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To cite this Article: Toomey, Brian and Ecker, Bruce , 'Of Neurons And Knowings: Constructivism, Coherence Psychology, And Their Neurodynamic Substrates', Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 20:3, 201 - 245 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/10720530701347860 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10720530701347860

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The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 SN 0203 rn 5105 online 10.1080/10720530701347860 1521-0650 DOI: / print 1072-0537 ISSN: 41.Emi:[email protected] E-mail: 94610. reviewers, anonymous comments. its by valuable provided sincerely. provided critiques thank the also we from whom Stakenburg greatly benefited Maurits also and article Geoghegan, This Niall Kunstenaar clarifications. Pat and discussions Falck, useful Elina many for Desmond Timothy to and iulciiin r eual ut fetv,teei considerable is there effective, quite regularly indi- are some clinicians Although vidual change. behavioral and psychological corre- believe, of neurodynamic lates we the considerably, of understanding benefit an incorporating can from psychotherapy of field The Copyright Psychology Constructivist of Journal FNUOSADKOIG:CONSTRUCTIVISM, KNOWINGS: AND NEURONS OF eoy ugsin o eerhta ol etoraayi r h ou of focus the are analysis subcortical our implicit, test in could that conclusion. held our research structures for produced Suggestions knowledge being as memory. unconscious symptoms neuroscientific clinical coherent, extensive of the model by of system’s account this an supporting provide evidence We the psychology. therapy coherence constructivism, coherence as or psychological known system of psychotherapeutic implementation of developed recently particular and relatively Attention a convergence. constructivism task. to strong psychological turns their this of demonstrate then to to features adequate serves main constructivism paradigm the neural conceptual of a examination We phenomenology is An knowledge. the constructivism neuroscientific bringing with that for coordination framework suggest fruitful a into creates psychotherapy articles of three of first This drs orsodnet rc ce,45Bleu v. ut 0,Okad CA Oakland, 202, Suite Ave., Bellevue 445 Ecker, Bruce to correspondence Address article, this of discussions influential for Hulley Laurel to grateful are 2006. November authors 20 The accepted 2006; September 3 Received lnclPyhlg eatet nvriyo epi,Memphis, Memphis, of University Department, Psychology Clinical C rvt rciei scohrp,Okad aiona USA California, Oakland, Psychotherapy, in Practice Private alr&FacsGop LLC Group, Francis & Taylor OEEC SCOOY N THEIR AND PSYCHOLOGY, COHERENCE ERDNMCSUBSTRATES NEURODYNAMIC 02125 2007 20:201–245, , RA TOOMEY BRIAN RC ECKER BRUCE ense,USA Tennessee, 201 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 oi nfiaino h hsooia eutoimta dominates the that reductionism both physiological the in of his- unification an operate toric represent domains—would they phenomenological how and neural of understanding can methods—an method psychotherapeutic given and type a the produce. that of possibly change assessment of neurodynamic becoming is that degree a also in mechanisms attempt It methodology. neural to feasible, clinical the feasible given becoming a delineate is by to recruited It begin are and imaging. to inferred words, brain be other given with cases, a observed many by in even produced can, effects to method neurodynamic developed psychotherapeutic the now where have point neuropsychology the of and knowledge require plasticity Detailed and synaptic pace psychotherapists. rapid by a integration at continued ongoing and since Advances have psychotherapy. science talk on brain impact in centerpiece of that the wave was first and so, science’s do brain of to adulthood, fail largely throughout alone insights conceptual wiring neural foster new and change, and deep effectively engender more well-being. suffering, that psychotherapies alleviate neu- evolving reliably A assist in Indeed, should purpose. field view. change chief the psychological our our of is in understanding efficacy warranted, roscientific in established not breakthrough could the a is psychotherapy than seeking expectation of efficacy That form higher significantly level. no a that achieve mean years ever systems clinicians to different (70 and them 14 researchers equal time many interpret least 2006), of at of (Ecker, and psychotherapy observations deal of therapies) discussed different great first of a efficacy (1936) span Rosenzweig findings since & Minami, Perhaps these 1990). Tierney, Neimeyer, because & Baskin, Berman, sig- e.g., Robinson, al., 2003; modality (see, equiva- Wampold, treatment et therapeutic (structurally placebo tested designed Wampold properly lent) no a and that (see, outperforms appears 2006; verdict nificantly also bird Cooper, It Dodo & 1997). the Barkham, Stiles, Mellor-Clark, as 2002; effectiveness, al., known Twigg, et of Luborsky widely level 1992; Crits-Christoph, affairs modest e.g., of forms same tested state the all a have practitioners, psychotherapy across averaged of as that, evidence 202 civn ioa nesadn fpsychotherapeutic of understanding bifocal a Achieving create can experiences new that 1990s the in discovery The .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 adb noigeprclrsac oietf h shortcomings the stan- identify double to a research imposing of empirical guilty invoking be by to dard but choice no We have a arguments. to face our seem therefore framing We in articles. disadvantage we three built-in for considerable, these that evidence in methods advocate empirical and and no propose concepts or psychotherapeutic widespread little emerging currently the but the psychotherapy, of of limitations forms the regarding evidence provide we model terms. nonpathologizing neural that a in production define model symptom to of this attempt the first knowledge, of the our represents account To and methodology. symptoms neurological the of detailed of range non- phase wide verifiable, every a empirically guides covers an that model production, pathologizing symptom of model years. 80 for neuroscientists impossible by believed of capable conditioning, change emotional synaptic long-term interest of nullifying special type Of potent recognized, change. recently synaptic a for is capacity brain’s effective the particularly of make use of may form that a last therapy, psychotherapy coherence the to constructivist turns in focus our powerfully Then emerged decades. two between has which convergence and centuries, constructivism, remarkable of neural history a the has which of constructivism, psychological examination section, psy- next an the of in with synthesis there begin a We neuroscience. for and paradigm chotherapy compelling and natural of ticularly types specific the induces. it to psychotherapeutic that change attention specific synaptic promising and particular a these of, with for, on methodology, substrates argument subsequent build neurological the neuroscientific to the and the attempt delineating this we by In series, foundations 2004). this al., in et articles Goldapple regions brain e.g., localized (see, with correlate processes to begun psychotherapeutic have certain 2002; studies Initial (Cozolino, 1999). therapy Siegel, for 2003; science Schore, to brain regard- have of is psychotherapists implications authors the among series ing several interest three-article Recently, general unification. this much a attracted in such psychother- aim to of Our contribute holism research. experiential process the apy and sciences natural the oee,w rt tammn hnteei uhempirical much is there when moment a at write we However, coherence its from name its derives therapy Coherence par- a provides constructivism of framework conceptual The osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, 203 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ its discipline, follows: as unitary summarized a be can from tenets far main is Although constructivism 1988a). Mahoney, psychological see for thought 1985; constructivist 1937, of Piaget, history 1995; a 2001; Arciero, Raskin, 1988; & and Neimeyer Miller, through 1979, 1997; Mahoney, Neimeyer, but experience 1955; (Glasersfeld, Kelly, is, and processes 1995; actually know Guidano, it mental we as constructive what world form active, the and perceive shape passively rather contention not the do is we vision constructivist that the to central most Perhaps article. each of section final the verifica- in empirical suggested establishing are for tion dimensions research convergent of several Lines credibility. well has of now and is these define conjecture in we mere paradigm propositions new beyond the bold that Nevertheless, conceptual show of and will new. research We number systematic scrutiny. inviting the a of spirit forward the of in put articles, support to in aim we evidence theoretical, anecdotal observational, rigorous, and less invoking while old, the of 204 htoei o wr fkoigbtmksueo,nevertheless. of, use makes knowings but are knowing are of they aware and These not because is implicit unconscious. one personality, that are therefore conscious knowings and the person’s unattended to a apparent of not majority great discern The accurately things. to person’s of nature not the true world, optimize the experiential to the is in knowings adaptation forming of communication. function through The or passively senses not the individual, by the received by assembled modes, actively are or Knowings media en- verbal–conceptual. somesthetic, different and ergic, kinesthetic, several emotional, in perceptual, including knowings formed all are and Knowings knowing, a self- as constructs. and Every are operates construct. and real a is serves as world or construct takes self of and representation internal inhabits Any of she world or experiential evident. he an that constructs meaning unwittingly person Each scooia n erlConstructivism Neural and Psychological .