CLEAN FUEL TECHNOLOGY FOR WORLD ENERGY SECURITY Sunjay, Ph. D. Research Scholar, Exploration Geophysics,BHU , Varanasi-221005,INDIA [email protected] Keywords : Clean coal technology , Carbon Capture & Sequestration, Hydrogen production, Coal Gasification/Liquefaction , Fluidized bed combustion (FBC),PFBC,PCFBC Abstract : Clean fuel technology is the integral part of geoengineering and green engineering with a view to global warming mitigation. Optimal utilization of natural resources coal and integration of coal & associated fuels with hydrocarbon exploration and development activities is pertinent task before geoscientist with evergreen energy vision with a view to energy security & sustainable development. Value added technologies Coal gasification,underground coal gasification & surface coal gasification converts solid coal into a gas that can be used for power generation, chemical production, as well as the option of being converted into liquid fuels. Hydrogen holds great potential to feed our future energy and fuel needs. Hydrogen can be produced using diverse, domestic resources including fossil fuels, such as coal , gas hydrate,coal bed methane (with carbon sequestration) and natural gas; nuclear; and biomass and other renewable energy technologies, such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric power . Introduction: Black: derived from fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) or nuclear power; created by processes involving pollution or greenhouse gas emissions; Green: derived from plants; created from renewable energy, Blue: derived from marine plants. sometimes folded in the green category, White: derived from genetically-engineered crops; using genetically-engineered bacteria to break down biomass. "Black hydrogen" refers to hydrogen produced through processes that result in pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. "Green hydrogen" refers to hydrogen produced through processes that have zero emissions of carbon dioxide, or no net emissions of carbon dioxide. "Black hydrogen" comes from the reformation of fossil fuels such as natural gas or coal, although natural gas reforming is quite clean. Hydrogen production from coal(black diamond), with carbon capture & storage technology, can provide a low cost, low emission, high volume stream of hydrogen to provide clean energy. Underground coal gasification is the conversion of the coal itself to a usable syngas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. UCG in combination with CCS (CO2 capture and storage) shows considerable promise as a low cost solution to carbon abatement. Liquefaction Coal To Liquids (CTL) : Coals can also be converted into liquid fuel like gasoline ordiesel by several different processes. In the direct liquefaction processes, the coal is either hydrogenated or carbonised. Alternatively, coal can be converted into a gas first, and then into a liquid, by using the Fischer-Tropsch. Hydrogen production from coal represents an excellent opportunity to use domestic fossil energy resource to support the transition to a hydrogen economy . Ultra Clean Fuels are cleaner both in production and consumption than standard fossil fuels. Utilizing Ultra Clean Fuels would reduce the overall amount of greenhouse gases introduced into the atmosphere. Clean Coal Technologies Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) - Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used in power plants. FBC in pressurized boilers can be undertaken in compact units, and can be potentially useful for low grade coals and those with variable characteristics. As with atmospheric FBC, two formats are possible, one with bubbling beds(PFBC), the other with a circulating configuration (PCFBC). Hydrogen holds great potential to feed our future energy and fuel needs. Hydrogen can be produced using diverse, domestic resources including fossil fuels, such as coal , gas hydrate,coal bed methane (with carbon sequestration) and natural gas; nuclear; and biomass and other renewable energy technologies, such as wind, solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric power . Hydrogen production from coal(black diamond), with carbon capture & storage technology, can provide a low cost, low emission, high volume stream of hydrogen to provide clean energy. Optimal utilization of coal and integration of coal & associated fuels with hydrocarbon exploration and development activities is pertinent task before geoscientist with evergreen energy vision with a view to energy security. "Black hydrogen" refers to hydrogen produced through processes that result in pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. "Green hydrogen" refers to hydrogen produced through processes that have zero emissions of carbon dioxide, or no net emissions of carbon dioxide. Black: derived from fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) or nuclear power; created by processes involving pollution or greenhouse gas emissions; Green: derived from plants; created from renewable energy; Blue: derived from marine plants. sometimes folded in the green category ; White: derived from genetically-engineered crops; using Genetically engineered bacteria to break down biomass. Value added technologies Coal gasification,underground coal gasification & surface coal gasification converts solid coal into a gas that can be used for power generation, chemical production, as well as the option of being converted into liquid fuels. Underground coal gasification is the conversion of the coal itself to a usable syngas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane. The conversion is achieved by introducing oxygen and steam into the seam, and igniting the coal.It can be used at surface for heating, power eneration, hydrogen production, or the manufacturer