what is found in the best available of isolates from different logs. These results indicate that sample of European germ plasm. Hypotheses on the numerous individuals may colonize a log and that asexual origin of the disjunct amphi-Atlantic populations of A. propagation does not occur between logs. A plasmid bisporus are still under evaluation. At the species level, library containing randomly-cloned DNA restriction there app,-ar to be three distinct species in our sample of fragments from P. ostreatus was used to screen the the macromorphologically homogeneous section population for RFLPs. Preliminary data show both nuclear Hortenses. The two tetrasporic species may be A. and mitochondria1 polymorphisms within the population. subperonatus and A. subfloccosus. These three species These observations are consistent with the pattern appear to be genetically more similar to one another than expected for a genetically heterogenous outcrossing any of them are to A. bitorquis. A. pattersonae is even population occupying spatially discrete resource units. more distantly related.

H. W. KELLER and H. J. ARNOTT. Department of Biology, Box 19496, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019. Phvsarum pulcherrimum and Physarum roseum T. ICEh'T KIM! R.R. EURGESS and J.W .KO?TING, ~~Tl~orest (Myxomycetes, Physarales, Physaraceae): Assessment and Products Labcratoq~,One Gifford Pinchot Dr., ??adison, comparison of taxonomic characters using scanning electron 1.11 53705. 2~iotechnologpCenter, University of microscopy. Wisconsin, l.!adison, VI 53705. Biopulping: Status and Prospects. Monographers have suggested that these two colorful species of the genus Physarum should be united because of inconstant $iopulping is the treatment of wood chips with limin- differences in taxonomic characters. Physarum pulcherrimum !degrading fungi prior to pulping. The woo6 is is characterized by dark maroon, reddish violet or purplish softened by the fungal treatment, so that mechanical colored sporangia. Pigmented calcareous granules spherical in pulping requires considerably less energy anC the shape and 1-2 urn in diameter cover the outer peridial surface; pulp gives much stronger paps? than untreatel the inner peridial surface highlighted by a metallic gold ;controls. In a comprehensive, industry-supported sheen. Surfaces of calcareous granules as viewed with SEM research effort, we are evaluating the feasibility are distinctly roughened, not smooth, as in other species of pf such "bio-mechanical1' pulping. Our effort involves Myxomycetes, including P. roseum. These calcareous granules Seven closely coordinated research teams: ,fungus (CaC03) serve as a key taxonomic character that distinguishes i(se1ecting species and strains, optimizing treatment), these two species. SEM of stalk external surfaces and knzyne (identifying beneficiel and deleterious fractured faces show calcareous granules embedded !enzymes), pulp and paper (making and testing pulp throughout in P. pulcherrimum, differing from the and paper), molecular genetics (engineering fungal longitudinally wrinkled stalks without calcareous granules in strains), scale-up and engineering (optimizing solid P. roseum. X-ray microanalysis of sporangial components in substrate "fermentation"), economics (evaluating the two species revealed differences in the distribution of economic feasiSiIity), en8 information (monitoring calcium and manganese. Physarum roseum is characterized by scientific and other literature). Results from tine bright scarlet red sporangia. Pigmented calcareous granules rirst 2.5-years of this 5-year program are very . restricted to outer peridial surfaces and capillitial nodes have promising. Tnis lecture will summarize progress. smooth surfaces similar to other species in the Physaraceae. Spore size and ornamentation are similar in both species. Differences in color, stalk morphology, surface markings of calcareous granules, distribution of mineral elements, and other more variable taxonomic characters, collectively serve to distinguish these two species. K.K. Klein and T.J. Leonard, Department of Biological KLICH. M. A.. A. R. LAX and J. M. BLAND. USDA. Sciences, Mankato State University. Mankato MN 56002 Southern Regional Research Center, Box and Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, ARS. P.O. 19687. New Orleans. LA 70179. Madison WI 53706 Inhibition of some mycotoxigenic fungi by Iturin A. Genetic control of dikaryotic sectoring in a peptidolipid produced by Bacillus subtilis. Schizophvllun commune. The current concern about potential environmental Sectoring, a phenotype in which there are distinct damage by commercial fungicides has led to an outgrowths from dikaryotic colonies, is under the increasing demand for new control methods. control of at least three different genetic loci Bacillus subtilis produces peptidolipid compounds in the basidiomvcete Schizophvllum commune. \de of the iturin group which have been shown to have have isolated one homokarvotic strain, dm71, which antifungal properties, but not all fungal species produces the sectoring plle~~olypt.when mated with are sensitive co these compounde. In this study. wild type strains W80 and Pil. A cross of Pi1 and the activity of Iturin A, produced by B. subtilis H13 also produces a sectoring dikaryon, as does strain B-3, was tested. Paper disks impregnated a cross of W80 and H13. W80 does not produce a with various concentrations of Iturin A were placed sectoring dikaryon when mated to Pil. Progency on agar plates seeded with conidia of toxigenic @f a cross of dm71 with W80, display segregation species of Fusarium, Penicillium or Aspergillus. for the sectoring phenotype when mated individually All isolates vere inhibited at Iturin A with wild-type strains H13 and Pil. 48 of 101 pro- concentrations as low as 4 ugldisk. Penicillium duced the sectoring phenotype when mated with H13 italicum, P. viridicatum and A. ochraceus were most (approx. 1:l) and 73 of 101 produced sectoring when strongly inhibited by the iturin whereas P. mated with Pi1 (approx. 3:l). We conclude that citrinum, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and F. there are two loci which determine sectoring in moniliforme were least sensitive to Iturin A. matings with Pi1 and one locus which determines sectoring in matings with H13. Statistical tests show that the sectoring determinant in the H13- derived dikaryons is independent (not linked) to either of the two determinants in the Pil-derived ROBERT KOEHN and MELANI OAKLEY. Southwest Texas dikaryons. Progeny of a cross of Pi1 and H13 were State University, Department of Biology, San Marcos, tested for their ability to form sectoring dikaryons Texas. 78666 with dm71 and W80. Results of this cross suggest that genes in both partners in a dikaryon are impor- A stinkhorn-grass symbiosis. tant for the sectoring phenotype. The lavender-hued "eggs" of Phallus hadriani (Vent.) were collected from a St. Augustine grass environment in November 1989. It was noted that the mycelial cord was attached to the grass roots. More careful observations indicated that the mycelial-grass root association was ectomycorrhizal . We be1 ieve that I(-D- mIG1E.B. SlNUX and K.F. RAFFA. this association is of interest because grasses have w=-ml= of Plant Pathology ard EnmDlogy, not previously been known to form ectomycorrhizal -1 -1 Labs, 1630 Lirden Drive, Madison, WI 53706. structures. Futhermore, stinkhorns have previously mistatic activity of extracts from red pine not been reported to form symbiotic relationships of -lmJtarauhium texebrantis. the mycorrhizal type. Fungi in the genus Le-urn exhibit vary- &-, &-, of virulence on thelr coniferaus hmts. We wished to &tenhe if fungistatic mapands are L.M. KOHN and J.B. ANDERSDN. Dept. of Botany, involved in the defense of red phto University of Toronto, Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario, -rantis. Pentane &methanol SRracts werexmde Canada L5L 1C6. from the phloan of mature red pines subjected to the A dispersed, repetitive DNA element fingerprints mycelial foil* trea-: inoculation with viable L. compatibility groups in field samples of Sclerotinia terebmntis, inaxlation with autoclaved &. sclerotiorum. erebrant' Sixty-four sclerotial strains of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were obtained from transects in two fields of Canola (oilseed rape) in Harriston. Ontario. Mycelial pairings of the strains in all chloroform, solubilized in amtone and water, and combinations on agar medium produced either a compatible reaction in which two strains merged to form one unitorm incorporated into potato dextrnse agar. Linear colony, or an incompatible reaction in which a reaction line graJth was significantly higher car uMmended media developed in the interaction zone and the two strains, though thanonmediaamm3edwithredpinee&actsan3. growing together, remained distinct. Among the 34 strains of slightly, hut significantly, inhibited by extracts the first field. 6 mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were from ummuxled tissw. Extracts frm mchanically recognized, the largest group containing 17 strains. Among Klnrledaswellasinaxlatedtissue~ the 30 strains of the second field, many more compatibility pronamced, significant inhibition of fungal grmth groups were defined. Three molecular criteria indicated wfien~toextractsfnra~~ls~uniformity within MCGs; by one of these criteria, each MCG uMmended media. These results indicate that the was uniquely fingerprinted. This fingerprint was produced by response of red pine to fungal invasion, as well as a random fragment of nuclear DNA (ca. 4.5 kb) from S. kcudiq, involves the prduction of some cmpmxI(s) capable of fungistatic activity. sclerotiorum, pLK44.20, that when used as a cloned probe in will be described. Several remediation technologies that employ white-rot Southern blots of DNAs restricted with mHldetected fungi exist in various stages of development. Examples are: (1) polymorphisms that corresponded exactly with strain immobilization of fungal mycelia on various types of support materials groupings defined by mycelial compatibility. Another probe, through which aqueous media can be pgssed for ueaunent (e.g. The MyCoR plasmid pGP637, carrying the mitochondria1 24s rRNA gene Process which employs RBC technology) and (2) incorporation of solid from Neurospora crassa, in will digested DNA produced 3 substrates (e.g. wood chips). ha^ are infested with pure cultures of a selecled phenotypes that corresponded with groups of MCGs. The fungus, into contaminated soils for their remediation. Existing and potential third molecular criterion used in this study compared DNA 'white-rot' remed~ationlechnolgies will be described and the latest f~ndings from each of the strains amplified by PCR with primer pairs relaled. defining a segment of the small mitochondrial rRNA gene, producing 2 phenotypes (fragment size of either 0.6 or 2.0 kb) that corresponded with groups of MCGs. These data suggest that a held population of _S. sclerotlorum IS composed of aeneticallv dlst~nct"~ndlviduals". each ca~ableof increaslna" by >sexual or homothalllc sexual reproduct;on. , S. C. GUPTA' , G. ELSAYED* ard C. -- ---. rthern Rwional Res. Ctr.. ARS. USDA, Peoria. i~ 61604 and 'Biol. Control ~Gects~es. Lab., &, USDA, Columbia, MO 65205. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism as Genetic K.A.'.R.D. Kochn', Al. ~ohnson'and WJ. Rca'; 'Consultant, Dallas. Texas. $outhwest Texas Slate University. San Marcos, Texas Markers for Beaweria bassiana. 78666. %viraunental Health Cenm - Dallas. 8345 Walnut Hill Lane #205. Dallas, Texas 75238. Natural isolates of the entcmog~furigus Beaweria bassiana are abundant, and vary consider- Preliminary obsavations on the airborne mycofloral component within ably in their virulence towards insect pests. The the nonh Dallas memplex. taxonaric significance of this strain variability is uncertain. B. bassiana is genetically inperfect, Preliminary obsavations into the airborne mycoflora indigenous to the and mlecule techniques have not previously been north Dallas region was conducted to obtain a better understanding as to applied to the taxonany of the species. Since lm the aerofungal element of this area The primary goal of this initial virulence be a limiting factor in the develop investigation was IO conduct continual 24 how sampling for airborne may fungal organisms to determine composition, frequency and seasonal mtof entmcgenous fungi as mycoinsecticides, it periodicity of genera within the sampling region. Am sampling was would be desirable to exploit natural strain varia- performed using rotorod particulate sampling devices. Preliminary resul~s bility in the identification of high virulence indicate a diverse fungal flora within the study region. with the occurrence isolates. Hawwer, direct assays of insect of many genera strongly influenced by meteorological events. The virylence are expensive, labor-intensive, and tradillonal Deumomycetes were the most heavily represented, as time-consuming. Consequently, restriction fragment expected. information resulung Erom am investigations are of length polymorphisms (RFLP's) were tested as genetic fundamental imponance in the clinical evaluation and ueaunent of the markers. Eleven strain of B. bassiana were chosen mold sensitive individual. Informarion resuldng from these initial studies that exhibited a range of virulence against the inlcate a more exouc fungal flora which have not been traditionally used Greater Wax Galleria rnellonella. A set of in the antigenic testing process. We believe these imtial studies are useful Moth, in the crearion. modification or elimination of panicular allergin mixtures random genaric DNk clones was isolated from represen- used in the testingltreaunent process for patienu within this region tative strain NRRL 3108. These probes stringently hybridized to genanic blots frcm all strains, suggesting that these isolates are significantly related. Further, a n& of polymorphic differences were detected, sane of which appeared to correlate with virulence characteristics.

B. T. LUI, J. A. GLASER~and T. K. KIRK^. l~orestProducu Laboratory, lnstinrte for Microbial and Biochanical Technology, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, W1 53705. 2~.~.EPA. Risk Reduction Engineering Research Laboratory. 26 W. SL Clair Sr, Cincinnari. OH 45268. S.B. Lee and J.W. Taylor. Department of Use of white-rot basidiomycetes in the treatment of hazardous materials and Plant Biology, University of California, hazardous wastes Berkeley, California 94720 USA. Detection of species of Phvto~hthoraby Research on the fungal bleaching of kraft pulp mill effluents led to investigations that demonsualed the ability of a 'while-rot' or 'lipindegrading' oligonucleotide hybridization. basidiomycete, Phancrochrc chrysosporium Burds.. to mineralize selected xenobiotics in liquid culture. Xenobiotics mineralized by ligninolytic culnues Differences among 5 species of phvto~hthora of this fungus include: DDT, lindane, 2,4.5-uichlwphenoxyacetic acid. in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and various polychlorinated biphenyl. polychlorinated dioxin. polychlorinated aniline. and polychlorinaled spacer (rDNA-ITS) were previously observed phenol congeners. P. chrysosporium is also capable of effecting a rapid in sequence comparisons for phylogenetic depletion of the wood preservative. pentachlorophenol, in soils into which it analysis (see poster). Oligonucleotide probes has been inoculated. The ability of this fungus to metabolize such a wide for specific DNA sequences of phvto~hthora variety of xenobiotics has generated interest in using it and related fungi for remediation of contaminated soils. wastewaters and groundwaters. White-rot cinnamomi, P. ~almivora,P. megvkarva, E fungi are Nature's major degraders of lignin and a role for the Irgnindeprading c-, and Esitroohthora have been system of these fungi in xenobioitc metabolism has been suggested bu~not synthesized based on rDNA-ITS. Using confumed. Evidence for this role includes the demonstrated oxidation of primer directed enzymatic amplification of selected xenobiotics by lignin peroxidases isolated from P. clqsosporium. The current status of research on xenobiotic metabolism by while-rot fungi specific genomic sequences (the Polymerase J. F. LESLIE, C. J. R. KLITTICH, and C. CHAISRISOOK. Chain Reaction or PCR) from nanogram Dept. of Piant Pathology. Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502. we were detect Fertility of isolates from Furarium section liseola. species specific nucleotide sequence variation by differential oligonucleotide hybridization Within Fusarium section Liseola four mating populations had in a sim~ledot-blot format. Due to the been previously recognized (A-D). We have crossed more than species siecific nature of these probes, this 440 wild-collected isolates from the central and eastern United States with mating type testers representing these four popula- scheme may provide a simple, reliable tions. Isolates belonging to the A. B and D populations have scheme of species identification from small been identified and account for approximately 5046 of the iso- samples of infected plant tissues and can be lates examined. Additionally, we have detected two more mating applied to detection of obligate plant populations, E and l-, that account for a further 20% of the pop- ulation. Within the remaining 302 of the population there is pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi. preliminary evidence for three additional mating populations for which reliable testers are not yet available. Isolates from the A and F populations are all morphologically F. moniliforme; isolates from the B and E populations are all morphologically F. subglu- linans; and most isolates from the D population are morphologi- S.R. Lee and J.W. Taylor. Department of cally F. proliferarum. Plant Biology , University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA. Molecular evolution and identification of Phytophthora spp. ESTELLE LEV-ET_;T.N, Faculty of Biological Phgtophthora includes several species of Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, important plant pathogens. The high degree OK 74104 The urban mushroom - an overlooked of morphological variability and the lack of aeroallergen? easily scored species characteristics has limited the number of phplogenetic studies in Clinical investigations have shown that this genus. We are studying the molecular airborne basidioapores are significant allergens, however, very little evolution of several species of Phytophthora. information exists on the identification We have used the polymerase chain reaction or concentration of these spores in the (PCR) to amplify and directly sequence air. For the past three pears, the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer atmosphere in Tulsa has been monitored for the presence of basidiospores using regions (rDNA-ITS) of P hy t op h t h o r a Burkard Volumetric Spore Traps. The cinnamomi, P. palmivora, P. megykarya, P. concentration of total basidiospores ahows capsici, and P. citrophthora. This sequence that they are a significant component of data has been used to construct a phylogeny the Tulsa atmosphere during certain periods. During this study, spores from of these five species using DNA parsimony eighteen genera have been identified. analysis. Results will provide an easily Overall Coprinus spores are the most expandable data base for further phylogenetic prominent genus represented; however analysis in the genus and related taxa. We Agaricus, Cal vatia, and Ganoderma spores are also abundant. Field studies in both have constructed species specific wooded and urban areas indicate that oligonucleotide probes to use in a simple, fruiting bodies of all genera identified reliable scheme of species identification. from the atmosphere are prevalent in lawns, parks, and fields within the city. This aerobiological data supports the clinical findings which show that basidiospores are an important group of aeroallergens.

T.J. LEONARD and T.J. VOLK.Departments of Genetics adBotany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Production of new edible mushrooms in North America. JAMFS I FWIS and ROGER KOIDE. Dept. of Botany, Duke University, Durham. NC 27706 and Dept. of Biology, The Two relatively new edible mushrooms in the US market- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. place, Lentinula edodes (shiitake) and Morchella Mycorrhizal infection increases offspring vigor esculent2 (more1)will be discussed. Important physiological and ecological factors for spawn-run We studied the effects of myconhizal infection on offspring and mushroom production in shiitake, and key factors vigor in Abutilon them(velvetleaf). Maternal plants influencing sclerotium formation, germination and were grown in phosphorus-deficient autoclaved soil with primordiurc formation in the morel will be emphasized. low or high phosphate amendments or with Glomus etunicatum spores. Increased phosphorus availability and mycorrhizal infect~onsignificantly increased seed number special problems, b'ecause (with very few exceptions) and seed phosphorus concentration, but did not they are known to live only in the nonflying, aquatic significantly affect mean individual seed mass or seed larval stages of their mayfly, stonefly, or dipteran nitrogen concentration. Seeds from each of five maternal hosts. Six of the almost 100 known species of plants from each maternal treatment were sown in soil with Harpellales have broad host ranges and may be or without phosphate amendment. All plants were essentially cosmopolitan. However, the majority of harvested after 35 days. Offspring from mycorrhizal species appear to be geo aphically restricted and have mothers were significantly larger than offspring from non- narrower host ranges, %ndemic aquatic insect larvae mycorrhizal mothers, regardless of maternal phosphate in Australia and Kew Zealand contain some species of treatment. Maternal phosphorus treatment did not gut fungi that are possibly autochthonous. Species of significantly affect offspring vigor. Offspring phosphate Awtrosmittium in those countries may be vicariants. Costa Rican Harpellales are almost completely treatment significantly affected offspring growth but did not different from those of the United States at the species interact significantly with maternal treatment effects on level. The hypothesis will be presented that the offspring vigor. Analysis of covariance suggested that the Harpellales began evolving with their hosts at a time effect of myconhizal infection on offspring vigor was due when those insects were themselves evolving into partly to changes in seed phosphorus content. This study extant species. showed that mycorrhizal infection of maternal plants can increase offspring vigor.