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 we h ennso h em nwn,cntut memory, construct, knowing, terms the of meanings the tween evscntutv gnscpbeo ihycmlx nonlinear complex, highly of capable agents constructive selves constructivism. psychological with well been aligns has as which paradigm, to is emerging what referred define The and reality. shape as actively experienced to networks individual neural of capabilities and the neurons be regarding to consensus appears a community to functions. neuroscientific converging brain the next, the ex- describe how receives we on reality As findings experiential from shaping corroboration in tensive individual the of role & Ecker 2003; (Ecker, fear her of 2000b). both Hulley, intensity in the reduction and radical frequency she control. and the awareness, lasting her day-to-day a under experienced into suffering immediately quota knowings required that these the met integrating of Upon panic form home would by the drove family universe husband regularly kept her her and tormented the as Being if crash suffering, car work. that a of from as belief quota such disaster, implicit a weekly potent deliver its did a why. meet she idea held, that didn’t no she knowings had experienced know and and years, not accessed for she two therapy or physiolog- In day intense every with symptoms, complete of ical attacks, panic descriptions intense mechanistic suffered to contrast sharp behavior. and in psychology human is know- This revising experiences and ings. implementing, and retrieving, perceptions storing, forming, to by responding of entirely, perhaps entity. aspects phenomenological different same emphasizing the in psy- of only constructivist differ in terms used These as chology. representation, and schema, model, Ĺ Ĺ h odn,rtivn,aduigo nwns(xlctand (explicit memory. knowings of of definition the using is and implicit) retrieving, holding, The osrcs(nwns r revisable. are (knowings) Constructs nw htoekosthem. knows one one that consciously; recognized knows are that those are knowings Explicit hr sacoerltosi,breigo yoyiy be- synonymity, on bordering relationship, close a is There hr smc vdneta niiulnuosaethem- are neurons individual that evidence much is There active the on insistence central constructivism’s Psychological had she because therapy for came woman a example, For consists, activity mind’s the viewpoint, constructivist the From erlconstructivism neural osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, Qat enwk,1997), Sejnowsky, & (Quartz 205 1 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 fteidvda sfrial vna h ee ftesingle the of level the at even formidable is neuron. individual activity the experience-shaping Segev, constructive, of & the (Koch Thus today” 1176). p. designer 2000, circuit electronic the to available mgr n eoy”Tehmnbancnan 10 contains brain human action, The into memory.” these and translate and imagery receptor periphery organism’s sensory the opera- from at information many arrays meaningful out extract carry p. that “neurons (2000, tions individual Segev how and described Koch 1171) example, For processing. information 206 nissnpi configuration. changes synaptic extensive its with capable conditions in and new adaptive 2000, to highly (Scott, promptly is responding switch” of neuron single each a Furthermore, than 72). more chip p. it circuit making integrated logical regions, an perform branching like “can dendritic directly neuron its information single at A computations to receives neurons. 1,000 it other has 1,000 which typically from functionality through neuron varying A synapses widely 1). 10,000 Figure with are (see neurons There morphology of millimeter. and and types 0.25 long of millimeter extending hundreds a typically about axon dendrites an many with each neurons, 70,000 n 10 and nsot idvda neurons “individual short, In 14 yass ui ilmtro ri otisabout contains brain of millimeter cubic A synapses. IUE1 FIGURE .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. opooyars erntype. neuron across Morphology ... wr h ici elements circuit the dwarf 11 neurons Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 l f n anhrsosst,hgl pcfi aeso personal of facets specific highly to, responses launch and of, level. els neural the the on on well identify as apparent constructivists strikingly shaping that is active level meaning subjective The selective. and highly experience responsive- rendered way, of Neural that inputs. in certain between is, suppressing for ness actively except information inhibitory, firing of neuron’s be the to passage tend the “lateral” neurons or neighboring modify local that that The to neurons. connections inputs A neighboring synaptic other, 2004). (see, by from Kandel, detail determined neuron is & in field Hawkins, mapped receptive Streater, neuron’s been Agnihotri, fields have Kentros receptive neurons The e.g., individual frequencies. visual sound entire some could of the it of range neurons, of auditory particular For patch a color. or small be shape For a particular responds. a be or neurons, might field of this group or neurons, neuron, visual to a neurons which of to groups qualities and neurons individual aspecific of attuning the in in points all at information the process. this interpret brain extensive, and the construct through by actively held produced structures but inevitably Knowledge perceived, interpretation. rendition thing unwitting the personal of a reality raw is the represent and computers.) capture digital in 0] or [1 bit single information, a of to unit analogous fundamental process that a neuron a A “spikes”—transmits decoding. fires—or through and coding rendition of description which coded mathematical memory, a a as of of known reconstruction use anticipate. the and to retrieval is is learned brain the has The it involves expect. what to stimulus, Recognition what recognize original knowing to the for attempting brain of always the rendition by edited used is highly information and a words, is other memory In 11). in to responses (p. predict stimuli” and to properties [subsequent] attempt internal that other connection models of their “construct to variety adjust order wide in then a undif- and from an sources inputs receive perceptual of neurons range encoding,” “neural ferentiated termed process a ieteiec o h blt fsnl ern ofr mod- form to neurons single of ability the for evidence Direct apparent particularly is brain the of activity constructive The not does construct personal or perception a Therefore, in that explained (2001) Abbott and Dayan Neuroscientists erldecoding neural eetv field. receptive osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, eetv edi h e fstimulus of set the is field receptive A SeDynadAbt 20]fra for [2001] Abbott and Dayan (See . 207 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 u o ievra hsalw h rtntokt eetor select to network first the allows second, This the to versa. signal vice can first not the superordinate but when hierarchical, a another in to is network, relationship neural a or neuron, A only.” events of range is finite construct a of “a anticipation that the states this for which convenient incorporates corollary,” The “range (1955) man. its Kelly depressed in selectivity of a of psychology presence features. construct the screened-for personal for the screens contain everyone not all Not do to unresponsive that simply inputs are perceptual recep- constructs, as Moreover, personal (such like acquiescing). response fields, or tive adaptive anger, strategic, showing detection in a helpful, expectations to the being and turn, link (models in knowings then and, specific memory) power), to in feature that man someone of depressed from a current of criticism presence of or the features constructs. as specific (such personal highly experience of perceptual for operation select and constructs formation Personal the in cruited rather Hz 442 at Hz. played 440 subtle A-note than middle perceive a musician correcting can a and as neurons detecting such sensitivity, of exquisite with networks differences or such features by receptive The created connections. fields dynamic heterarchical a and through hierarchical another of one web with interact which and networks, connect by neural turn form In- in greatly to networks. synaptically magnified integrated link is neurons tightly dividual in reality together as functioning appear neurons then that perceptions responds neuron a auditory an as 1993). which such Lepan, to & experience, pitch Javid, (Weinberger, new specific of to the field response in emotion. receptive shift in particular the neuron a modify individual or can an women network angry neural as the Moreover, such a classes, of selectively hundreds larger and name to reliably to written responded exposed neurons the when Other images. fire even other to of and failed image but the celebrity, Koch, particular to consistently Kreiman, response that Reddy, neurons in single Quiroga, fired observed They by (2005). Fried reported and recently was life 208 h omn fnua eetv ed sudutdyre- undoubtedly is fields receptive neural of forming The the select actively to neurons individual of capacities The irrh n osrcini erlNetworks Neural in Construction and Hierarchy .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 oeprec,t a rae xetta a enbelieved been had than extent greater far phrase a The previously. response to in it” experience, constructively, confronting occurs to to experience domain devoted of subregions problem domains specialized the certain of formation of Cortical nature 537). cortex the (p. the by of built properties domain-specific are representational of the free that Instead, largely emphasized is structure. touch (1997) cortex to cerebral Sejnowski cortical reallocated developing and “the that be Quartz can persons. example, vision blind for in subserve re- revealed, usually that 1990s brain and regions the forms Developmental brain through process. the search way constructivistic experience- the significantly a dependent, itself but is reality, networks neural those of organizes modeling and ing integrated brain. then the and within vi- modularly her processed and are or domains auditory, These his the motor-kinesthetic, sual. including of emotional, perceiving, composite social, and a knowing cognitive, is of of world subdomains indi- of the an collection models of 2004, that a model (Adolphs, shows overall world” maintained, as vidual’s the Adolphs mind Neuroscience, of 121). “the model p. a viewing construct by that processes input” knowledge generate sensory we “how neuroscientist, from understand social can of representation we a this that representation Adolphs, adjusts maintained and a Likewise world experience.” constructs the through of individual structure metatheory “the causal constructivist the that, corroborated noting 1412) in p. (1999, Squire corresponding the of structure hierarchies. neural the next regarding could implications The which have constructs, 1987). personal of the 1982b, of self-organization model 1991, hierarchical phenomenological 1982a, detailed 1988b, more a 1977, describes 1988a, section Weimer, Mahoney, 1995b; 1978; 1995a, morphogenic 1952, “nuclear (Hayek, and constructivist processes” by structure” ordering modeled “core hierarchies as aspect construct authors physiological personal the the presumably of hierarchies are Such networks 1986). operates neural actively McClelland, network among & subordinate thus Rumelheart the second, 1998; which (Baev, the in context reaching the content forming incoming the filter o nyaenua ewrscntutvs nterorganiz- their in constructivist networks neural are only Not and Roberts, Landis, Bloom, Zigmond, Neuroscientists osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, erlconstructivism neural eoe hsmultilevel this denotes 209 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 p,icuigtoeo ade n rne 17) Bateson (1979), Grinder and Bandler psychother- of on writings those of range including wide apy, a in implicitly, or explicitly pathology. or “disorder” a not existing world, person’s and the self of client’s of expression constructions actu- a orderly cogent, is that sensible, symptom a maintains ally presenting which out-of-control 2000b), irrational, 2000a, seemingly 1996, Hulley, & oeec scooya h rnil of principle the as psychology coherence knowings. coherent specific, of enactment as and framework activation this an in therapy understood a forming, particular, are symptoms In the presenting knowings. client’s of coherent of consists revising system and using, brain–mind–body the of activity this of article next the in in continues and series. therapy methods section and next concepts the coherence these in of begins view of neural representa- The example. short, overview case a tive with an terms, provides phenomenological–experiential section This long-term synapse in memory. responses emotional of conditioned understood type depotentiate can discovered currently that newly as change the change including for neuroscience, capacities by brain’s the effective of exceptionally use makes propose, constructivist will of we modality Toomey, that, particular & psychotherapy a (Ecker of article account second an entire provide the 2007) and article first this remainder The of psychotherapy. in operationalized be can standing the with in concur constructivists. individual fully psychological experienced the of and tenets of perceived role is active what shaping the Neuro- about terms. conclusions constructivist scientists’ in described suitably are functioning so doing for particular 1999). uses its Quartz, it see both architecture review, neural a assembling the (for actively and reality in of brain models the of plasticity 210 ocp fchrnei nonee nvrigdegrees, varying in encountered is coherence of concept A h l-evsv prto fkoig sfruae in formulated is knowings of operation all-pervasive The all that view the of elaboration an is therapy Coherence under- constructivist a how of question the to next turn We mental of levels psychological and neural the both Thus, enn etrso oeec Therapy Coherence of Features Defining n oeec Psychology Coherence and .