of key liquid fuels such as diesel fuel or methanol. UCG in combination with CCS (CO2 capture and storage) shows considerable promise as a low cost solution to carbon abatement. The composition of the syngas is particularly suited to CO2 capture and the high pressure from deep UCG will require smaller and less costly plant. The possibility of storing CO2 in nearby coal seams is a further option. UCG offers a clean, safe, secure, indigenous energy supply , Lower cost of plant and site development UCG and CBM are different processes although both require the coal seam to be drilled from surface. Coal bed methane is the removal of the methane from the pores of the coal. The coal itself is left in place and is unchanged. Produced hydrogen and fuel gas (syngas) for steam generation.The steam generation is used in the facilities Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) operation in reservoir. Hydrogen production from methane hydrate(white gold ,crystal fuel) with sequestering of carbon dioxide : Methane hydrate exists in large amounts in certain locations, in sea sediments and the geological structures below them and below artic regions permafrost, at low temperature and high pressure. Hydrogen could be made available without the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and the hydrogen could be an enabling step toward a world hydrogen economy, free of particles and carbon dioxide pollution. Under Ground Coal Gasification =Fire in The Hole

Fig.(1) : Hydrogen Production Using Coal Gasification The process most likely to be used for turning coal into hydrogen is called gasification. Gasification works by mixing coal with oxygen, air, or steam at very high temperatures without letting combustion occur (partial oxidation). Most of today’s pulverized coal power plants burn coal (combustion) to generate steam for use in a turbine. Coal gasification plants in general have better emissions profiles than conventional pulverized coal power plants for different types of emissions. Higher operating efficiencies in the gasification plants allow for significant reductions in pollutants. Carbon dioxide emissions, for one, are reduced roughly 20%. This can be further reduced to almost zero by adding carbon capture and sequestration technologies . Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a potential source of future energy production that is currently receiving an increased level of attention within business, academic and policy communities. Hydrogen production from methane hydrate: Hydrogen production from methane hydrate with sequestering of carbon dioxide Methane hydrate exists in huge amounts in certain locations, in sea sediments and the geological structures below them, at low temperature and high pressure. Production methods are in development to produce the methane to a floating platform. There it can be reformed to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, in an endothermic process. Some of the methane can be burned to provide heat energy to develop all needed power on the platform and to support the reforming process. After separation, the hydrogen is the valuable and transportable product. All carbon dioxide produced on the platform can be separated from other gases and then sequestered in the sea as carbon dioxide hydrate. In this way, hydrogen is made available without the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the hydrogen could be an enabling step toward a world hydrogen economy.

Fig.(2) : Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Enhanced Coalbed Methane (ECBM). The consumption of fossil fuel impacts the environment in a variety of manners. There is also an impact on the environment during the coal production, transportation, and utilization processes. During utilization, in particular, coal dust, ash dust, acid gases (NOx, SOx), and carbon dioxide are discharged, raising concerns of what the unregulated consumption of coal may possibly have on the environment. However, technologies to minimize the harmful impact coal utilization has on the environment, collectively called clean coal technology (CCT), are in widespread use in developed countries. Liquefaction Coal To Liquids (CTL) : Coals can also be converted into liquid fuel like gasoline or diesel by several different processes. In the direct liquefaction processes, the coal is either hydrogenated or carbonised. Alternatively, coal can be converted into a gas first, and then into a liquid, by using the Fischer-Tropsch. Hydrogen production from coal represents an excellent opportunity to use domestic fossil energy resource to support the transition to a hydrogen economy. To become a viable pathway for hydrogen production, coal gasification needs to better address heat integration, higher gasification pressures, and improved gas clean-up to increase hydrogen yield and reduce costs. Carbon capture and sequestration cost reductions are also needed to decrease the lifecycle cost of hydrogen production from coal and make it competitive with other production methods. The interaction of hydrothermal fluids with igneous rocks can produce hydrogen. H/C (Hydrogen/Carbon) Ratio: Combustion energetics can be estimated from the bond energies for all the classifications of fossil fuels. The amount of energy released is dependent on the oxidation state of the carbons in the hydrocarbon which is related to the hydrogen/carbon ratio. The more hydrogen per carbon, the lower the oxidation state and the more energy that will be released during the oxidation reaction. Thus the greater the H/C ratio, the more energy release on combustion. UCG versus Conventional Coal: Technical Advantages: Safer, simpler, cleaner, and more versatile resource extraction method, Triples available resources: unminable coal can be recovered by