A. E. LIBERTA, D. )I. WEST, C. S. CARLSON and J. N. ALBERT, Departments of Biological Sciences and J. LIFRAK, J. W. BENNETT, and J. DAVEY, Departments of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal. Ii Biology and Eiectrical Engineering, Tulane University, 61761. Antifungal activity of heterocyclic thio- New Orleans, LA 70118. semicarbazones and their metal ion complexes. Effect of 60 Hz magnetic field on a duplication strain The antifungal activity of a group of heterocyclic of Asperaillus nidulans. thiosemicarbazones and their metal ion complexes were assayed using five species of hyphomycetes Epidemiological evidence implicating high power lines that cause mild respiratory ailments in humans or in the etiology of childhood cancer has stimulated in- are phytopathogenic. The five species differed in terest in the development of a eukaryotic model for de- their sensitivity to the compounds that were tecting chromosome rearrangements in the presence of assayed. The greatest inhibition of spore gencina- magnetic fields. A duplication strain of A- nidulans, tion in Asuereillus niRer occurred when its spores carrying part of chromosome 1 attached to chromosome were treated wi n the copper (XI) complexes of 2- 11, can be used to monitor chromosome breakage by the acecylpyridine r; K-diethyl-, 4K-dimethyi-, and 'K- appearance of yellow spore Sectors among green ~010- dipropylthiosemicarbazone. Inhibition caused by nies. Spore suspensions were exposed for 12 hours to these copper (11) complexes was up to 50Z greater a magnetic field generated by 30 ampere flowing in a dual Hemholtz coil exposure system generating 15 :han that caused by Nystatin. The nickel (11) gauss. Controls were incubated in an identical +em- cornpiexes of the same thiosemicarbazones were holtz apparatus without current or without coilc in a substantially less effective in inhibiting spore separate laboratory. Spore suspensions were plated germination. Paecilomyces variotii differed in its On extract-glucose mediumand incubated at response to these cosplexes in that nickel (11) 37 C. A minimum of 1000 colonies was couLted for complexes elicited an inhibitory response that was each trial. lhe frequency of yellow sectors ranged comparable to that caused by copper (XI) corcplexes. from 1.6-1.82 for both controls and experimental cul- For P. variotii. Nystatin was less inhibitory than tures. Thus, no statistically significant difference either the copper (11) or nickel (XI) complexes. between the rate of chromosome breakage in spore sus- These responses will be compared to those of pensions exposed or not exposed to magnetic fields Aspergillus terreus, Botrvtis cinerea, and was detected in this eukaryotic model system. Penicillium rubrum. The pnysicai properties of the chemicals, as thev relate to their antifungal activity, will also be discussed. W. W. LILLY. Dept. of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701. Nitrogen source regulates mu1 tiple forms of Proteases in Schizophyl luni commune. R. W. LICHTWARDT. Department of Botany, Proteolytic enzyme activity is derepressed upon University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045. transfer of Schizophyllum commune homokaryons to Biogeography of trichomycete gut fungi and their nitrogen-deficient medium.=mitant with this arthropod hosts. derepression is alteration of the pattern of protease electromorphs produced by the colonies. Since their evolution from free-living fungi, The source of nitrogen supplied in the growth Trichomycetes have become successfully established medium also affects changes in activity and throughout the world in insects, crustaceans, and protease forms. Colonies grown on equivalent molar milli edes. Present evidence, through far from concentrations of L-asparagine (the normal minimal com Pete, suggests that some species of Eccrinales and medi um nitrogen source), L-aspartate, L-glutamine ~sefiarialesin marine crustaceans may have dispersed and L-gl utamate show simi 1 ar patterns of protease with their hosts during the time the crustaceans were activity when separated on gelatin-containinc . radiating. The dispersal of the Harpeliales presents 25 polyacrylamide gels. However, growth on other connection between C. aeophilum an< Elaphomvces nitrogen sources produces distinctive patterns was carried out by comparing their tco RI rDNA which are different from the minimal medium profiles. The Eco R1 rDNA phenotypes of pattern. In some cases (eg. with arginine and -C. geophilurn isolates from the Adirondack site cottonseed hydrolysate) this pattern is similar to and other geographic locations, as well as DNA the nitrogen-deficient colonies; in others the isolated directly from C. geophilum mycorrhizae pattern is composed of selected electromorphs found adjacent to the Elaphomyces ascomata, did not in either minimal-grown or nitrogen-deficient correspond with the Eco RI rDNA profile of the colonies. The origin of the different protease Elaphomvces collected. forms is not clear. However, when extracts of colonies grown on cottonseed hydrolysate are mixed with extracts of minimal-grown colonies, one of the major activities fro^ the minimal extract is destroyed. This suggests that some post- translational modifications may be involved. R. LOWEN & P. Diederich. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 & CUNY, 33 W. 42 St., New York, NY 10036; 5 Rue Fernand-Mertens L-2148 Luxembourg. Two new lichenicolous spccies of W.L LINGLE'. DJ. O'KANE~,and D. PORTER'. l~otan~ Pronectrja (Euascomycetes, Hypocreaceae) Depanment and 2~iochemistryDepanment, University of Georgia, . Athens, GA 30602 A spccies of pronectria was discovered Biolumln~ccInheritance pattcms and sexual eompaUbillty In in the UK by Hawksworth on the lichen Pa& isolated from pine and hardwood. Xanthoria narietina. on a limestone wall. This was the only collection of the new Panellus srvpticus is a white-rot basidiomycete of worldwide distribution taxon until Diederich collected the found typically on hardwood substrates. The Nonh American variety species in Luxembourg on )tanthoria is bioluminescent but the nonhern European variety is not. Although parietina on a Po~ulustree. Diederich 75% of single spore isolates from basidiocarps on hardwood substrates also collected another new species on were luminescent in culture. no single spore isolates obtained from the lichen Thrombiun on soil in luminescent basidiocarps on pine (an arypical substrate) were lumin- Luxembourg. These two new lichenicolous escent (as determined visually). Sexual compatibility and inheritance spccies of Pronectria will be described. of luminescence were determined for six non-luminescent monobryons Because immersed, light colored from pine crossed with themselves and crossed with 4 hardwood ascomycetes are so inconspicuous, many monokaryons characterized as either brightly luminescent, luminescent more undescribed species of Pronectria or non-luminescent. These crosses revealed that isolates from pine are associated with their lichen hosts are the same biological species as isolates from hardwood and have a bi- likely to be discovered. factorial mating system. Crosses of pine monokaryons with the brightly luminescent monoka~onalways resulted in luminescent dikaryons, while those crossed with the luminescent monokaryon yielded a mixture of luminescent and non-luminescent dikawons, as did those with the non-luminescent monokaryons. Resula from crosses of pine isolates and hardwood isolates shw that inheritance of MADOLE, GRETCHEN E,and JOHN C. C001iE. Department of luminescence is more complex than earlier results (Macrae, 1942) of Ecology 8 Evolutionary Biology. University of Connecticut, crosses between the non-luminescent European variet)' and the Avery Pt., Groton, CT. 06340. luminescent Nonh American variety which indicated that luminescence A comparison of VAM infection on roots of Spartina patens was a dominant characteristic governed by one gene. Ainh and and Distichlus spicata in a Connecticut coastal marsh. Foerster (1%) determined that at least 2 enzymes - NAD(P)H oxidase and luciferase - (and presumably 2 genes) were necessary for luminescence; perhaps explaining the complex pattern observed here. Studies of plants from freshwater and coastal marshes have Complementation and/or additive effects of gene producu may occur. shown that the development of mycorrhizal infection is affected by the underground water during the growing season. Increase. in root colonization by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi has been noted as the water table is lowered. During a survey of coastal marsh plants, it was noted that Spartina patens and Distichlus spicata in high marsh areas often showed variation in VAM infection. Root samples K.F. LOBUGLIO, S.O. ROGERS, and C.J.K. WANG. from these two species were collected at several soil depths SUNY CESF, Syracuse, New York 13210. and compared for root infection. The samples were categorized The Cenococcum geophilum - Elaphomyces Connection. as (1) lacking VAM fungi, (2) VAM fungi present but lacking The genus Elaphomyces (specifically species with vesicles &/or arbuscules or, (3) VAM fungi present with blackish peridia) has been proposed to be the vesicles &/or arbuscules present. The results of this study teleomorph, or sexual state, of C. geophilurr.. will be presented. Specimens of E. anthracinus were collected at the Huntington Wildlife Forest (SUNY CESF property) in the New York Adirondack mountains. Thirteen isolates of C. geophilum, representing three rDNA (ribosomal DNA) phenotypes, were collected at this same site two years prior to the Elaphomvces collection. An ertempt to verify the taxonomic MI and Y. Chen. Department of Biological Sciences. D. H. Marx, S. B. Maul, and C. E. Cordell. Forest Service-USDA, Institute of Tree Root Biolo~y,Green Brock University, St. Catharines. Ontario. L2S 3A1. Canada. Street, Athens, GA 30602; Mycorrtech, Inc., Univ. of Involvement of host cell surface agglutinin in attachment and Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, 440 William Pitt appressorium formation by a mycoparasite. Way, Pittsburg, PA 15238; and Forest Service-USDA, Forest Pest Management, Region 8, Asheville, NC Cell wall proteins isolated from Mortierella pusilla and M. 28802, respectively. candelabrum. host and nonhost respectively to the Application of specific ectomvcorrhizal fungi in mycoparasite. Ptptocephalis virginiana, were tested for their world forestry. ability to agglutinate mycoparasite spores. SDS-Page revealed four bands (a, b, c, and d) of proteins present at the host The dependence of many species of forest trees on surface, not at the nonhost surface, except for the faint band c. ectomycorrhizae has long been recognized. Several Deletion of proteins b or c from the host protein extract methods have been used to ensure the development of significantly reduced its agglutinating activity. Both proteins b ectomycorrhizae on tree seedlings in nurseries for and c were found to be glycoproteins and were required for the establishement of manmade forests. Much work in agglutination. The results of agglutination and attachment tests recent years with a few fungal species has been obtained by various treatments of the host and nonhost cell wall proteins (including the two glycoproteins) and cell wall aimed at selecting, propagating, manipulating, and managing the more desirable fungal species to improve fragments showed: (1) the two glycoproteins are not only an agglutinin responsiMe for the mycoparasite spore agglutination, tree survival and growth on a variety of regeneration b;; may also serve as a receptor for the specific recognition sites. 'Much research has been done with the and attachment by the mycoparasite; (2) treatment of the gasteromycete Pisolithus tinctorius throughout the mycoparasite spores with various sugars revealed that world. Commercial vegetative and spore inocula of P. arabinose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine inhibited the tinctorius are now in operational use in nurseries agglutination and attachment activity of the glycoproteins, in the U.S. Spores of Rhizopogon vinicolor are also however. the relative percentage of appressorlum formation used in the Pacific Northwest in Douglas-fir container and bare-root nurseries. Vegetative was not sffected by the above sugars; (3) the two inoculum of Laccaria laccata is being developed in glycoproteins are relatively stable with respect to their Several agglutinin and receptor functions. The present results suggest Prance to inoculate Dougias-fir seedlings. research groups in Canada are examining the nursery that the agglutination and attachment may be mediated directly and field significance of various fungi and methods by certain sugars present at the host and mycoparasite cell ro produce vegetative inoculum. Research and develop- surfaces while the appressorium formation may be the ment so far has only revealed a few of the potential response of complementary combinations of both sugar and uses of specific ectomycorrhizal fungi in world protein, the two parts of the glycoproteins at the interacl~ng forestry. More basic and practical information must surfaces of two fungi. be revealed to fully utilize and inregrate the fungi into existing- forest -regeneration programs..

1 I,. H. Kothe', E- Kothe1, C-P- G. A. UARZLIIF. Departrent of Fiocheaistrp, The oh10 kvotnec. ullrichl- ~ept.of ~otany' and State tfniversity, Colurhus. oP 4x10. ~icrobiolog~~,University of Repulation of nitrocen aetabolisr in Neurospora. Burlington, Vermont 05405. Isolation of the mating-type locus from Schizo~hvllumt~mmune. Neurospora atiljlzes ~luta~ine,glutaaate, or amoniut. ions as its priraw nitropen sources anC will use An AA6 allele of the mating-type locus has these preferentiallv over secondary nitropen sources been isolated by screening an ordered cosmid vhicb include nitrate, purines, oeptldea and ranv library' of 5700 E.coli clones containing other co~pounds. The utilization of necondaq inserts of DNA from a Schizophyllum AA6 nitropen sources reowires the liftine of nitropen strain. The ordered library was divided into catabolic repression and saecific induction Bv 120 subsets of 48 clones each. Cosmid DNA from suhrtrates or metahslic intereediates. The subsets was used to transform Schizophyllum structural penes which encodes nitropen catabolic trp- protoplasts to prototrophy by virtue of enzvmes are controlled Ev a well-defined net of the Schizophyllum TRPl gene of the vector. repulatcp penes. Nit-2 is the malor oositive- Transformants were mated with a Schizophyllum act in^ control pene and is reouired for the exaressior, strain carrying & and AA alleles identical of all of the structural eenes within the nitropen to, but & and alleles different from, the circuit. Tbe nit-2 pene has beer! cloned and senuence transformation recipient. The recipient has and found to encode a repulatorq arotein of 1,036 the same & but different AD as the donor DNA amino acids witb a sinple zinc finper elewnt whicb, used to make the library. Therefore, only trp' with an imediate downstrear. basic re~ion,functions transformants also transf omed by an allele as a seouence-speclfic DNA-bindinp dowain. Nitrate can undergo a positive mating reaction. A fnduction of the nitrate and nitrate reductase subset showing activity was subdivided and structural penes, e-?and z-6, respectlvelv, is the DNA tested by the assay described above mediated bv a oathrav-specific replulatoq pene. nit-4. until a single cosmid clone possessing &3 -Nit-4 is expres~edconstitutjvelv to vlelG a 2.5 kb activity was identified. The identity of the transcriot which encodes a repjlatow protein with a -AR6 allele within this clone was demonstrated single completely distinct zinc ffnper dsain. since use of the allele to transform an A ExD~~SE~O~cf the Lt-2 structural pene is hiphlv -06 recipient did not activate A-regulated repulated at the level of ressearer RSA content. anC development. Subcloning of the AA6 allele and tbree hindinp sites for the oositive-actinf e-? a restriction map of the AD6 region will be nrotein are lccate6 in the 5' DTA unstreaa of s-3. presented. G. May and P.3. Pukkila Dept. of Siology, ,B. A. MCDOK.4m. Department of Plant Pathology and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 27599-3280.. 77843-2132. DNA restriction fragment and chromosome polymorphisms Molecular cloning and functional analyses of the AJ in a Septoria trifiei population. mating type factor of Coprinus cinereus. Ten anonymous DNA probes were used to measure the amount We have isolated a cosmid clone with the entire 3 and distribution of genetic variation in nuclear DNA among mating type factor of Coprinus cinere-us. a sample of 93 Septoria tritici iteleomorph Mycosphaerella Subcloninc and transformatlon experiments reveal graminicola) isolates collected from a single wheat field. that: 1. both the 4 and the 6 subunits are present Nine of the probes detected restriction fragment length on this clone, 2. the d and' the 8 subunits are polymorphisms (RFLPs) at single-copy RFLP loci. The DNA functionally redundant but not structurally similar fingerprint~ngprobe pSTL40, which hybridized to 4-10 and 3. that a cell activated for k controlled hypervarioble RFLP loci, was used to assess clonal sequences is no longer able to accept nuclei in distribution and diversity. Identical clones were clustered in mating although it can donate nuclei to a strain the field. All probes detected a high level of genetic variation .compatible at 8. distributed on a fine scale. Different pycnidia from the same lesion had different haplotypes in 45% of the comparisons. We want to understand the evolutionary history of Genome rearrangements apparently occurred at a high different a1 leles. Genomic DNAs digested with frequency. Two of the single-copy probes detected deletions. various enzymes were blotted to nylon membranes and Transverse alternating field electrophoresis showed that Southern hybridizations were made using large differences in chromosome size were common among the fragment o( and P (3.8 and 5.5 kb. respectively) isolates. Data suggest that S. tritici populations possess a high probes as well as probes covering the regions level of genetic variability distributed in a fine-scaled mosaic between and outside of the subunits. These on a microgeographical scale. preliminary results indicate that rearrangements and length mutations are rampant and complex in the regions of & , b and in the DNA between the subunits while few such changes occur outside this area. Suprisingly, though o( and 6 are very D. J. McLwgMn. J. C. Doubl&s, and H. Lu. Dept. of tightly linked, we find very similar u and P Plant Biology. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, alleles occurring independently of one another in isolates from different geographic locations (e.g. MN 55108. Mitosis and the phylogeny of the Japan and N.Carolina). Results will be compared to basidiomycete Pachnocvbe ferrualnea. those obtaineG with mating type genes of other filamentous fungi. The gasteroid heterobasidiomycete eachnocvbe ferruainea produces holobasidia. Along with other simple-septate gasteroid taxa it has been classified in the Atractiellales, most of which form auriculariaceous basidia. Its affinities with J.k. KcCAIN and C.J. MIROCHA. Dept. of Plant these organisms and with ballistosporic species Pathology, Univ. o! Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108. remains unclear. Ultrastructural analysis of Fungi isoiated from computer microdiskettes. mitosis and the spindle pole body (SFB) provides clues to its relationships. Mitosis occurs in an Standard density 5 1/4-inch disk~ttes that ma1 functioned in the computer were examined for the acropetal wave in multinucleate apical cells of cause of failure. Fungal hyphae were found on the the mycelium. The interphase SPB consists of surface of some diskettes obtained from colleagues in two connected discs. During metaphase the nuclei tropical countries. Fungi isolated on agar from the undergo a characteristic reorientation, the SPBs diskettes included species of Alternaria, As~erqillus, E~icoccum,Paecilomvces, Penicillium, and lrichoderma. reside in a distinct polar fenestration in the Diskettes buried for three weeks outdoors in garden otherwise intact nuclear envelope, and an ER cap soil were colonized by species of Fusarium, encloses the pole. At telophase the SPB becomes Niqrosoora, and Trichoderma. These fungi and other displaced from the nucleus and a discrete bundle species available in the laboratory were used to inoculate clean test samples, to approximate Koch's of astral microtubules develops. The significance postul ates. Most species successfully colonized the of these findings will be discussed. diskettes within 3-4 days on agar at 25 or 32 C, 100% RH. Penicillium species dominated all others in mixed inoculations, although species of Chaetomium, Mvrothecium, Stachvbotrvs, and the other listed genera sporulated heavily in axenic culture on diskettes. Growth of all fungi was restricted to the 2-3 m thick MEREDITH. J. and R.C. ANDERSON. Biology Department. surface emulsion of iron oxide with its organic Illinois State University. Normal. IL 61761. dispersants and plasticizers, with hyphae not The influence of varied microbial substrate penetrating the mylar core of the diskettes. conditions on the growth and mycorrhizal colonization of little bluestem (Schizachvrium sco~arium).