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. ypo coherence symptom 2 (Ecker Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 b ahsmtmrqiigcntuto scgn— sensible, cogent—a is construction symptom-requiring Each (b) olw yEkradHle 19,20a 2004): 2000a, (1996, Hulley and Ecker by follows entire and the explicit fully informing is and coherence methodology. guiding of principle operationalized, a home the rigorously that coherence is the about is unique psychology, Coherence is therapy What therapy. constructivist others. coherence of among of paradigm (1974), concept Watzlawick, Fisch and fundamental (1948), Ma- and Sullivan (1967), (1995), Weakland (1999), Laing Schwartz Rosenberg (1972), (1996), (2001), Imber-Black Satir and Kegan Papp (1964), (1991), Freud honey (1980), Jung Enright 1923), (2002), Dodes (1916, (1982), Dell 1972), (1951, inlngeti hlho) ohfntoa n functionless and functional Both childhood). depression in as emo- suffering (such neglect over blow tional despair unresolved ongoing an unconscious, by in from as or oneself resulting (such safe) isolating an feel from responses to resulting being byproduct order unconscious of a adaptive, is one sense that own by depression the either person’s caused in the coherently necessary of byproduct, are or result, yet symptoms inevitable function, Other anger). no that expressing have depression and as feeling (such neces- function against are crucial protects a symptoms have in Some they “necessary.” ways because sary be different and can qualitatively symptoms symptoms are of which there range example, wide a For for problems. relevant proves and versatility a esnpoue atclrsmtmbcue despite because, symptom particular a produces person A (a) c h esncae rdcn h ypo sso sthere as soon as symptom the producing ceases person The (c) o sncsay ihn te ypo-tpigmeasures symptom-stopping other no symp- needed. with the necessary, which in is reality of tom construction any exists longer no car- still is present. the and in experiences applied earlier and formed ried to was response that in schema adaptively well-defined well-knit, nonverbal, meaningful, unconscious, one least reality. of at construction potent to emotionally compellingly according is have, symptom the to entails, it suffering the h rgai ento fsmtmchrnewsgvnas given was coherence symptom of definition pragmatic The hsseigysml oe ly u lnclywt great with clinically out plays model simple seemingly This osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, necessary 211 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 n uly(04 .3,adesn ries comment: Ecker trainees, addressing difference, 3), p. (2004, paradigmatic Hulley symptom and the of Underscoring models pathologizing production. prevailing, field’s therapy the ypo,i re ocryotayproeta ti aal of capable is it clinical that of purpose any kind out any carry forming. of including to order any states, in or produce symptom, conditions purposefully follows: possible can as its functioning, system mental brain-mind-body of principle The heuristic a as (2004) generating in behavior. agency symptom. their a the and into of clients experience experience ushering noninterpretive on direct, shaping focused centrally profound is in therapy having Coherence as agency self in the unrecognized squarely safety of is if view of production constructivist how symptom the violations (2) with of suffered accord or model having well-being; This or well-being. to or safety responds for individual strategies aware- out the conscious without carry strives, to individual ness, the how 2000b, (1) either Hulley, by & Ecker be see to examples, material, 2003). own detailed person’s (for the coherent to according prove, symptoms 212 n upssta eestt aigtesmtm and symptom; the having necessitate that purposes themes, defective, knowings, and compelling negative, well-defined, but senseless, nonverbal scious, entirely something unwanted; and symptom, involuntary, as the the against it to stance viewing conscious refers initial, client’s vignette reported the Their denote therapy (2003). coherence Bridges of client’s and example Neimeyer case by following the in lasi oto fpouigtesmtmkoigwyadwe to it. when produce and to not why when symptom—knowing and the it coherent, producing produce always is of psyche out control client’s carry in The to purposes. always in states possible also myriad possible its but myriad reality, of its any personal of constructing one active in any nimble, only manifesting the purposefully not grasp psyche you the until of methodology genius this grasp fully won’t You This Hulley and Ecker by defined also was coherence Symptom words, other in produced, coherently is symptom given Any h hrpui s fsmtmchrnei illustrated is coherence symptom of use therapeutic The niypo position antisymptom rnil fgnrlcoherence general of principle .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. haeue nchrneteayto therapy coherence in used phrase a , rsmtmposition prosymptom s fcus,qiefrinto foreign quite course, of is, h ntal uncon- initially the , the Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 01.A l ftecs xmlsso,temtoooyof methodology case. each the in detection show, coherence phenomenological symptom examples of a confirmation case about and brings the Raskin, therapy of & 2003; coherence Neimeyer all Ecker, 2002b; As 2002a, of (e.g., 2000a, 2001). cases elsewhere 1996, the Hulley, challenging available & delineate and Ecker serve are to complex therapy to repeatedly that more coherence phenomenology use is Clinically the will example and prompts. methodology we it case the that of this features model main of clear purpose a as The position. symptom tom the of truth emotional hrps se e to “embarrassed” her an asked word with therapist the and voiced silence she prolonged face, a her repetition after on hesitantly. upon then look then and confused symptom, “happy,” almost the stem, without the “great” of feel would she that tmsvrltmsaodwt h rttigta aet e id I I “If feel mind: I’d her husband, to my came with that sex thing having sentence first like a the to complete with were to aloud her times asked several therapist stem problem—the position. the of antisymptom her root although the of of the much, represented dimension means sexual very that a the sex view As enjoy have conscious to cold to wanted a this truly like marriage, felt for she didn’t that always explanation just reported only had she she Her that she sexually. several was husband respects, situation her After other toward clinic. despite in distant that health and stating closeness SKB), mental (by emotional individually community seen their be a to asked in Carol daughter, sessions, 11-year-old therapy her brought to initially s, Dana, mid-30 her in woman a Carol, ntesm a.A h n ftepwru eso,teteaitwrote therapist the session, powerful the of end the Dana, At daughter, way. own her same mortifying the being risking meant in to subjectively closer husband and mother, her she her with feelings, like sex associated enjoying and that memories realized of also series this Discussing good point. father “beautiful very Carol’s this about told them only told not and she friends that news.” being several mother pleased from called her Far so also when masturbating. but was Carol old her hands, mother years found her 15 her and in about angry, bathroom head was the her she into and when walked crossed time legs a her recalled with then tone, adolescence. her quiet during a another her one In in with origin their behavior had erotic which openly difficulties, parents’ in sexual ushered her that of memories truth of emotional series the a to flashed suddenly Carol enjoying experience, about thinking Franklin even with embarrassed sex feel “I sentence, the complete esn htsewsgtigcoet h r-ypo oiin the position, pro-symptom the to close getting was she that Sensing ao dnie e eiint htotsxa elnsfo that from feelings sexual out shut to decision her identified Carol osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, aia inquiry radical ... on o ahrta nelculzn bu her about intellectualizing than rather so, Doing ” tyi htebrasdstate embarrassed that in stay s-aldbcueo t nett e to get to intent its of because —so-called hc ssnnmu ihprosymp- with synonymous is which , iaisadd n to and added] [italics ”Crlfis stated first Carol .” 213 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 a ena nesl eunn,hrfleprec.Sethen She experience. harmful repugnant, intensely sexuality life, an her been in how, unmis- had of emerged truth the emotional symptom the Then pow- this including deformation. takably, was of and necessity she deficiency coherent which personal underlying, over of something kind a as erless, sex marital of avoidance funda- to awakening This methodology. avoiding justice. for or strategy the well-being mental personal produces having specific purposefully or some he harm of or part she as that symptom plainly client As becomes the suffering. it to even-worse conscious, apparent becomes the position avoid prosymptom to emo- the is order symptom in the having necessary so tionally and suffering, worse even an position—to entail prosymptom person’s the unconsciously—in pected, 214 eso oeec hrp nsc ae eel ht lhuhhav- sufferings, although entails that, symptom reveals pro- the cases The ing such previously. in therapy noted coherence as of function, cess a having be therefore out as may carrying characterized symptoms of Such means purpose. unconscious person’s specific, the a be to proves symptom senting n iwso otmc fispwr emtigtecin orelin- to client 2003, the Bridges, & permitting (Neimeyer power, reality. prevail- its emotional as 291) governing previously of p. held her the much experience Once as it lost husband. position, freeing quish her soon unconscious her a with view understand was than relationship it ing mother’s to rather her knew her way conscious for she not also new a although and and a and her own finding for week, her practice, the as and during sexuality time her take to would silly between her almost week The with seem the behavior accurate. in sexual was her day it change a to that twice attempt agreed it husband. other read but no to said with stated Carol sessions, it did and asked aloud mother what then card my sacrifice like the therapist what to read didn’t Dana Carol better marriage, she therapist, to is my the that doing it by hurting risk Prompted because to is me.” contact, to than it sexual intimacy though avoid and even to pleasure So, continue mother. will makes my I husband my like with more pleasure sexual neutrality—“I me experiencing sexual but it, her admit necessitated to for that hate underscore purpose to compelling card a the on Carol statement position prosymptom following the ao ntal xeine e ypo fdsat o and for distaste of symptom her experienced initially Carol o ag rcino hrp let,a o ao,tepre- the Carol, for as clients, therapy of fraction large a For ntenx eso,Crlrpre httesaeetbgnto began statement the that reported Carol session, next the In agency nrlto otesmtmi e ietn nthe in milestone key a is symptom the to relation in .