UCG, Cleaner transport: gas is supplied via pipeline, not by railcar, Unlike conventional coal, UCG can meet a zero waste disposal requirement, Significant reduction in CO2 , particulates, SOx and NOx emissions CO2 capture and sequestration are much more efficient and cheaper with UCG syngas than with conventional coal. Economic Advantages: Conventionally unminable coal becomes commercially viable, Much lower capital cost, Much shorter construction and commissioning time , Cheaper transport of fuel product. Low labor requirements, low O&M cost , Low land rehabilitation cost. The UCG versus Natural Gas: The UCG process manufactures gas from coal deposits, whereas natural gas (NG) must be discovered by exploration. NG is notorious for running out well before the predicted life of the gas field. Coal reserves are easily measurable, and once UCG gas production is proven, the plant is ready to sign a long term supply contracts guarantee. The guarantee that often proves too risky for a NG supplier. Far greater available resources: it is known that there is much more energy left in the world's coal resources than there is in its oil and gas resources. CO2 capture and sequestration are much more efficient with UCG gas than with NG. UCG gas can be catalytically converted into synthetic natural gas at a competitive cost. The UCG versus Coal Bed Methane: Coal Bed Methane (CBM) represents only a few percent of the total energy content of coal. This means that from the same square kilometer of a coal field, UCG will produce about 25-30 times the energy that can be produced there by a CBM operation. UCG manufactures gas from coal deposits, whereas coal bed methane (CBM) must be discovered by exploration. There is much uncertainty in measuring CBM reserves. Coal reserves are easy to measure, and once UCG gas production is proven, the plant is ready to sign a long term supply contracts guarantee. CBM is a more high-risk product. There is a significant reduction in NOx emissions when UCG syngas is used as fuel. CO2 capture and sequestration are much more efficient with UCG gas than with CBM. CBM recovery requires pumping out large volumes of water with often dire environmental consequences, unlike UCG which uses groundwater in its underground process and is not predicated on the pumping of water. The UCG versus Conventional (Surface) Gasification: The UCG process uses unmined coal and is performed in underground coal seams; compared to conventional gasification, it eliminates the cost of coal mining, transport and preparation, and in addition it does not require the capital cost of the surface gasification reactor. Besides, UCG does not incur the cost of ash and slag removal, storage and disposal – all inert solids remain underground. As a result, UCG gas is much cheaper than its conventional peers. Far greater available resources: not all coal fields can be conventionally mined, but most of them can be gasified by UCG. UCG gas is usually produced at lower temperature and is easier to process and clean up. Unlike UCG, conventional gasification requires coal mining with all its environmental and safety problems. UCG gas normally carries much less particulates than the syngas of conventional gasification. UCG has a very large underground gas storage system; besides, each UCG gasifier uses multiple reactors for gas production.

Fig.(3):Hydrogen Energy Teleology :

Hydrogen is a high quality energy carrier, contains no carbon and generates little or no polluting emissions at the point of use. A hydrogen-based energy system is an advantageous option for delivering efficient, clean and safe energy in a wide range of applications . At present, significant cost and performance improvements in production, storage, transportation and technologies are required. Research, development and commercial efforts should be combined to achieve these goals. Hydrogen is a secondary form of energy, produced using other primary energy sources. Most of the hydrogen is made by steam reforming of natural gas (which is mainly methane). However, the use of coal as source is desirable, being a low-cost fuel and guaranteeing a longterm availability. Coal gasification is an efficient, clean and versatile process, which can be adapted for producing hydrogen. The comparison of different technologies as well as the assessment of advanced options (e.g. introduction of a combined cycle, use of pure oxygen, CO2 sequestration) are necessary to maximize the conversion, the process efficiency and the environmental benefits. Even, the integration of the gasification process with a centralized power plant (thus sharing steam, heat, emissions and residue char) may be competitive, reducing significantly the cost for hydrogen production. Clean Coal Technologies : Pulverised coal combustion (PCC) : PCC is the most commonly used method in coal-fired power plants, and is based on many decades of experience. Units operate at close to atmospheric pressure, simplifying the passage of materials through the plant. The principal developments involve: Increasing plant thermal efficiencies by raising the steam pressure and temperature used at the boiler outlet/steam turbine inlet; ensuring that units can load follow satisfactorily; and, ensuring that flue gas cleaning units can meet emissions limits and environmental requirements. Steam coal, also known as thermal coal, is used in power stations to generate electricity. Coal is first milled to a fine powder, which increases the surface area and allows it to burn more quickly. In these pulverised coal combustion (PCC) systems, the powdered coal is blown into the combustion chamber of a boiler where it is burnt at high temperature (see diagram below). The hot gases and heat energy produced converts water – in tubes lining the boiler – into steam.