Plants were grown in three substrates (1) autoclaved soil, (2) autoclaved soil to which a VAM fungal-free filtrate of nonsterile soil was added and (3) non- sterile so:;. Preliminary studies revealed that root pieces treated with a 10% chlorox solution for def~nltion and identification. Some of the restrict~on enzymes at least 13 seconds, but not longer than 23 seconds produced patterns that were unique to each specles. Funner, d~screte could be used as aseptic VAM fungal inoculum in this groups were d~scweredwltnln T. viriae Group I, which supports otner study. To establish mycorrhizal plants in ev~dencewhich suggests that th~sgroup IS In fact an aggregate of a autoclaved soil, little bluestem root pieces were number of speaes. Data on a larger sampl~ng of species in chlorox-treated for 9 to 17 seconds and used as a Trichoderma lncludlng cultures der~vedfrom known Hypocress also source of VAM fungal inoculum. Control plants were will be presented. grown in substrates receiving autoclaved root pieces. Plants grown in the autoclaved soil had significantly (p<0.05) greater total plant biomass (0.30g) than plants grown in nonsterile soil M. 6. MILGROOM, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell (0.12s). The addition of the VAM fungal-free filtrate or root pieces hsd no effec: on any growth University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5908 parameter of plants grown in the autoclaved soil. Population biology of hypovirulence transmission ir, Mycorrhizal plants grown in the autoclaved Crv~honectria~arasitica. substrate, not receiving VAM fungal-free filtrate had significantly (p<0.05) higher tissue ransmi ssi bl e hypovirul ence in Crv~honectria~arasi ti ca concentrations of P, Ca, S, Zn, Mn, and Fe than I as greatly reduced chestnut tree mortality in Europe but has not been very successful in North America. nonmycorrhizal plants grown in the same substrate. There are.three hypotheses to explain the failures of hypovirulence in North America: 1) Diversity of vegetative incompatibility inhibits transmission; 2) A threshold density of virulent cankers has to be S. L. F. MEYER. USDA, ARS, Nematology Laboratory, Plant Sciences attained before hypovirulence can invade; and 3) Institute, Bldg. OllA, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705. Limited dispersal of conidia (an important means of ds- Evaluation of potentla1 biocontrol agents for soybean cyst nematode. RNA transmission) prevents the spread of hypovi rul ence. Because it is impossible to test hypotheses 1) and 2) Preliminary screening experiments were run in the greenhouse to without long-term, control led fie1 d experiments, the determine whether selected fungi and a fungus-pheromone combina- rel ati ve importance of these hypotheses is being tion had the ability to act as antagonists to soybean cyst nematode investigated using mathematical models. Models of this (Heterodera glycines) in the soil. One strain of Drechmeria con- system combine parameters on population dynamics (eg, iospora, two stralns of another fungus, a pheromone, and a fungus- reproductive and mortality rates) with those for pheromone combination were tested in the initial experiments. The population genetics (eg, vegetative incompatibility two stralns o! fungus were a wild type and a UV-induced mutant with diversity, outcrossing rates, asexual reproduction, greater tolerance to fungic~dethan the wild type. The pheromone dispersal distances). Diversity of vegetative used was var .;iic acid, suppl~edby Dr. R. i-luettel of the Nematology incompatibility and 1 imited dispersal of conidia Lab, USDA, beltsvllle. For the experiments, soybean plants growing increase the thresh01 d by reducing the hypovirulence in a steamed compost/sand mixture were inoculated with nematode transmission rate. Estimation of the population jweniles. Nematodes were added at a rate of 300 juveniles per pot. genetics parameters have recently been initiated using The antagonists were inoculated in a pellet dellvery system at the time data from molecular genetic markers (RFLP1s and DNA of nematode inoculation. The initia! screening experiments indicated fingerprinting). These genetic approaches to studying that Drechrneria coniospora, the mutant strain of the second species population biology of C. ~arasiticawill be described. of fungus, the Drechmerialwild ty~e/pheromonecombination and the pheromone alone reducea numbers of cysrs produced. Further greenhouse ex~erimentswere conducted on the fungal mutant to determine whether the control affec! persisted, to study various times and rates of fungus appilcat~on,and to determine whether add~ngdif- ferent amounts of inoc~umaffected the ability of the fungus to reduce the numbers of cysts formed. Orson K. Miller, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Evening Discussion 11. Use of Molecular Techniques, the Impact on Herbarium specimens and the Preservation of Related Voucher Materials. Robert Fogel, Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. R. J. MEYER. USDA, ARS, SBML, B-OllA, Rm. 304, BARC-West, Methodoloav for PCR Technimes. Rytas Beltsville, MD 20705. Vilgalys, Botany Department, Duke University, Restrlctlon analysis of amplified ribosomal DNA fragments from Durham, NC. Taxonomic Im~licationsof Trichoderma species. Molecular Seauence Data: E. Case Study.. Don Reynolds, Natural History Museum of Los Restriction enzyme digests of mitochondrial DNk from Trichoderma Angeles County, Los Angeles, Ck. DNA as the species generated highly variable and complex patterns. Although Tvve Element. John Haines, New York Museum, thls data could be useful for strain identif~cat~onit has been diff~cultto Albany, NY. Funaus Preservation Technimes. use for species delimitation. Recent work has focused on the nuclear A Reevaluation. Greg Mueller, Department of ribosoma! DNA (rDNA) for characters that would be suitable for Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, species identificat~on. A small group of lsolates that included Chicago, IL. Herbaria: Re~ositoriesof Trichoderma viride Group I, T. viride Group II, Trichoderrna Fcolosical. Morvholosical. and Molecular (Gliocladrurn) virens, and Neurospora crassa were used in evaluating Data. Donaid Pfister, Harvard Herbaria, the rDNA characters. Portions of rDNA from tne selected stralns Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Summary were amplified by the polymerase cham reaction and tnen digested and Proaress Toward Guidelines. with a variety restrict~onenzymes. Restrlctlon analysis of a fragment that extends from the middle of the 5.8s reglon to the middle of the The aevent and proliferation of molecular 25s reglcr, indicated tha; tn~stecnniaue will be useful in species techr;iques ir, systematic mycology has pro\*iaec nycologists with new tools to study relationships among taxa at the species level C. W. HlMS and K. M. SKETSELAAK. 1)epartment of Plant and beyond. Techniques such as PCR enable the user to examine older herbarium specimens pathology, Univ. of Georgia. Athens, CA 30602. to determine relationships with living An ultrastructural study of teliospore maturation in populations. Other studies examine groups of the smut fungus Sporisoriwn sorghi using freeze taxa by classical morphological methods substitution fixation. combined with genetic and molecular studies. l'eliospores of the smut Sporisorium sorghi Lanpdon and Voucher specimens must be annotated in Fullerton developed in galls produced in Sorghum herbaria and so should vital information Iralepense inflorescences. Small pieces of galls were derived from the genetic an molecular freeze substituted and processed for study with TEM. studies. Many questions have arisen This procedure yielded well-preserved spores in concerning the preservation of DNA and RNA, various staRes of maturation, and permitted detailed storage of such material, annotation of u?trastructural observations of stages difficult to studied material, use of old and new preserve with conventional fixation pethods. holotypes, etc. At present little information exists on the quantities of Walls of sporogenous hyphae gelatinized, leaving material needed for various studies, the uninucleate and apparently wall-less spore initials. .preservation of copies or photos of gels, DNA Young teliospores then became surrounded by an "sequences and how to indicate exactly what electron.transparent primary wall. Electron dense, material in a given collection was sampled. spine-like spore surface ornamentations developed The round table discussion will attempt to adjacent to the plasma membrane and grew into the examine the present and future problems and primary wall, which persisted as a sheath around the the issues which generate the greatest enlarging spines. A uniform layer of electron dense concerns for researchers and curators alike. wall material was subsequently deposited beneath the The objective will be to draft a curatorial spines. As spores matured, a less electron dense. policy and uniform approach which can be fibrillar inner wall layer developed. presented to the MSA members and eventually implemented as policy by curators of Our interpretation of early stages of teliospore wall mycological collections for the greatest development is consistent with light microscope benefit to science. observations of S. sorghi and related species which describe gelatinization of sporogenous hyphal walls and development of spores frolo naked protoplasts. It differs from descriptions of taliosporogenesis in Tilletia species, where the primary spore wall does not arise de novo bur is continuous with the wall of the sporogenous hypha. C. U. M1Mlr1, E. A. RICHARDSON' and J. KIMBROUGH~. l~e~artmentof Plant Pathology. University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 and *Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville. FL 32611. Ultrastructure of ascospore delimitation in freeze substituted samples of as codes mi^ hricans. P. L. MINEHART and B. MAGASANIK. Department of Biology, Hassachusetts Institute of Technology, Freeze substitution proved to be a useful technique Cambridge, MA 02139. for studying the early stages of ascosporogenesis in Regulation of nitrogen assimilation. Ascodesnis niericang. Our observations indicate that the ascus vesicle originated from the ascus plasma In 2. cerevisiae, at least two Independent systems membrane. Invaginations of the plasma membrane exist which regulate the expression of genes involved produced ascus vesicle initials consisting of two in the assimilation of nitrogen. The first system, closely spaced unit membranes. The appearance of the which responds to the intracellular glutamine to outer leaflet of each of these membranes was identical gltuamate ratio, regulates several genes including to that of the inner leaflet of the ascus plasma GLNl (glutamine synthetase), CDH2 (NAD-linked gluta- membrane. Apparent points of continuity between ascus mate dehydrogenaae), and (general amino acid vesicle initials and the plasma membrane were permease). In wild-type cells, the transcription of observed. Ascus vesicle initials accumulated in the these genes is repressed on glutamine and derepressed ascus cytoplasm near the plasma membrane and then on glutamate. Two genes involved in this regulatory coalesced to form the ascus vesicle, a peripheral, pathway. URE2 and E,have been defined. URE2 en- cylinder-like structure consisting of two closely codes a negative regulator which is believed to con- spaced unit membranes that extended from the ascus trol the product of =,a positive regulator which apex KO the ascus base. The ascus vesicle then became contains a putative zinc finger DNA binding domain. invaginated in a number of regions and subsequently Upstream analysis of various genes under the gave rise to eight sheet-like segments, or ascospore- --URE2/GLN3 control has identified a consensus se- delimiting membranes. that encircled uninucleate quence required for this control. segments of cytoplasm forming ascospore initials. The second system, which is less well defined, Like the ascus vesicle, each ascospore-delimiting regulates protein levels in response to the presence membrane consisted of two closely spaced unit or absence of a nitrogen source. The genes for membranes, the inner of which became the ascospore amino acid permeases, including w, are subject to plasma membrane. The ascospore wall developed between this regulation, which works at the transcriptional the spore plasma membrane and the outer membrane. level. These permeases can be further subjected to Many details of ascospore maturation were clearly post-transcriptional inactivation by either ammonia visible in freeze substituted samples. or glutamine. were sampled, as was soil from an adjacent. undisturbed area E.A. MOMOL. J.W. KIMBROUGH, and H.C. KISTLER. of the mine. These samples were anaiyzed for nurrient availa- Department of Plant Pathology. Universtty of Florida, bility and pH. and bioassayed to determine the MIP for each Gainesville, FL 3261 1. site. The bioassay was conducted uslng corn seedlings grown in undiluted soil. as well as in soil dilutions of 1:4 and 1:40. and undiluted sterilized soil. Roots were harvested after Electrophoretic karyotypes are dissimilar for two strains of periods of 30. 60. and 90 days and examined for the presence Fusarium owsDorum that differ in host range. of V-A mycorrhizal fungi. The MIP of the undisturbed soil was greater than 50 percent, while that of the other sites de- Protoplasts were obtained from strains of two formae clined in proportion to their ages. speciales of the wilt pathogen Fusarium owsporum. To determine if genetic recombination could occur, protoplasts of strain ATCC 9990 E. owsporum 1. sp. conalutinans (a cabbage pathogen), and of strain ATCC 16601 E. owsporum f. sp. raphani (a radish pathogen) were fused in the presence L. A. O'GORHAN, E. W. ROBINS. J. HAN, R. GUPTA and of PEG. Chromosomes of fusants and parental strains were H. E. BROCKMAN. Department of Biological Sciences, separated using contour clamped homogenous electrical field Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761. (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. . Karyotypes differed greatly Viability of ad-3 mutant conidia of Neurospora between strains and minimum number of 11 and 8 crassa in pH 7 media. chromosomal bands were detected for ATCC 16601 and ATCC 9990 respectively. Saccharomvces cerevisiae and We use plates of Westergaard's basal medium Schizosaccharomvces pombe chromosomes were used as supplemented with calcium pantothenate, casamino molecular size markers. Although strain ATCC 16601 and acids, a mixture of vitamins, a trace (0.1 uglml) of strain ATCC 9990 had such different chromosome patterns, adenine sulfate, and 1% sucrose (reversion medium) chromosomal banding pattern of fusants were identical to for assaying the reversion of ad-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa carrying pan-2 and (causes parental strains. cot-l colonial growth) markers. Plates of the same medium supplemented with 25 ug of adenine sulfate/ml (survival medium) are used for measuring conidial viability in the reversion experiments. We noted low conidial viability (~5%)when the survival medium was adjusted to pH 7, but not to pH 5 or 6. This low viability at pH 7 was not observed with another plating medium (Fries' basal medium supplemented with calcium pantothenate, 100 ug of J.THOMAS MULLINS. Department of Botany, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL adenine sulfate/ml, and 0.52 each of fructose and 32611. Structure and function of soluble glucose). Data will be presented showing that the low cytoplasmic beta-glucans in Achlve. viability in the survival medium at pH 7 is not due to the difference in adenine sulfate concentration Water-soluble beta-glucans are major or the presence of casamino acids or the mixture of cytoplasmic constituents of Achlve. Two vitamins, but is due to the presence of sucrose forms of these glucans were found, a rather than fructose and glucose. When the standard neutral type (18%) and an acidic 2 X lo7 conidialplate from each of 2 ad-3 mutants phosphorylated type (82%). Both forms were used on plates of the reversion medium, the release only glucose on hydrolysis, and spontaneous reversion frequency was about the same the polymer is formed by beta-glucosidic at pH 6, 7, and 8. We conclude that the decrease linkages. These glucans function as in viability of conidia from ad-3 mutants of carbon, and probably phosphorus, reserves --N. crassa in pH 7 media is dependent on carbon in the mycelium, that support sexual and source and conidial concentration. asexual reproductive cycles during staravation conditions. At least one beta-glucanase can be demonstrated in the mycelium, which is capable of hydrolyzing these glucans. W. J. OTROSINA. T. E. CHASE. F. W. COBB, JR.. and K. KORHONEN. USDA Forest Service. 1960 Addison Street, Berkeley. CA. 94701; University of California. Department of Plant Pathology. Berkeley. CA, 94704; and Finnish Forest Research Insititute. Helsinki. Finland. Allozyme comparisons between intersterility groups of MELANI K. OAKLEY. DAVID E. LEMKE and ROBEm D. North American and European Heterobasidion annosum. KOEHN. Department of Biology. Southwest Texas State Uni- versity. San Marcos. TX 78666 -- Endomycorrhizal inoculum Allozyme analyses were conducted for S, and P potential of surface mined lands: A bioassay of different aged intersterility (IS) groups of H. annosum from Europe sites. and western North America. Eleven enzyme systems and 13 loci were resolved. Very few alleles were shared Mycorrhfzal inoculum potential IMIP) of a site has been between IS groups from western North America. recognized as an important factor in the reclamation of sur- indicating a large degree of genetic divergence and face mined lands. Successful revegetation efforts may well lack of gene flow between them. Several loci such as hinge on the amount of V-A mycorrhizal inoculum present. alcohol dehydrogenase, aconitase, and malate After d~sturbance.an unknown penod of time must elapse dehydrogenase were virtually fixed for alternative before the MIP reacnes its pre-disturbance level. At a lignite mine m central Texas. spoils varying in age from 0-35 years alleles between the two biological species and could be used diagnostically to distinguish them. In J. C. l~A1,klER. 0. E;. MILLER, JR.. & C. CRUHN. contrast, the European populations of the S and P. IS Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic groups are not as readily differentiated from each 1nst.itutc & State University, Blacksburg. VA other, although there are considerable allele 24060. frequency differences between them. In general. the European S and P groups appear more related to the Ectomycorrhizal fungi fruiting on burned and North American S group than the North American P unburned pine plots after a long drought in group. Thus. the P group from North America and P the Virginia Appalachians. group from Europe may have been derived from independent speciation events. These-data raise A third successive dry year was predicted for questions of how factors such as host selection, host 1988. Numerous lightening fires during 1987 species distribution, and paleoecological events have suggested the need for litter- and shrub-free intpracted with reproductive isolating mechanisms to firc brealrr on the Jefferson National Fnrest. influence evolutionary divergence in H. annosum. In February one control burn for ,this purpose split a stand of Pinus pungens/P_. rigida with some oak into two plots of equal area. An-un- burned stand of Pinus virainiana with similar area but fewer oaks occupied a lower and more moist site. After a hot, dry six weeks, the first duff-moistening rain since mid-April M.E. Palm, USDA/APHIS/PPQ, Systematic Botany and fell on July 13. One or more showers per week Mycology Laboratory, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD kept duff moist through mid-October after 20705. which weather was drier and cooler than nor- Pilidium concavum - synanamorph of Hainesia lythri. mal. The first mushrooms of ectomycorrhizal fungi in any of the stands developed on the Single conidial isolates of Pilidium concavum (Desm.) burned plot. Subsequently the number of spe- Hohnel consistently yielded both sporodochia of cies on the burned plot exceeded that on the Hainesia lythri (Desm.) Hohnel and conidiomata of unburned at each collection date. Species of -P. concavum. This confirms the observations of these fungi were more numerous in the pungens Shear and Dodge (Mycologia 13:135-170. 1921) that /rigida plots compared with the virginiana the two are synanamorphs, with a Discohainesia plot through mid-September after which the oenotherae (Cooke & Ellis) Nannf. teleomorph (as maximum number of species varied between one Pezizella lpthri (Desm.! Shear & Dodge). Cultural pine type and the other. Through the end of characters on several agar media and conidiomatal November when fruiting ceased. 94 of 121 morphology on alfalfa stems and blackberry twigs probable taxa of ectofungi were identified as were recorded. Based on examination of type species in 25 genera of Basidiomycetes. specimens, Sclerotiopsis testudinea Desm. is an additional synonym of P. concavum.

;. G. PELYE?, 0. I(. 14iLLEE. JE., & C. GilUBIi. Departmen; of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Ronald H; Petersen. Botany Department, Inszi:~.te ad Etaze University, Elacksburg, VA. 24061. University of -e, Knoxville, Th' 37996- Ectoqvcorrilzal fungi frdizing on burned an? unburnel 1100. nat ing systems in the genus Xerom- pine plots after e lcng &ought in the Virginie phallus (Xerulaceae, Agaricales). ~ppalachians. Ut il izing single-spore Isolates, it was found A third successive dry year was predicted for 1988. that X, campanella, X. tenulpes, X. curtfpes, liumerous lightening fires during 1957 suggested the X; kauffmanji, and X; fulvipes are governed need for litter- an8 shrub-free fire breaks on the -by a unifactorial mating-. svstem. while X; Jefferson Iiational Forest. In February one control caut icina? is and X, branneola show a bif aF burn for this purpose split a stand of Pinus pungensl torial syslem. In addition, "lethal" genes, --P. riside with scne oak into two plots of' equal area. caused hyphal lysis during hyphal confron- An unburned star.< of ?inus virgixiana with similar tation, operate in several taxa, and at least area but fewer ocr.s occupied a lower and more moist X. tenulpes is suspected of forming binuc- site. After a ho:, ary six weeks, :he first duff- Gat-diospores. Biological species moistenlng rain since nid-April fell on .July 13. intercontinental distribut ion 1s discussed. One or more showers per week kept duff moist through mid-October after v>ich weather was drier and cooler than normal. The first mushrooms of ectomycorrhizal fungi in any of the stands developed oc the Surned plot. Subsequently the number of species on ~ne burned plot exceed that on the unbur2ed at each collectior, date. S~~eciesof these fungi were more numerous in the pungens/rigida plots compared with the virginianz plot through mid-September after which the naxirnuc: number of species varied betveer. one pine tpe an? the cther. Tinrough the end of Vovember when fruitir.6 ceesee, ??: of 12; prob:?.ie taxa of ectofungi we?€ iacctifie? ES species ir. 25 genera of 3asl:ior;:cetes. R. PINETTE, P. ZDROJOUY, AND S. BROWN. R. H. PROCIDH and E. B. SMALLEX. lleprbmt of University of Naine at Presque Isle, Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Math/Science Division, 181 Main Street, Lirden m.,Madison, WI, 53706. Presque Isle, ME 04769. Effects of mnone E on the graJVl of ODhiostaM Effect of RoundupR, a glyphosate herbicide, ulrni and other fungi. on fi vitro growth of three species of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with black nEe deqree of phytoalexin toleranoe is an hprtant spruce. factor in limit- the virulenoe of sane funsdl pathagems: we the effects of the elm In northern Raine, RoundupR, a glyphosate phytoalexln the qraJth herbicide, is used to suppress undesirable mansonone E on myaelial of 16 other species in black spruce plantations within Crhiostarna (ha.)Nand. an3 fungal species to determine whether tolerance to mansomne the first year of transplanting seedlings. E is elm. E Three mycorrhizal species, Laccaria Laccata important for virulence on Mansomne was incorporatad into potato dextrose agar at (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk 8 Br., Tylopi lus varicxls comtrations. E inhibited the felleus (Fr.) Kars. and a Cortinarius sp., Mansonone grwth of aggressive bola- of Q. more than were isolated from sporocarps associated uith black spruce. These were tested for that of nowaggressive isolates. O&iostasM was nure tolerant to mansonone E than were nost but the effect of different concentrations (0, not U,ofthe other fmqi ewmined. 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm) of the active Ni-dine was used to generate of Q. ingredient, glyphosate, on the vitro mrtarrts ulmi with ' sensitivity to l~nsononeE. growth of the isolates on Modified Melin G 3 ehEwithvarying degrees of Norkrans nutrient agar medium as measured resistance to Q. inoailated with by taking the diameter of the mycelium. u,were these less the Reduction in growth due to different mutants, 3 mutants were virulent than wild type strain from which they were derived. Haever, herbicide concent rations were evaluated the was the using one-way ANOVA. Lover concentrations fcurth nutant as virulent as wild type strain. mese data suggest that alth0ql-I Q. ulrni is of glyphosate had a stimulatory effect, but relatively tolerant to mansonone E, this tolerance higher concentrations resulted in a may not be required significant (p=0.05) reduction in growth. for virulence on elm.

C.C. PRUSSO. Biology Department, University of M. J. POWELL and W. H. BLACKWELL. Department Nevada. Reno. NV 89557. of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH An interpretation of the mouth types of the 45056. Analysis of zoosporic ultrastructural Tulostoma basidiocarp. characters for phylogenetic reconstruction of Oomycetes. The mouth of the Tulostoma basidiocarp is one of the primary characters used in identifying collections to Current concepts on the classification and species. However, the variability encountered often phylogenetic relationships of Protista are makes selection of a mouth type difficult. Also, based on comparative ultrastructure of terms used to describe the mouth are based on inter- motile spores. For the Oomycetes, data are pretation that varies from author to author. During accumulating on the ontogeny and detailed the preparation of a key to species of Tulostoma that structure of zoosporic organelles, occur in the Great Basin and Mojave Desert it became on organellar associations, and on the necessary to examine mouth types and to establish architecture of the flagellar apparatus. useable categories. Three mouth types are easily Even though these features have been recognized. 1) The definite mouth is a circular to compared empirically, characters and elliptical opening, plane extended into a tube of character states have not been scrutinized or analyzed using more objective methods. varying length. 2) The fibrillose mouth has an open- The purpose of this study is to collate ing surrounded by a hyphal mat built-up on the perid- existing ultrastructural data on zoospores ium. 3) The valvate mouth is formed by wedge-shaped of Oomycetes, to define characters and segments that open upward in a stellate manner form- character states, and to analyze the data ing a crown-like rim. Other types are not as easily using cladistic methodology. Although defined. The fimbriate mouth is an opening wfth there are readily identifiable gaps in fibrils projecting from the edge like a fringe. The the data set, analysis within Oomycetes rugose mouth is surrounded by a coarsely wrinkled, supports the close affinity of the Order Flister-like border that is peridial in nature, not a Leptomitales to the Saprolegniales. The build-up on the peridium. The indefinite mouth is order Lagenidiales does not hold together quite varied and has no distinguishing characters, by character analysis, and hence often being a mere slit or ragged opening. It may represents a heterogeneous grouping of well be that the fimbriate and rugose types are forms organisms which should be realigned of the indefinite. into different orders. S. C. REDLIN and A. Y. ROSSMAN. Systematic --Don R. Rrvnolds, Natural History Museum of Botany and Mycology Laboratory, USDA-ARS; Los Angeles County. 900 Expositio~l Beltsville, MD 20705. Cry~todiaporthe Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007 corni (Diaporthales) and its distinctively- and John W. Taylor, Plant Biology pigmented anamorph. Department, University of California. ~erkele~,California 94720. CrvDtodiaDorthe corni (Wehmeyer) Petrak is a pyrenomycetous teleomorph reported on Preliminary Observations Concerning a Cornus spp. This fungus is associated with Phylogenetic Hypothesis for Ascostromatic a twig blight and was collected on pagoda Ascomycetes. dogwood (cornus alternifolia L.) in the northern United States during investigations The fungi of interest historically are known on dogwood anthracnose. h distinctive as the loculoascomycetes or bitunicate bright orange pigment produced in pure ascomycetes. A major problem' in the culture on several media was similar to the classification of these fungi, and its sister color observed on dogwood twigs containing groups, is a lack of understanding of robust ascocarps and conidion~ata. The anamorph monophyletic groups. A phylogenetic was produced abundantly in cultures derived hypothesis for loculoascomycetes sensu lato, from single ascospores. MYXOSDO~~U~nitidum as ascostromatic ascomycetes with a Berkeley and Curtis is the earliest name for fissjtunicate, rostrate or extend-itunicate this anamorph, also known as Zvthia ascus, is being tested with molecular aurantiaca (Peck) Sacc. This study includes techniques and methods. Preliminary results the first description of the fungus in pure from the study are reported. culture and a redescription of the teleomorph and anamorph . Results indicate DNA sequencing is being carried out on DNA that Crv~todia~orthecorni is restricted to from pure culture isolates as well as from Cornus alternifolia. Characteristics of the material obtained directly from nature and growth in culture, the conidiomata, and the from herbarium collections. Sequencing data conidia differ significantly from the from the relatively large, evolutionary dogwood anthracnose fungus. conservative, tandem, nuclear ribosomal. repeat DNA are being analyzed for confirmation of the monophyletic units discovered with macrocharacter analysis.