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. not aigtesmtmi ex- is symptom the having Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 esadrcgie e rhspoypo,ipii knowings implicit encoun- prosymptom, client his the or which her in recognizes experiences and proceeds create ters and and coherence posi- design symptom prosymptom to assumes different therapist entirely the have The on do tions. it quite and can with infer depression of anxiety) People or symptoms or as problem. analyze (such or symptoms to of symptom descriptions is, able similar presenting or position be the prosymptom information to of client’s no presume basis the vary not has what also does initially to and as may therapist all therapist the at rule, the hypothesis and a by therapists, As used coherence and widely. techniques in clients across interaction particular significantly therapist–client the the vary the methodology, can that of Within therapy feel cases. both and in look coherence same of the methodology is core symptom-requiring therapy The underlying, revealed. the been has until material therapist models previously the sufferings to (2) ei- known to or by response strategies in necessitated formed adaptive byproduct world own incurred. rather, and a client’s purpose—but self be a the of out to (1) carrying earlier, of ther means described the be as to not is, nosiu rdcino h ypo sbogtt ih,the light, found to be brought may is symptom symptom presenting the of production unconscious truth. nihscncet uheprecs ahr ontv insights cognitive cognitive that Rather, think experiences. not such follow does create and can and interpret The insights experiential insight. not cognitive is does in symptom exercise therapist an the just the real- not of with The phenomenological, encounter built truth disorder. client’s are emotional order the clinical discoveries coherent because revealing Carol’s a therapy of life, coherence be accuracy into of to and areas seemed decisiveness, that ness, important had meaning personal there of of where sense usu- retrieval is new major position a deeper makes prosymptom as their a experienced in of ally emotions making-conscious and The themes layers. core longstanding, have in present. agency the potent in and sexuality purpose shunning clear own her experienced directly hte h ypo sfntoa rfntols sun- is functionless or functional is symptom the Whether schrneteayuflswt oecinsadthe and clients some with unfolds therapy coherence As sCrlsmtra hw,poypo oiin typically positions prosymptom shows, material Carol’s As from ieteprecso ypo-eurn emotional symptom-requiring of experiences direct osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, not ohv function—that a have to 215 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 eree rmipii nwn oepii nwn.Teperson The knowing. fully explicit and to conscious knowing routinely implicit from is retrieved position prosymptom entire the intellectual essence explanatory, as concepts. succinct first-person, than rather in the phrasing integration, vivid written needing emotionally was material prosymptom card the Carol’s which between- of card, On structuring index of tasks. method an in session mainstay of accomplished therapy’s reading the was coherence daily is This the addition, through therapy. In example coherence the daughter. in her optional, mandatory, later, not is experiences sexuality integration and, her between-session and of down herself creation violations shutting sexual protect purposefully of of to memories awareness new new in her her subjectively therapist, words the remain to into it Carol verbalizing putting while having material by discovered newly session the the during ated and therapist’s acceptance profound it. a The of into important embracing likewise world. client an the plays guiding conscious material in this role person’s toward empathy the and installing acceptance in knowings, firmly prosymptom discovered them the of experiences steceto of creation the is positions prosymptom eliciting consciousness. for into adapted or applied technique be experiential discovery any can use that creating to When free is symptom. therapist the the experiences, suf- having specific by a revealing avoided dilemma, fering resulting a into client the bumps without a out carry to completion deprivation sentence of technique the used constructs. personal of constructs universe prosymptom vast specific person’s the the on within in zeroes and locates work of creation way therapy—the other the not is, purpose and around. theme prosymptom time. the first what the for consciously 216 h okatrae ewe icvr n nerto until integration and discovery between alternates work The cre- were integration of experiences initial example, the In h etsaeo h ehdlg fchrnetherapy coherence of methodology the of stage next The example preceding the in therapist the purpose, that For coherence of methodology the of stage main first the is That h ypo hl eiiigasmtmeoigsituation symptom-evoking a revisiting while symptom the Ekr&Hle,19,20a 04,i hc being which in 2004), 2000a, 1996, Hulley, & (Ecker integration .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. discovery xeine,wihaerepeated are which experiences, h hrps ersfo h client the from learns therapist The xeine.Tediscovery The experiences. symptom Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 n ti h hrps’ cieamfrta oocri every in occur to that for progress, aim makes activities active three therapist’s one those the is session. of is session one it successful least and A at invariant. but which is style, in methodology communication of basic of flexibility the repertoire symp- and a know-how, and techniques, detailed clients suitable much requires different course many of across toms success day-to-day Consis- phenomenologically. posi- tent, and experientially prosymptom out of carried tions, transformation and integration, discovery, material. undefended, the to relaxed, relationship a nonavoidant indicate that congruently and indication verbal qualities typical client’s nonverbal the and that distinct provided a occurred, has is transformation This evocable, “silly.” longer no seem seri- are now realness, gravely felt and themes real, that lost prosymptom compellingly have urgent the felt and ous, that previously that session purposes next and the coherence in the the how by In report indicated and is it. client’s transformation to of process degree tailored significant change a is example, transformation that of closely of methodology examine therapy’s will form we built-in 2007) Toomey, & the In (Ecker symptom. article the next produce prosymp- to our need dissolves the eliminating or constructs, changes tom system brain–mind–body client’s of creation stage—the may work. integration persistent Full focused, have. of sessions to several necessary why, require is how, symptom of the truth when emotional and the daily, experiences, directly then saalbet ra ag fteaycin populations. client therapy of range broad a require to so not available and is does insights, cognitive experiential, or skills entirely verbal–analytical well-developed is phenomenological it because Perhaps potent, processes. experience, therapeutically mental but own deep, domain, one’s of any paradoxically, domain in the conceptualizing, in by especially The mediated knowings. not those knowing, to attention directing term through applied of oneself, being experiences knowings by the subjective of having awareness particular, for knowing—in capacity inherent person’s nomenological ecaatrz oeec hrp’ ehdlg as methodology therapy’s coherence characterize We activities—the three those as defined is therapy Coherence final and third the for material the up sets Integration phenomenological eas talsae trle nadue the uses and on relies it stages all at because osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, eest xeine fdrc,immediate direct, of experiences to refers transformation xeine,i hc the which in experiences, phe- 217 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 rul,ada tcmsceryit iwdrn h discovery the the for during crucial is view it therapy, into the coherence clearly all in of process comes integration source it and dreaded as the theory. and in is trouble, counteractive position also prosymptom im- are client’s they counteractively A not are or whether psychotherapies plemented most so counteractive, reflex. active 218 o oiin hl aln otasomthem. transform to prosymp- failing maintains of while status it positions unconscious tom rule split-off, a the exacerbates as counterpro- even because is and therapy, Counteracting coherence Carol. of within example ductive case the in worth steps of evidence work, getting clear at in competent and and take isolating; talented etc.). as to from recognized self-worth friends, themselves by low (loved keep with of client to describe meaning a members do the group they reframing therapy couple; what having relax- situation; adversarial a problem an the up teaching to building skills as communication tools attacks; teaching anxiety and such client; has depressed who a field, in client most hopefulness the a the to in symptom. of technique the ation methods some defeat in include used and position methods prevent widely antisymptom counteractive to client’s of client the the Examples up developing enable build strategy by to counteractive to or order This attempt symptom it. coun- an the managing is directly for of resources to rid and get designed skills and methods override, with teract, either therapeutic symptom, greater the significantly coherence deliver. the can of methods that counteractive reasons capable than effectiveness our grounds, is contains neurological at press) methodology on in explicate The predicting, Ecker, articles. will & for two (Toomey following we the article that and third the this reasons throughout replace points fundamental many two to for the mutually or because exclusive, counteractive—are therapy symptom of and therapy Coherence methods strategies—coherence-focused the behavior. counteractive or prevent client all state excludes the preferred to a to with attempt across symptom comes an never as it is, noncounteractive—that otpol,icuigteait,hv powerful a have therapists, including people, Most counteractive symptom-opposing, any of absence the Note against together work client and therapist therapies, most In inherently is methodology coherence-focused This nadto,tepealn etlt ntefil is field the in mentality prevailing the addition, In .