Fig.(4): Pulverised coal combustion (PCC) systems, The high pressure steam is passed into a turbine containing thousands of propeller-like blades. The steam pushes these blades causing the turbine shaft to rotate at high speed. A generator is mounted at one end of the turbine shaft and consists of carefully wound wire coils. Electricity is generated when these are rapidly rotated in a strong magnetic field. After passing through the turbine, the steam is condensed and returned to the boiler to be heated once again. Improvements continue to be made in conventional PCC power station design and new combustion technologies are being developed. These allow more electricity to be produced from less coal – known as improving the thermal efficiency of the power station. Efficiency improvements include the most cost-effective and shortest lead time actions for reducing emissions from coal-fired power generation. This is particularly the case in developing and transition countries where existing plant efficiencies are generally lower and coal use in electricity generation is increasing. Not only do higher efficiency coal-fired power plants emit less CO2 per megawatt, they are also more suited to retrofitting with CO2 capture systems. Improving the efficiency of pulverised coal-fired power plants has been the focus of considerable efforts by the coal industry. There is huge scope for achieving significant efficiency improvements as the existing fleet of power plants are replaced over the next 10-20 years with new, higher efficiency supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants. A one percentage point improvement in the efficiency of a conventional pulverised coal combustion plant results in a 2-3% reduction in CO2 emissions. Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) : FBC in pressurized boilers can be undertaken in compact units, and can be potentially useful for low grade coals and those with variable characteristics. As with atmospheric FBC, two formats are possible, one with bubbling beds, the other with a circulating configuration. Currently commercial-scale operating units all use bubbling beds, and hence the acronym PFBC is normally used in the literature to refer to pressurized bubbling bed units. A pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC) demonstration unit was considered, but no gas turbine was available for the combined cycle configuration. In PFBC, the combustor and hot gas cyclones are all enclosed in a pressure vessel. Both coal and sorbent have to be fed across the pressure boundary, and similar provision for ash removal is necessary. For hard coal applications, the coal and limestone can be crushed together, and then fed as a paste, with 25% water. As with atmospheric FBC (CFBC or BFBC), the combustion temperature between 800-900°C has the advantage that NOx formation is less than in PCC, but N2O is higher. SO2 emissions can be reduced by the injection of a sorbent, and its subsequent removal with the ash. Clean Coal Technologies Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) at atmospheric pressure FBC in boilers at atmospheric pressure can be particularly useful for high ash coals, and/or those with variable characteristics. Relatively coarse particles at around 3 mm size are fed into the combustion chamber. Two formats are used, bubbling beds (BFBC) and circulating beds (CFBC). Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) : Fluidized bed combustion technologies include: atmospheric pressure fluidized bed combustion (FBC) in both bubbling (BFBC) and circulating (CFBC) beds, mainly with subcritical steam turbines, together with sorbent injection for SO2 reduction and particulates removal from flue gases; pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) mainly using bubbling beds, and in combined cycle with both a gas and steam turbine. Sorbent injection is used for SO2 reduction and particulates removal from flue gases. Pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC) is being demonstrated. Fluidized bed combustion: Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used in power plants. Fluidized beds suspend solid fuels on upward-blowing jets of air during the combustion process. The result is a turbulent mixing of gas and solids. The tumbling action, much like a bubbling fluid, provides more effective chemical reactions and heat transfer. FBC plants are more flexible than conventional plants in that they can be fired on coal and biomass, among other fuels. Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used in power plants. Fluidized beds suspend solid fuels on upward-blowing jets of air during the combustion process. The result is a turbulent mixing of gas and solids. The tumbling action, much like a bubbling fluid, provides more effective chemical reactions and heat transfer. FBC plants are more flexible than conventional plants in that they can be fired on coal and biomass, among other fuels. FBC reduces the amount of sulfur emitted in the form of SOx emissions. Limestone is used to precipitate out sulfate during combustion, which also allows more efficient heat transfer from the boiler to the apparatus used to capture the heat energy (usually water tubes). The heated precipitate coming in direct contact with the tubes(heating by conduction) increases the efficiency. Since this allows coal plants to burn at cooler temperatures, less NOx is also emitted. However, burning at low temperatures also causes increased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions. FBC boilers can burn fuels other than coal, and the lower temperatures of combustion (800 °C ) have other added benefits as well. Fig.