STEF HEN REHNER and RYTAS VILGALYS. Dept. of

Botany, Duke University, Durham, N.C. 27706. P.L. RICHTER and J.M. BRUHN. School Of Forestry ard Uocd Products, Sequence evolution of the 25s nuclear Michigan Tuhnological University, noughton, Michigan 19931. ribosomal RNA subunit and phylogenetic Shifts in mycorrhizal fvlpus colonization of Pinus resinoss seedlings analysis of the Agaricales follwing outplanting. An ordered shift in mycorrhizal fmra colonization occurred on --Pinus resinosa Ait. seedlings wtplanted on three recently cleared Due to their universal occurrence and conserved northern hardwwd sites in the Uppr Peninsula of Michigan. The shift, structure, the nuclear ribosomal genes (rDNA) are a related to seedling mge fran ourplmting, was demonstrated by potential source of informative characters for quantification of nycorrhizml mrphology types, lsboratory isolation of fmgi fran mycorrhizee, phy$iological categorization of fmgi recovered inferring patterns of evolutionary relationships frun ycorrhizae, and surveys of fruiting bodies associated with among the extant lineages of fungi. We describe a seedlings. Uith increasing plantation age, 1) the -r of series of oligonucleotide primers developed for the nomncorrhizal root tips encantered declined to zero. 2) the cannon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify nursery ysorrhizae decreased in abnd.nce, 3) m wcorrhizal types (especially Cmococcrn md u)kcm more abundant, 4) ribosomal genes from fungi. The amplified rDNA cellulolytic fwi (in part representing ectmjomycorrhizal fungi) can be used for restriction analysis, cloning, or uere isolated fran nycorrhizae less frequently, while 5) nucleotide sequencing. Sequence analysis of the 5' utomycorrhizal fwi uere isolated from mycorrhizae more fr-tty. half of the 25s genes of Microm~hale,Mvcena, The nvrber of apparently different mycorrhizal fwspecies isolated fran mycorrhizae increased fran 5 in the first year after outplanting Amanita, and &tharellus has revealed two modes to 22 in the fwrth year. of sequence evolution of rDNA in fungi, either The squcnce of ycorrhizal funpi Colonizing red pine seedlings from through direct nucleotide substitution or length nursery to four years follwing outplanting was as follows. Ectcndo- mutation. The picture that emerges is that the 25s wcorrhizal fmgi. Thelechora terrestris, md Laccaris laccata uere present on nursery seedlings. Ectendaycorrhizal fungi nave wy to ribosomal genes are comprised of conserved further colonization by utnycorrhizal fwi soon after outplanting. regions interspersed with more divergent domains, 1. terrestris and 1. Iaccata persisted on outplated seedlings, but the latter often differing significantly in primary allowed colonization by g. geophilun and L. bicolor during the first sequence and length. A data set of sequences from year. The Latter tw cpecies increased (n abundance on seedlings, while gt&& spp. appeared bring the sued year. Lactarius spp. representatives of Agaric families will be appared during the third year, and llekluna sw. appeared during the presented and its use for evolutionary analysis will fwrth year. ALmg uith the major ptners Listm above, additiarsl be discussed. unidentified ectcmycorrhizal fmgi (possibly species of m, Boletus, Rhizooogon, etc.) formed mycorrhizse with seedlings, especislty during the third end fourth year after outplanting. R.W. ROBERSON. Department of Botany, Arizona State Universiry, A. S. C. C&SSAR. Tempe, AZ 85287. Microscopic observations of teliospore germination R. RE.PEX anC Departr;rent of of Gymnosporat~~urnclavipes. Biclq>, College, hlma, MI 48801. A new species of ~rosiellaassociated with the Cytological features of germinating teliospores of the common rust ambrosia beetle ::ylekms obesus (Colecptera: fungus Gymnosporangium clavipes Cke. & Pk. were examined using Scoly~idae) . tight and transmission electron microscopy, LM and TEM respectively. LM observations of living cells were made using Nomarski optics. 19.-1.2 Wtle >:.dsus infests m3t deciduous Developmental changes in the microtuhule and actin ~oskeletoasand trees withi; its ranae of the eastern United nuclear migration were examined in fied cells stained for States ant Cans&. 'his [email protected]!$as conciuct&. epifluorescenu: microscopy. For TEM, geminating teliospores were u~ 5. obesus ettacl-hq tdn6-thrm or cut cryofued by high pressurc freezing or h!, rapidly plunpg spores into as- lgs in Central blichigm. l'lm sole liquid propane followed by Irewe suhsrirution. Mature teliospores of fungal syrbiont. oi &SU bas fadto bE G. clavipes consisted of an apical and basal ell separated by a septum. . Each cell contained a single diploid nucleus. Golgi bodies were undescribed m!rkr of the Mrfect pnus identified as enlarged cistemae of varying shape& sizes and elearon Mrosiella. me fungus will be characterized opacities. Mitochondria werc present throughout the cytoplasm of the fran rrorpholqical and cultural studies. me germinating teliospore. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was closely fungus was consistently isolated as the sole associated with mitochondria. Additional components of the cytoplasm micro?Je fran the mmotal mycangiun of the included multivesicular bodies, glycogen, Lipid bodies and vacuoles. fen-ale beetles collected either in flight or Teliosporcs contained two germ pore regions, one located at the apical fmn early stages of construction of the end and the other at the basal end. Upon germination a single germ gallery system. The fungus proliferated £ran tube emerged from the germ pore region. The germ tube exhibited a the mycangiun and was spread by the baring polarized mode of cellular powth that occurred through apical i?ctivit:r of t!parental adult. At the time of expansion. Cytoplasmic vesicles were obsemd in the apical region of the f& elongating germ tubes. Immunofluorescence techniques revealed miposition by beetle the fungus a abundant microtubules generally oriented parallel to the long axis of monoc1ilt~upupcsl the walls of the gallery and the germ tube. Actin staining showed an accumulation of brightly was exclusively fed upon by the developing fluorescent plaques in peripheral regions of the germ tube. The larvae. When beetle pupation occurred the prophase nudeus migrated into the germ tube where it divided fun@ layer was slr;ost entirely consum&, but meiotically. Septa divided the germ tube into four uninucleate cells. regre: in dlpatches to be reinoculated into Each cell than gave rise to a single sterigma and a haploid, biiucleate the mycangia of young progeny adult females. basidiospore.

S.O. ROGERS, S.A. REHNER, J .F. A??RATI AND C. BLEDSOE, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, SUNY, Syracuse, NY 13210, Department of D. W. ROBERTS and A. E. HAJEK. Insect Pathology Botany, Duke University, Durham. NC 27706. Botany Resource Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Tower Department, University of Washington, Seattle. WA Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801. 98195 and College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. Entomopathogenic fungi as bioinsecticides. Coarse and fine scale restriction enzyme mapping of The entomopathogenic fungi are an extremely diverse the ribosomal DNA units from Basidiomypetes. group taxonomically and include species which attack virtually all groups of economically important The ribosomal DNA repeat units fran over 200 speci- insect pests. Programs are underway worldwide co mens (over 80 species from 48 genera) representing exploit these organisms as supplements or 22 families of Basidimycetes have been mapped using alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides. from one to four restriction enzymes (that have six Use patterns vary from classical colonization to . base pair recognition sequences). A composite map amounts massive introductions of inoculum similar to that indicates the variable and conserved regions used for chemical insecticides. Fungi seem to be was constructed. The spacer regions exhibited the particularly promising for use against forest, greatest variation. Parts of the genes exhibited pasture/forage, and soil (particulary sandy soil) moderate variability, while certain portions were insect pests. Current research efforts include well conserved. An intron may be present in the 3' molecular biology studies to understand mechanisms region of the 255 gene in at least six genera (from underlying pathogenesis and to improve fungal three families). Several portions of the repeat are strains, studies co discover and evaluate fungal being amplified using PCR. These were digested with toxins, as well as some very promising studies on restriction enzymes that have four base pair recog- understanding fungal epizootics wich the goal of nition sequences.to construct fine structure maps of predicting and initiating them. the amplified regions. Representatives of each clearly defined taxonomic group are to be sequenced. These data are being used in phylogenetic and tax- onomic studies of the Basidiomycetes. Additionally, the molecular characters derived from the work are being used to identify mycelial cultures and mycorrhizae from lab and field collected specimens. sivilar to 5. pnicillioides, the type specles, are ananorms of A. I. ROYEKC. Departamenro oe Ciencias Biolbgicas, Schaerostilblla and Rmqueriella. SDheerostilbella is emended to I'aculrai at Ciencias Lxactas y Iisturales, Universi- .~ncludeHmcrea species centered on i. =I-. Rmswriella is a dad de Buer)os kires. 1L2& Buenos Aires, Argentina. cleistothec~algenus of urertain affinities in the order. Gliocladiun Wood and bar^ innabiting nicromycetes on Eucalyptus virens and similar anamrphs can be include;: in Trichodem; they are viminalis from Argentink. correlated only to green-spored Hmcres species centered on i. pelstinosa. Gliocladivn Ude (= G. deliaurscens), the anemorph of H. lutea, can perhaps be reclassified in Gloiosphacra; it is distinct from During a 2 years floristic and ecological survey of - Trichoderma. Gliocladiun roseun. the arwmorph of Hrctria ochroleuca, is micromycetes on stumps of Eucalyptus viminalis, in s species of Clonostschys. The taxomic affinities and taxortunic the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1920 sam- placement of the Gliocladiun arwmorph of Nectrio~sisswran~iicola are ples were collected. To find out what Ascomycetes still unclear. occu- or, this s\lhstrat.e WRP the first objetive. So far 63 species of kscomycetes and 62 species of Deu- teromycetes are identified. Most of them are new re- cords for Argentina, some are new genera and species and a number of them are still unidentified. These .~esultswere compared with the world-wide record of eeggll- Department of Botany, Duke University, 'species found on Eucalyptus spp., kept at IMI, and Durham, NC, 27706. Grazing preferences of two only 35% of the 125 species registered through the collembolan species, Folsomia candia and proisotoma present work are mentioned in that list. Some of the minuta, for ectomycorrhizal fungi. more distinct species will be shown. The purpose of this study was to determine if two species of Collernbola, Folsornia candida and Proisotoma minuta, graze preferentially on ectomycorrhizal fungi. 1.candida J. C. ROYER and P. A. HORGEN. Center for Plant Biotechnology, University of Toronto. preferences for fifteen ectomycorrhizal fungi were initially Towards the development of a transformation system for tested using a 4x4 balanced lattice design. leccinum Aparicus bisporus. scabrum, the most preferred fungi and Melanooaster The slow growth rate of A. bisporus presents an obstacle in the Uberitorrnis, the least preterred fungi were the only generation of large amounts of actively owing mycelium required for efficient protoulasr generation. This problem has choices that differed significantly in the number of visits by been overcome through the use of repeated inoculum build-up -F. candida. Pairwise comparisons of preferred and less of snain ATCC 24662, a relatively fast growing homokaryon. Our optimized procedure for protoplast formation involves preferred fungi were then performed with both E. andida incubation of mycelium from a 2-3 day old tertiary culture with and P. minuta. Both E. candida and P. rninuk preferred Novozyme 234 (10 mgtrnl) in MgSOq (0.8 M, pH 4.3) for 45 Gautieria otthii over 1.scabrum, AIoova plivaceotinctu~or min with gentle shaking. Approximately lo9 protoplasts are typically liberated from a la) ml culture. Protoplast M.Uberiformi~. The grazing preferences exhibited by E. regeneration rates have been increased approximately 50-fold candida and P. minuta in this study were not taxonomically (to approximately 2.0 5'0) by subsdtuting sucrose (0.6 M) for sorbitol in the regenention medium. Several plasmid vectors based nor based on familiarity with the food source. which have been used to transform a dlverse goup of Preterence is most likely due to some property of the fungi. filamentous fungi to hypmycin resistance, dong with a Dromoter librarv of A. bisporus fragments fused to a This study suggests that collembolan grazing may hvgromycin re$stance gene from z.coli have been differentially affect plants associated with ectomycorrhizal unsuccessful in transforming A. b~sporususing a variety of transformation procedures. These data and similar results fungi depending on whether they are associated with with closely related basidiomycetes have resulted in a working preferred or less preferred fungal species. hypothesis that bacterial genes may not be expressed in A. bisporu, even when fused with fungal promoters. Recent experiments utilizing fungal genes wluch offer the potential to complement auxotrophc mutations or alter nunitional capability will be dscussed. ME-AE SEO and R. C. ANDERSON. Department of Biological Sciences. Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761. Effects of soil microbial and mycorrhizal 5. J. and K. A. SElfERT. Systmtic Botany and llycolw associations on the productivity and photosynthetic Laboratory, USDA, Urn. 304, B-OIlA, Beltsvi:le, WD 20705 and Forintek rates of Panax auinauefolium L. Canada Corp., Ottawa, Ontario KIG 325. Reassessment of species attributed to Gliocladiun. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mycorrhizal colonization and soil ;Gliocladiun is the traditional genus for hyphmcetes that have organisms on the productivity of a shade adapted rolorless to light-colored, penicillately branched conidiophores, and plant, American ginseng (Panax guinauefolium L.). slimy, amerosporws conidia. These characters do MI necessarily refut Germinated seeds were planted in three substrates phylogeny. CLassificatim of anarorphic fungi will be natural only uhm (1) non-autoclaved soil, (2) autoclaved soil to tit reflects classification of tho respective releomorphs. Telwrphs which mycorrhizal inoculum was added, and (3) hoving amrphs classified in Gliocladim are fouvl in five genera of autoclaved soil which received a VAM (vesicular- xhe Hypocreales: Hmcrea, -, Ncctrioosis, Rounenueriell?, erd arbuscular mycorrhizal) -free filtrate of non- 6phaerostilbr:A. G!ioclar!lm anamrphs are not kmm outside the autoclaved soil. Plants were grown in the field dywc-e~les, b'though tnere are svecies that have not vet beep. lin~edtc under 10% of full sunlighr for one growing season. trlecmorphs. Species rk G!iorladiv. can be distrituted am- five Meah total biomass, shoot weight, and phocor-ynthetic distinct anamorph, genera w!.t7 their teleomorphs are considered. S:ccies rates of ginseng plants grown in the non-autoclaved sticks. Colonized sticks were attacned to bricks soil and the autoclaved soil receiving mycorrhizal and placed in Jordan Creek, Illinoi: for three, inoculum were significantly (p<0.05) greater than four, six, and eight weeks. Sticks were returned to those of plants grown in auto-claved soil plus VAM- the laboratory, placed individually in distilled free filtrate substrate. Chlorophyll content of water in bubble chambers and aerated for two days. plants grown in autoclaved soil plus VAM-free Water was filtered and the spora identified and filtrate substrate was higher than that of plants quantified. Sticks were subsequently placed in grown in the non-autoclaved soil receiving moist chambers and examined periodically for ' mycorrhizal inoculum for mean total biomass, fruiting structures. Fungal species diversity was photosynthetic rate, and chlorophyll content, lower on sticks pre-colonized by strongly suggesting that soil microorganisms in the non- antagonistic species than on those pre-colonized by autoclaved soil did not significantly affect plant weakly antagonistic species. Relative propagule growth. Percent mycorrhizal colonization of plants frequencies of weakly antagonistic species declined in non-autoclaved soil was significantly greater with increasing time of submergence, while those of chan that of plants grown in autoclaved soil strongly antagonistic species remained the same or receiving mycorrhizal inoculum. increased. A clear 1ine of demarcation occurred between strongly antagonistic species and an invading Ascomycete and a Coelomycete that were present on all uncolonized sticks and sticks pre- colonized by weakly antagonistic species. The production of diffusible antagonistic substances by two of the strongly antagonistic species suggests T. C. SEWALL', C. W. MIMS', and W. E. TIMBER- that they are allelopathic. LAKE'" '~epartment of Plant Pathology and '~e~artment-ofGenetics, University of~eor- gia, Athens, GA 30602. Structural effects of abaA expression during conidiophore form- ation in As~eraillusnidulans. The conidiophore of As~eraillusnidulans is A.C. SHUKLA, JASBIR KAUR AND A.K .AWASTHI . formed by the ordered production of a foot Biopollution Study Centre. Department of - cell, stalk, vesicle, a layer of metulae, Botany, Christ Church CoIIege, Kanpur,India.' and a layer of phialides. Each mature phia- River Ganga Mycoflora and its Biological lide repeatedly buds at its apex to produce Significance chains of conidia. The abaA gene is active Aquatic fungal mycoflora of lotic waters and during metula and phialide formation and mu- its importance in biology and public health tation of this gene results in the prolifer- problems is documented elsewhere. Little is ation of phialide-like (abacus) structures known about mycoflora of river Ganga. rather than conidia. Freeze-substituted Implications of fungal growth is endowed conidiophores of the abaAl mutant strain with allergenic significance and were structurally identical to those of the decomposition of keratin, thereby. causing wild-type strain up to the time of phialide infections of eyes,skin,horns.hoofs,hair and production. The phialide of the mutant respiratory track of human beings and strain produced an abacus structure from its animals. Isolations of fungi from bottom apex. Repetition of this process by the sand of river Ganga is indicative of the apex of each new abacus structure resulted presence of spores and hyphae of these in chains of abacus structures. Nuclear organisms responsible for spread of division within each abacus structure and .diseases. Bottom sand of the river is likely its budding and lateral branching were simi- to act as 'causal tank' of dermatophytes and lar to metulae. In the aba~1.4" strain,' allergenic fungi. Complimentary mycoflora of early abacus structures differentiated into sand and water explicits some variance. conidium-producing phialides when shifted to Fifteen genera spread over 35 species from the permissive temperature after growth sand and 13 genera including 32 species from under restrictive conditions. Thus, early water were recorded. Fungi present in both abacus structures and possibly metulae may sand and water causing allergenic rhinitis, be considered immature phialides. bronchial asthama, hypersensitivity and pneumonitis. Dermatophytes and kerationphilic (Chrvsos orium; N'cros bnmi and Trichophyton) were Tnvolved w~\h Kzatin degradation. Present investigation emphasizes implications of such fungi in biology and spreaa of human and cattle C.A.SHEARER and M. Bartolata. Department of PI ant diseases. Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801. In situ competitive interactions among freshwater 1ignicol ous fungi.

The hypothesis that fungi antagonistic to other fungi in culture are better able than non- antagonistic fungi to defend colonized substrata in nature was tested. Three strongly, one moderately and three weakly antagonistic freshwater 1ignicolous fungi were growr separately on sterile birchwood M.L. SMITH and J.B. ANDERSON. Dept. of Botany. P. L. SKATRUD, J. HOSKINS, J. D. WOOD, M. B. TOBIN University of Toronto, Erindale College. Mississauga. and S. W. QUEEKER. Lilly Research Laboratories, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6 Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 Mitochondria1 genetics in a natural population of Genetic manipulation of the $-lactam antibiotic biosynthetic pathway. Wc have examined the transmission and propagation of mitochondrial genotypes in natural clones of asmill aria The p-lactam antibiotics, which include the at a nonh Michigan hardwood forest study site. Through penicillins and cephalosporins, all share certain an analysis of mating-type alleles we have determined structural features, a similar mode of action and that therc are two A. bulbosa clones. each exceeding 500 a lov toxicity profile. Recently, several genes in m diameter, at the sitc. In addition. there are several the biosynthetic pathways leading to b-lactam production have been cloned and characterized. As smaller A. DsIoYae clones within a 9,000 m2 red pine a result of these studies, specific rational plantation, locatcd within the hardwood stand. Based on alterations of the biosynthetic pathway in rcstriclion fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) each vegetative clone at the site has one. unique industrially-important. . producing- organisms- .JCephalosporium acremonium and Penicillium mitochondrial DNA type. In contrast, a diploid mycelium Phrysogenum) are now possible. Three specific arising from a compatible laboratory mating of haploid applications of genetic alteration of the monokaryons , contains mitochondria from both parents biosynthetic pathway will be discussed: 1. Gene since nuclei, but not mitochondria, migrate dosage studies leading to increased overall bidirectionally. Experiments now underway are productivity. 2. Gene disruption studies leading designed to dctermine the nature and origin of to inactivation of specific genes. 3. Expression intraspecific variation of the mitochondria1 genome in of a foreign gene in the $-lactam producing fungus Arm i l l ari a species. Through RFLP and nucleotide -P. chrysogenum leading to production of an altered sequence analysis we are attempting to detect intraclonal $-lactam structure in fermentation. polymorphisms between distant regions of the very old (ca 400 to 900 yrs) A. bulbosa clones at the Michigan site. By comparing RFLP maps from several A. Dstovag clones, we will determine where mutations are likely to occur in thc mtDNA molecule.

--K.T. -SMITH. USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 640, Durham, NH 03824. The moisture content of wood is altered by Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor early in the decay process. Fred S~iesel,Department of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Arkansas, The wood decay process requires appropriate levels of mois- Fayetteville, AR 72701. ture and aeration. The decay fungi are capable of altering Evening Discussion I. Federal Funding for Mycological Research. James Rodman, these levels. Various combinations of decay fungi and wood Systematic Biology, National Science species were tested to determine their effect on wood mois- Foundation, Washington, DC. Fundinu Throush ture content (MC). Decay cnambers were french-square bot- the NSF. David Malloch, Department of tles, each containing an agar culture of either the brown- Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, rot fungus placenta (Fr.) M. Larsen & Lombard, the Ontario, Canada. Fundins Throuuh NSERC. A whiterot fungus- Trametes versicolor (L:Fr.) F'ilat (syn. Coriolus Canadian Point of View. Harold Keller, versicolor (L.:Fr.) Quel.!, or uninoculated agar. Oven-dried University of Texas, Arlington, TX. what to EXDeCt of Your SDO~SO~~~Prourams Office. A wood samples (5 x 10 x 50 mm, radial: tangential: longitu- representative, NIAID, Division of dinal) were prepared from hardwood and softwood trees dif- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, fering in decay resistance and were placed in the cham- . Beltsville, MD. Fundinu Throuqh the NIH. bers. Within one or two weeks of incubation, the brownrot fungus caused greater increases in wood MC than did the whiterot fungus. Both fungi increased wood MC above that of the uninoculated controls. This pattern was maintained at 12 weeks of incubation and was correlated with the severity of decay measured as percent weight loss. Across the tree species tested, as wood increased in decay resistance, the F.W. SPIEGEL. Department of Botany and ability of the fungi to wet the wood decreased. In some fun- Microbiology, University of Arkansas, gus and wood combinations, wood MC may have become Fayetteville, AR 72701. sufficiently high to limit the aerobic respiration of the wood Revision of the genus Protostelium. by the fungi. This possibility draws attention to the need for the careful choice of appropriate experimental conditions to The mycetozoan genus Protostelium contains test comparative decay resistance. six described species: P. mycopha~a,2. nocturnum, P. irre~ularis,2. expulsum, z. pvriformis, and 2. arachis~orum. All these organisms meet the present morphological criteria for inclusion in the genus. That is, they all have a trophic state that consists of uninucleate, nonflagellate amoebre, and they all have sporocarps which have single, deciduous spores on the tip of from the Aa3 fragment reveals some degree of a delicate stalk. However, these similarity to both &a1 and Aa4. 'Iransla~ioncf characters are not well defined, and open-reading-frames from corresponding "start" characters based on amoeba1 morphology and signals in and & generates an amino acid ultrastructure, sporocarp development, and sequence in vhich there is 48% identity of the fruiting body structure suggest that the first 80 amino acids. Comparison of the sequences genus should be divided into three separate of end && vith intron consensus sequences genera. The genus Protostelium would suggests that each contains an intron. Translation . retain P. mycophaga, the type species, P. of the spliced transcripts of each yields polypeptides that shov an additional region of 46% nocturnum, and Y. pyriformis. A new genus will have to be established for P. amino acid identity tovards the C-terminus. This irregularis and expulsum, and 2. region contains a motif related to the homeodomain P. cf genes vhich are known to regulate development arachisporum should be reassigned to the in eukaryotes. No homeodomain has been identified in genus Endostalium. Protostelium S.S. and the new genus appear to be members of the any open-reading-frame present in u. monophyletic group that includes the flagellate protostelids and myxomycetes, while Endostelium is not closely related.

