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CLEAN FUEL TECHNOLOGY for WORLD ENERGY SECURITY Sunjay, Ph

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CLEAN FUEL TECHNOLOGY for WORLD ENERGY SECURITY Sunjay, Ph CLEAN FUEL TECHNOLOGY FOR WORLD ENERGY SECURITY Sunjay, Ph. D. Research Scholar, Exploration Geophysics,BHU , Varanasi-221005,INDIA [email protected] Keywords : Clean coal technology , Carbon Capture & Sequestration, Hydrogen production, Coal Gasification/Liquefaction , Fluidized bed combustion (FBC),PFBC,PCFBC Abstract : Clean fuel technology is the integral part of geoengineering and green engineering with a view to global warming mitigation. Optimal utilization of natural resources coal and integration of coal & associated fuels with hydrocarbon exploration and development activities is pertinent task before geoscientist with evergreen energy vision with a view to energy security & sustainable development. Value added technologies Coal gasification,underground coal gasification & surface coal gasification converts solid coal into a gas that can be used for power generation, chemical production, as well as the option of being converted into liquid fuels. Hydrogen holds great potential to feed our future energy and fuel needs. Hydrogen can be produced using diverse, domestic resources including fossil fuels, such as coal , gas hydrate,coal bed methane (with carbon sequestration) and natural gas; nuclear; and biomass and other renewable energy technologies, such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric power . Introduction: Black: derived from fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) or nuclear power; created by processes involving pollution or greenhouse gas emissions; Green: derived from plants; created from renewable energy, Blue: derived from marine plants. sometimes folded in the green category, White: derived from genetically-engineered crops; using genetically-engineered bacteria to break down biomass. "Black hydrogen" refers to hydrogen produced through processes that result in pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. "Green hydrogen" refers to hydrogen produced through processes that have zero emissions of carbon dioxide, or no net emissions of carbon dioxide. "Black hydrogen" comes from the reformation of fossil fuels such as natural gas or coal, although natural gas reforming is quite clean. Hydrogen production from coal(black diamond), with carbon capture & storage technology, can provide a low cost, low emission, high volume stream of hydrogen to provide clean energy. Underground coal gasification is the conversion of the coal itself to a usable syngas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. UCG in combination with CCS (CO2 capture and storage) shows considerable promise as a low cost solution to carbon abatement. Liquefaction Coal To Liquids (CTL) : Coals can also be converted into liquid fuel like gasoline ordiesel by several different processes. In the direct liquefaction processes, the coal is either hydrogenated or carbonised. Alternatively, coal can be converted into a gas first, and then into a liquid, by using the Fischer-Tropsch. Hydrogen production from coal represents an excellent opportunity to use domestic fossil energy resource to support the transition to a hydrogen economy . Ultra Clean Fuels are cleaner both in production and consumption than standard fossil fuels. Utilizing Ultra Clean Fuels would reduce the overall amount of greenhouse gases introduced into the atmosphere. Clean Coal Technologies Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) - Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used in power plants. FBC in pressurized boilers can be undertaken in compact units, and can be potentially useful for low grade coals and those with variable characteristics. As with atmospheric FBC, two formats are possible, one with bubbling beds(PFBC), the other with a circulating configuration (PCFBC). Hydrogen holds great potential to feed our future energy and fuel needs. Hydrogen can be produced using diverse, domestic resources including fossil fuels, such as coal , gas hydrate,coal bed methane (with carbon sequestration) and natural gas; nuclear; and biomass and other renewable energy technologies, such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric power . Hydrogen production from coal(black diamond), with carbon capture & storage technology, can provide a low cost, low emission, high volume stream of hydrogen to provide clean energy. Optimal utilization of coal and integration of coal & associated fuels with hydrocarbon exploration and development activities is pertinent task before geoscientist with evergreen energy vision with a view to energy security. "Black hydrogen" refers to hydrogen produced through processes that result in pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. "Green hydrogen" refers to hydrogen produced through processes that have zero emissions of carbon dioxide, or no net emissions of carbon dioxide. Black: derived from fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) or nuclear power; created by processes involving pollution or greenhouse gas emissions; Green: derived from plants; created from renewable energy; Blue: derived from marine plants. sometimes folded in the green category ; White: derived from genetically-engineered crops; using Genetically engineered bacteria to break down biomass. Value added technologies Coal gasification,underground coal gasification & surface coal gasification converts solid coal into a gas that can be used for power generation, chemical production, as well as the option of being converted into liquid fuels. Underground coal gasification is the conversion of the coal itself to a usable syngas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. The conversion is achieved by introducing oxygen and steam into the seam, and igniting the coal.It can be used at surface for heating, power eneration, hydrogen production, or the manufacturer of key liquid fuels such as diesel fuel or methanol. UCG in combination with CCS (CO2 capture and storage) shows considerable promise as a low cost solution to carbon abatement. The composition of the syngas is particularly suited to CO2 capture and the high pressure from deep UCG will require smaller and less costly plant. The possibility of storing CO2 in nearby coal seams is a further option. UCG offers a clean, safe, secure, indigenous energy supply , Lower cost of plant and site development UCG and CBM are different processes although both require the coal seam to be drilled from surface. Coal bed methane is the removal of the methane from the pores of the coal. The coal itself is left in place and is unchanged. Produced hydrogen and fuel gas (syngas) for steam generation.The steam generation is used in the facilities Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) operation in reservoir. Hydrogen production from methane hydrate(white gold ,crystal fuel) with sequestering of carbon dioxide : Methane hydrate exists in large amounts in certain locations, in sea sediments and the geological structures below them and below artic regions permafrost, at low temperature and high pressure. Hydrogen could be made available without the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and the hydrogen could be an enabling step toward a world hydrogen economy, free of particles and carbon dioxide pollution. Under Ground Coal Gasification =Fire in The Hole Fig.(1) : Hydrogen Production Using Coal Gasification The process most likely to be used for turning coal into hydrogen is called gasification. Gasification works by mixing coal with oxygen, air, or steam at very high temperatures without letting combustion occur (partial oxidation). Most of today’s pulverized coal power plants burn coal (combustion) to generate steam for use in a turbine. Coal gasification plants in general have better emissions profiles than conventional pulverized coal power plants for different types of emissions. Higher operating efficiencies in the gasification plants allow for significant reductions in pollutants. Carbon dioxide emissions, for one, are reduced roughly 20%. This can be further reduced to almost zero by adding carbon capture and sequestration technologies . Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a potential source of future energy production that is currently receiving an increased level of attention within business, academic and policy communities. Hydrogen production from methane hydrate: Hydrogen production from methane hydrate with sequestering of carbon dioxide Methane hydrate exists in huge amounts in certain locations, in sea sediments and the geological structures below them, at low temperature and high pressure. Production methods are in development to produce the methane to a floating platform. There it can be reformed to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, in an endothermic process. Some of the methane can be burned to provide heat energy to develop all needed power on the platform and to support the reforming process. After separation, the hydrogen is the valuable and transportable product. All carbon dioxide produced on the platform can be separated from other gases and then sequestered in the sea as carbon dioxide hydrate. In this way, hydrogen is made available without the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the hydrogen could be an enabling step toward a world hydrogen economy. Fig.(2) : Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM). The consumption of fossil fuel impacts the environment in a variety of manners. There is also an impact on the environment during the coal production, transportation, and utilization processes. During utilization, in particular, coal dust, ash dust, acid gases (NOx, SOx), and carbon dioxide are discharged, raising concerns of what the unregulated
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