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. counter- Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 necpuae e fipii nwnswih iealimplicit all like is which, position knowings implicit au- prosymptom of active, A set encapsulated subpersonality. an an or as “part” functioning tonomous (knowings) constructs phrase requiring the introduced (1996) sition Hulley and Ecker that transforming symptom about from bring to and results done cessation. else revealed that nothing with material cessation material, specific symptom psychological client each the the with symptom- in of material, the words, own content in other support client’s requiring In empirical the receives terms. material. in coherence own client’s symptom and its the from an in or evident not understood is manifestly client coherence is the Symptom It each on above. with imposed example naturally the interpretation in occurs and as coherence demonstration client, symptom phenomenological of a verification out, carried properly Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ 2005): Ecker, 2004; Hulley, & (Ecker way this session. by session is, it as experiencing just keep it to client embracing the and guide counteractive instead her and or it, his against following reflex from entirely desist to therapist u r o bet hnea nosiu oiinta hydo they having, that have. position experience they unconscious they know an change not position to able a not change are but to able symptom-requiring are People her or his that position. symptom, position the per- the emotional ing the the of embrace having and truth first verbalize inhabit, from experience, stems son cessation symptom Efficient control symptom, have the actually having an against not merely does position make symptom—a that to the position of tries a person the from when change blocked the is symptom a of Change sntdpeiul,i h oreo oeec therapy coherence of course the in previously, noted As oeec hrp’ oe fcag a esme pin up summed be can change of model therapy’s Coherence anti odnt oueo ikd nosiu,symptom- unconscious, linked, of module a denote to ersineadteEitneo Unconscious, of Existence the and Neuroscience ypo position. symptom osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, ypo-eurn Constructs Symptom-Requiring does aecnrloe produc- over control have rsmtmpo- prosymptom pro symptom 219 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ nonverbal Ĺ linked, consciously: hierarchically experienced and follows of explicit as rendered verbalized being set after be could a that knowings of constructs—implicit consisted above conscious, of recall, or knowing of thought consists conscious yet without entirely operates knowings, 220 it—a otedlmata rdcstepeetn ypo.Within symptom. presenting the responding produces of that way particular dilemma that the response, to manifested justice. or that well-being, safety, is for It behave, situation to this necessary in is think it and/or how feel, and how works, dilemma dilemma, or existential situation or a that situation of problematic knowledge of living type urgent, specific knows—emotionally one know not aietto,o rtodr mlmnainlconstruction.) noticed implementational first-order, consciously or sex- concrete, manifestation, symptom—a Franklin’s (The toward overtures. an demeanor ual behaviorally, chilly feelings; distant, sexual unresponsive, of or suppressing situation, the concrete our Internally, the violate to and construction.) me. situational applied Mom to second-order, did frame like that Mom unconscious become enjoy like (An her, myself don’t mortifying let I privacy, not sexual that must daughter’s so I when him, situation is with this now in here so play Franklin, (An into with coming Mom. be) could (or like carrying construction.) is teleological for Sexuality people third-order, strategy or sexually sex-loving purpose, broad mortified ever, that a by out and and Mom, or purpose exposed like global Mom be unconscious, mortifier by cannot sexual I again sexual a that ever pleasurable so not having also I’m and and sex that enjoying so avoid feelings, to privacy. got sexual I’ve ontological for fourth-order, or need morti- reality, their construction.) of lives, to model sex blind unconscious children’s being (An my and reveal them; socially fying being to children sexual own eager showing my watch sexual; her—openly to wanting like family; the be to behaviors me make would sexuality Mom’ssexualityishowsexualityis,sotoenjoyandallowmyown ao’ rsmtmpsto ntecs example case the in position prosymptom Carol’s rsmtmpsto ossso nwnsta n does one that knowings of consists position prosymptom A procedural explicit nwn a itntfo the from distinct (as knowing knowings). what .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. orsodt and to respond to declarative how orsodto respond to character Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 ntr rsstepeetn ypo ipeettoa or (implementational symptom presenting the construction). first-order manifested, arises concrete which the turn from to construction), applied in gives second-order frame or turn or (situational attributed in situation meaning which the to construction), strategy rise third-order and purpose or broad is a to (teleological construction) rise fourth-order gives or and of superordinate (ontological model most A reality hierarchy: of universal aspect this an of form verbalized Carol’s the of constructs shows always above of list constructs types are The four 2000b). yet 1996, of Hulley, hierarchy & content, invariant (Ecker an possible in their exist to to found and respect with theme unlimited distressed solving. of emotionally part was the symptom of the that resolution dilemma existential as cessation well symptom in as results transformation contrary is This constructs possible. with prosymptom readily the conscious contact of transformation the direct a has into Then allowing knowings. problem. constructs and it, of or produces, deinsulates capsule that symptom personality this part presenting of this integration distinct the is The a producing, It be over herself. to or control it him- feels of usually “part” position prosymptom a are perience that knowings decades, contrary across of form nuanced. and original formation mature its later more in the persists by formed it unaltered was yet constructs prosymptom childhood, of in module cases client’s most In the therapy reality. subjective a unchang- from particular person—an a insulated of the tableau by constructs, timeless held ing, knowings of other capsule all of sealed influence a as functions feeling. a purpose such passionate in underlying, herself own positioning her for of marital awareness toward no aloof with and sex cold feeling begin would For personality. it Carol conscious example, response the situation of preestablished awareness the the its outside completely implements of prosymp- powerfully activated part position An example). tom some our in sexuality match (marital models perceptions current the any self-in-situation, of have. to model necessary coherently is well-defined symptom presenting yet nonverbal this h opnn osrcso rsmtmpstosare positions prosymptom of constructs component The ex- subjectively consciously, to begins who client therapy A position prosymptom unconscious an Phenomenologically, when activates fully and unfailingly position prosymptom A osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, 221 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 222 ob nlddi n xlnto fbhvo.G behavior. “Behaviourism of commented, explanation 41) ought any p. responses in motor included and only be and consciousness to stimuli that of sensory insisting external notions psychology, observable, academic all from expunge aggressively English, unconsciousness to sought & movement successfully (English behaviorist and deplore” to powerful may The linked he 1958). closely theories suggesting with risks are therefore term agreement the ‘unconscious’] of user [of stated, Any theories. psychology debatable meanings of G dictionary all authoritative see “nearly review, an a 1958, unscien- In (for untestable, 1995). unnecessary within inferential, conceptually quarters and being influential tific as criticized, quite psychology were con- from academic unconscious both rejected of and psychological concepts disdained, the the and century, sciousness twentieth the Throughout knowings. unconscious and functioning mental unconscious of neu- by research. garnered neurodynamic knowledge and ropsychological the in corroboration find described ieyrcgie:Tebanfrs od,adapisknowings applies and holds, forms, now brain is The know implicitly recognized: they widely what of much knowing consciously not neurosciences. affective and se- cognitive longer the no within awareness—is disputed of riously coherent outside fully the and responses call knowledge, purposeful we astute processes, what and, mental of unconscious—complex obsolete existence The unconscious regrettable. against the indeed, arguments and rendered consciousness now has investigating research empirical of body controlled, on psychoanalytic focus the not banishment, research. did of empirical which academic property schools, this the psychodynamic of and became result scientific “unconscious” a serious As the in study. reemerged recently and consciousness Only discussion of world.” ‘introspec- subject Anglo-American and the the of ‘consciousness’ has face words the from the tion’ remove to managed is n otfnaetli h atro h eyexistence very the of matter the is fundamental most and First just positions prosymptom of features distinctive the of All h rnia erlgclrao htpol r aal of capable are people that reason neurological principal The ever-growing and massive A however. turned, has tide The h ial neibeUnconscious Undeniable Finally The .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. ... o vrhl century a half over for zlee(1995, uzeldere ¨ uzeldere, ¨ ... Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 iato aigseickoig,i ucino h neocortex, layer. the cog- outer of explicitly function cortex’s is a is “I” the knowings, or specific knower having of the nizant which in awareness. knowing, conscious per- implicit Conscious of and outside use completely retrieval, knowings systems of storage, is three formance learning, which All memory—the underneath 1990). and (MacLean, knowing lobe), stem temporal brain system medial the limbic the the encases termed which (also cortex, cerebral the systems: ical eoysseso ifrn ye nteban(inr qie & Squire, (Milner, different brain the several & 1998). in words, Kandel, (Rumelhart types different other awareness of in systems conscious are, memory connected in There directly 1986). involved not McClelland, systems are which the of to many con- parallel, operating systems in brain currently, different of number a in (constructs) 05.I diint t eletbihd eta oei fear in amygdala role the central aggression, well-established, and its responses, aversive to the LeDoux, & conditioning, of addition Phelps 2002; reviews In LeDoux, (for see 2005). amygdala, compelling memory the emotionally of implicit valenced, functions long-term, negatively into of range knowings wide a of expressions facial and 2004), al., et (Canli 2002). (Malhi stimuli—words (Adolphs, pictures significant 2004), emotionally response al., of in et range observed based is wide is system a limbic meaningful to knowledge. the and current of to real activation according Increased system, emotionally limbic is the direct, in what principally The re- of 1998). and sense Panksepp, schemas, felt 1990; (models, MacLean, strategies; constructs sponse associated experiences, intense the emotionally including in formed knowledge living the text.) a models discourse, the mental fit of that social words, modification laughter, and emotional humor, generation the name, of and metaphor, first processing one’s the of by and detection reviewed inflection meaning As the vocal for knowledge. dominant of is procedural of hemisphere right related aspects the [2005], other contextual as Schore and well with nonverbal as conjunction process words in that operates regions brain capacity hemisphere. cerebral verbalizing left the (This in neocortex the within module one h ao udvsoso h ri oss ftreanatom- three of consist brain the of subdivisions major The ntelmi ytm h mgaacnrl h encoding the controls amygdala the system, limbic the In stores and creates brain, mammalian or system, limbic The 3 osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, 4 eblkoigi ucino only of function a is knowing Verbal 223 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 frcgie mtoa tml eyrpdy eoeconscious before rapidly, perceptions al. very et to (Whalen stimuli awareness responds emotional amygdala recognized The of that emo- matches. schemas negative any pertinent launches a and are having activates it schemas resem- and and salient component, tional & knowings any brain’s stored for Kroll, the to input in Tooby, blance perceptual involved of Cosmides, centrally monitoring is Stone, incessant amygdala (Adolphs, The 1998; 2002). others Knight, Damasio, of such processing trustworthiness & judgment, the and social Tranel, in and approachability involved 2004) the Tranel, critically as & be (Adolphs to sadness shown of been has also 224 an n laue n om n abr t w ye of types own its harbors and forms and pleasure, danger, and to responses pain, approach/avoidance primal, handles which subjective with and images accuracy brain experience. phenomenological correlating for of needed level as specificity, high a these of with that activation coher- and constructs constructs retrieval of selective methodology unconscious the involves the of therapy that ence because range brain symptoms, wide the clinical in a generate locations activate the and coher- identify during and store help imaging limbic could brain other therapy Rapid of ence indicated. 