& STRATTON, Biology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 USA. Genetics and population structure of Ustilaeo violacea. PETER D. STAHL and MARTHA CHRISTENSEN. W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory The fungal pathogen Jlstilaeo violacea is widely Corners, MI 49060 and Department of Botany, University of distributed in Europe; in the USA it is limited to Wyoming. Laramie, WY 8207 1. southwestern Virginia, although its host (Silene In Vitro interactions among members of a soil microfungal -) is common throughout the eastern US. Spore community dispersal among populations has been estimated by yearly censuses of disease incidence in roadside Interactions of four prominent and three rare species of fungi populations of Silene alba. Electrophoretic studies isolated from soils at the Konza Long Term Ecological Research showed little alloz~evariation in violacea. Sire were examined and characterized. Pairs of fungi were Isolates fror. 7 Virginia populations were monomorphic grown on malt agar at varying distances apart and observed for at 17/18 allozyme ioci. The single polymorphic up to four weeks. The growth of six of the seven species was enzyme locus (MDH) is closely linked to the mating inhibited to some degree in the presence of each other fungus. type locus, for which all individuals are necessarily Growth of the excepted species was stimulated in the presence of heterozygous. The polymorphism is probably five of the other fungi. Cessation of growth at contacting colony maintained via hitchhiking. In contrast, DNA markers perimeters occurred in 57% of the pairings, mutual arrest at a show much higher levels of polymorphism, both within distance was observed in 18% of the tests and continued growth and among populations. RFLP markers were used to estimate population structure and mating system of one colony into the other occurred in the remaining 2590 of the parameters of this natural plant pathogen. In interactions. No correlation was found between prominence or addition, the genetic markers allow comparison of rarity of a species in the community and its response in paired transmission rates of isolates in experimental interactions. Our observations and those of others suggest that populstions. A second sympatric species of Ustilaeo while overall composition and structure in soil m:crofungal infects the native Silene vireinica. Ustilaeo from communities can be'multifa~toriall~related to vegetation and soil the two host plants show fixed allelic differences at ~hvsical. - and chemical factors, species interactions may 5 enzyme loci, even when isolates were collected Schizophyllaceae) is a model system for the analysis of genes controlling mating teachers in the lower midwest. interactions and sexual development in the higher Fungi are under-utilized in hands-on insmcdon of biological fungi. Mating betveen homokaryons is controlled by principles in the high school (HS) biology laboratory. During four genes: &, u,& and M, each of vhich is multiallelic. Three alleles of have been the past 8 years, over 130 HS biolop teachers from Mssouri, ,& Illinois, ln&ana, Kentucky, and Arkansas participated at S N isolated: u. and a.The a and & fragments sequenced to date shov no DNA sequence in several NSF-supported, in-service, enhancement Institutes similarity to one another. Sequence data available in Microbiology. Teacher backgrounds varied--some &d not have a depin biology. and most lack any formal coursework in mycoiogy. Some hac obtained a cursory exposure to fungi via an inuoductory microbiology class. medium containing mlt extract and glucose and satu- Almost all limit use of fungi in the HS curriculum to a week or rated with anthracene. After the culture medium had woduring an organismic biology survey. As pan of each been extracted with ethyl acetate, high-perfomce Institute, teachers were insrmcted in mycology and related liquid chmtcgraphy and thin-layer chrcxnatcqraphy laboratory skills. That fungi can be used a11 vear to teach were used to separate the principal anthracene biological principles via hands-on laboratories was stressed. metabolites. The metabolites were identified by Due to variations in Institute design. teachers received analysis of their spectral data, including ultra- mycology insrmction for (a) two Saturday 11'2 day workshops, violet absorption, mass, and nuclear mcmetic (b) three 2-day weekend workshops, or (c) a full summer resonance sp&tra; Fhizoctonia solani &t&olized session. Evaluations and post-lnstitute comments indicate all anthracene prinrarily at the 1,2-positions to form periods were useful. But, summer sessions provided more 1,2-dlhydroxy-lt24ihydroanthracene; both cis and nme to develop skills. cqout (rather than just discuss) trans imwrs were formed. The circular dichroisn laboratory exercises, and develop creative lessons for spectrum of the e-1,2+ihydrodiol indicated that integration into the HS cuniculum. Since each HS teacher the prebmimnt enanticmer ha6 an absolute colrfigura- contacts about 3.250 students in a 25 year career and if MSA tion of (-)-152s. Tnis configuration was the same wants to stimulate more interest in mycology, more outreach as that of the principal enantim produced by programs emphasizing hands-on experience with fungi should Cunninghamella elegans and consequently differed frun :& available to current HS biology teachers. that repted for mmmlian enzyes. A conjugate of 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihy-thracene with a sugar residue was also detected. Tnus, g. solani first metabolized anthracene to lI2-dihydroxy-1,24ihydro- anthracene and then conjugated the dihydrcdiol with a sugar. R.S. SURVE and G.C. ADAf1S. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Phenetic groups within Leucostoma persoonii and I. cincta based on Allozyme Analysis. T. TALOU, F:. DBLMAS and A. CASET. Laboratoirede mimic Teleomorphs of Leucostom ersoonii and L. cincta des Agroressources, Ecoie de Chimie de Toulouse, were collected on six usspp. and Malus pumila 118 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex FRANCE. in North America. These isolates and isolates from perennial cankers with the Leucocytospora Aroma voiatiles analysis : a feasable approach for anamorphs were compared using allozyme polymorphisms. chenlotaxonomic determination of truffles. Pol ymorphi sms at ten enzyme 1oci were revealed by cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis, these Truffles are undergroung mushrooms that grow in symbio included phosphopl ucoi somerase, ma1 ate dehydrogenase, sis with certain trees, especially oais. One finds gl ucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluco- then in several regions of Southern europe. paryicular nutase, phosphoglucodehydrogenase, ma1 ic enzyme, ip in France, spain and Itaiy.Presently, truffles are manni to1 dehydrogenase, gl utamate dehydrogenase, differentiated by microscopic analysis of their spores isocitrate dehvdroaenase and hexokinase. A1 lozme Ir! the framework of The Truf'fie Project, we developed patterns of ~e;cocytospora isolates having cul tuial a Dynamic Headspace Analysis Method allowing the characteristics 1 i ke L. ersoonii formed twc; direct isolatior of volatiles naturally emited from distinct phenetic orouD~nqs.houp was wide- entire unbrushed fresh truffles. The aroma volatiles spread and was ccrrelated with the teleomorph. are concentrated on a Tenax CC trap and then thermaliy The second group occurs in Michigan in the same desorbed for capillary gas chromatographic analysis. orchards as the first group but it has not yet The gas chromatographic profiles used as Finger Print been correlated with a know teleomorph. The two allowed us to rapidly and reliably determine the groups were distinct from all phenetic groupings species of truffles analysed.The methodology was within I. cincta. Allozyme patterns of I.cincta appiied to the most comniun species cf french truffles. formed three phenetic groupings, a distinct group on and two related groups on Prunus. The three groups are each correlated with teleomorphs. The morphology of the ascomata of the three grouos appears identical but the groups differ in culturcl J.W. TAYLOR, T.D. BRUNS, and T.J. WHITE, characteristics and temperature optima for growtn. Departments of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 and Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608 Unusual rate of molecular evolution in the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer of J. B. SUEEFLzU\i, A. L. SELBT, J. P. FREETIAN, P. P. Sordariaceae? FU, D. K. fi"ELLER, and. C. E. CERNIGLW. National Center for Toxicolcqical Research, Food and Drug DNA sequences of rDNA internal transcribed Pdninistration, Jefferson, A! 72079. MetdD3li.m of spacer (ITS) and 5.8s rDNA of NeUroSDora anthracene by Fhizocmnia soiani. crassa, N. fetras~erma,Sordaria fimicola, and GelaSln0~~0racalocera were obtained to ?he tricyclic armtic hydrocarmn anthracene, an study the phylogenetic relationships of these enviromtal poliutant, has been use6 to indicace taxa. Intergeneric ITS nucleotide probable contaminaL2on by plycyclic armatlc hycko- substitution was 2-3%, interspecific carhns (PAHs). We have investiqatd the mtzdmlisr, nucleotide substitution was 0.5%. This 35 anLthxacene by a SL--ai? of Fkizgtonia sola71. Tne amount of substitution is surprisingly low funqus was qm for p &+rs at 2;'C L~ a lq~lc compared to amounts of substitution in other Ascomycotina, ~asidiomycotina,and plants, J. A. TRAOL'AIR. Dept. of Plant Sciences. Univers~tyof e.g., variation among Wccaria (Agaricales) Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canad2 N6A 5B7. species is 3-5%. We are examining explanations for the low amount of ITS nucleotide substitution in Sordariaceae: i! Mycelial interactions and biosystematics of Hirschionorus unusuallv slow ITS evolution in these funsi, (Trichaptum) species. ii ) unus;ally slow evolution throughout their nuclear DNA or, iii) different generic Interactions in agar culture were studied as a first step in ' concepts in relation to molecular and determining the role of mycelial interactions in the morphological variation in Sordariaceae and Agaricales. In the first two cases, rates of development of dark-colored zone lines in wood nucleotide substitution in mitochondria1 DNA supporting basidiomes of Hirschio~orusspp. In addition, should be similar in all taxa. in the third reactions to controntations with other 4~olvnores -a were case, rates in mitochondria1 DNA should also evaluated as sources of taxonomic information on be slower only in Sordariaceae. From the interrelationships between selected ,Hirschioporus species. Sordariaceae, we have amplified a part of the 165 mitochondria1 rDNA known to be variable Three dikaryotic isolates of each of H. parcamenus, H. in Agaricales and are sequencing this DNA to subchartaceus, and H. abietinus were paired with each answer our question. other and with Trametes hisuida. Cerrena unicolor, Fomes Dini or Gloeo~hvllumsae~iarium on malt agar in plastic petri plates and slide cultures. Interspecific confrontations resulted in distinctive demarcation lines containing clasping branches plus or minus variously colored- interaction zones depending upon the combination. Reactions included antibiosis, hyphal interference and M.THIBAUT and M.Ah'SEL. Laboratoire de Parasitologie, mycoparasitism. Different Hirschiovorus species reacted I>, rue de 1'Ecole de MCdecine,F 75270 Paris Cedex06 differently to other polypores but reactions of H. Fungi allergenic towards to humans. pareamenus and y. subchartaceus were predictably Allergenic manifestations caused by fungi are due to similar. a great number of species, often different from these causing mycotic infections. Allergenic fungi belong principally to " Fungi imperfecti ". They are found particularly in the atmosphere, which carries xerospores. For the study of air borne fungus spores, two methods -E. rllo. University of Hawaii, are used. i - Glvcerine plate method : plates lined Dept. of Plant Pathology, 3190 Maile Way, with a coat of vaseline or glycerine are exposed for Honolulu, HI 96822. Biological control 2L hours on a terrace. They can be colored by the of weeds with fungl plant pathogens. MSA methyl blue, but spore observation may be made without '90 SYMPOSIUM -- "INDUSTRIAL MYCOLOGY". preparation under the microscope. We can thus count large spores. I1 - Cultures of colonies on Petri All fungal pathogens of a weed have poten- dishes :this permits the study of numerous species. tial as biological controls of the species. Starting at a stage of sufficient maturation, we To be useful they must be restricted in pa- subculture each colony. thogenicity. Other important attributes of The chief genera of allergenic fungi encountered in successful mycoherbicides are, ability to the atmosphere are the following : Aleurisma,Alterna- grow readily in artificial media, capability -.ria, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Chaetomiurn, Cladosporiurr., to sporulate in vitro, ability to aerminate Epicoccun, Fusariurn, Helminthosporium,liomodendrum, and infect host tissues in less than 24 hrs, Hucor, Nigrospora, Oospora, Ozonium, Penicillium, and capability of becoming air borne for Phoma, Puccinia, Pullularia, Rhizopus, Rnodotorula, ease of dispersal. The plant pathogens with Scopulariopsis, Sepedonium, Stemuhylium, Spondylo - most of these attributes but inefficient cladium, Trichodema, Vstilagc: dispersal mechanism make economically The two methods answered well as tests of the presence valuable bioherbicides. Members of Colle- of fungi in the atmosphere. A small number of fungi totrichum, Melanconium, Se~toria,Fusarium, constitute most of the mycotic flora. These genera Acremonium, Phvto~hthora,and Pvthium, make are the same as those of surroundings . There is excellent bioherbicides. Wide pathogenicity considerable interest taken in the subject of range, lack of wind dispersal, or fastidious atmospheric fungi causing allergenic diseases. cultural characteristics, does not preclude fungal pathogens from being used as biolo- gical control agents, but excludes them as bioherbicides. Obligate parasites are best suited for classical biocontrol of intro- duced weeds and although they require little manipulation, their economic value is meas- urable in their effectiveness in bringing about ecological balance between introduced weeds and indigenous floras of a particular region. Pathogens in Puccinia and Fntvloma are useful biocontrols of introduced weeds. septum. A germ tube (GT) emerged 2-3 hrs later; F. A. Wclrer, -tic Botany and -logy -t=Y, =*-, me* the nucleus of the germinated conidial cell Beltsville,, MD 20705. divided, one nucleus remained in the conidium, the Paraphyses in Phanoesis other migrated into the GT. A swollen, terminal appressorium formed 2-3 hrs later; the GT Phaoopsis iavanica on AsDarsqus fraa Lndoaesia (Java) differs fram other P-is in that it nucleus divided in the appressorium, now de- prcducss~paraphyses. Since the disoovery of this limited from the GT by a septum. An extracellular distinctive character two other &Utes and a few matrix coated conidia, GTs, and appressoria and herbarim specimens have been fcnuxl that exhibit appeared to stick fungal structures to host tissue it. The morphology, taxoncmy, and g-hic distribution of the paraphysate species are and membranes. Infection pegs formed from discussed. appressoria 9-12 hrs after germination.

&UARDO M. VADELL, MICHAEL T . HOLMES , AND JAMES C. CAVENDER. Department of Botany, Ohio University, ---E. VAN EECKHOUT., I. BLACKWELL, and H.C. RUSH. Depsrtment of Athens, OH 45701 - A Natural-Historical Approach to Botany and Depsrtmt of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, the Cellular Slime Molds of Tikal Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. LA 70603. In vitro effects of propicanazole on morphology and ultrastructure of Rhizocton~asolani. rhe Mayan archeological site of Tikal (Peten district, Guatemala; 17.5 North Latitude) offers an unusual --Rhizoctonia solani Kbn (AG1) is the causal agent of rice sheath abundance and richness of dictyostelids, in agreement blight, the mst inportant rice disease in the southern rice- producing areas of the United States. Propiconazole, a sterol uith the great plant and.anima1 diversity of the semi- synthesis inhibitor. is one of the fungicides currently registered evergreen rainforest which surrounds the ruins. for use in cmtrolling this disease. Agar incorporation of Twenty-five species were isolated from several propiconatole shod good in vitro activity against R. solani. EC soil collections. Four were undescribed species. The 50 values ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 ppn depending on tim after irwcuiatia. Colony growth uas conpletely inhibited at 10 ppn. known species were determined using the morpnological Exposure of R. solani to propiconazole induced rhythmic growth in criteria of Raper (1984) and Hagiwara (1988). These culture which can be related to the node of action of conjugated physiological, morphological and behavior- propiconazole. Control and propiconatole treated hyphse were premred for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. al criteria include optimal media and temperature for Morphological changes in response to fungicidal activity included growth; aggregation pattern; habit and brancning pat- (a) irregular branching uith decreased intervals between branches. tern; sorophore base and tip shape; dimensions of (b) short, stubby branches, (c) abnormal thickenings and sori, branches and sorocarps; phototropic response; constrictions, end (d) ruotures in usually inflated hyphal parts. Electron microsco~icexamination of freeze-substituted and chemotaxis to cyclic AW; slug behavior; and spore chemically fix- hyphal tip sections revealed disrupted apical size, shape, color and morphology. vesicle configuraticns and abnormal wall inclusions as most The ecological conditions of the Tikal forest obvious effects of propiconazole on ultrastructure of R. solani . region such as alternative wet and dry seasons allov some insight into the evolution of dictyostelids. For example, the seasonal variation of species may provide clues to the polarity of characteristics which have been selected over time. One of the species isolated is probably an ances- tral Dictvostelium discoideum. This isolate will pro- vide an opportunity for studying adaptative strategies Rytas Vilgalys. Department of Botany, Duke University, and evolution of this species. Durham, NC 27706. The application of genetic data tor interpretive mycogeography.

C. GERALD VAN DYKE and CHARLES W. MIMS, As more becomes known about diverse geographic Department of Botany, North Carolina State distributions of fungi, new sources of independent data will University, Box 7612, Raleigh, NC 27695, and be necessary to evaluate competing histor~calhypotheses. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Evidence from macromolecular data should benefit studies Georgia, Athens, 30602. Light and electron micro- on interpretive mycogeography for several reasons: 1) scopy of conidium germination and appressorium Molecular data represent an unlimited source of characters development in Colletotrichum truncatum. for phylogenetic analysis at almost any taxonomic level; 2) Different modes of inheritance and recombination in nuclear Colletotrichum truncatum has been used for bio- and mitochondria1 genomes provide two alternative sources control of the weed 5esbianiaexaltata. Light and of information; 3) Recent technical advances in molecular electron microscopic techniques were used to biology now make DNA-level analyses possible with minute study events occurring during conidium germ- tissue samples from natural material. I will discuss the ination and appressorium formation. Events were application of data for examining vicariance biogeography in observed at 22 C up to 12 hrs after conidia were macrofungi. The relatively high rate of genome evolution in placed on host tissue and artificial membranes. many members of the Basidiomycotina should also make it Ndclear division occurred 1-2 hrs after place- possible to examine intraspecific phylogeography and its men;, followed 5!. formation of a central conidial relation to gene flow, genetic divergence and speciation. THOMAS J. VOLK Department of Botany, UW- Michael 4. Vincent. Department of Botany, Madison Madison WI 53706 and Forest Products Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056. Notes on Hyphomycetes from the Bahamas. Laboratory, Center for Forest Mycology Research One Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison WI 53705 and THOMAS Recent field work on Andros and San J. LEONARD Departments of Botany and Genetics UW- Salvador islands in the Bahamas has added Madison Madison WI 53706. significantly to the known fungal flora of the archipelago. Nearly 175 taxa new to Heterokaryon formation between monoascosporous the Bahamas have been identified from two strains of Morchella. excursions to the islands, including many hyphornycetes. Several new species have Three lines of evidence are reponed for heterokaryon been discovered, as well as a new foxmation in Morchclla esculcnta and related species. basidiomycetous ananlorph genus. Among the Cultural studies demonstrated a genetic basis for genera collected are Acremonium, different types of interactions between mycelia from I DO~~W, sister and non-sister spores. Cytological studies of the Dendrv~hi-, D-, mycelial interaction between non-sister monoascosporous Ewicocc!m ! Fusarium, L+!xlU+l isolates,demonstrated nuclear pairing in presumptive Le~toxvwhlum Mvrotheclum, NlarosDora ! Nodu~~oriUlI,paecilomvces , P-, heterokaryons. Two different mutations isolated in this Periconig, Pestalotia, P-, . . study were used to show genetic complementation in P' IS bo these heterokaryons. s::;X;EZ Ta%;egf;oF1.. . Trichodermp, yertlcuand ZvaosworiUm. In addition, several fungi have been cultured which have thus far eluded identification. The species of the genera listed will be discussed, and the new taxa will be described. THOMAS J. VOLK Deparmlent of Botany, UW- Madison Madison WI 53706 and Forest Products Laboratory. Center for Forest Mycology Research One Gifford Pinchot Dr. Madison WI 53705 and THOMAS J. LEONARD Depanments of Botany and Genetics UW- Madison Madison WI 53706. H. S. VISHNIAC and 0. T. JOHNSON. Dept of Botany and o iogy, Oklahoma State U, Stillwater OK 74078 Cytological studies of the life cycle of Morcl~ella. and Dept. of Entomology, U. Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701. Various stages of the morel life cycle were Trichosporon cutaneum mediates aggregation by a studied cytologically. Photomicropaphic evidence frugivorous beetle. demonsaa~esthat the average number of nuclei per The adult green June beetle (Cotinis nitida) aggreg- cellular compartment in vegetative hyphae of Morchella ates on fruit when attracted byrfeeding beetles. is 10-15 and that hyphal fusions are auiie frequent. The Field experiments by Domek and Johnson established resting structures, the scleroda, are actus!iy that aggregation was induced by semiochemicals and pseudosclerotia which form from the re!!cated branching that fungistatic agents inhibited aggregation. The and enlargement of terminal hyphae from either primary course of development of a yeast flora in adult (homokaryotic) or secondary (heterokayoticj kyphae. beetles is: beetles emerging from pupation have no Photomicrographs also depict the develop men^ of fruiting yeast flore; a smalllargely fermentative flora is body primordia. Photomicrographs of ascus develop men^ acquired from soil and fruit; with increased feeding demonstrates autogamy rather than de novo heterokaryon (by 1aboratory-reared beetles on peach slices )the formation by hyphal fusion in the subhymenial layer of yeast flora increases in population density and the fruiting body. For the first time a comprehensive life becomes 1argely (60%) non-f ermentati ve. Most drarna- tically, Trichosporon cutaneum biovarswere observed cycle diagram of the morel is introduced. to rise fmof the gut flora and from 1% to 53% of yeasts on food-substrate. In field trials, peach slices inoculated with Tr. cutaneum were no more attractive than slices iGcu1ated with ferment- ative yeasts, but when laboratory-reared beetles fed R. E. WAGNER. H.M. SHIN and H.T. WILKIKSON, on such slices were included in the bait, such baits Dept. of Piant Pathology, University of Illinois were as attractive as wild beetles with natural at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., microflora. Trichosporon cutaneum was both necessary Urbana, IL 61801. and sufficient for semiochernical production by adult green June beetles feeding on fruit. Spheroplast formation from cysts of Phytophthora megaspema £.SF. glycinea.

