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Ett Högt Och Ädelt Kall Ett högt och ädelt kall Åsa Andersson, Ett högt och ädelt kall: Kalltankens betydelse för sjuksköterskeyrkets formering 1850–1933 [A High and Noble Calling: The Notion of a Calling and the Formation of the Nursing Profession]. Swedish text with a summary in English Department of Historical Studies, Umeå University, Sweden Umeå 2002, Monograph, 294 pp ISSN 1651-0046 ISBN 91-7305-180-2 Abstract This thesis describes the impact of the notion of a calling on the development of the nursing profession during the period 1850–1933. The focus of the study is on how perceptions and notions of a calling were altered over time, and in which way this historically shaped concept influenced the professionalisation of the female health care work. Some contexts of relevance for the notion of a calling and which are emphasised in the thesis are the women’s rights movement, the expansion of the civil servants’ movement, the professionalisation and mod- ernisation of the health care system as well as the general secularisation of society. The study consists of three parts. The first part constitutes a conceptual background to the notion of a calling and here the Christian heritage of ideas is examined. The second part of the thesis describes three leading institutions of nursing education: the Ersta Institution of deaconesses (1851), the Red Cross education (1867), and the Sophia Home (1884). The study shows how Lutheran features influenced these educational institutions, mainly the education of the deaconesses. The meaning of the calling differed between the deaconesses and the nurses of the Sophia Home. The deaconnesses’ notion of a calling emphasised the value of humbly serving fellow beings, whereas the Sophia Home attached more importance to the elevated and noble aspect of the calling. The third part of the thesis is the most comprehensive one. It is here analysed how the cir- cle around the Swedish Nursing Association (SNA), used and related to the notion of a call- ing during the period 1910–1933. The description is structured under four themes. The first describes how the notion of a calling expresses a particular professional ideal and an ethical attitude characterised by a Lutheran work ethics with strong altruistic features. Under the sec- ond theme, the gendered perception of the vocation is discussed. It is claimed that the nurs- ing profession was not unambiguously permeated by feminine gendered perceptions. Instead the nurses’ professional ideal espoused a mixture of masculine and feminine gendered meta- phors. Under the third theme, it becomes clear that the nurses’ proclamation of a calling strengthened and increased the status of the profession. Under the fourth theme, the nurses’ notion of a calling is related to two male professional groups, doctors and clergymen, and the pessimistic and sombre spirit of time at the turn of the century, 1900. The general secularisa- tion of society, and the gradual modernisation of the health care sector seemed to have con- tributed to a need for a professional corps, marked by strong tradition, apparently considered a guarantee for a health care system that would still comprise Christian love. Keywords: The notion of a calling, nursing profession, nursing education, Women’s-rights movement, ethics, gender, professionalisation, modernity. Ett högt och ädelt kall Kalltankens betydelse för sjuksköterskeyrkets formering 1850–1933 r Åsa Andersson Skrifter från institutionen för historiska studier 1 Umeå universitet Institutionen för historiska studier Umeå universitet S-901 97 Umeå Tel 090-786 55 79 Fax 090-786 76 67 © Åsa Andersson och Institutionen för historiska studier, Umeå universitet Tryck: Umeå universitets tryckeri Omslag och sättning: Anders Kjellberg ISSN 1651-0046 ISBN 91-7305-180-2 Omslagsbild: Sjuksköterskors Samarbete i Norden (SSN) håller kongress i Stockholm 1926. (TAM-Arkiv) Citatet på baksidan är från ”Avlidna systrar”, Louise Heimburgers personliga handlingar, Ö III b, Ersta diakonissanstalts arkiv och museum. History I cannot quite get hold of history I take it around with me, bags and parcels I never quite explore One day I'll go right through One day I'll really know exactly what I lug about. But somehow I never find the time to settle down and search. I often want to fling the lot out into time jump on a moving bus and steam into the future… Instead I stand sniffing the dust my parcels wrapped around me bolstering the night. Sheila Rowbotham Förord ............................................................................................................ 13 Inledning .................................................................................................17 Tidigare forskning .......................................................................................18 Teoretiska perspektiv och begrepp .................................................................23 Kön ...........................................................................................................23 Professionalisering .......................................................................................25 Kön och professionalisering ......................................................................... 27 Modernitet .................................................................................................28 Begreppsdefinitioner och arbetssätt .............................................................. 30 Källmaterial ................................................................................................ 33 Disposition .................................................................................................36 del i: Kallet – en bakgrund ................................................................38 Arbete och kristen tro ..................................................................................38 ”Kallelse” och ”kall” – en inledande diskussion .............................................. 40 Den lutherska kallelseläran .......................................................................... 42 Beruf – en språklig nykonstruktion ...............................................................43 Kallelsen, medmänniskorna och Guds skapelseverk ........................................ 44 Människans behov av ordning ......................................................................45 Egoism och självuppoffring ......................................................................... 46 Arbetets värde ............................................................................................ 49 Luthers syn på kvinnans kall ........................................................................ 49 Idéer om kvinnans kall från 1500-tal till 1800-tal ............................................52 del ii: Kalltanken och 1800-talets vårdutbildningsanstalter ............... 57 Vårdutbildningsanstalternas jordmån .............................................................57 Diakonissverksamheten ................................................................................61 Den svenska diakonissanstalten .....................................................................63 Föreståndarinnan ........................................................................................65 Diakonissorna ........................................................................................... 67 Utbildningen ............................................................................................. 69 Diakonissorna och kvinnofrågan ...................................................................73 Diakonissan som sjuksköterska .....................................................................75 Röda korset ............................................................................................... 78 Florence Nightingale .................................................................................. 78 Boken Notes on Nursing ............................................................................ 80 Nightingale om kalltanken ...........................................................................82 Röda korsets vårdutbildning – en kvinnofråga ................................................83 Föreståndarinnan för Röda korsets utbildning ................................................85 Emmy Rappes utbildning i England ............................................................. 86 Tjänarinnor eller arbetsledare? ......................................................................88 Kalltanken ................................................................................................ 89 Röda korsets utbildningsmodell ....................................................................91 Sophiahemmet ........................................................................................... 92 Utbildningen ............................................................................................. 94 Systrar med moraliskt uppdrag .....................................................................95 Sophiahemmets kalltanke ............................................................................ 97 Sophiasystrarna och läkarkåren ...................................................................100 Sammanfattande och jämförande diskussion .................................................102 del iii: Kalltanken och Svensk sjuksköterskeförening ...................... 107 Utbildning, organisering och arbetsmarknad kring sekelskiftet 1900 ...............107 Svensk sjuksköterskeförening bildas .............................................................109
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