2004). number is al., a regions of ac- et cortical interaction amygdalar (Goldapple complex in alleviated a changes is Rather, no depression show when not and tivation do amygdala pharmaceuticals the by treatment after implicate and and scans therapy during, cognitive–behavioral Brain before, by well-being. clients for of therapy conditions hopelessness depressed of or permanent needs construed fear-related, con- crucial the not unconscious meeting to are pertain the mood rather dysphoric example, but the for for In responsible depression, aversive. structs of fearfully are types articles. positions three some prosymptom of all series not this However, in others. structures or as knowledge positions self prosymptom “amygdalar” aversive urgent, protecting to refer involve for sometimes therefore and strategies We experiences created and fearful tactics were intense, unconscious they Carol’s, to because as response formations such in amygdalar aversive, primarily are uncon- that are that positions surmise to prosymptom reasonable is scious, it studies, human and animal h hr ri ytmi h ri tmo etla brain, reptilian or stem brain the is system brain third The from amygdala the of knowledge current extensive of light In .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. , 1998). Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 Ĺ selected A Ĺ 1989). Bargh, & Uleman several Hassin, 2004; follows. 2001; in sample Heywood, Bargh, summarized & & Haan, are de Uleman, Gelder, awareness (de of volumes recent outside fully operate proven.” be to rule needs the what is is processing processing unconscious that conscious in me, proven and To be processing conscious. can actually it information is unless that unconsciously it out stated, assume carried 292) is to brain p. best the (1994, probably LeDoux is processing. “[I]t hedonic capacity implicit the to for is compared accomplishment evolutionary control recent a is behavioral 9). of p. (1998, “much processes” brain that unconscious Jaak by asserted elaborated neuroscientist affective who prominent guidance,” and Panksepp, by awareness echoed conscious conclusion of environment a outside the of operate features that by motion and into put mental by are not but that determined choices processes deliberate is and life intentions everyday conscious person’s their a by of “most that state flatly hormonal behaviors stem. the brain physical the in by Habitual controlled component are production. key also coherent memory a narratively of is explicit, stem regulation reverse of brain the encoding The have the memory. intensify block levels greatly and hormones ultra-high effect stress whereas of formation, levels memory enhanced system’s point, Up limbic a 2002). the Roozendaal, to & encoding, (McGaugh hippocampus memory and reaches of amygdala hormones controllers stress station direct relay adrenal principal of the a influence influence being the powerful of which a virtue through has by formation also memory stem on brain The knowings. related cosy(o afscn)we hywr rcddb the con- by preceded shown increased were they an ideographs when half-second) expressed Chinese a Chinese (for for sciously read preference to aesthetic laden unable emotionally Subjects to awareness. responds the conscious without and that cues demonstrating recognizes 1998), system al., been circuits et limbic (Whalen has limbic amygdala subcortical expressions the the of activate facial unconsciously of to shown presentation subliminal The miia nig nmna otnsadpoessthat processes and contents mental on findings Empirical affect conscious for capacity the that stressed (1996) LeDoux 462) p. (1999, Chartrand and Bargh psychologists Social osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, 225 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 Ĺ Ĺ Ĺ 226 99,afcie(ikemn erde ibre,20) and 2005), Wilbarger, 2002), & (Wilson, Berridge, (Winkielman, adaptive affective Etherton, & 1999), Taylor, 1987), (Logan, automatic (Kihlstrom, 1994), (Squire, research procedural cognitive of programs This the relevant behavior. clinically of on overt explosion affect an to and led has skills, complex kinesthetic recognize learn knowings, patterns, complex remember and significance, social generate and emotional perceive, appraise to language, written capacities read unconscious of operation the demonstrate h rma oefeunl hnb admchance. random by than frequently followed more strings which grammar identify the to practice, with able, partic- were syntax, ipants underlying being as the concerning Without XVTHJ information nongrammatical. string any given as the well- XJHPHV con- instance, decipher and for followed to grammatical defined, complex that rules too The much structure sciously. rules grammar hidden but artificial defined from complex generated strings a letter participants showed (1967) & Reber Vroomen, de greater Gelder, subcortical, 2001). and significantly Pourtois, (de distinct, objects channels of accuracy of perceptual operation an position unconscious the with indicating the chance, faces “guess” than experience to on subjective able emotion no are the absolutely yet have vision, cortex of visual as the known to phenomenon a 1978). Lustig, Gillman, In & & (Palumbo Adler OK” Ross, is Silverman, doctor 1984; a “Being con- as such subliminal words, stimuli with trol presented competitive visual subjects a on than the task performance better dart-throwing with show OK,” subliminally is dad “Beating presented subjects percep- Male on behavior. and effects feelings demonstrable tion, in have prominently that positions) figure and prosymptom (which cognition, appraisals conscious than affective rapidly precognitive more af- independently much to, that and prior subse- show of, occurs the studies response affect These and significantly assessment beverage. fective to a able of was consumption faces quent sad or presentation subliminal happy similar of a that and showed Berridge, (2005) Winkielman, Wilbarger 1980). com- (Zajonc, as faces angry smiling to of pared presentation milliseconds) (10 unconscious ae oehr hs n ayohrfidnsempirically findings other many and these together, Taken .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. blindsight ainswt damage with patients , Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 18,p 6—xcl h hnmnlg funconscious, of phenomenology modularity “Brain act” the emphasized: and Gazzaniga positions. 86)—exactly emotion, prosymptom feel p. remember, compute, (1985, “can refers zaniga usu uho i oki hsway: this in work his be of much Gazzaniga to up knowings. sums hemispheres unconscious/implicit specific, two autonomous of the the including operation studies, of Gazzaniga’s in functions apparent had made different disconnection hemispheres, This main the epilepsy. cerebral severe allowed the for left treatment callosum, as and severed been corpus right whose between connection patients Gazzaniga’s were in between subjects The experiments differences hemispheres. left discovered and right brain’s first the which his in research, (1985) Gazzaniga split-brain Michael neuroscientist the cognitive in by established 1980s firmly was knowing-and-responding of modules by and positions formations prosymptom unconscious as Hulley? particular described and Ecker and the detected about processes say neuroscience to does then, what, have question, in and longer knowing no unconscious is processing complex, of existence the that Granted to relationship its progressed and has properties debate and The awareness. scope conscious discussion. its of investigating matter to a longer functioning no mental is unconscious scien- of the existence Within the unconscious. community, the tific of aspects 2005) (Bargh, social eair rmr oetatos Gzaia 95 .4 tlc ours.) italics p.74; 1985, in (Gazzaniga, work actions. one covert more except or All behaviors responses. and moods, actions, ways nonverbal of capable are modules these u cin osse fol hs id feet,teewudbe would all there If events, occurs. of action kinds the these case, before only that known explain of In to is nothing action. consisted behavior we conscious actions behaviors the verbal our all of of if product source matter the the trivial were a in be engaged would behaviors our Interpreting ehns nwihtecncossse spiyt h ore falhso her or his all of sources the to privy is system conscious actions the which in mechanism h aynnebl nosiu oue owihGaz- which to modules unconscious nonverbal, many The h xsec ntebano uooos unconscious autonomous, of brain the in existence The ... 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(1985, basis” h td fptet ihlclzdbandmg lopro- also damage brain localized with patients of study The documented recently more have researchers Neuroimaging ... teognzto ftebanit ag number large a into brain the of organization —the tbcmscerta ouaiyhsara anatomical real a has modularity that clear becomes it .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. ... hog [experimental] Through . aalldistributed parallel Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 neta ae h pcfiiyo ovra nwn strikingly knowing experi- nonverbal his of of specificity account the clear: an makes wrote that Lordat a ence of to recovery, following Upon (loss em- due physiologist, an stroke. aphasia written, French Lordat, of Jacques early-nineteenth-century or by case inent spoken experienced a damage) words, brain reported localized understanding who for 47), capacity p. (2005, Sachs faculty. verbal–conceptual the know- of of only definiteness property if the as is bias, ing neocortex-centric something rationalist, be to a proves of “blurry” meaning 1995; necessarily “nonverbal” as (Guidano “tacit” regard and knowing to However, decisive 1982b). Weimer, clear, 1991; to Mahoney, emotionally susceptible higher-order, fuzzy not inherently are and tacit, rules” ordering “abstract that and particular constructs laden assertions in many literature and blurry psychology contains inherently constructivist is The material indistinct. nonverbal unconscious, makes that is it definite. most woman; and present or already was man that invisible form a an apparent on visible, put clothing to is well-tailored construction unconscious previously verbalize To a satisfying. adequately wording, and suitable recognized a immediately of is fit found, the true once the and of as by, person—just sensed misattunement the immediately to, subtle is disturbing meaning a obser- felt the even frequent from that the verbalization the therapy in of apparent during to specificity especially vation according inherent is accurately The constructs and them. implicit richly experiencing expressed them person being capture the to that amenable well- readily in words experienced are in directly fully also a be but rendered of to detail, are available purposes defined only and constructs not themes the are emotional lifetime of unconscious details The finer explicit. verbalizations the and em- experiences which therapists creating & in coherence of (Ecker of necessity therapy the training coherence phasizes The of 2000b). course 1996, routinely normal Hulley, and the readily is in hierarchy, construct apparent their non- of levels the at four of positions, all specificity prosymptom forming The