(5): Combustion systems for solid fuels There are two reasons for the rapid increase of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) in combustors. First, the liberty of choice in respect of fuels in general, not only the possibility of using fuels which are difficult to burn using other technologies, is an important advantage of fluidized bed combustion. The second reason, which has become increasingly important, is the possibility of achieving, during combustion, a low emission of nitric oxides and the possibility of removing sulfur in a simple manner by using limestone as bed material. FBC systems fit into essentially two major groups, atmospheric systems (FBC) and pressurized systems (PFBC), and two minor subgroups, bubbling or circulating fluidized bed (BFB or CFB). FBC : Atmospheric fluidized beds use a shy limestone or dolomite to capture sulfur released by the combustion of coal. Jets of air suspend the mixture of sorbent and burning coal during combustion, converting the mixture into a suspension of red-hot particles that flow like a fluid. These boilers operate at atmospheric pressure. PFBC : The first-generation PFBC system also uses a sorbent and jets of air to suspend the mixture of sorbent and burning coal during combustion. However, these systems operate at elevated pressures and produce a high-pressure gas stream at temperatures that can drive a gas turbine. Steam generated from the heat in the fluidized bed is sent to a steam turbine, creating a highly efficient combined cycle system. Advanced PFBC: APFBC. In more advanced second-generation PFBC systems, a pressurized carbonizer is incorporated to process the feed coal into fuel gas and char. The PFBC burns the char to produce steam and to heat combustion air for the gas turbine. The fuel gas from the carbonizer burns in a topping combustor linked to a gas turbine, heating the gases to the combustion turbine's rated firing temperature. Heat is recovered from the gas turbine exhaust in order to produce steam, which is used to drive a conventional steam turbine, resulting in a higher overall efficiency for the combined cycle power output. These systems are also called APFBC, or advanced circulating pressurized fluidized-bed combustion combined cycle systems. An APFBC system is entirely coal-fueled. GFBCC. Gasification fluidized-bed combustion combined cycle systems, GFBCC, have a pressurized circulating fluidized-bed (PCFB) partial gasifier feeding fuel syngas to the gas turbine topping combustor. The gas turbine exhaust supplies combustion air for the atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed combustor that burns the char from the PCFB partial gasifier. Syngas consists primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide, and has less than half the energy density of natural gas. Syngas is combustible and often used as a fuel source or as an intermediate for the production of other chemicals. Syngas for use as a fuel is most often produced by gasification of coal, biomass or municipal waste mainly by the following paths: C + H2O → CO + H2 C + O2 → CO2 CO2 + C → 2CO When used as an intermediate in the large-scale, industrial synthesis of hydrogen (principally used in the production of ammonia), it is also produced from natural gas (via the steam reforming reaction) as follows: CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2 In order to produce more hydrogen from this mixture, more steam is added and the water gas shift reaction is carried out: CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 The hydrogen must be separated from the CO2 to be able to use it. This is primarily done by pressure swing adsorption (PSA), amine scrubbing and membrane reactors. The syngas produced in large waste-to-energy gasification facilities can be used to generate electricity. Circulating beds use a higher fluidizing velocity, so the particles are constantly held in the flue gases, and pass through the main combustion chamber and into a cyclone, from which the larger particles are extracted and returned to the combustion chamber. Individual particles may recycle anything from 10 to 50 times, depending on their size, and how quickly the char burns away. Combustion conditions are relatively uniform through the combustor, although the bed is somewhat denser near the bottom of the combustion chamber. There is a great deal of mixing, and residence time during one pass is very short. CFBCs are designed for the particular coal to be used. The method is principally of value for low grade, high ash coals which are difficult to pulverise, and which may have variable combustion characteristics. It is also suitable for co-firing coal with low grade fuels, including some waste materials. The direct injection of limestone into the bed offers the possibility of economic SO2 removal without the need for flue gas desulphurisation. The advantage of fuel flexibility often mentioned in connection with FBC units can be misleading. Once the unit is built, it will operate most efficiently with whatever design fuel is specified. The design must take into account ash quantities, and ash properties. While combustion temperatures are low enough to allow much of the mineral matter to retain its original properties, particle surface temperatures can be as much as 200°C above the nominal bed temperature. If any softening takes place on the surface of either the mineral matter or the sorbent, then there is a risk of agglomeration or of fouling. Various