High yields of spheroplasts were produced when cysts of Phptophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea were incubated in 0.01 M dithiothreitol for 40 min followed by incubation in 0.6M sorbitol dissolved in citric acid buffer (pH 5.6) containing the digestive enzymes Meiceiase (celiulase), Rhozyme (hemicellulase), and Novozym 234 (glucanase, xylanase, lamarinase and chitinase) for 8 hr at Wolfe, C. B., Jr. Biology Department, Penn State 30 C. Meicelase and Rhozyme were added at 10 mg/ml. University, Mont Alto, PA 17237. The Penn State Novozym was added at 0.0'2 mg/1000 cysts. Cysts University Mycological Herbarium (PACMA). lysed when incubated at higher concentrations of Novozym 234. Cysts germinated. many bipolarly, The Mycological Herbarium of Penn State ' 'v was following treatment with the enzymes when sorbitol recently moved from the University Part . to the concentrations were less than 0.5 M. The addition Mont Alto Campus, and a new curator v .~ted.The of magnesium sulfate (0.1 M) to the-incubation herbarium has a lengthy and ,. It houses medium produced highly stable spheroplasts even approximately 67,500 specimens thr ,resentative of at high levels of Novozym 234 (2.0 mg/1000 cysts). , mostly from the Spliuroplast size increased as the concentratioz ~lectionsare from of magnesium sulfate was increased (0.01 M-0.5 M). other locations around the Protoplasts were liberated from spheroplasts when the osmotic potential of the sorbitol incubation .andle (Ustilaginales), and medium was reduced from 0.6 M to 0.4 M. Proto- reputation was established plasts lysed within 10 min of emergence. . a prolific collector, and the ,adth of his interests. Included , are approximately 150 type specimens (b. J-, iso-, syn-, and paratypes). Several exsiccati a- med by the herbarium including 4900 specimev ~vlycothecaMarchica issued by P. Sydow 5 S. WFINBAUM. M.F. ALLEN, C.F. FRIESE and E.B. ALLEN. Dept many b. are types. The herbarium has historically of Biology, Systems Embgy Research Group, San Diego State been undc .tilized due, perhaps, to a lack of awareness of University, San Diego CA 921 82-0057. the diversity of its collections and also a fairly restrictive Observations of the interface between VAM fungi and rnycotrophic loan policy. With the move of the herbarium and versus nonmycotrophic plants. appointment of a new curator, a more reasonable loan policy is now in effect, and researchers are encouraged to We previously reported that invasion by VAM tungi of the request loans of materials that the herbarium might hold. nonmycotrophic plant Salsola resulted in autofluorescing and a rapid browning of the root tissue which was not observed in the rnycotrophic grass -. This could result in the death of the nonmycotrophic seedlings. We extended these observations to other nonmycotrophic and mycotrophic plants. Four different responses to the fungi were observed. In annual Chenopodiaceae. and -, autofluorescence and C. G. Wu and J. W. Kimbrough, Plant Pathology Dept., rapid (within a day) browning was observed. Wdiumalbum Cniversity of Florida, Gainesville, FL., 32611. and wnalomeratus showed browning with faint Comparative Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in the autofluorescence. , B. and .mh&Qsh Humariaceae (Pezizales). thaliana had no reaction and no root penetration by the VAM tungi. Very little research has been done on the ultrastruc- The grasses showed no browning.. or .autofluorescence but tormed normal VAM. The shrub had normal VAM but ture of spore ontogeny in members of the Humariaceae (=Pyronemataceae, Otideaceae, or Aleuriaceae by some),. as the tissue aged, it began to autofluoresce and turn brown. No The purpose of this poster is to describe the fine subsequent infection of these mot segments was observed. We structure of spore ontogeny in Aleuria, Cheilvmenia, suaoested that these 4 types of responses relate to the ability of Otidea, Tarzetta, and Trichophae;. thehost to reject or form a VA rnycorrhizal association. -- In all genera except Tarzetta, an electron-translu- cent primary wall layer is deposited between the two spore delimiting membranes. k narrow, electron-opaque band, the epispore, is deposited onto the primary wall. In Aleuria and Cheilymenia this coincides with M. C. WILLIAMS and R.D. GRIGG. Department of Biology. an expansion of outer delimiting membranes to form a Kearney State College, Kearney, NE 68849 perisporic sac. The perisporic sac develops later in A preliminary report on host specificity of selected --Otidea, Tarzetta, and Trichophaea. A slightly opaque, Smittium z. (Trichomycetes) isolates. granular matrix develops within the perisporic sac and later condenses into granular particles which Species of the Trichomycete genus Smittium Poisson overlays the epispore to form the secondary wall. have been isolated from dipteran larvae including Secondary walls of the species studied differ in fib- Chironomidae, Culicidae, Simuliidae and Tipulidae. rillar structure and staining properties. Limited studies have shown that some Smittium spp. isolates are able to infest a "foreign" mosquito Spore ontogeny in Tarzetta was peculiar in that the (Culicidae) host. For this study selected Smittium initial wall is a narrow, slightly opaque band onto isolates. which were not available at the time of which fragments of the epispore are deposited. These the earlier study, were grown in shake culture and fragments coalesce into a solid dark band. An add- the trichospores separated by filtering. The spores itional electron-transparent primary wall forms bet- were fed to mosquito and blackfly (Simuliidae) larvae ween the dark band and the sporoplasm. In Cheilymenia which were later dissected and examined for the a transparent band also forms between the epispore presence of the Smittium isolate. The results and secondary wall, and later the secondary wall may support the hypothesis that some Smittium species become detached from the epispore to form a spore tend to have a restrictecl host range while others sheath. may infest differen: :nsect host families. QIUXIN WU, Department of Botany, The C. G. Wu and J. W. Kimbrou~h. Plant Pathology Dept., Universlty of Tennessee, Knoxvllle, TL 37996- 1100. Intercompatlblllty studles wlth University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.. 32611. Clavicorona ovxldate Septal Ultrastructure in Selected genera of Humariac- eae (Pezizales). Clavicorona uvridata is distributed across The North Temperate Zone and exhibits Septal structures have been found to be very consist- conslderable basldlocarp morphological variation. Self-crosses of monokaryotlc ent at the generic and family levels in well defined lslnqle-basldlospore) Isolates shov that the families of operculate Discomycetes. This has not been specles 1s blfactorally Incompatible. true of the large and heterogenous family Humariaceae Intercollectlon matlngs among North Amerlcan (=Pyronemataceae, Otideaceae, or Aleuriaceae by some). stralns and also cross-continent matlngs show that the morphospecles is congruent vlth the The fine structure of septa in asci, ascogenous hyphae, bloloqlcal species. paraphyses,. .. and excipular cells were studied in the following genera: Aleuria, Clreilymenia, Mycolachnea, Otidea, Scutellinia, and Trichophaea. Septal pore plugs in ascal bases are shaped initially by the configuration of membrane structures in the vicinity of the pore. All ascal pore plugs begin as a hemispherical, granular matrix onto which electron- opaque zones of additional granules are deposited. DANIEL A. WUBAH~,M. S. NLLER~ and D. E AKIN~. Those of Aleuria and Trichophaea have laminated, transparant zones bordering the pore and little or no l~otan~Dept.. University of Gcorgia. Athens, GA 30602 and granular matrix is left in the subtending ascogenous 'plant Structure and Composition Unit, Russell Res. Cu, hyphal cell. This type of ascal pore structure is USDNARS Athens, GA 30616 referred to as the "aleurioid" type. A somewhat simi- lar pore structure is found in asci of the remaining genera, although without the laminated, translucent bands. The latter are remarkedly similar to those Caecomyccs (= Sphamnno~ssensu Orpin) is one of the four found in members of the Ascobolaceae. described genera of obligately anaerobic zoosporic fungi. Fungi in this genus form a monocentric thallus which develops endogenously Septal pores of paraphyses and excipular cells are with the nucleus remaining in the zoospore cyst and multiplying generally the same, where the pore is spanned by a there. The cyst may enlarge into an incipient sporangium. In finely striated matrix of granular material attached addition to this basic developmental pattern we have observed that to the border of the pore. The size and shape of this . an isolate of Caccomyces, obtained from cow feces, fonns a matrix differs slightly in each genus. Unilike pores multisporangiate thallus with the sporangia atrached to a vegetative of asci and ascogenous hyphae, Woronin bodies are con- cell which functions in a manner similar to the prosporangium spicuous around -the -pores of vegetative-cells . described for Calt?noct!vfridium sp. We also observed a shift from the formation of monocentric thalli to the produaion of polyoentric thalli. This unusual development of Cacwmyces will be discussed and compared to exogenousendogenous development in some MEI-LEE WU and R. T. HANLIN. Department of Plant aerobic Chytridiomycetes. Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Ascomal development in Leptosphaerulina crassiasca.

Leptosphaerulina crassiasca was isolated from peanut leaves with symptoms of pepper spot disease. Cultures from single ascospores formed ascomata, indicating that the fungus is homothallic. Ascospores germinated J.C. Zak and D. Freckman, Ecology Group, Dept. Biol. readily on agar, forming septate hyphae with Sci., Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, & uninucleate cells. Fertile hyphae soon form on the Dept. Nematol., U.C. Riverside, Riverside, CA., 92521. mycelium; these are larger and usually have binucleate. Root region interactions: effects of microfaunal cells. The cells of the fertile hyphae divide grazing on fungal assemblages of a desert bunchgrass. repeatedly to form ascostromal initials. As the ascostromata enlarge, small binucleate ascogenous The root region represents a major center of micro- cells with dense cytoplasm are differentiated near the floral-microfaunal activity in desert ecosystems. center. Karyogamy occurs, forming the young asci; The effects of microfaunal grazing in the root these expand, filling the center of the ascostroma. region of Erioneuron pulchellum on the species compo- No sterile centrm tissues are formed. Meiosis and a sition and organization of the root surface fungal single mitotic division result in 8 nuclei which are assemblage was followed over a two year period. delimited into ascospore initials. Further divisions Microarthropod and nematode densities were decreased form the mature multinucleate dictyospores. The ascus by the periodic application of either chlordane or wall is two-layered, with the inner layer extending nemocur. While microfaunal densities changed, the during ascospore discharge. As the asci form, the number of fungal species associated with the root outermost cells of the ascostroma become pigmented and surface was not altered. Changes in species composi- thick-walled, and a papillate ostiolar neck forms at tion of the fungal assemblages were observed follow- the apex. The ascoma is a uniloculate pseudothecium ing treatment indicating that altered grazing pres- with bitunicate asci. Ascomal ontogeny is typical of sure resulted in compensatory changes. Rhizosphere the Dothidea-type of development. On V-8 agar mature hyphal lengths also did not differ among treatments pseudothecia form in 6 days, making this a good for either year. Trophic relationships rather than Loculoascomycete for class use. microfaunal densities in the root region may regulate nitrogen dynamics and plant growth. ---Mujeeb i!. k'beri-- - , Faculty of Forestry, Ur.iversity of Toronto,l'oronto. Octario Y5S ;A1 , Canada. 9lo~esticide.s. C. Bledsoe (see S. 0.Rogers) During a recent investigation of microor,-anisms M. E. Boraas (see D. Bermudes) associated with the eastern subierranean termite &eJiculitermes fi&gsl~ollar), (Zoberl & Grace S. M. Boyle (see C. Gruhn) 1990c,%n;e-o,' the fungal associates isolated were H. E. Brockman (see L. A. O'Go~nan) found suitable for the biolo6:ical control of termites These isolates, Gong with some entomopathogenic S. Brown (see R. Pinnetk) fungi (obtained frorr. the Biosystema~icsResearch J. N. Bruhn (see D. L. Richter) Centre, 0ttawa) were investii;ated. To ascertain their J. Buchko (see A. Belkhiri) ecological competence, some ex~erimentswere performed. to observe iht f llri~bi-f~~i6~:interactio?.~ H. H. Burdsall, Jr. (see M. T. Banik) upor, f =gal- te-nite interactions. rhe most suitabie (see T. W. Darmono) strains were selected, the criteria for selection (see T. W. Darmono) were: A. Mortality of termites within a relatively shorter period after inoculation 9. Growth and -(see T. mnn) sporulation of the funeus on simple culture media at R. R. Burgess (see T. K. Kirk) a wider range of temperatures C. Viability of the fungus for a relatively longer period D. Ecological T. D. Burns (see J. W. Taylor) competence. C. S. Carlton (see A. E. Liberta) Beauveria bassiana (~alsamo)%as found suitable for -- Cassar, termite control, the most suitable strain of 5. S. C. (see R. A. Roeper) bassiana was found to be the one isolated from - L. A. Castlebury (see R. V. Gessner) R. flavipes workers infesting a tree in Toronto, it J. C. Cavender (see E. M. Vadell) showd cpmplete dominarce over other microor~anisms associated with the termites an& sporulated freely (see M. T. Holmes) on the dead termites. C.E. Cerniglia (see J. B. Sutherland) C. Chakrkook (see J. F. Leslie) T. E. Chase (see \h'. J. -a) Y. Chen (see M. S. Manocha) Additional Authors M. Christensen (see P. D. Srshl) F. W. Cobb, Jr. (see W. J. Otmsina) (see T. E. Chase) G. C. Adarns (see R. S. Surve) J. C. Cooke (see G. E. Madole) D. E. Akin (see Daniel A. Wubah) C. B. Cordell (see D. H. Man) J. N. Albert (see A. E. Libem) P. J. Cotty (see P. Bayman) A. Al-hi (see S. K. AWullah) S. F. Covert (see D. Cullen) E. B. Allen (see M. F. Allen) J. Davey (see J. Lifrak) (see B. S. Weinbaum) M. Deb(see T. Talou) M. F. Allen (see B. S. Weinbaum) P. Diederich (see R. bum) .A. H. Al-Sacloon (see S. K. Abdullah) J. C. Doubli (see D. J. McLaughlin) J. F. Ammirati (see S. 0.Rogers) G. a-Sayed (see R. GtIpta) Z. Q. An (see Myra ChuChou) (see T. D. Leathers) (see J. W. Hendrix) R. Fogel (see 0.K. Miller) C. Anderson (see S. S. Dhillion) D. Freckman (see J. C. Zak) J. B. And- (see M. L. Smith) J. P. Freeman (see J. B. Sutherland) (see R. W. Kenigan) C. F. Friese (see M. F. AUen) (see L. M. Kohn) (see B. S. Weinbaum) R. C. Anderson (see B. A. Haney) P. P. Fu (see J. B. Sutherland) (see Hae-Ae Seo) .M. S. Fuller (see D. A. Wubah) (see J. Meredith) J. R. Garcia (see K. Foss) M. Ansel (see M. Thibaut) A. Gaset (see T. Talou) H. J. AmoU (see H. W. Keller) L. Giam(see M. M. Stankis) A. K. Awasthi (see A. C. Shukla) J. A. Glaser (see R. T. Lamar) M. T. Banik (see H. H. Burdsall, Jr.) D. A. Giawe (see J. T. Ellzey) M. Bartolara (see C. A. Shearer) S. A. Gordon (see T. J. Bamni) J. W.BenneU(see J. W) R. D. Grigg (seeM. C. Witliams) W. Black (see C. Bradley) J. H. Grove (see J. W. Hendrix) M. Blackwen (see E Van %bout) W. H. Blackwell (see M. J. Powell) J. M. Bland (see M. A. Klic';) C.Gruhn (see J. G. Palmer) R. Gupta (see L. A. O'Gorma.) C. J. R. Klittich (see J. F. Leslie) J. Haines (see 0. K. Miller) K. L. Klomparens (see K. J. Czymmek) A. E. Hajek (see D. W. Roberts) R. D. Koehn (see K. A. Kuehn) T. M. Had(see M.L. Canverse) (see M. K. Oakley) J. Han (see L. A. O'Gorman) R Koide (see J. Lewis) R. T. Hanh (see M. L. Wu) J. W. Koning, Jr. (see T. K. Kirk) G. E. Hannan (see C. K. Hayes) K.Korhonen (see W. J. Otmsh) I. B. Heath (see S. G. W. Kaminskyj) M. J. Larsen (see M. T. Banik) J. W. Hendrix (see Z. Q. An) A. R. Lax (see M. A. Klich) (see M. Chu-Chou) T. D. Leathers (see R. Gupta) G.T. Henson (see Z. Q. An) S. B. Lehrer (see W. E. Homer) (5% J. W. Hmdrix) D. E. Lemke (see M. K. Oakley) D. E. Hershman (see Z. Q. An) T. J. Leonard (see K. K. Klein) (see J. W.Hmdrix) A. E. Liberta (see B. A. Haney) T. L. Highley (see S. C. Croan) (see R. C. Anderson) H.C. Hoch (see T. W.Hill) A. E. Linkins ID (see R. K. Antibus) M. T. Holmes (see E. M. Vadell) H. Lu (see D. J. Mdaughh) P. A. Horgen (see J. C. Royer) L. A. Luck (see R. Gupta) (see R. W. Kmigan) S. Lupo (see L. Bettucci) (see W. E. Hintr) J. D. MacDonald (see K A. Jacobs) J. Hoskins (see P. L. Skamd) B. Maglsanik (see P. L. Miaehart) M. Hubbes (see W. E. Hintz) D. Mdoch (see M. Blackwell) M. E. S. Hudspeth (see S. A. Ciary) S. B. Maul (see D. H. Marx) C. lgnoffo (see R. Gupta) D. J. McLaughlin (see E. W. A. Boehm) (see T. D.Leathas) (see J. C. Doublks) R. K. Jayaswal (see R. Gupta) R. D. MiIhoIiand (see L. F. Grand) X. Jin (see C. K. Hayes) D. W. Miller (see J. B. Sutherland) A. R. Johnson (see K. A. Kuehn) 0.K. Miller, Jr. (see T. Flynn) D. T. Johnson (see H. S. Vishniac) (see K. U. Jacobson) R. K. Jones (see L. F. Grand) (see J. G. Pahner) J. Kaur (see A. C. Shukla) C. W. Mims (see T. C. Sewan) B. Kearns (see C. Bradley) (see C. G. Van Dyke) J.W. Kimbrough (see C. W. Mims) C. J. Mirocha (see J. W. McCain) (see E. A. Momol) P. Moutoglis (see M. Cooke) (see C. G. Wu) G. Muener (see 0.K. Miller) (see C. G. Wu) K. H. Nealson (see D. Bermudes) T. K. Kirk (see R. T. Lamar) C. Near (see C. Bradley) H. C. Kistler (see E. A. Momol) R. T. Nelson (see B. J. Cochrane) G. R. IUassen (see A. Belkhiri) C. P. Novotny (see M. M. Stankis) (see M. Oakley R. Koehn) (see S. B. Lee) D. J. O'Kane (see W. L. Lingle) (see S. B. Lee, paper #2) Chase) W. J. otrosina (see T. E. D. 0. TeBeest (see R. J. Chacko) D. (see 0. Miller) Pfm K. B. Terhune (see T. W. Hill) (see J. D. Polishook G. F. Bii) D. TeStrake (see B. J. Cochrane) D. Pwter (see W. L. Lingle) J. P. Tewari (see S. M. Boyetchko) P. J. Pukkila (see G. May) L. L. Tews (see J. T. Ellzey) S. W. Queener (see P. L. Skatrud) W. E. Tiberlake (see T. C. Sewall) K. F. Raffa (see K. D. Klepzig) M. B. Tobin (see P. L. Skatrud) Raper C. A. (see J. S. Horton) R. C. Ullrich (see T. E. Chase) W. J. Rea (see K. A. Kuehn) (see M. M. Stankis) S. A. Rehner (see S. 0.Rogers) E. M. Vadell (see M. T. Holmes) (see 0. D. Reynolds K. Miller) R. Vilgalys (see D. S. Hibbea) E. A. Richardson (see C. W.Mims) -(see E. Kay) J. K. Roberts (see K. M. T. Cason) (see S. Rehner) E. W. Robins (see L. A. O'Gorman) (see 0.K. Miller) 0. (see S. Rogers K. F. Lobuglio) T. J. Volk (see T. J. Leonard) A. Y. Rossrnan (see S. C. Redlin) C. J. K. Wang (see K. F. Lobuglio) (see J. C. Royer W. E. Hin~) G. J. Weidemann (see R. J. Chacko) R. C. Ruaboro (see D. E. Hemmes) T. P. Weiland (see R. K. Antibus) M. C. Rush (see E. Van Eeckhout) K. Web (see K. A. Jacobs) (see G. Saem M.Berbee) (see S. Digby) K. A. Seifert (see G. J. Samuels) D. X. West (see A. E. Ubena) A. L. Selby (see J. B. Sutherlandj T. White (see M. Berbee) H. M. Shin (see R. E. Wagner) (see J. W. Taylor) L. M. Shule (see M.F. Allen) P. W~dden(see M. Cooke) M. R. Siege1 (see M. Chu-Chou) H.T. Wilkiason (see R. E. Wagner) (see D. B. Sinsabaugh R. K. Antibus) J. D. Wood (see P. L. Skaaud) (see R. K. Antibus) P. Wood (see C. Bradley) Proctor) E. B. Smalley (see R. H. S. J. Wormsley (see T. J. Baroni) (see K. D. Klepzig) B. G. Yangco (see B. J. Cochrane) K. M. Snetselaar (see C. W. Mims) J. C.Zak (see D. A. Anders) J. W. Spatafora (see M. Blackwell) P. ZQolawy (see R Pinette) C. A. Specht (see M. M. Stankis) Q.Zhai (see M. Chu-Chw) P. T. Spieth (see T. E. Chase) M. R. Tansey (see J. T. ELlzey) J. Taylor (see M. Berbee) (see T. E. Chase) (see A. Gargas) J. W. Taylor (see M. Blackwell) Changes of Address and/or Phone Number