constructs Carol. unconscious of verbal, example our positions, in prosymptom illustrated characterize as to found is function and edge ro otecnrr oe lofo erlgs Oliver neurologist from also comes contrary the to Proof clinicians depth-oriented most by held view the contrast, In knowl- of well-definedness and specificity of degree same The osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, 229 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 230 osrciitpicpeta nidvda’ ai,nonlinguistic, the tacit, confirms individual’s constructs an retrieval. of that of accurate principle detail mapping constructivist their empirical rich and accurate, the Such constructs illustrate personal constructs unconscious of hierarchy four-level could I and that.” might thing, trigger he smallest would because the what over tell him moment never around any tense at again and me scared beat always verbalized soon was metaphor, “I his by as, concrete at the hinted say, to experience attend His might of to eggshells.” prompted specifics on therapy is he walking in if always greatly was benefits man I therapy a guess I distance example, father, my a For “Around maintain material. to edgy serve also im- from encounter can instead direct meaning, of potent, well-defined and a use with about meaning work therapeutic bring help The felt not can which generalizations. of metaphor, do or specificity often interpretations actual therapists pose the elusive, elicit and to blurry Jordan, meaning inherently & emotional unconscious Thomson is that 2001; Neimeyer believe Raskin, they 2000; Because & 2002). Neimeyer, 2000a, Neimeyer 2001; 2003; 1996, exam- Bridges, Hulley, Jordan, case & & published & of Ecker many Martignetti part 2005; the 2002b; 2003, are as (Ecker, effective can illustrate and therapy and ples material coherence accurate the that as phenomenology be into process built native the are specificity because definiteness is It unattended. and being unconscious of because are but meanings tacit, and and knowings that blurriness intrinsic elz htteinrwrig ftemn ol ipnewt words. with . health dispense could good mind enjoyed the of I workings when inner as the that same realize the was ideas, caused . Thinking abstract whatever loved. I difficulty studies no the and me work life my myself within discuss ettesm see.Ti etlioainImnin ysdes my sadness, . my weakened were many mention, capacities led intellectual to, I my rise that gave isolation believe it mental to which stupidity This of appearance ever. the as and impediment same the felt I h onsIhadqikyeog ogaptermaig. meaning their grasp to understanding enough of quickly incapable heard me I made sounds speaking the from the ideas. me recall of prevented communication longer the that no for could coordinated be I to for ... had useless, that they Those nearly which grasp. in be my way to eluded words proved few remain a did but all hours twenty-four Within h aeeapeo ao n u ecito fher of description our and Carol of example case The any of because not is it constructs, personal of realm the In a olne bet rs h da fohr,frtevr amnesia very the for others, of ideas the grasp to able longer no was I .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. ... ymmr o at,picpe,dogmas, principles, facts, for memory My ... 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Inwardly, Ihadto Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 oeec scooymdl(av 97 ihnam 2004; Eichenbaum, the corroborate 1997; 1986): McClelland, brain (Baev, & the Rumelhart model in psychology operates memory coherence addressable” how well-established of four, “content following features The the networks. neural exemplifies of character position prosymptom a suffering. the of memory still the to added and self-protective she anticipatory, that concrete, suffering of more tactics the that attributions specific as the well the to as and by meaning modeling response but the high-order se, by in abstract, per not used—the girl formed a present she as the suffered constructs in she what caused symptoms of Carol’s were memory constructs. sexuality higher-order suppressed denotes in of means specificity no by of 1978) (Hayek, lack However, abstract” the 1988b). of Mahoney, and “primacy 1995; this (Guidano, shape without them behaviors in constructs) and appearing feelings, (higher-order thoughts, overt conscious, rules dictate ordering abstract 4. 3. 2. 1. ino niioysnpe n eetv edformation. not field receptive opera- but Hierarchy. and the similar, synapses through inhibitory by achieved of recallable is tion and be situations, to novel minute them identical, the not allows perceived, This is what details. of nature abstracted or form component. one any Abstraction. approximate or match percepts rent response. of or Modularity consciously current launched, meaning if responses and can unconsciously. Only them schemas on. to or attributed so meanings templates be happens; and these Y percepts; match then to perceptions happens, attributed expected X is values if it how or as and such world the operate, of aspect to specific a of model a formation. Schema nce,tioe oacutfrtedtist rae rlesser or greater a response to of details extent. the type deter- for the it account and to that experience tailored in enacted, in an governs of hierarchy meaning side the the abstract this mines the to through but features directions, flows both abstract Information and from detailed. general spectrum most a essentialized, along most information, the of layers of architecture h ociaino h eea opnn osrcsof constructs component several the of coactivation The nwns(osrcs r edi eoyi an in memory in held are (constructs) Knowings cea oss otcnrlyo h essentialized the of centrally most consist Schemas osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, eoyi trdmdlryadcomprises and modularly stored is memory A hl cea r ciae hncur- when activated are schemas Whole 231 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 232 I’ o ie r Ijs o’ ellk oigi”(Gazzaniga, it” moving like feel replied, don’t patients just it, “I move or, not could mine” they not why “It’s and asked When arm body. the the to fact attached about the limb result, immobile for area a an account was the As to there damaged. explanations that precisely been invented case simply has brain this this left signal in the would but that paralysis, verbal brain the as the of inability limb Normally for the account arm. move would own brain to left their the in as module arm sense-making recognize left to them paralyzed for impossible their it made that state cortex parietal felt right a is processes.” [conscious] have there cortical not why to do module state access to emotional neural verbal as the direct triggering the theory systems action. brain too a the physical construct since here a “to that than in 224) stepped rather (p. state reported emotional Gazzaniga an was induced go to wanted ‘I Coke.’” action: not a the was get for started walk reason word a and [where created the brain quickly up where left presented] and the “got processed this, primarily patient did is he the why language left asked response hemisphere was the left he In When the to it. walking. in only of module shown verbal unaware conscious, being was the by that brain, so patient’s eye, split-brain a word of the 149) p. which (2005, experiment in an described He phenomenology. exactly studied explain this experiments to split-brain and Gazzaniga’s memory notions of Some explicit invokes them. it neocortical responses, from our available of narratives positions) many prosymptom so to as determine privy (such that not knowings is implicit module coherent, verbal–conscious the the Because, found, making. Gazzaniga sense single as and The of reasoning source itself. conceptual the conscious, is in neocortex, our hemisphere’s consideration left of the in worthy module, verbal matter a is duction prompting psychotherapists. stop, from cannot help seek people to unwanted that them consciously behaviors generating and schemas experiences unconscious the of positions are all Prosymptom than schemas. different reality-modeling no other brain’s fundamentally the being as seen are positions azng losuidsrk ainswt aaet the to damage with patients stroke studied also Gazzaniga unconsciously response the experiment, this of variation a In pro- symptom to personality conscious the of response The prosymptom properties, four these of context the in Viewed walk .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. a rsne nyt h ih side right the to only presented was Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 rdcdb hs eaaemna oue forban It brain. our of modules responses mental emotional our separate covert interpreting more these the of by as task well produced the p. as to (1985, behaviors Gazzaniga committed overt produced which, “is is module, determined, verbal position 80) single antisymptom production brain’s person’s the the for A by reason symptom. and source the its true of the attributes position) of module (antisymptom inkling assessments no conscious with and the meanings which familiar to own symp- problem) presenting (the or implicit/ response tom visible a that autonomous, generates of posi- cogently (prosymptom narrative phenomenology tion) module of the unconscious sensible An precisely coherence: manifestations is symptom a This the creating knowings. unconscious in for module accounts verbal scious, the in behave to expected pins. refer is hide world not sometimes the does Hands how to present: implicit and only episodic but that past, implicit or the also to autobiographical unconscious, but not knowings, of is conscious memory operation to autonomous relative my shows into knowings the anecdote came This which only hands.” idea in an not hidden is are would “It pins I replied, sometimes that she head, suspect you?” When you prick hand.” make to your can like in “What hidden asked, pin to then a allowed Claparede is motives there her one “Perhaps to “Isn’t as replied, felt questioning she report replied, closer and Upon to and hand hand?” unable one’s uncomfortable his withdraw initially felt shake no was to she reported she refused why asked, but patient was When The room he uncomfortable. later. the who left minutes of then and He memory several pin it. shook a returned he several concealed as and only he hand gone patient’s morning been the one had pricked himself he entering reintroduce if Upon even to minutes. room, had the treating entering Claparede was generate upon to memories. Claparede inability explicit psychiatrist the syndrome, new Swiss Korsakoff’s (1999, the with Vallar alcoholic 1911, by an In provided 336). is neuropsychology p. clinical of have history would making. it sense her, arbitrary of with kind meant wrong same her it the genetically that explained been example, something had for example, was saying, case by there our sex in marital toward Carol, coldness If 149). p. 2005, hs bevtosilsrt h rirrns ftecon- the of arbitrariness the illustrate observations These early the from phenomenology same the of observation An osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, 233 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 h vriecniindrsos omdpeiul,bti does it but previously, formed can response learning conditioned extinction aversive The knowing nothing. the the by and followed sound, is aversive it second, that a by in the followed held is that tone be knowing as first to memories—a tone shown coexistent been separate, first have anatomically knowings, sound incompatible, two the These logically second anything. of are by which the followed (knowing) being without not memory and The neutral repeatedly a response: presented creating the of occurring, is extinction learned tone the first by training This followed first. the then hearing unpleasantly is upon sound second, expectation