CFBC designs are used. The fluidizing velocity is high enough to entrain a substantial proportion of the material, and the solids are separated from the flue gases in a cyclone operating at a temperature near that of the exhaust gas. Ash and unburned carbon are recirculated, probably many times. Pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC) : A pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC) demonstration unit was planned, and there have been a number of pilot-scale investigations. It has possible advantages, in terms of reductions in unit size, but the work is currently at pilot scale. The demonstration plant was cancelled as no suitable gas turbine was available. Conclusion & Discussions : Carbon Capture and Sequestration: Potential Environmental Impacts : By healthy observation of the present global warming situation of our planet earth system , geoscientist & environmental technologists have pertinent tasks to control green house effect by employing Carbon Capturing & Storage Technology,Underground Coal Gasification, Underground Gas Storage. Geosequestration (carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon capture and geological storage (CCGS), carbon dioxide capture and storage, or clean-coal technology) plays a pivotal role in mitigation of green house concentration. Carbon capture and storage technology (CCS). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main cause of global warming and the level of CO2 in the earth’s atmosphere is rising as a result of human activities. Experts agree that a range of actions will have to be taken soon in order to reduce the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere. Part of the solution could be to capture millions of tones of CO2 produced by industrial processes and store the CO2 deep underground – this is known as CO2 Capture and Geological Storage (CCS ) . Geosequestration is often referred to as carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon capture and geological storage (CCGS), carbon dioxide capture and storage, or clean-coal technology. Carbon Sequestration: The capture and storage of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases can be captured at the point of emission, or they can be removed from the air. The captured gases can be stored in underground reservoirs, dissolved in deep oceans, converted to rock-like solid materials, or contained in trees, grasses, soils, or algae. Synergy of Energy is the whole soul goal for energy security of the world: Non renewable Energy(Fossil Fuels): Conventional energy (Coal, Petroleum & Natural Gas ) ;Non Conventional Energy( Gas Hydrate ,Coal Bed Methane, Tar sand, Shale) . Renewable Energy Sources: Geothermal, Solar, Wind, Water-HYDEL HYDroEL ectricity , Ocean [Tidal energy, Wave energy, Tidal / marine currents, Ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC)] , Biomass,Biofuel, and Nuclear Energy Well-to-Wheels Analysis: The well-to-wheels analysis has the objective of estimating the greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency and industrial costs of all significant automotive fuels and power-trains. Compares energy input, emissions and cost of the full cycle of a fuel, from the fuel source (well) to conversion into vehicle kilometers in a car (wheel). Greenhouse Gas (GHG): A gas which does not absorb radiation of wavelengths in the visible light spectrum, but does absorb infrared (heat) radiation. In the atmosphere these gases allow energy from the sun to reach the earth's surface, but limit infrared energy (heat) from escaping. This effect is called radiative forcing. Greenhouse gases absorb 90% of infrared energy radiating from the Earth. Water vapor is the primary GHG, and CO2 is the most important GHG emitted to the atmosphere as a result of human activities. CO2 accounts for over 80% of the anthropogenic GHG effect. Other GHGs include: methane CH4, ozone (O3), CFCs (CFC-11, chloroflurocarbonCFC-12, CFC-113), hydrofluorocarbons HFCs (HCFC-22) and nitrous oxide (N2O), CCl4, methyl chloroform, sulfur hexafluoride, trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride, and perfluoroethane, greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) . Each gas has a different global warming potential and longevity in the atmosphere. Carbon Capturing and Storage is not 'silver bullet' to combating global warming. Methane is a greenhouse gas with a Global Warming Potential (GWP) 23 times greater than carbon dioxide as estimated by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)/ The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle climate change . The capture and use of this gas is therefore a highly effective means of slowing climate change. Its use for electricity production results in a net reduction in Global Warming Potential of 18.5 times even when the exhaust emissions from the plants are taken into account .United Nations Organisation is monitoring global warming by employing & deploying United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Ozone Secretariat, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre , UNEP/GRID-Arendal - Environmental Knowledge for Change; Global Environment Facility (GEF/UNDP) ; Global Environment Information Centre (UNU/GEIC ), Environment and Sustainable Development Programme (ESD). UNU Institute of Advanced Studies ( UNU/IAS), United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources (UNU/INRA). World Energy Organisation by UNO should be set up to feed the need of energy of our civilization.

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