ERIC W. A. BOEHM --- (612) 625 1756 WILLIAM H. (BILL) BRANDT --- (503) 737-3451 MARGARET M. CARREIRO --- Institute of Ecosystem Studies, BOX AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 -- (914) 677-5346 LISA JOY CERLIGIONE -- (201) 751-4727 CHESTER R. COOPER, JR --- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, NYS Department of Health, The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany NY 12201 --(518) 486 3821 DENNIS E. DESJARDIN --- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074 -- (216) 775-8959 STEPHANIE DIGBY --- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 -- (501) 575-6772 WILLIAM C. ELSIK --- Exxon Company, USA, P.O. Box 2189, Houston, TX 77252-2189 -- (713) 965-4516

KARL ESSER --- phone 49-234-7002211 ; FAX 49-234-7002001 MARIE L. FARR --- 13530 Sherwood Forest Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20904 SHIGEHIRO KATO --- 18-1 Shinsakae-machi, Omihachiman-shi, Shiga-ken 523 Japan -- phone (0748) 33-7476 BYONG KAK KIM --- (Seoul, Korea) -- New Phone No. = (02) 880-7864 GARY F. LEATHAM --- Departments of Botany and Food Science, Birge Hall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 -- (608) 262 1057

JON POLISHOOK --- Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, R80Y-120, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900 -- (phone?) JEFFREY POMMERVILLE --- Biology Department, Glendale College, 6000 W. Olive Ave., Glendale, AZ 85302 -- (602) 435-3614 ZAMIR K. PUNJA --- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada V5A 1S6 -- (604) 291-4471 ROBERT W. ROBERSON --- Department of Botany, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85257-1601 -- (602:? 965-8618 CLARK T. ROGERSON -- (212) 220-8610 EMORY G. SIMMONS --- 717 Thornwood Road, Crawfordsville, IN 47933 -- (317) 364-1992 WALTER J. SUNDBERG --- Department of Plant Biology (new department name only), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 -- (618) 453-3212 (on weekends and after hours; otherwise, old number still usable M-F, 8-5) K. SURYANARAYANA -- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 441, Jordan Hall, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 -- (804) 924-9991 RODHAM E. TULLOSS (spelling correction ,of Rodham) -- (609) 448-5096 (home) ; (609) 639-6116 (office)

Forthcoming Events

INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS IV, Regensburg, August 23- September 3, 1990. Fifth International Symposium on the Microbiology of the Phyllosphere:

31 July - 3 August 1990. Fifth International Ssmwsium on the Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. To be held at Madison, Wisconsin. Attendance limited to about 100 persons. Topics include fungal epiphytes and endophytes, and fungi of medical importance found on leaf surfaces. For information contact: John Andrews, Plant Pathology Department, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706. Tel (608) 262-9642; fax (608) 263-2626; E-mail AndrewsJeWISCMACC.

Sixth International Marine Mycology Symposium -- August, 1993 -- Tampa/St . Petersburg, Florida. Contact : David Porter or Diane Te Strake. PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY: A Specialty Mushroom Workshop will be held on Wednesday, June 13,1990 at The Pennsylvania State University. The purpose of the workshop is to promote the exchange of ideas for research, production and merchandizing of specialty mushrooms (Shiitake, .Pleurotus, etc). The Specialty Mushroom Workshop will directly follow the 32nd Mushroom Industry Short Course scheduled for June 1lth and 12th, 1990. For more information on both the Specialty Mushroom Workshop and the 32nd Mushroom Industry Short Course contact: Agricultural Conferences and Short Courses 306 Agricultural Administration Building Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 (8 14) 865-8301 MAGGIE ROGERS notifies us that the North American Mycological Association's annual foray will be in Whistler, BC, Canada, October 4-7, 1990. There will be a working conference on Agaricus biology relating to spawn biotechnology; early October, 1990, at the University of Toronto, Erindale Campus. Contact: RICHARD KERRIGAN or PAUL HORGEN for more information. GRANTS for Shade Tree Research. Each year since 1975, the International Society of Arboriculture has awarded grants for research on shade trees. Usually fifteen $1500 grants per year are awarded. Proposals must be received by December 1st each year. For further information, reply to Shade Tree Labora- tories, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.

Mycological Services Available

PARTHA BANERJEE will identify specimens of Pluteus, Section Pluteus; notes and/or photos helpful but not required. (Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901) MICHAEL CASTELLANO has offered to identify hypogeous basidio- mycetes. TERESITA ITURRIAGA offers to identify tropical discomycetes. HAROLD W. KELLER will identify myxomycetes from living trees, and any specimens from Arkansas. RICHARD KERRIGAN offers to verify identities of Rgaricur bzsporus and allied species (Section #ortenses) . DANA L. RICHTER has cultures and specimens of Scleroderma spp. (Gasteromycetes) . MICHAEL G. RINALDI offers, for Federal agencies, to identify and to do medical mycological testing of fungi. Contact him at the Veterans Affairs Mycology Reference Laboratory, VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78284. WALTER J. SUNDBERG will identify specimens of L@piota sensu lato; notes and/or photos helpful but not required. RODHAM E. TULLOSS offers to identify collections of Amanita. Please query first; field notes and/or color slide would be very desirable. Fungi Wanted

K. R. ANEJA wants pathogenic fungi of water hyacinth and Parthenium hyster-ophorus. J. L. BAPTISTA-FERREIRA wants cultures or specimens for isolation of Lenrite.~betuiina, L. warnieri, Pycnosporus cinnetharinus, and Trametes gubarskii . DAVID BERMUDES wants specimens of bioluminescent fungi (especially Hycena spp.) . MICHAEL CASTELLANO wants hypogeous fungi from tropical countries. ALICE W. CHEN would like to receive (1) homokaryotic cultures of Ganoderme spp., including G, iucidum (or cultures of 6. curtisii , the "old" name) and G. tsugae , and (2) dikaryotic cultures from which the homokaryotic cultures were derived. DENNIS E. DESJARDIN wants specimens and cultures of Warasmius, Marasmiell us and tdicromphaie (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) from the Gulf Coast region. JOHN LOUIS HARRIS wants cultures of psychrophilic , carotenoid- producing fungi sent to him. TERESITA ITURRIAGA wants specimens of the genus Pseudospiropes (Hyphomycet es) . HAROLD W. KELLER wants any myxomycetes from Arkansas. RICHARD KERRIGAN wants cultures/spore prints of wild Rgaricus bisporus and allied species (Section Hortenses) . Vouchers are preferred, but not essential. REINHOLD MANKAU wants isolates of nematode-trapping hyphomycetes (Arthrohotrys, Monacrosporium, Dactylaria), and endoparasitic fungi attacking nematodes. His laboratory is trying to build a national collection. H. P. MOLITORIS wants marine basidiomycetes and other marine fungi from a depth below 200 meters. DON PRUSSO wants specimens of Tulostoma and/or collection data and locations of collections available for study. He will be travelling through Montana, South and North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Wyoming, and northern Nebraska during June and July collecting Tuiostoma and visiting any herbaria that have collections of this genus. He asks that you PLEASE let him know if you have specimens. DANA L. RICHTER wants (or will trade) specimens of ScJeroderma (Gast eromycetes) and records of occurrence. STEVEN L. STEPHENSON wants collections of myxomycetes, especially from areas of the world other than North America. DIANE TE STRAKE wants isolates of Basidioholus sent to her. RODHAM E. TULLOSS wants specimens of Amanita Section Amidella of Canada and Mexico (e.g.,Amanita volvata s.l., and Amanita peckiana s.l., or possibly diagnosed previously as A. ponderosa, A. lepiotoides, A. valeus, etc.).

JORGE E. WRIGHT wants specimens of South American gasteromycetes, especially members of the Lycoperdales and Tulostomatales would be greatly appreciated.

Publications and Computer Programs for Give-Away , Sale, or Exchange

E. S. BENEKE reported that Floyd M. Clum (810 N. West St., Falls Church, Virginia 22046 -- phone 703-532-3147) has unbound volumes of Mvcolouiq as follows: 1948, 1949 (July-August missing), 1950-1974 and 1975 (January-February missing). He also has most copies of Phvto~atholoqyfrom 1948-1963. WILLIAM R. BURK has a variety of publications and/or computer programs for sale. Please write to him for a listing. GREGOIRE LAURENT HENNEBERT has available MUCL List of Cultures of Fungi (Yeasts Included). +/- 5000 strains. 600 FB = +/- $15.00 U.S.

JEROME MOTTA has authored -- A Proqrammed Guide for the Cultivation of Funqi . It ii available from Mycotechnology Services, 43 Randolph Road, Suite 145, Silver Spring, Maryland 20904. Guide Program plus User's Manual, $59.95; Demonstration Disk, $5.00; User's Manual only, $10.00. FRED RHOADES is building a library of the location of synoptic keys developed with PC-TAXON. COMPress (the distributor of PC-TAXON) will include the library listing with the program when sold, and publish it from time to time in their newslet- ter. Please let him know of any keys you have to share with other readers. For each key, indicate (1) author, (2) taxon- omic group, (3) key title, (4) nwnber of taxa, (5) .KEY size, (6) .DES size, and (7) a description of for whom the key was written, or for what applications it would be useful. All contributors will receive the library listing and be put on a mailing list for periodic update^. HAGGIE ROGERS has back issues and current subscriptions to -- Mushroom, Thg Journal of Wild Mushrooming. Back issues are $4.00 each, or $3.00 each for 3 or more copies. Though written for amateurs, issues regularly contain professionally written articles on mushrooms and fungi-related topics. Editor's Note: Maygie sent two samples with her questionnaire, and they are very interesting reading,

DIANE TE STRAKE has for sale (best offer) : (1) The Genera of Funqi, 1957, Clements and Shear; (2) The Pyrenomycetous Funqi, 1975, Wehmeyer; (3) A_ Manual of Soil Funqi, 1945, Gilman; (4) The Funqi, Volumes I and I1 (Second Printings, 1948 and 1949) , Wolf and Wolf. ABRAHAM WEINTRAUB has for sale -- Bacterial Chemistry Physioloqy (1950) by John Roger Porter. $25.00 + shipping. (Address below in Employment Desired.)

New Books .by Members

CASTELLANO, M . A. , and J . M. TRAPPE. (Date?) . ky LQ 2bsxes ~f Qe Genera of Hvpoueous hnSi 9f M&h Zemerats Esuxz&s. Mad River Press, Eureka, CA. 186 pages, $24.95. MOORE-LANDECKER, ELIZABETH. 1990. Fundamentals of the Funsi, 3rd edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632. MEHROTRA, R. S., and K. R. ANEJA. 1990. &J Introduction to Mvcoloqy. Wiley Eastern, Ltd., New Delhi, India.

Publications Needed

WILLIAM R. BURK needs a copy of the 1969 publication, Oft Told Mushroom Recipes (from the Puget Sound Mycological Society) , and any children's books on fungi and mushrooms. MARGARET M. CARREIRO needs (1) A Manual of the Penicillia by K. Raper and C. Thom, (2) Die Mucorales, by H. Zycha, R. Siepmann, and G. Linneman, and (3) A_ Compendium of Soil Funqi by Domsch, W. Gams, and T. Anderson, WILLIAM C. ELSIK needs any reprints dealing with spore or septa1 morphology. JOHN LOUIS HARRIS needs any publications dealing with carotenoid- producing fungi. RICHARD KERRIGAN needs anything on taxonomy or distributions of Agaricus spp., and old mushroom spawn catalogs. DANA. L. RICHTER needs reprints with records of Scleroderra spp. (Gasteromycetes) and associated hosts. JOHANNES A. SCHMITT needs (1) publications about heavy metals and radioactivity in wild mushrooms, and (2) Mvcolocria volumes before 1985. EMORY G. SIMMONS needs -- Mvcoloqia, vols. 43 and 44 (1951-52). STEVEN L. STEPHENSON needs reprints on myxomycetes. RODHAM E. TULLOSS needs (1) Mushroom Poisoninq by Linkoff and Mitchell, and (2) reprints concerning Amanita from non-U.S. journals of Western Hemisphere. Vacancies for Mycologists

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN: A Postdoctoral Position is available immediately to study at the molecular level the iron- stress response of plants and plant-iron nutrition, as mediated by microbial siderophores and phytosiderophores. Preference will be given to applicants having prior experience with recombinant DNA methods relevant to plant genes, including techniques involving immunodetection of fusion proteins, Western and Northern blotting or plant transformation. A candidate might alternatively be considered who has experience with cloning of genes from fungi. Please send curriculum vitae, cover letter, and telephone numbers of three references to DR. PAUL J. SZANISZLO, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.

Assistantships and Fellowships

HARVARD UNIVERSITY: Fellowships including full tuition and stipends are available to graduate students applying to the Department of Organistic and Evolutionary Biology. Contact DONALD H. PFISTER. SUNY COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND FORESTRY: Research and Teaching Assistantships available to graduate students inter- ested in systematics, physiology, ultrastructure, ecology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering of fungi, or forest pathology , wood products pathology, or mycorrhizae. Contact C.J.K. WANG, D.H. GRIFFIN, J.J. WORRALL, S.O. ROGERS, or W.A. POWELL, SUNY College of ESF, Syracuse, NY 13120. Employment Desired

K. R. ANEJA would like a research and/or teaching position. ERIC W. A. BOEHM desires a post-doctoral position studying karyotypes in the Uredinales using molecular biology tech- niques. He is expecting to finish his Ph.D. degree in 1991 with DR. B. BUSHNELL (Minnesota, St. Paul) . JOHN DADA would like to have an opportunity to do some post- doctoral research with agarics, polypores, and gasteromycetes. Dr. Dada completed his Ph.D. in Nigeria (19891, and would like to spend 6-9 months studying in the U.S. prior to returning to Nigeria and working on Nigerian fungi. Copies of Dr. Dada's letter and curriculum vitae can be obtained from the Ma -Newsletter Editor. ABRAHAM WEINTRAUB is very interested in part-time (no travel) employment which will allow him to work at home preparing water extracts for various experimental culture media used in studies of nutritional requirements, 'growth promotion, sporulation, seed germination, etc. He has his own equipment and new techniques for both mycology and botany. Extracts are filtered and sterile. He will prepare sterile solutions or sterile sand for inoculation and suspension of fungal spores. A new wetting agent is also available in sterile solution if desired. Address: 2034 E 21st St., Brooklyn, New York 11229

DANIEL A. WUBAH is looking for an assistant professorship or a post-doctoral position. He expects to complete his Ph.D, in June, 1990. His research has dealt with development of anaerobic, zoosporic fungi from the rumens of cattle, and has been supervised by M. S. Fuller, University of Georgia.

Major Honors, Awards, and Promotions

K. R. ANEJA was promoted to the position of Reader in the Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, India. JOAN W. BENNETT was elected President of the American Society for Microbiology, 1990-91. KARL ESSER was awarded the Chevalier des Palmes Acadgmiques, Republique Francaise (Knight of the French Order for Scientists: Academic Palms). BYONG KAK KIM received in 1988 the Seug Ji Award for Outstanding Research in Mycology from the Korean Society of Mycology.

MICHAEL G. RINALDI was promoted to Professor of Pathology and Medicine, effective September 1, 1989, at the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio. WALTER J. SUNDBERG recently was named "Outstanding Teacher, College of Science" at Southern Illinois University. This teaching honor is bestowed on only one of the 100+ faculty in the College of Science each year. MARVIN D. WHITEHEAD (Emeritus Member of MSA) reported that he had been awarded in 1948 a departmental scholarship by the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Changes Affiliation Status

ERIC W. A. BOEHM presently is in the Cereal Rust Laboratory, USDA, ARS (University of Minnesota) BILL BRANDT will retire on June 30, 1990; he will retain the use of his office and laboratory for three subsequent years, and intends to continue research on Ucrticillium. MARGARET M. CARREIRO has taken a position as a Postdoctoral Associate at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY.

LISA JOY CERLIGIONE is now at Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey. MARTHA CHRISTENSEN has retired from teaching at the University of Wyoming, but will remain in the Department of Botany, and at work on ecological aspects of soil fungi and Psnicillium systematics and ecology, with support from industry and the University. CHESTER R. COOPER, JR. recently completed his Ph.D. under the supervision of Paul Szaniszlo, and has taken a position as Research Scientist at the Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, NYS Department of Health, Albany, NY. His thesis was Induced parasexual senetic analysis of the imperfect pathosen -of humans, WangieXla dcrmatitidis. DENNIS E. DESJARDIN has accepted a position as Visiting Assistant Professor of Biology at Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH. ROBERT FOGEL in November, 1989, moved into a new laboratory for fungal molecular systematics housed in the University of Michigan Herbarium. AL FUNK retired from the Pacific Forestry Center, Victoria, B.C. in February, 1990. GARY F. LEATHAM has moved to a new faculty position in the Departments of Botany and Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. JON POLISHOOK is now at Merck, Sharp, & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey. JEFFREY POMMERVILLE is a member of the Biology Department at Glendale College In Glendale (Phoenix) , AZ. ZAMIR K. PUNJA has joined the Department of Biological Sciences at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., as Associate Professor of Plant Pathology/Biotechnology, July 1, 1989.

ROBERT W. ROBERSON has taken a position as Assistant Professor of Botany at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601.

HARRY THIERS retired from San Francisco State University in January, 1989. Upon his retirement, the University named the herbarium in his honor.

Notes and Comments

ERIC W. A. BOEHM wishes to know whether anyone in MSA has had experience using computer image analysis from serial TEM sections in reconstructing pachytene karyotypes Care such systems available for use?). Also, he needs to know whether anyone has experience using confocal (scanning laser light) microscopy, and can recommend any DNA-binding fluorochromes for examination of fungal nuclei in meiotic pachytene.

FRANCOISE CANDOUSSAU appeals to the generosity of the MSA membership in order to found the first Mycoloqical Society of Rumania. He begs MSA members to send all they can spare of- their books and mycological publications to Dr. Mihai Toma, to create the first mycological library in Rumania (Iasi). It could not be founded before because of the dictatorship. Dr. Mihai TOMA, Institutul Agronomic, Catedra de Botanica, R.6600-IASI-6, Rumania. MARTHA CHRISTENSEN reported that the "Second International Penici l .l ium and Aspergill us Workshop" was held in Baarn in early May, 1989. It was organized by Rob Samson and others at CBS. Those attending from the U.S. and Canada included, M. A. Christensen, M. Klich, E. Mullaney, S. Peterson, K. A. Seifert, and J. W. Taylor. Cultures in the late Kenneth B. Raper's collections of isolates in Rspergillus, the 440-membered "WB" Collection referred to in Genus Aspergillus (Raper and Fennell, 1965), can now be obtained from ATCC, CBS, CMI and the University of Alberta Microfungus Collection. Anyone interested in a listing, by species and WB number, showing specific deposition of the lyophilized preps made in 1964 may write to Dr. Martha Christensen, Department of Botany, P.O. Box 3165, University Station, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA. TERRENCE M. HAMMILL is Acting Chairman, Department of Biology at SUNY-Oswego.

HAROLD W. KELLER sent a short article he wrote for the Arkansas . Mycological Society Newsletter. I have reproduced a part of it below as a request for directions to apple orchards and special habitats for myxomycetes in the eastern United States.

SPECIAL COLLECTING SITES IN ARKANSAS Our research on the Myxomycetes of Arkansas began over 30 years ago and continues to yield species new to science or of special interest. Professors James H. Hutchison .from Arkansas State University at Jonesboro and Uno Eliasson from the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden are actively involved with this research project. Directions to productive collecting areas would help us expand our coverage and exploration throughout Arkansas. For example, plantings of Red Cedar trees in cemeteries or apple trees in apple orchards provide ideal sites for mxyos. These trees should be 30 or more years old to be really productive. Myxo sporangia develop on the main trunk axis and lateral branches, extending up into the crown of the tree. Given optimal conditions of temperature and rainfall, myoxs occur on living trees and vines in great profusion, sometimes providing scattered sporangia covering an area of several feet. Collection instructions are available upon request.

DONALD H. PFISTER volunteers to act as a clearing house for any member of MSA who wants to give their Mycoloqia to an institu- tion in a developing country.

RICHARD P. KORF reported that Andrea Irene Romero of the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, has accepted an Anna E. Jenkins Predoctoral Fellowship in the Cornell University Plant Pathology Herbarium in the summer of 1990.

GLORIA and FRED RHOADES announce the birth of a daughter, Emily, on October 19, 1989.

WALTER J. SUNDBERG organized and hosted the annual Alexander'H. Smith (midwest mycologist's) Foray and the annual meeting and foray of the North American Mycological Association this past fall at Touch of Nature, Southern Illinois University's outdoor laboratory facility near Carbondale, Illinois.

MICHAEL TANSEY and the MSA Teaching Committee request informa- tion about new mycology textbooks not included in the Committee's 1989 survey about mycology textbooks.