aversive and second, a memory the a by of forms brain followed animal’s The repeatedly sound. example, is sharp for tone when, response neutral stud- conditioned a such a learns In documented animal learning. is the extinction It ies, of established. studies well is animal reality in of extensively mod- area incompatible same the holding of and els forming for purposes. capacity and brain’s knowings The held consciously contradict patently with that unacceptable,” and frightening, anger shame. crude, of same feelings am corresponding the “I construe meaning the could as time, position same the antisymptom At person’s position). prosymptom social favorable another a (yet create prosymptom image protest to different to or a simultaneously); position); is operating (which position prosymptom powerless differ- injustice one feeling perceived several in a avoid for forcefully purpose to manifest the order is and in (which feel purposes: same to unconscious the necessary ent, to be sharp situation, response can particular a in anger to response symptom in example, neces- same For Each situation. that the simultaneously. meaning producing operate different sitates a and construes exist position also prosymptom can positions tom very in experiences and perceptions ways. same different the of schemas sense two make position, that prosymptom unconscious, an and of position sense a maintain simultaneous to need does behaviors.” system’s our and of brain all occurred for that behaviors consistency of these because why so of theories constructs 234 rsmtmpstosotncnankoig n purposes and knowings contain often positions Prosymptom prosymp- of number any symptom same the for addition, In the allows that processing distributed parallel brain’s the is It xsec n ciiyo osiu,antisymptom conscious, a of activity and existence .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. override Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 n t oe fsmtmcuainb oeet adap- coherent, by causation symptom multimodal of of positions—modules prosymptom model intended, tively foundations its conceptual constructivist and therapy’s strongly coherence aligns evidence with neuropsychological that argued have We guide could phenomenology clinical the research. where This neuropsychological Hulley the studies. area and brain an in Ecker apparent be become by may yet identified not has hierarchy 2000b) construct four (1996, invariant the networks the in knowledge, neural tiers our hierarchical to the However, earlier. in has described correlate constructs neural of existence fourth- obvious functioning the very an hierarchical of their realness This subjective if construct. the should order from derives they symptom, and as presenting upon arise, rests the to including cease re- second-, of completely constructs, third-, model a subordinate first-order as the realness that and felt found any immediately has is longer It no ality. it dis- that or so it, transforms solves then su- and most construct when the (fourth-order) of apparent experientially, perordinate particularly conscious, becomes is client constructs therapy of a opera- hierarchy the this of of actuality tion The constructs. component position’s prosymp- a tom among relationship hierarchical well-defined, a reveals simultaneity. addressed never in a model exist to his of about constructs but incompatible one succession, bringing for of allowed extinction) for (1955) Kelly from condition them. distinct critical (as coherence transformation the nullifying 2007), being Toomey, as & the knowings (Ecker in detail series in the this identifies examine simultane- therapy in will such and article earlier of next noted contradictory consideration we even As different, explicit entirely meanings. any of attributions if parallel the ous, of little design is the there to basic is entity same the brain. harboring of for models capacity This diverse 2004). (Bouton, of one capable brain remains either animal’s and retrieving knowings the separate opposite, memory; two response the stores conditioned the erase not sas oe ale,chrneteayphenomenologically therapy coherence earlier, noted also As literature psychology constructivist the in knowledge, our To osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, simultaneous Conclusion xeineo w incompatible two of experience 235 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 drse nti ril eur otoldrsac o confirma- for research controlled tion: require coherence areas article this Several the in vulnerabilities. addressed to or weaknesses contrary concerning have theoretical correspondence evidence We perceived and critique research. any welcome we controlled ignore and of model, they to subjects but not the decade), been striven a yet done over not previously well had have for (Ecker research inquiry physics scientific of experimental obser- spirit and a experimentation in clinical vation sustained systematic, of basis of range problems. family wide and a couple interpersonal, and codepen- procrastination, underachievement, fidgeting, dency, bereavement, deficit, complicated attention disorganization, rage, problems, sexual food/eating/weight abuse, childhood problems, of sequelae self- coherence problems, low by attachment agoraphobia, worth, dispelled panic, anxiety, been in depression, cogent, have include encoded therapy is that constructs Symptoms that the network. to response neural that according a a necessary exists as and there symptom adaptive, produced, the is symptom generating a network if that means ence neuropsychological solid mem- ob- have support. positions implicit agency—also autonomy, prosymptom in ularity, mod- of coherence, characteristics phenomenologically—unconsciousness, held served specific unconsciously The ory. constructs personal 236 1. mtoa elesi omryhd uhsuiso subjects on only studies require subjective, presumably Such would the therapy had. coherence lost formerly undergoing be has it purpose realness longer and emotional no theme that report can prosymptom subject’s the the with activation synchrony nonactivation precise neural to in activation occur should from local if transition the occur this (3) and should evoked; if cessation the only symptom as (2) and brain imaging; through observable the brain a regions fMRI of in subcortical localized evocation manifest of experiential activation should (1) position then prosymptom correct, is production therapy coherence of effects the methodology. of and coherence symptom of Verification oeec hrp n scooywr eeoe nthe on developed were psychology and therapy Coherence coher- symptom terms, neuropsychological into Translated ftesmtmchrnemdlo symptom of model coherence symptom the If .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 o,ado insigadcdsod ieognzn prosymptom life-organizing decades-old, a witnessing of symp- and a tom, maintaining of agency conscious and become purpose unrecognized client work. previously a therapeutic observing own of experiences their First-hand in approach coherence-focused the 2. 4. 3. ae aeo htIdd’ aeand have didn’t I being that of of experience prosymptom care the taken want need often-encountered “I the fundamental as, verbalized is unmet, typically position which a an or of of justice example satisfaction personal (an of the maintain seeking for determined that striving theme a central is the those which purpose in as and those and obvious, cases such many less nonfear- in positions, depression stores is brain prosymptom It the where amygdala. based knowledge, (basolateral) current on the based in stored positions undergoing As prosymptom aversive are stages. subjects fear-based, that integration likely of and is it discovery noted, images the in fMRI therapy coherence positions through prosymptom occur store that could circuits memory pro-symptom implicit the the storing production. systems symptom memory driving positions implicit the of Identification strategies. regulation cognitive use in studying already for procedures imaging brain of modification minor ust ftefu osrc eesaeatvtdadbeing and different activated are when levels moments construct at subjectively. four experienced activation the brain of subsets of focuses strategy images net- coherence One neural on the positions. the prosymptom up of harboring firm architecture works the both illuminate would and confir- structure framework Neurological this therapy. role of coherence active mation an of plays pragmatics impor- and the an psychology in is coherence structure of four-level feature tant hierarchical, distinct, always memory. a positions have implicit prosymptom that symptom-requiring finding of this phenomenological structure in article internal next our The of 2007). Toomey, conclusion & confirmation the (Ecker such at series for proposed requires design is A trial model trials. a controlled therapy’s that designed coherence suitably on through of and based model therapy. methodology coherence coherence symptom of the efficacy clinical The edn uhsuis eivt lncast xeietwith experiment to clinicians invite we studies, such Pending osrciim oeec,adNeurodynamics and Coherence, Constructivism, h oain ntebanof brain the in locations The should h lncluiiyof utility clinical The aehad!”) have The 237 Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 ehdlg fchrneteayado h ehnssof mechanisms the the of recruits. it of and that examination plasticity therapy closer synaptic coherence a next provides of the symptom which for methodology series, in stage this the role sets in causal article, article this their in described for as and production, positions empirical prosymptom or of theoretical any paradigm. to coherence the adjuncts knowl- of living adjudication invaluable other are with juxtaposition edge, through dissolve position 238 .I hsatce si ersine h enn of meaning the neuroscience, in as article, this In 1. .Tenootxi o4m hc 00 o01 nh.It inch). 0.16 to (0.04 thick mm 4 to 1 is neocortex The 4. explicit are memory of types between distinctions major The was 3. 2005, through 1993 from used moniker, original The 2. 2 insnpe,wihaeete xiaoyo niioy The inhibitory. or excitatory either tril- 30 are through which interconnected synapses, neurons lion billion 30 about has out carried ganglia. basal is or encoding cerebellum, amygdala, long-term the con- through Its involve Its not responses. awareness. does skills, and sciousness behavioral language performance through emotion-driven and is expression and motor habits, limbic stores the tasks, memory in structure Implicit a hippocampus, system. the long- by undergoes encoding the and term consciousness of in (episodic recollected knowings past them. is personal one’s factual memory), within of and of memory) subtypes (semantic consists world further which memory, are synaptically, Explicit anatomically, There differ short-term. molecularly. memory and and long-term of forms, types two four have memory, These can (procedural) which of implicit each versus memory (declarative) approach. the to of intended principle was central the “co- psychology” reflect to “coherence change or The therapy” DOBT. herence or therapy,” brief “depth-oriented the from ( experience differs personal This past room. of the stop meaning enters to vernacular knowing boss or the suspensefully when story such a talking kinds, tell all to of how knowing knowings as of retrieval and storage formation, h ra erpyhlgclspotfrteexistence the for support neuropsychological broad The + 2 = 4( semantic memory). .Toe n .Ecker B. and Toomey B. memory episodic Notes hc steepii ealo a of recall explicit the is which , eoy ro at,sc as such facts, of or memory) memory sthe is Downloaded By: [Ecker, Bruce] At: 16:49 19 May 2007 rt-hitp,P 19) h fcc fbifdnmcpyhteay meta- A psychotherapy: dynamic brief of efficacy The (1992). 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