ABRAHAM WEINTRAUB has for sale a Revival Electric Table-Top Sterilizer Model No. 12 in perfect working condition. (Address above in Employment Desired.) JORGE E. WRIGHT reported that Drs. David Minter and Paul Cannon (IMC) visited the Laboratorio de Micologia, Dept. de Ciencias Biologicas, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, during their month-long visit to Argentina. Minter and Cannon organized the I1 International Course on Ascomycetes, attended by 15 graduate students from Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, and sponsored by the CONICET-Royal Society agreement. --Dr. Mario Rajchenberg spent two months in New Zealand'working with Dr. P. Buchanan on polypores as part of his Guggenheim Fellowship . Later he worked at BPI and NYBG, and visited other laboratories in the USA. --Voronica Suarez (a graduate student directed by J. Wright) has worked on "Lycoperdales of Southern South America." A mono- graph of Ahseoma has been sent to press. --Laura D. de Yoledo recently has obtained her Ph.D. degree at the University of Cordoba (Argentina) with her thesis on the "Gasteromycetas of Center and Northwest Argentina." --Clarice Loguercio Leite, University of Florianopolis, Brazil, is finishing her thesis on the polypores of the Island of Santa Catarina. She is a Fellow of the Brazilian Government, working for her Ph,D. at the University of Buenos Aires. --Dr. Monica Adler is working as a Research Associate of the Argentine National Research Council on the Parmeliaceae of the Province of Buenos Aires. --Nora Scutari is working as a Research Associate of the Buenos Aires Provincial Research Council on her thesis about Physciaceae and Telochistaceae of Buenos Aires.

L

WANTED (ALIVE, PLEASE): A GA RlCUS BISPORUS

A reward of up to $1 00 (US), plus costs, is offered for cultures or viable spores of collections of A. bisporus (= A. brunnescens?) and certain related species. For details contact:

R. W. Kerrigan, Erindale Botany, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ONT, CANADA L5L 1C6

i 1 DON PFISTER sent along the following information about the BIOSIS CONNECTION, suggesting that it be published in the Newsletter.

THE BIOSIS CCYNECTION Biological Unity Throuqh Communications The glory of the life sciences lies in their diversity. The coverage list of BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS shows over 9,000 journals published by (or for) thousands of scientific societies. Its companion publication, BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTSIRRM (REPORTS, REVIEWS, MEETINGS) reports on more than 1,000 meetings (s~onsored by a society) each year. Still, this array of organizations has suffered from its diver- sity in that the life sicences have not coalesced to form the large powerful member organizations found in our sister sciences of chemistry, physics, medicine, and others. This historical pressures that account for this phenomenon were at least temporarily absent in 1927 when several societies con- cluded a 10 year period of preparation (1) and incorporated BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INC. (BIOSIS) as the not-for-profit cor- oration it remains today. Since that time BIOSIS has provided a degree of unification among diversity by becoming the preeminent abstracting and indexing service for the life sciences. (2) Now more than 60 years later, BIOSIS has developed a new service, the BIOSIS CONNECTION, whose scope rivals the ambitious goals of the 1927 founders. BIOSIS is proud to include the Mycological Society of America among the early adherents to the BIOSIS CONNECTION conce~t through its membership in the BIOSIS CONNECTION Affiliate Program. Recognizing the benefits and problems of diversity, the BIOSIS CONNECTION will employ'modern information technology as a focal point for life science communications. The first component of the BIOSIS CONNECTION concept to be imple- mented is a computer-based, online information retrieva1,service. With rare exceptions, the provision of online information retrieval services has been dominated by commercial interests. . The BIOSIS CONNECTION is beinq implemented by a not-for-profit organization with many years of experience in this technology. It will provide a sensitivity toward the scientific needs of our colleagues. As a not-for-profit activity, the CONNECTION expects to operate in a more favorable economic posture. Profit oriented, add-on charges will not be necessary, and the corporate overheads present in many commercial services will not be applied. The CONNECTION provides several specially prepared databases derived from BIOSIS resources. The nature and scope of these databases were defined by extensive market analysis and include files of general research papers, patents. books and meetings. Other subject-specific and general information files have also been added. Mechanisms are being built into the CONNECTION that will act to generate business and sales of society publications and services. In addition to the display of information on books, journals, meetings, course offerings, etc., the system includes ~rocedures for online (direct or indirect) ordering of these items. Recognizing that "computer literacy" varies widely among life scientists, the BIOSIS CONNECTION allows two modes of access to its information. A "menu" system is self-instructing and requires no prior experience in online retrieval. An "expert" system is also present for those with the requisite background.

/ The online system(3) are but a part of an eventual arra.y of services to facilitate business, publication, and scientific needs as a service to our community.

A key element in planning and development for the BIOSIS CON- NECTION, the new Affiliate Program (which MSA has joined) includes a variety of coportunities for life science organiza- tions. Affiliates are encouraged to provide input concerning new publications, meeting information, employment opportunities, and other useful facts to be carried as parts of the BIOSIS CONNEC- TION online database. The addition of databases will be integrated by Affiliate advisory procedures, and candidates are sought for the CONNECTION. Once evaluation has been completed, a variety of database su~port methods are available. Scientifically critical material may receive full or partial funding from BIOSIS CONNECTION resources. Cooperative projects will be encouraged, and of course, outside sponsorship can be utilized. While resources are limited, t.he CONNECTION plans for referral databases which will record collections of information available, together with their loca- tions and conditions. for use. As a further incentive to the Affiliate Program, BIOSIS will pro- vide CONNECTION services at discounted rates to members of Affili- ate Program societies. The BIOSIS Board Trustees has endorsed the BIOSIS CONNECTION concept by providing multi-year funding for the basic online service. This commitment to communications as a means of achieving unification among diversity provides life scientists all over the world with a focal point that will benefit the advance- ment of research. For further inf5rmation ...... (1) W.C. Steere: BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS/BIOSIS pp 1-3, Plenum Press 1976. (2) The BIOSIS database contains more than eight million records BIOSIS will abstractlindex over 530,000 reports in 1989.

A.M. Elias Director Marketing & Distribution Division FUNGAL COLLECTION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA STATE MUSEUM by Margaret R. Bolick. Curator and Charles L. Messenger, Collections Manger

The Division of Botany of the University of Nebraska State Museum (UNSM) consists of the 300,000 specimen C.E. Bessey Herbarium (Herbarium acronym: NEB) and a small paleobotanical collection. The fungal collections-were ranked as 25th in size nationally by Payen et al. (19741. At that time there were an estimated 30,000 specimens. Our current best estimate of the size of the fungal collections after the addition of specimens from the Department of Plant Pathology is between 50,000 and 60,000 specimens.

HI STORY The antecedent of the present University of Nebraska State Museum was mandated by the Board of Regents at their first meeting in 1871. Samuel Aughey was appointed the first professor of natural history in 1874 By 1875 he had produced a "Catalog of the Flora of Nebraska." William Cleburne, however, soon became the major contributor of specimens to the herbarium. Beginning in the 18701s, Cleburne collected actively for the herbarium until the turn of the century. The herbarium began to .flourish when Charles E. Bessey was hired in 1886. Although Bessey contributed relatively few specimens to the herbarium himself, his students became indefati- gable collectors and a strong exchange program was maintained. Several of Besseyls students went on to become prominent mycologists; among these were his son Ernst A. Bessey, Frederick E. Clements, Cornelius L.Shear, and Frederick A. Wolf. The group of Besseyls students established the "Botanical Seminar" or "Bot. Sem." that took as its project a botanical survey of the state. Rosc,oe Pound and Frederick Clements col- laborated on collections of fungi during this ~eriod. Clements named many new species in the four issues of the Report of the Botanical Survey qf Nebraska (1892-1896). Many ofezsr fungal holotypes collected during this early period are deposited at NEB.

FUNGAL COLLECTIONS --AT NEB There are 56 types for which we have verified the citations: most of these are holotypes from Clements and Pound. In addition there are another 80 specimens marked as material on which new taxa were based that are in the process of verification.

Several of' Bessev's students and succeeding Nebraska mycologists made extensive collections of fungi from the state. They are J M.'Bates, F.E Clements, E.E. Dale, N.F. Peterson, R J. Pool, W.W. Ray, P.A. Rydberg. DeA. Saunders, E.C. Tullis, L.B. Walker, H.J Webber, and A.F. Woods. The exchange program begun at +he end of the last century was extensive. Among the North American and European collections re- presented are C.F. Baker, California and Pacific Slope Fungi: E. Bartholomew. North American Uredinales and Fungi Columbiana: E. Bethel, Colorado Flora--Fungi: Brenckle, Fungi Dakotensis, F.E. and E.S. Clements,-Cryptogamae Formationum Coloradensium: M.A. Curtis, eastern United States; Ellis, North American Fungi; Ellis and Everhart, North American Fungi and Fungi Columbiana: W.G. Farlow; D. Griffiths, West American Fungi; C.A. Hart, Economic Fungi: E.W. Holway, North American Fungi; W.A. Kellerman, Ohio Fungi, Kellerman and Swingle, Kansas Fungi; Linhart, Fungi Hungarici; A. Ludwig, Mycotheca Germanica; G. Oertel, Mycot.heca Germanica; C.G. Pringle, Arizona: Ravenel, Fungi. Caroliniana: L. Romell, Fungi Exsiccati Praesertim Scandinavici; A.B. Seymour and F.S. Earle. Economic Fungi; C.L. Shear,'New York Fungi: E.P. Sheldon, Plant of the Minnesota Valley: Sydow, Mycotheca Germanica and Ustilagineen; Thumen, Mycotheca Universalis and Herb. Mycol. Oeconomicum; W. Trelease. North American Fungi; USDA BPI Plant Disease Survey; University of California Herbarium, California Fungi; Vestergren, Micromycetes Rariores Selecti: and C. Wright., Cuba.

CURRENT WORK: FUNGAL ---CONSERVATION PROJECT In the fall of 1987, Messenger and Bolick tested the pH of a sample of the paper packets in which the fungal collections were held, the sheets on which the packets wee mounted, and the labels. The pH of the packet and mounting papers ranged from 3 to 4.5 and that of the label paper, from 3 to-5. As the survey indicated that new papers and label deacidification were needed, a grant to the Institute of Museum Services (IMS) Conservation Grant Program was prepared and submitted. In August 1988, NEB was not.ified that funding had been awarded by the IMS. The conservation project was begun in October 1988. Grant funds were used to ourchase new storage cabinet.^ and acid-free, 100 percent rag paper for new packets. The grant also provided funds to'bring a paper conservator, Robert A: McCarroll, from the Rockey Mountain Conservation Center in Denver, Colorado to teach the staff how to treat the specimens and labels. The University of Nebraska's matching funds for the grant were used, in part, to purchase the supplies and eaui~mentneeded to establish a basic paper conservation laboratory. Work is now in progress on repackaging the fungal specimens in acid-free, 100 percent rag packets and deacidifying the specimen labels.

REQUEST -FOR MYCOLOGISTS BORROW SPECIMENS NEB would like to encourage all mycologists doing revi- sionary or floristic studies to check with us when planning their loans. We would be happy to loan you our material and would appreciate any offers to annotate specimens. REFERENCE

Payne, W.W., T.B. Croat, M.E. Hale, P.K Holmgren, 9. McVaugh, 1974. Systematic Botany Resources In American, Part I. Survey and Preliminary Ranking. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 88p. Apply now for the James W. Sinden Scholarship

The James W. Sinden Scholarship Committee of the American Mushroom Institute is pleased to announce the availability of a single scholarship of up to $2,500. to be awarded on a yearly basis to a graduate student conducting dissertation research involving edible mushrooms and/or other edible fungi. The fund has been established in the name of Dr. James Sinden in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the science and industry related to the commercial mushroom.

Applicants will be accepted until May 1, 1990 after which the Committee reserves the right of refusal. Will need:

.Undergraduate and graduate transcripts; .Four letters of recommendation - two of which should be from persons familiar with your academic record. .Results of the Aptitude Section (quantitative and verbal) of the Graduate Record examination. Dates GRE was taken. .One page statement of the thesis research project and career plans. .Copy of application for admittance to University (if available). .List of current scholarships or grants if any to support your research activities.

Applicants must adhere to financial policies relative to the grant as stated by the J.W. Sinden Scholarship Committee.

Applications available from: Dr. James W. Sinden Scholarship Committee !&erican Mushroom Institute 907 E. Baltimore Pike Kennett Square, PA 19348 (215) 388-7806

EDITOR'S NOTE: Although the application deadline does not appear to be an absolute one, it may be too late for applications to be submitted to the Sinden Scholarship Committee this year. However, readers can be prepared for future years, and the News- letter can run a similar notice in the October issue. THE ALEXANDER H. AND HELEN V. SMITH RESEARCH FUND The Awards Committee for this fund will be pleased to receive inquiries and applications regarding the use of this fund. Since the Mycological Society of America is meeting the latter part of June this year the deadline for receipt of applications is May 1, 1989 The primary purpose of the fund is to encourage study of speci- mens of fungi collected by Alexander H. Smith and his associates. These collections, and materials relating to them, are currently deposited at the University of Michigan Herbarium. The Fund will will distribute grants-in-aid to cover all or a significant part of the expense of coming to the Herbarium and working with the collections or materials related to them. Grants may be made available to members of the Mycological Socie- ty of America who are working actively on the taxonomy or floristics of the fleshy fungi. They should be to a point in their studies where having full access to Alex's material would advance the applicant's work. These grants will not be used for preliminary studies of possible lines of investigation.

Applications for a grant should include 1) a proposal indicating how the study of Alex's specimens and manuscripts would advance the applicants work, 2) an estimated budget to cover all or part of the anticipated expenses (e.g., travel, per diem, copying), and 3) a current curriculum vitae. Recipients will be chosen by an awards committee designated by the President of the Mycological Society of America. In addi- tion, the agreement of the Director of the University of Michigan Herbarium to have the potential recipient(s) work there must be obtained before the grant is awarded. A copy of the complete guidelines or further information may be obtained from: Harry D. Thiers Department of Biology San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 94132 The Mycological Society of America will be pleased to accept donations to the fund; those interested are urged to send their contributions to the Treasurer of the Society.

EDITOR'S NOTE: The date at the end of the first paragraph probably should have been 1990, and the deadline may be past by the time this issue of the Newsletter is received by readers. However, there is additional information in the notice, and a similar notice can be prepared for the October issue. Mycological Papers, No. 161

ASPERGILLUS SPECIES ON STORED PRODUCTS

CAB International Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AF, UK

Aspergillus is a major cause of deterioration and spoilage amongst a wide range of stored materials,particularly foodstuffs. Many species produce toxins harmful to the consumer, and exposure to their spores may result in respiratory allergies. Others are employed in the commercial preparation of widely used oriental foods, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics and industrial acids. Rapid accurate identification to species in these contexts is essential. New criteria for species determination based largely upon scanning electron microscope studies of spore ornamentation are presented. Isolates associated with stored products, representing 137 Aspergillus taxa in eleven species groups, are included. Phenotypic variation relative to the environment and genetic backgrounds Is considered. Results are used to delimit species boundaries, to evaluate the strength of traditional characters and to review the taxonomic status of species associated with food and the domestic environment. Six established varieties are retained as such. Twelve species are reduced to varietal rank and a further six reduced to synonymy. Six varieties are raised to species rank and another two species re- established. Alterations, brought about by revision of the ~otanicai'codein 1981, have resulted in name changes for a number of Aspergillus anamorphs, particularly in Eurotium and Neosartorya. Seven name chan,ges in the A. glaucus and (Eurotium) group, and three in the A. fumigatus group (Neosartorya), are proposed. Keys to species are provided, based on traditional characters and on scanning electron microscope features. (June 1989) 188 Pages ISBN 0 851 98 632 3 Price including postage: £30.00 UK US$56.00 Americas £33.00 Elsewheree i

(An. infomtive thrill a page. )) - Li6rary Joud

gfyoujre interested in mushrooms and the ou~ors,you sfd6e reading Mushroom, the youd, 6ecause &is is just a sample gf wfurt welve already avered: lssue 1 (Fall 1983) - Artistic Spore Prlnts (Here's how to make them); Mushrooms at the Summit (Cralg Clalborne shares hls reclpe from Willlamsburg); What Makes a Good Fleld Gulde? (Nlne of those avallable In 1983 are evaluated) issue 2 (Wlnter 1983-84) - Toxins end Halluclnogens (The slow-teact mushrooms are the most deadly); The Woodrotters (Lumbar may coma to you wlth fungl In place) lssue 3 (Sprlng 1984) - For the Flrst Tlme (How do you know when to go out In sprlng?); Keys (An introduction to a vital tool) lssue 4 (Summer 1984) - NO LONGER AVAILABLE lssue 5 (Fall 1984) - Growlng Your Own Oysters (It's not difficult to get started); Mushroom Bandits (You have some tough competltlon out there) lssue 6 (Winter. 1984-85) - NO LONGER AVAILABLE lssue 7 (Spring 1985) - The Merkle (Eugene J. McCerthy phllosophlzes); A Critlque of the Photos In the Audubon Fleld Guide (By Gary Llncoff) issue 8 (Summer 1985) - Key for Use wlth the Audubon Fleld Guide (By Gary Llncoff); Just for the Smell of It (Bringlng your nose into play can help with Identiflcatlon) lssue 9 (Fall 1985) - The Inky Caps (Autodlgestion makes them special) lssue 10 (Wlnter 1985-86) - The Macgruder Statements (Ten Interested parties comment on overplck); All Klnds of Baskets (it's possible to have lssue 21 (Fall, 1988) - Anclent Forests (We need lo save some); To Russla many, but never too many) with Mushrooms; Get Started in Cuitlvatlon by Going to Garage Sales; issue 11 (Spring 1986)- Find Those Morels (Wlth advlce from the wlnner of Where the Yangtse Bends the national morel-hunting champlonshlp); The 1,2,3.4,5 of Starting Out (The Issue 22 winter, 1988-89) - A Wlnter Project (Start planning for Sprlng); experts come close to agreement on how beginners should proceed) Armlllaria Is Blg in Idaho(lt's called root rot); What's Happening wlth Amanita Phalloides? lssue 12 (Summer 1986) - Controlllng the Mushrooms of Norway; Lumplng and Splltling (There are fewer, or more, species. depending on which camp Issue 23 (Spring, 1989) - What's Holdlng up Tame Morels? (The patent was you're in) issued a long time ago); Are They Raking Our Truffles to Death? And yes, lssue 13 (Fail 1986) - The Chanterelle; Cultlvatlng Morels (wlth detalls of Can Own tuber hound the newly-patented process); Should Sale of Wlld Mushrooms be Regulated? (The Fwd and Drug Admlnistratlon thinks so) lssue 14 (Winter 1986-87) - Fungal Allergy; The Big Problem In Alaska is Underpick (or, maybe, bears); You Can Grow the Garden Glanl In Your -ad &is is ~fi(Ltwe'a Backyard Issue 15 (Spring 1987) - NO LONGER AVAILABLE dklive-r in tfie +re: lssue 16 (Summer 1987) - The Chiggers Are Out There (but you can foil your satisfizction. @urrante46. most of them); Chuck Barrows Looks Back (and sldeways and to the future) lssue 17 (Fall 1987) -The Nutrltional Value of Mushrooms (It's qulle specles speclflc); The FDA Issues Its Mushroom Interpretation (and leadlng rnushrwmers react) Send check or money order (not a purchase order) to: lssue 18 (Winter 1987-88) - The 20 Most Beautiful Mushrooms (wlth no swimsuit competltlon to complicate thlngs); Early Mushroom Manuals In the Mushroom, Box 31 56, University Station, U.S. (One was wrltten by a death-defylng tastetester) Moscow, Idaho 83843 lssue 19 (Sprlng, 1988) - The Definitive WIrd on Mycorrhizae (They're Important lo more than just mushrooms); Llfe In the Bog; You Can Cook with Splrlt end Spirlts Name:

lssue 20 (Summer, 1988) - Deadly Humor (How mushroomers joke about Address: danger); Mushrooms Decllne In 10 European Countrles; Using the Microscope (An Introduction by Leo Tanghe); Pronounce it Correctly (or be In good company)

Zip Code: issues (Subscrlptlons are $16 a year for four issues. In Canada, mark checks "US dollars." Subscriptions have to begin with the next are $4 eucfi postpaid Issue, but back Issues, If available, can be ordered separately ($3 each for 3 or more) at $4 each postpald (or three or more at $3 each postpald). L. F. LAMBERT SPAWN CO., INC. -- Producers of edible fungi cultures and spawn -- P.O. Box 407, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320. LANE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT CO. -- Complete line of mushroom storage cabinets, especially herbarium cabinets, airtight for permanent protection -- 225 West 34th Street, Suite 1412, New York, NY 10122. (212) 563-0663.

MERCK SHARP & DOHME RESEARCH LABORATORIES, Division of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065. MILES, INC. -- Pharmaceutical and chemical research and manufacture -- Elkhart, Indiana 46515. MYCOTAXON, LTD. -- Publishers of Mycotaxon, an international journal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of fungi and lichens -- P.O. Box 264, Ithaca, New York 14851. TED PELLA INC., PELCO -- Transmission and scanning electron microscopy instruments and supplies -- P.O. Box 2318, Redding, California 96099. PFIZER, INC. -- Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals by means of microorganisms -- 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017. (203) 441-4100. PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC. -- World- leader in genetic research for agriculture -- 7250 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131. (516-5) 270-4100. ROHM AND HAAS CO. -- Specialty monomers, polymers, industrial biocides , and agricultural chemicals -- Research Laboratories, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477.

SCHERING CORPORATION -- Pharmaceutical Research & Development -- Orange St., Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003. SMITHKLINE BEECHAM PHARMACEUTICALS, P.O. Box 7929, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101. SPAWN MATE, INC. --- Delayed release nutrient supplements, research labs and technical service, and products for the mushroom industry -- P.O. Box 1990, Santa Cruz, CA 95061 TRIARCH INCORPORATED -- Quality prepared microscope slides, catalog-listed, or custom prepared to your specifications -- Ripon, Wisconsin 54971. UNIROYAL CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC. -- Producers of crop protection/ production chemicals; fungicides, insecticides, miticides, herbicides, plant growth regulants, and foliar nutrients -- 70 Amity Road, Bethany, Connecticut 06525 THE UPJOHN COMPANY -- Pharmaceutical Research and Development -- 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007. PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH DIVISION, WARNER-LAMBERT COMPANY, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 Terrence M. Hammili, Editor NONPROFIT ORG. Mycological Society of America NEWSLETTER U.S. POSTAGE PAID B-18A Piez Hall OSWEGO, NY SUNY College at Oswego PERMIT NO. 317 Oswego, New York 13126 USA

There are three inserts: A. The MSA Newsletter Questionnaire (blue) B. The Employee/Ernployer Data Form (green -- new address for Bob Pohlad) C. An MSA Newsletter Survey (yellow)